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Taxonomie Und Zoogeographie Der Herpetofauna Des Nirgua-Massivs, Venezuela

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Taxonomie Und Zoogeographie Der Herpetofauna Des Nirgua-Massivs, Venezuela Taxonomie und Zoogeographie der Herpetofauna des Nirgua-Massivs, Venezuela Diplomarbeit im Fachbereich Biowissenschaften der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main Sebastian Lotzkat, Mai 2007 Inhaltsverzeichnis Verzeichnis der Abbildungen ........................................................................................3 Verzeichnis der Tabellen ...............................................................................................6 Verzeichnis der Abkürzungen .......................................................................................7 1. Einleitung 1.1 Venezuela als Megadiversitätsland ..................................................................8 1.2 Landeskunde.....................................................................................................9 1.2.1 Allgemeine Informationen.....................................................................9 1.2.2 Ökoregionen.........................................................................................11 1.3 Die Cordillera de la Costa ..............................................................................16 1.3.1 Physiographie, Klima und Vegetation.................................................16 1.3.2 Orogenese und historische Biogeographie ..........................................18 1.4 Fragestellung und Zielsetzung........................................................................21 2. Untersuchungsgebiet, Material und Methoden 2.1 Die Herpetofauna des Untersuchungsgebietes ...............................................22 2.1.1 Untersuchungsgebiet und -zeitraum ....................................................22 2.1.2 Feldherpetologische Arbeitsmethoden ................................................29 2.1.3 Konservierung des Tiermaterials und taxonomische Bearbeitung ......32 2.2 Zoogeographische Analyse der Herpetofauna................................................35 2.2.1 Zonierungen der Herpetofauna ............................................................35 2.2.2 Endemismus und Verbreitung .............................................................36 2.2.3 Ökologische Präferenzen .....................................................................37 2.2.4 Historische Einheiten...........................................................................38 2.2.5 Ähnlichkeitsanalyse.............................................................................39 3. Ergebnisse 3.1 Die Herpetofauna des Untersuchungsgebietes ...............................................43 3.1.1 Zusammensetzung der Herpetofauna...................................................43 3.1.2 Tabellarische Übersicht der erfassten Arten........................................44 1 3.1.3 Kommentierte Artenliste......................................................................48 3.2 Zoogeographische Analyse der Herpetofauna..............................................112 3.2.1 Zonierungen der Herpetofauna ..........................................................112 3.2.2 Endemismus und Verbreitung ...........................................................115 3.2.3 Ökologische Präferenzen ...................................................................117 3.2.4 Historische Einheiten.........................................................................119 3.2.5 Ähnlichkeitsanalyse...........................................................................122 4. Diskussion 4.1 Die Herpetofauna des Untersuchungsgebietes .............................................128 4.2 Zoogeographische Analyse der Herpetofauna..............................................131 5. Zusammenfassung 5.1 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................139 5.2 Summary.......................................................................................................140 5.3 Resumen .......................................................................................................142 6. Danksagung.......................................................................................144 7. Literaturverzeichnis ..........................................................................146 8. Anhang 8.1 Liste der Fundorte.........................................................................................155 8.2 Liste des gesammelten Tiermaterials ...........................................................156 9. Erklärung...........................................................................................160 2 Verzeichnis der Abbildungen ......................................................................................................................................Seite Nr. Abb. 1: Politische Gliederung Venezuelas. ......................................................................................... 10 Abb. 2: Ökoregionen Venezuelas ........................................................................................................ 12 Abb. 3: Übersicht der Cordillera de la Costa. ...................................................................................... 16 Abb. 4: Topographische Karte der Umgebung des Cerro Zapatero. .................................................... 23 Abb. 5: Klimadiagramm der Estación Ecológica Guáquira. ................................................................ 24 Abb. 6: Temperaturverlauf und Niederschläge im Untersuchungszeitraum. ....................................... 25 Abb. 7: Vergleich der Tagesverläufe von Temperatur und relativer Luftfeuchte. ............................... 26 Abb. 8: Blick aus der offenen Sekundärvegetation an Fundort N36 nach Süden. ............................... 27 Abb. 9: Blick auf Fundort N11: offene Sekundärvegetation. .............................................................. 27 Abb. 10: Die Quebrada La Herrera im feuchten Passatwald. .............................................................. 28 Abb. 11: Nebelwald auf dem Kamm des Cerro Zapatero. ................................................................... 29 Abb. 12: Luftbild des Untersuchungsgebietes und der aufgenommenen Fundorte (N01 bis N45). ..... 31 Abb. 13: Lage des Untersuchungsgebietes und der fünf Vergleichsgebiete. ....................................... 40 Abb. 14: Flectonotus pygmaeus, Paar im Amplexus. .......................................................................... 69 Abb. 15: Flectonotus pygmaeus, trächtiges Weibchen in Rancho Grande, PNHP. ............................. 69 Abb. 16: Gastrotheca walkeri. ............................................................................................................. 69 Abb. 17: Allobates pittieri, Weibchen. ................................................................................................ 69 Abb. 18: Mannophryne herminae. ....................................................................................................... 69 Abb. 19: Mannophryne neblina, adultes Männchen mit vier Kaulquappen auf dem Rücken............... 69 Abb. 20: Craugastor biporcatus. ......................................................................................................... 70 Abb. 21: Eleutherodactylus bicumulus, nachts. ................................................................................... 70 Abb. 22: Eleutherodactylus bicumulus, tags. ....................................................................................... 70 Abb. 23: Eleutherodactylus riveroi, adultes Weibchen. ...................................................................... 70 Abb. 24: Eleutherodactylus rozei. ....................................................................................................... 70 Abb. 25: Eleutherodactylus terraebolivaris. ........................................................................................ 70 Abb. 26: Eleutherodactylus terraebolivaris, Exemplar mit Rückenstreif. ........................................... 71 Abb. 27: Chaunus marinus. ................................................................................................................. 71 Abb. 28: Chaunus sternosignatus, Paar im Amplexus. ....................................................................... 71 Abb. 29: Chaunus sternosignatus, Jungtier. ......................................................................................... 71 Abb. 30: Cochranella antisthenesi, adultes Männchen rufend. ........................................................... 71 Abb. 31: Cochranella antisthenesi, Gelege unter Palmblattspitze. ...................................................... 71 Abb. 32: Hyalinobatrachium fragile, adultes Weibchen. ................................................................... 72 Abb. 33: Dendropsophus luteoocellatus, adultes Weibchen. ............................................................... 72 Abb. 34: Dendropsophus luteoocellatus, adultes Männchen. .............................................................. 72 Abb. 35: Dendropsophus microcephalus, Paar im Amplexus. ........................................................... 72 Abb. 36: Hylomantis medinai, Paar im Amplexus. .............................................................................. 72 Abb. 37: Hylomantis medinai, adultes Männchen. ............................................................................. 72 3 Abb. 38: Hypsiboas crepitans, adultes Männchen beim Rufen in Pfütze. ........................................... 73 Abb. 39: Hypsiboas crepitans, adultes Männchen. .............................................................................
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