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Reconstructing Holocene Climatic and Environmental Change Using Molecular and Isotopic Proxies from Lake Sedimentary Records

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Reconstructing Holocene Climatic and Environmental Change Using Molecular and Isotopic Proxies from Lake Sedimentary Records Reconstructing Holocene climatic and environmental change using molecular and isotopic proxies from lake sedimentary records Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln vorgelegt von Matthias Thienemann aus Düsseldorf Köln, 2017 Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Janet Rethemeyer (Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Hans-Rudolf Bork Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 29.06.2017 “Die Lebewelt des Sees ist in ihrer Entwicklung nicht nur abhängig von ihrer Umwelt, sie verändert auch ihrerseits ihren Lebensraum; Lebewelt und Umwelt stehen in Wechselwirkung zueinander.“ Thienemann, August (1941) Abstract Abstract Greater understanding of Holocene climatic and environmental variability and processes, as well as about feedback and forcing mechanisms of the climate system is crucial for the assessment of both natural and anthropogenic future climate and environmental changes. Compared to prior epochs in earth’s history, the climate of the Holocene is traditionally regarded as relatively stable. However, Holocene climate also showed significant fluctuations although perturbation were smaller in magnitude compared to Pleistocene. These fluctuations can be assessed by organic geochemical molecular and isotope analyses of lake sedimentary organic matter (OM) that have the potential to reveal a variety of information regarding physical, chemical and biological changes and processes of the lake, its environment, and the climate. Therefore, within the scope of this thesis, sedimentary archives from selected lakes from the Sub-Artic (Lake Torneträsk), the Mediterranean (Lake Dojran), and the African tropics (Lake Dendi) were analyzed using various analytical methods including the analysis of lipid biomarker and compound specific leaf wax stable isotopes, as well as palynological, microcharcoal, and inorganic sedimentological analyses. All three lakes are situated in key regions for the understanding of northern hemispheric Holocene climate variability and natural/anthropogenic forcing and feedback mechanisms: To constrain changes in atmospheric circulation patterns and their effects on the environment in the Fennoscandian sub-arctic, lipid biomarker, inorganic proxies, and compound specific δD analysis are applied to a Holocene sedimentary record from Lake Torneträsk (NW Sweden). Owing to its climate being influenced by both the North Atlantic and the polar frontal zone, northern Fennoscandia can be regarded as a key region to better understand the regional expression and potential threshold effects of insolation- forced migrations of atmospheric circulation systems. The results indicate a non-linear reorganization of the atmospheric circulation expressed as a change from zonal towards more meridional flow starting at ~4,000 and intensifying ~2,000 cal yrs BP. For the reconstruction of the climatic, environmental, and human impact on the southern Balkan Peninsula lipid biomarker, microcharcoal, and pollen analyses are applied to a Holocene sedimentary record from Lake Dojran (Macedonia/Greece). The southern Balkan region played a key role in the early migration of the Neolithic lifestyle to Central Europe and is thus very suitable for studies of human-environment forcing and feedback mechanisms. The results suggest a relationship between anthropogenic activity and centennial to millennial scale environmental/climatic changes, since increased human impact corresponds to phases of higher humidity and high lake levels at Lake Dojran. To detect changes in atmospheric circulation, hydrology, and vegetation in East Africa, associated with the African Humid Period (AHP), lipid biomarker and compound specific δD and δ 13 C analysis are applied to sedimentary OM from Lake Dendi (Ethiopia). Due to its location in proximity of the Congo Air Boundary (CAB) and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the Dendi region can play a crucial role in the understanding of past changes in atmospheric circulation pattern of the tropical regions. The results indicate a rapid re-strengthening of the monsoonal circulation in the Early Holocene followed by Peak AHP conditions between ~9,800 yrs cal BP and ~8,000 yrs cal BP. Subsequently a moderate decrease in IV Abstract precipitation and a shift in moisture sources due to weakening monsoonal systems and associated shifts of the ITCZ and the CAB have been detected. Together, the lakes datasets suggest a thermal maximum and a northernmost position of the atmospheric circulation systems in the Early Holocene followed by a long-term trend of decreasing temperatures and environmental changes in accordance with decreasing NH summer insolation. Despite some differences in nature and timing, all tree records further indicate a southwards migration and weakening of NH atmospheric circulation systems over the course of the Holocene with significant phases of climatic/environmental changes around 4,500 yrs cal BP and 2,000 yrs. V Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassung Für die Beurteilung künftiger, sowohl natürlicher als auch anthropogener Klima- und Umweltveränderungen ist ein umfangreiches Verständnis der holozänen Klimavariabilität sowie von Feedback und Forcing Mechanismen des Klimasystems entscheidend. Im Vergleich zu früheren Epochen in der Erdgeschichte gilt das Klima des Holozäns traditionell als relativ stabil. Allerdings weist das holozäne Klima auch signifikante Schwankungen auf, auch wenn diese ein kleineres Ausmaß annehmen, als im Pleistozän. Diese Schwankungen können durch organisch-geochemische, sowie durch Isotopen Analysen an organischem Material aus Seesedimenten erforscht werden. Seesedimente haben das Potenzial eine Vielzahl von Informationen über physikalische, chemische und biologische Veränderungen und Prozesse des Sees, der Umgebung und des Klimas zu speichern. So wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit Sedimentarchive aus ausgewählten Seen aus der Sub-Arktis (Lake Torneträsk), dem Mittelmeerraum (Lake Dojran) und den afrikanischen Tropen (Dendi-See) mit verschiedenen analytischen Methoden untersucht. Dazu zählen die Analyse von Lipid-Biomarkern und komponentenspezifischen stabilen Isotopen von Blattwachsen, sowie die Untersuchung von Pollen und Mikro-Holzkohle, als auch anorganische sedimentologische Analysen. Alle drei Seen liegen in Schlüsselregionen, die für das Verständnis von nordhemispherischer, holozänen Klimavariabilität, sowie von natürlichen und anthropogenen Forcing und Feedback Mechanismen von großer Bedeutung sind: Um Veränderungen in der atmosphärischen Zirkulation und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt in der skandinavischen Sub-Arktis festzustellen werden Lipid Biomarker, komponentenspezifische D- Isotopenverhältnisse und anorganische Proxies in einem holozänen Sedimentkern aus dem Torneträsk See (NW Schweden) untersucht. Aufgrund der geographischen Lage der Region, deren Klima vom Nordatlantik als auch von der polaren Frontalzone beeinflusst wird, spielt das nördliche Skandinavien eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Erforschung von potenziellen Schwelleneffekten und von insolationsbedingten Migrationen der atmosphärischen Zirkulationssysteme. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine nichtlineare Reorganisation der atmosphärischen Zirkulation hin, ausgedrückt durch eine Veränderung von einer dominant zonalen zu einer verstärkt meridionalen atmosphärischen Strömung um ~ 4.000 cal BP und ~ 2.000 cal BP. Für die Rekonstruktion von Klima, Umwelt und anthropogenem Einfluss auf der südlichen Balkan-Halbinsel werden Lipid-Biomarker, Pollen sowie Mikro-Holzkohlen aus einem holozänen Sedimentkern aus dem Dojran See (Mazedonien/Griechenland) analysiert. Da die südliche Balkanhalbinsel eine wichtige Route für die Migration des neolithischen Lebensstils nach Mitteleuropa darstellte, eignet sich diese Region besonders gut für die Erforschung von frühen Mensch-Umwelt Verflechtungen. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine Beziehung zwischen anthropogener Aktivität und Klima-/Umweltveränderungen hin, da Phasen erhöhter menschlicher Aktivität mit Phasen höherer Feuchtigkeit und hohem Seespiegel des Dojran Sees zusammenfallen. Um Veränderungen in der atmosphärischen Zirkulation, der Hydrologie und der Vegetation in Ost Afrika, assoziiert mit der African Humid Period (AHP), zu rekonstruieren, werden Lipid-Biomarker und komponentenspezifische δD- und δ 13 C-Analysen an sedimentärem, organischem Material aus dem Dendi VI Zusammenfassung See (Äthiopien) durchgeführt. Aufgrund der Nähe zur Congo Air Boundary (CAB) und der Intertropischen Konvergenzzone (ITCZ) spielt die Dendi-Region eine entscheidende Rolle für das Verständnis holozäner Veränderungen in der atmosphärischen Zirkulation in tropischen Regionen. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine rapide Reorganisation der Monsun-Zirkulation im frühen Holozän, gefolgt von Peak-AHP Bedingungen zwischen ~ 9.800 cal BP und ~ 8.000 cal BP, hin. Anschließend werden eine mäßige Abnahme des Niederschlags und eine Verschiebung der Feuchtequellen aufgrund abgeschwächter Monsunsysteme und eine damit verbundene Verschiebungen der ITCZ und der CAB festgestellt. Gemeinsam deuten die See-Datensätze auf ein thermisches Maximum und eine nördliche Position der atmosphärischen Zirkulationssysteme im frühen Holozän hin. Es folgt ein langfristiger Trend abnehmender Temperaturen und Umweltveränderungen in Übereinstimmung mit einer abnehmenden NH-Sommer- Insolation. Trotz einiger zeitlicher Unterschiede weisen alle Datensätze auf eine südwärtige Verlagerung und Abschwächung der atmosphärischen Zirkulationssysteme im Verlauf des Holozäns hin. Phasen von signifikanten Klima-/Umweltveränderungen
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