Accessory Glands of the GI Tract Lecture 1 • Salivary
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Glossary - Cellbiology
1 Glossary - Cellbiology Blotting: (Blot Analysis) Widely used biochemical technique for detecting the presence of specific macromolecules (proteins, mRNAs, or DNA sequences) in a mixture. A sample first is separated on an agarose or polyacrylamide gel usually under denaturing conditions; the separated components are transferred (blotting) to a nitrocellulose sheet, which is exposed to a radiolabeled molecule that specifically binds to the macromolecule of interest, and then subjected to autoradiography. Northern B.: mRNAs are detected with a complementary DNA; Southern B.: DNA restriction fragments are detected with complementary nucleotide sequences; Western B.: Proteins are detected by specific antibodies. Cell: The fundamental unit of living organisms. Cells are bounded by a lipid-containing plasma membrane, containing the central nucleus, and the cytoplasm. Cells are generally capable of independent reproduction. More complex cells like Eukaryotes have various compartments (organelles) where special tasks essential for the survival of the cell take place. Cytoplasm: Viscous contents of a cell that are contained within the plasma membrane but, in eukaryotic cells, outside the nucleus. The part of the cytoplasm not contained in any organelle is called the Cytosol. Cytoskeleton: (Gk. ) Three dimensional network of fibrous elements, allowing precisely regulated movements of cell parts, transport organelles, and help to maintain a cell’s shape. • Actin filament: (Microfilaments) Ubiquitous eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins (one end is attached to the cell-cortex) of two “twisted“ actin monomers; are important in the structural support and movement of cells. Each actin filament (F-actin) consists of two strands of globular subunits (G-Actin) wrapped around each other to form a polarized unit (high ionic cytoplasm lead to the formation of AF, whereas low ion-concentration disassembles AF). -
Te2, Part Iii
TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS -
Epigenetic Modulating Chemicals Significantly Affect the Virulence
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Epigenetic Modulating Chemicals Significantly Affect the Virulence and Genetic Characteristics of the Bacterial Plant Pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris Miroslav Baránek 1,* , Viera Kováˇcová 2 , Filip Gazdík 1 , Milan Špetík 1 , Aleš Eichmeier 1 , Joanna Puławska 3 and KateˇrinaBaránková 1 1 Mendeleum—Institute of Genetics, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, 69144 Lednice, Czech Republic; fi[email protected] (F.G.); [email protected] (M.Š.); [email protected] (A.E.); [email protected] (K.B.) 2 Institute for Biological Physics, University of Cologne, 50923 Köln, Germany; [email protected] 3 Department of Phytopathology, Research Institute of Horticulture, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-519367311 Abstract: Epigenetics is the study of heritable alterations in phenotypes that are not caused by changes in DNA sequence. In the present study, we characterized the genetic and phenotypic alterations of the bacterial plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) under different treatments with several epigenetic modulating chemicals. The use of DNA demethylating chemicals unambiguously caused a durable decrease in Xcc bacterial virulence, even after its reisolation from Citation: Baránek, M.; Kováˇcová,V.; infected plants. The first-time use of chemicals to modify the activity of sirtuins also showed Gazdík, F.; Špetík, M.; Eichmeier, A.; some noticeable results in terms of increasing bacterial virulence, but this effect was not typically Puławska, J.; Baránková, K. stable. Changes in treated strains were also confirmed by using methylation sensitive amplification Epigenetic Modulating Chemicals (MSAP), but with respect to registered SNPs induction, it was necessary to consider their contribution Significantly Affect the Virulence and to the observed polymorphism. -
Biology Work Through the Tasks on the Following Pages
Biology Key skills developed in this work: • Locating, selecting, organising and presenting information from a variety of sources • Translating information from one form to another • Manipulating numerical and other data • Using information to identify patterns, report trends and draw conclusions • Giving reasoned explanations for phenomena, patterns and relationships Research work: https://www.futurelearn.com/subjects/science-engineering-and-maths-courses/biology-and- biotechnology Website links: https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/programmes-and-qualifications/cambridge- international-as-and-a-level-biology-9700/ https://www.senecalearning.com/ https://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/a-level/ https://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/biology Appropriate additional reading: • The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins • Silent Spring by Rachel Carson • I Contain Multitudes by Ed Yong • • Nature.com • Newscientist.com • Scientificamerican.com Work through the tasks on the following pages Tasks to complete: A: Examination Questions Units of measurement 1) Complete the diagram below to show: names of the units of measurement, unit symbols, and mathematical operations for converting between units. 2) Complete the table below to show the corresponding values in nanometres, micrometres and millimetres for the measurements given in each row. The first row has been completed for you. Add in the correct unit symbols for each answer you give. Nanometre Micrometre Millimetre 5 0.005 0.000005 1 1 1 3 7 0.5 Magnification and Resolution 1) Define the following terms: Term Definition Magnification Resolution 2) Visible light has a wavelength of 400-700 nm. Calculate the best resolution achievable with a light microscope? Show your working out: 3) The diagram below shows the general structure of a plant cell when viewed under and electron microscope. -
Study Guide Medical Terminology by Thea Liza Batan About the Author
Study Guide Medical Terminology By Thea Liza Batan About the Author Thea Liza Batan earned a Master of Science in Nursing Administration in 2007 from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. She has worked as a staff nurse, nurse instructor, and level department head. She currently works as a simulation coordinator and a free- lance writer specializing in nursing and healthcare. All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text shouldn’t be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Copyright © 2017 by Penn Foster, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to Copyright Permissions, Penn Foster, 925 Oak Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INSTRUCTIONS 1 READING ASSIGNMENTS 3 LESSON 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 5 LESSON 2: DIAGNOSIS, INTERVENTION, AND HUMAN BODY TERMS 28 LESSON 3: MUSCULOSKELETAL, CIRCULATORY, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TERMS 44 LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS 69 LESSON 5: INTEGUMENTARY, NERVOUS, AND ENDOCRINE S YSTEM TERMS 96 SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 134 © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PAGE III Contents INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION Welcome to your course on medical terminology. You’re taking this course because you’re most likely interested in pursuing a health and science career, which entails proficiencyincommunicatingwithhealthcareprofessionalssuchasphysicians,nurses, or dentists. -
Basic Histology (23 Questions): Oral Histology (16 Questions
Board Question Breakdown (Anatomic Sciences section) The Anatomic Sciences portion of part I of the Dental Board exams consists of 100 test items. They are broken up into the following distribution: Gross Anatomy (50 questions): Head - 28 questions broken down in this fashion: - Oral cavity - 6 questions - Extraoral structures - 12 questions - Osteology - 6 questions - TMJ and muscles of mastication - 4 questions Neck - 5 questions Upper Limb - 3 questions Thoracic cavity - 5 questions Abdominopelvic cavity - 2 questions Neuroanatomy (CNS, ANS +) - 7 questions Basic Histology (23 questions): Ultrastructure (cell organelles) - 4 questions Basic tissues - 4 questions Bone, cartilage & joints - 3 questions Lymphatic & circulatory systems - 3 questions Endocrine system - 2 questions Respiratory system - 1 question Gastrointestinal system - 3 questions Genitouirinary systems - (reproductive & urinary) 2 questions Integument - 1 question Oral Histology (16 questions): Tooth & supporting structures - 9 questions Soft oral tissues (including dentin) - 5 questions Temporomandibular joint - 2 questions Developmental Biology (11 questions): Osteogenesis (bone formation) - 2 questions Tooth development, eruption & movement - 4 questions General embryology - 2 questions 2 National Board Part 1: Review questions for histology/oral histology (Answers follow at the end) 1. Normally most of the circulating white blood cells are a. basophilic leukocytes b. monocytes c. lymphocytes d. eosinophilic leukocytes e. neutrophilic leukocytes 2. Blood platelets are products of a. osteoclasts b. basophils c. red blood cells d. plasma cells e. megakaryocytes 3. Bacteria are frequently ingested by a. neutrophilic leukocytes b. basophilic leukocytes c. mast cells d. small lymphocytes e. fibrocytes 4. It is believed that worn out red cells are normally destroyed in the spleen by a. neutrophils b. -
Epithelium 2 : Glandular Epithelium Histology Laboratory -‐ Year 1, Fall Term Dr
Epithelium 2 : Glandular Epithelium Histology Laboratory -‐ Year 1, Fall Term Dr. Heather Yule ([email protected]) October 21, 2014 Slides for study: 75 (Salivary Gland), 355 (Pancreas Tail), 48 (Atrophic Mammary Gland), 49 (Active Mammary Gland) and 50 (Resting Mammary Gland) Electron micrographs for : study EM: Serous acinus in parotid gland EM: Mucous acinus in mixed salivary gland EM: Pancreatic acinar cell Main Objective: Understand key histological features of glandular epithelium and relate structure to function. Specific Objectives: 1. Describe key histological differences between endocrine and exocrine glands including their development. 2. Compare three modes of secretion in glands; holocrine, apocrine and merocrine. 3. Explain the functional significance of polarization of glandular epithelial cells. 4. Define the terms parenchyma, stroma, mucous acinus, serous acinus and serous a demilune and be able to them identify in glandular tissue. 5. Distinguish exocrine and endocrine pancreas. 6. Compare the histology of resting, lactating and postmenopausal mammary glands. Keywords: endocrine gland, exocrine gland, holocrine, apocrine, merocrine, polarity, parenchyma, stroma, acinus, myoepithelial cell, mucous gland, serous gland, mixed or seromucous gland, serous demilune, exocrine pancreas, endocrine pancreas (pancreatic islets), resting mammary gland, lactating mammary gland, postmenopausal mammary gland “This copy is made solely for your personal use for research, private study, education, parody, satire, criticism, or review -
Cell Secretion and Membrane Fusion: Highly Significant Phenomena in the Life of a Cell
DISCOVERIES 2014, Jul -Sep, 2(3): e30 DOI: 10.15190/d.2014.22 Cell Secretion and Membrane Fusion EDITORIAL Cell secretion and membrane fusion: highly significant phenomena in the life of a cell Mircea Leabu 1,2,3,*, Garth L. Nicolson 4,* 1University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 8, Eroilor Sanitari Blvd., 050474, Bucharest, Romania 2 “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 99101, Splaiul Independentei, 050096, Bucharest, Romania 3University of Bucharest, Research Center for Applied Ethics, 204, Splaiul Independentei, 060024, Bucharest, Romania 4Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, California, 92647 USA *Corresponding authors: Mircea Leabu, PhD , “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 99-101, Splaiul Independentei, 050096, Bucharest, Romania; E-mail: [email protected]; Garth L. Nicolson, Ph.D , The Institute for Molecular Medicine, P.O. Box 9355, S. Laguna Beach, CA 92652 USA. Email: [email protected] Submitted: Sept. 10, 2014; Revised: Sept. 14, 2014; Accepted: Sept. 17, 2014; Published: Sept. 18, 2014; Citation : Leabu M, Nicolson GL. Cell Secretion and membrane fusion: highly significant phenomena in the life of a cell. Discoveries 2014, Jul-Sep; 2(3): e30. DOI: 10.15190/d.2014.22 Keywords : cell secretion, membrane fusion, every cell’s existence, and they must be very well porosome, exosomes, electron microscopy, cancer, coordinated and controlled. Membrane trafficking, mathematical approach, secretory vesicle, science which involves vesicular budding of the source history membrane, directed transport and eventually fusion with the target membrane is a very specific process. All of these processes depend, in particular, on Introduction basic principals of biological membrane structure Is there any cell that does not secrete something and dynamics, a topic that was reviewed recently in necessary for maintenance of the organism? this journal 1. -
An Analysis of Benign Human Prostate Offers Insights Into the Mechanism
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN An analysis of benign human prostate ofers insights into the mechanism of apocrine secretion Received: 12 March 2018 Accepted: 22 February 2019 and the origin of prostasomes Published: xx xx xxxx Nigel J. Fullwood 1, Alan J. Lawlor2, Pierre L. Martin-Hirsch3, Shyam S. Matanhelia3 & Francis L. Martin 4 The structure and function of normal human prostate is still not fully understood. Herein, we concentrate on the diferent cell types present in normal prostate, describing some previously unreported types and provide evidence that prostasomes are primarily produced by apocrine secretion. Patients (n = 10) undergoing TURP were prospectively consented based on their having a low risk of harbouring CaP. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy was used to characterise cell types and modes of secretion. Zinc levels were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Although merocrine secretory cells were noted, the majority of secretory cells appear to be apocrine; for the frst time, we clearly show high-resolution images of the stages of aposome secretion in human prostate. We also report a previously undescribed type of epithelial cell and the frst ultrastructural image of wrapping cells in human prostate stroma. The zinc levels in the tissues examined were uniformly high and X-ray microanalysis detected zinc in merocrine cells but not in prostasomes. We conclude that a signifcant proportion of prostasomes, possibly the majority, are generated via apocrine secretion. This fnding provides an explanation as to why so many large proteins, without a signal peptide sequence, are present in the prostatic fuid. Tere are many complications associated with the prostate from middle age onwards, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa). -
Epithelium and Glands
EPITHELIUM AND GLANDS OBJECTIVES: After completing this exercise, students should be able to do the following: 1. Identify glands. 2. Classify glands based on secretory type. ASSIGNMENT FOR TODAY'S LABORATORY GLASS SLIDES SL 111 (Trachea) cilia and unicellular glands (goblet cells) SL 019 (Jejunum, PAS) unicellular glands SL 092 (Submandibular gland) serous, mucous and demilune secretory units SL 093 (Sublingual gland) mucous secretory units POSTED ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS # 7 Organelles # 11 Desmosomes # 12 Epithelium # 13 Freeze-fracture Lab 5 Posted EMs; Lab 5 Posted EMs with some yellow labels SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL: SUPPLEMENTARY ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS Rhodin, J. A.G., An Atlas of Histology. Glands pp. 46 - 52 Copies of this text are on reserve in the HSL. Glandular epithelium is specialized for the production and secretion of products. The cells that form glands are usually cuboidal or columnar in shape. In this exercise we are emphasizing morphological differences in glands with respect to secretory products. A. UNICELLULAR GLANDS: SL 111 (low, high), (Trachea, H&E); SL 019 (oil), (Jejunum, PAS), for review. Goblet cells may be few or numerous and are found in epithelia of the respiratory and alimentary systems. The secretory product is emptied into the lumen of the organ rather than into ducts (J. Fig. 4-18, 15-24; R. 5.38, Plate 60) B. MULTICELLULAR GLANDS: In general these glands are formed by invagination, proliferation, and differentiation of the epithelium from which they are derived. Glands that maintain a connection with the surface epithelium through ducts are termed exocrine glands, whereas glands that have lost this connection, and secrete instead to blood vessels, are called endocrine glands (see J. -
Exocrine Glands Ccasslassified Da Acco Rd Ing to
Glandular tissues Danil Hammoudi.MD A gland is an organ that synthesizes a substance for relfbthlease of substances such •as hormones • breast milk, •often into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) • into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland). Myoepithelial Cells • These are contractile cells that lie within the basal lamina in the secretory ppgortion of glands and intercalated ducts, which form the initial portion of the duct system. • They are instrumental in moving the secretions toward the excretory duct. Histologically, glands are described using some standard vocabulary, with which you should be familiar. exocrine / endocrine Destination of product: Nature of product: serous / mucous / mixed Location of gland: mucosal / submucosal Arrangement of secretory cells: acinus / tubule / cord Number of interconnected units: simple / compound intercalated / striated Duct function: secret/tory / excre tory Duct location: intralobular / interlobular / interlobar Tissue composition: parenchyma / stroma The endocrine system of humans Pineal gland Hypothalamus Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Thymus Heart Liver Stomach and small intestine Pancreas Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Kidney Skin Silverthorn, Human Gonads Physiology, 3rd edition Figure 7-2 Duussgadsapoduoosctless glands that produce hormones Secretions include amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins, and steroids Endocrine Glands More numerous than endocrine glands Secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities -
Respiratory System 2015
Microscopic Anatomy 2015 The Respiratory System Introduction and Overview During a 24-hour period, more than 9000 liters of air enter the interior of the body to participate in gas exchange. This air must be warmed, cleansed, humidified and conducted to the respiratory surface. In the lung, gas traverses a very thin epithelium and connective tissue space to reach capillaries carrying oxygen-poor, carbon dioxide-laden blood from the right ventricle. The ventilatory mechanism consists of diaphragmatic, intercostal, and abdominal musculature as well as elastic tissue within the lung. This mechanism alternately pulls air into (inspiration) or drives air from (expiration) the lung. The lungs are capable of undergoing wide variations in size. In maximum inspiration, the lungs may hold up to 7 liters of air, and with forced expiration may hold as little as 1 liter. The respiratory system contains a proximal conducting portion that connects the exterior of the body with the distal respiratory portion where exchange of gases between air and blood occurs. The conducting portion, which consists of the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, and paired main bronchi, delivers air to structures within the lung where gas exchange takes place. Cellular specializations are readily apparent as one follows the flow of air from the nose to the respiratory surface. Although the lung’s primary function is gas exchange, studies over the past several decades have detailed a variety of important metabolic functions of the lung. The respiratory system represents a classic example of the relationship of structure to function. In the case of the lung’s alveoli, if the only pertinent information one had prior to viewing a histological slide was that blood carried oxygen and that the alveolus was the site of gas exchange, one could easily deduce that diffusion is the mechanism of gas exchange.