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True Price As Condition of Sustainability: the Global Coffee Crisis (1999-2003) and the Brazilian Amazon As Case Studies Xavier Andrillon

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True Price As Condition of Sustainability: the Global Coffee Crisis (1999-2003) and the Brazilian Amazon As Case Studies Xavier Andrillon True price as condition of sustainability: the global coffee crisis (1999-2003) and the Brazilian Amazon as case studies Xavier Andrillon To cite this version: Xavier Andrillon. True price as condition of sustainability: the global coffee crisis (1999-2003) and the Brazilian Amazon as case studies. Economics and Finance. UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS (Brésil), 2020. English. tel-02910183v1 HAL Id: tel-02910183 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02910183v1 Submitted on 31 Jul 2020 (v1), last revised 6 Aug 2020 (v2) HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ECONOMIA XAVIER VINCENT ANDRILLON TRUE PRICE AS CONDITION OF SUSTAINABILITY: THE GLOBAL COFFEE CRISIS (1999-2003) AND THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON AS CASE STUDIES PREÇO VERDADEIRO COMO CONDIÇÃO PARA A SUSTENTABILIDADE: A CRISE CAFEEIRA GLOBAL (1999- 2003) E A AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA COMO ESTUDOS DE CASO Campinas 2020 2 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ECONOMIA XAVIER VINCENT ANDRILLON TRUE PRICE AS CONDITION OF SUSTAINABILITY: THE GLOBAL COFFEE CRISIS (1999-2003) AND THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON AS CASE STUDIES PREÇO VERDADEIRO COMO CONDIÇÃO PARA A SUSTENTABILIDADE: A CRISE CAFEEIRA GLOBAL (1999- 2003) E A AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA COMO ESTUDOS DE CASO Prof. Dr. Maurício Aguiar Serra – orientador Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Econômico do Instituto de Economia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas para obtenção do título de Doutor em Desenvolvimento Econômico na área de concentração Economia Agrícola e do Meio Ambiente. ESTE EXEMPLAR CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DA TESE DEFENDIDA PELO ALUNO XAVIER VINCENT ANDRILLON E ORIENTADA PELO PROF. DR. MAURÍCIO AGUIAR SERRA. Campinas 2020 3 Ficha catalográfica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca do Instituto de Economia XXXXXX XXXXX – CRBX/XXXX Andrillon, Xavier Vincent, 1982- 2020 True Price as Condition of Sustainability: The Global Coffee Crisis (1999-2003) and the Brazilian Amazon as Case Studies. Xavier Vincent Andrillon. – Campinas, SP: [s.n.], 2020. Orientador: Maurício Aguiar Serra. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia. Inclui bibliografia. Inserir palavras-chave. I. XXX, XXX, 19XX-. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. III. Título. X-XX-XXX Informações para Biblioteca digital Título em Inglês: True Price as Condition of Sustainability: The Global Coffee Crisis (1999-2003) and the Brazilian Amazon as Case Studies. Palavras-chave em inglês: Accounting, Brazilian Amazon, Coffee crisis, Rudolf Steiner, Sustainability, True price. Área de Concentração: Economia Agrícola e do Meio Ambiente Banca examinadora: Prof. Dr. Maurício Aguiar Serra – Presidente Prof. Dr. Miguel Juan Bacic Prof. Dr. Rodrigo Lanna Franco da Silveira Prof. Dr. Danilo Araújo Fernandes Dr. Vitor Bukvar Fernandes Data da defesa: 17/06/2020 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Desenvolvimento Econômico 4 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ECONOMIA XAVIER VINCENT ANDRILLON TRUE PRICE AS CONDITION OF SUSTAINABILITY: THE GLOBAL COFFEE CRISIS (1999-2003) AND THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON AS CASE STUDIES PREÇO VERDADEIRO COMO CONDIÇÃO PARA A SUSTENTABILIDADE: A CRISE CAFEEIRA GLOBAL (1999- 2003) E A AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA COMO ESTUDOS DE CASO Prof. Dr. Maurício Aguiar Serra – orientador DefenDiDa em 17/06/2020 COMISSÃO JULGADORA Prof. Dr. Maurício Aguiar Serra - PRESIDENTE Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Prof. Dr. Danilo Araújo Fernandes Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) Prof. Dr. Miguel Juan Bacic Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Prof. Dr. Rodrigo Lanna Franco da Silveira Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Dr. Vitor Bukvar Fernandes Centro de Tecnologia e Informação Renato Archer A Ata de Defesa, com as respectivas assinaturas dos membros encontra-se no SIGA/Fluxo de Dissertação e Tese e na Secretaria do Programa da Unidade. 5 Acknowledgements I express gratitude to my former and present research advisors, Prof. Dr. Bastiaan Philip Reydon and Prof. Dr. Maurício Aguiar Serra, for their openness in exploring this topic, many stimuli and steady support. I also thank Dr. Christopher Houghton Budd for sharing his genuine knowledge of Rudolf Steiner’s economic works. I am also grateful to the members of the thesis committee: Prof. Dr. Danilo Araújo Fernandes, Prof. Dr. Miguel Juan Bacic, Prof. Dr. Rodrigo Lanna Franco da Silva and Dr. Vitor Bukvar Fernandes. I very much appreciate their availability for reading this thesis and sharing their insights and comments, which allowed me to widen my views and enrich this study. I was lucky enough to meet with a variety of rural producers in France, Indonesia, Paraguay, Spain and, mostly, Brazil. I thank them for sharing their experiences, the why and how of their practices, and their words of wisdom. They made me realise how the question of true and untrue prices is a real and vital aspect of their and everyone’s livelihood. Last but not least, I express my deepest thanks to my better half Veridiana and children Élise and Philippe for supporting me. They motivated me throughout this research, even if the immediate result for them was a less present partner and father. 6 BUYING AND SELLING And a merchant said, Speak to us of Buying and Selling. And he answered and said: To you the earth yields her fruit, and you shall not want if you but know how to fill your hands. It is in exchanging the gifts of the earth that you shall find abundance and be satisfied. Yet unless the exchange be in love and kindly justice, it will but lead some to greed and others to hunger. When in the market-place you toilers of the sea and fields and vineyards meet the weavers and the potters and the gatherers of spices- Invoke then the master spirit of the earth, to come into your midst and sanctify the scales and the reckoning that weighs value against value. And suffer not the barren-handed to take part in your transactions, who would sell their words for your labour. To such men, you should say: ‘Come with us to the field, or go with our brothers to the sea and cast your net; ‘For the land and the sea shall be bountiful to you even as to us.’ And if there come the singers and the dancers and the flute-players - buy of their gifts also. For they too are gatherers of fruit and frankincense, and that which they bring, though fashioned of dreams, is raiment and food for your soul. And before you leave the market-place, see that no one has gone his way with empty hands. For the master spirit of the earth shall not sleep peacefully upon the wind till the needs of the least of you are satisfied. Khalil Gibran, The Prophet. (GIBRAN, 1997, p. 22) 7 Resumo O presente estudo visa explorar o papel fundamental que a combinação da lógica contábil e do conceito de “preço verdadeiro” – proposto pela primeira vez por Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) – pode desempenhar para definir, medir e avançar rumo à sustentabilidade. Visto que as abordagens econômicas atuais se mostraram ineficientes para tais propósitos, essa tese fornece um modelo enraizado na teoria contábil que propõe que preços não verdadeiros contribuem para a insustentabilidade, e explica como. Para demonstrar nossa hipótese, foram utilizados dois estudos de caso: agricultores enfrentando preços não verdadeiros durante a crise cafeeira global (1999-2003) e atuando em frentes de desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira. Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo nos levam a afirmar que preços verdadeiros são necessários para o desenvolvimento sustentável – embora provavelmente não seja a única condição – e a fazer recomendações para produtores, consumidores, investidores e formuladores de políticas públicas, no intuito de promover preços verdadeiros e assim fomentar a sustentabilidade. Palavras-chave: Amazônia brasileira, Contabilidade, Crise cafeeira, Rudolf Steiner, Preço verdadeiro, Sustentabilidade. 8 Abstract Current approaches to pricing have proved inexplicable and unable to deliver sustainable development. This study explores how the combination of accounting logic and the concept of ‘true price’ — first proposed by Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925) — can provide a novel, dynamic and comprehensive causal model to understand how prices can contribute to unsustainability. Case studies are used to verify if the purported model is fit for explaining real-world issues, here, farmers facing untrue prices during the global coffee crisis (1999-2003) and on deforestation fronts in the Brazilian Amazon. The analysis of these case studies leads us to framing true prices as a necessary condition of sustainability, although it is probably not the only one. Combining accounting as a gauging tool and true price as a reference point lends both concrete meaning and technical grounding to the notion of sustainability, and guidelines to measure progress toward it. We make recommendations on how producers, consumers, investors, and public policymakers could further true prices and thus support sustainability. Keywords: Accounting, Brazilian Amazon, Coffee crisis, Rudolf Steiner, Sustainability,
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