DICTIONARY OF TERRORISM Terrorism is one of the primary concerns of the modern world and is increasingly becoming a major factor in all international relations in the twenty-first century. This revised and updated second edition of a major reference work in the area contains definitions and descriptions of all aspects of terrorism and political violence, including: . Individual terrorists (e.g. Abu Nidal, Yasser Arafat, Carlos, Osama Bin Laden, Unabomber) . Terrorist organisations (e.g. Al-Qaeda, FARC, Hizbullah, IRA, Shining Path) . Terrorist incidents (e.g. Bali bombing, Oklahoma bombing, September 11, Omagh bombing) . Countries affected by terrorism (e.g. Colombia, Iraq, Israel, Northern Ireland) . Types of terrorism (e.g. bio-terrorism, cyber-terrorism, eco-terrorism) . Measures against terrorism (e.g. CIA, counter-terrorism, Europol, FBI) . Forms of political violence (e.g. civil war, ethnic conflict, kidnapping) . History of terrorism (e.g. terrorism in the 1960s, twenty-first-century terrorism) . Psychology of terrorism (e.g. terrorist beliefs, terrorist types) With a select bibliography for each reference and a detailed cross-referencing system throughout, the revised edition is an excellent resource for academics, students and policy-makers alike. John Richard Thackrah commenced his study of terrorism at the Institute for the Study of Conflict in London. Afterwards he created courses on Terrorism and Political Ideology at the Police Staff College, Bramshill. He has written books on twentieth-century history and politics including articles and books on terrorism and conflict. DICTIONARY OF TERRORISM Second edition John Richard Thackrah First published 2004 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group # 2004 John Richard Thackrah This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Thackrah, John Richard Dictionary of Terrorism/John Richard Thackrah p. cm Revised and updated ed. of: Encyclopaedia of Terrorism and Political Violence. 1987. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Terrorism–Dictionaries. I. Thackrah, John Richard. Encyclopaedia of Terrorism and Political Violence. II. Title HV6431.T56 2004 ISBN 0-203-40321-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-40974-4 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–29820–2 (hbk) ISBN 0–415–29821–0 (pbk) Contents Preface and Acknowledgements vi Introduction viii Abbreviations and Acronyms xii Conceptual Map xvi Glossary xviii Dictionary of Terrorism 1 Films and Documentaries 305 Websites 306 Terrorism – A Historical Timeline 309 Index 311 Preface and Acknowledgements This work explains the aims and purpose of As the book goes to print at the dawn of the terrorism and many issues in achieving a broad- twenty-first century, the world has witnessed a new based strategy against terrorism. What we all fear type of transnational terrorist, skilled in the use of as a global community is that terrorists seek to transnational communications and financial re- force, through the use of fear, the adoption of turns as a means of co-ordinating the activities of measures of a police state. One has to bear in dispersed followers who have made no promises to mind, in devising such policy and tactics, the crisis any state and have no territorial desires. Govern- management capability; the involvement of the ments are very concerned that they are being state in countering state sponsored terrorism; the increasingly bypassed by terrorists. balance between media coverage and any censor- The first edition was referred to as an encyclo- ship; the use of the military; the policy of paedia, but the changes made in this second edition negotiating, if at all, with terrorists, and their have moved the author to change the title to that of legal status and international response. Some of dictionary, especially as there are so many different the root causes of the problem of terrorism seem definitions and an ever increasing variation of too intractable for many countries to face; for terminology of different types of terrorism. The example, the challenges of poverty, bribery and work can be viewed as a constant reference and corruption, and the absence of a binding defini- bulky topics such as September 11, 2001 and the tion of terrorism in international law. The different aspects of terrorism can be viewed under economic gap between the global North and the headings September 11 and Terror and South continues to widen; and the growth of the Terrorism. Detailed cross-referencing takes the Third World gives rise to economic hopelessness. reader to various parts of the book. After most There are many differing approaches to educat- entries there are References and Further Reading, ing people about terrorism: dissertations, analytical and at the back of the book a selection of website and comparative studies, and appraisals of the addresses from where further information can be political and economic responses to terroristic gleaned. Cross-referencing proves that terrorism violence. To help us understand the subject there crosses many academic boundaries, and this is are training and information manuals, research enhanced by a conceptual map which helps apply monographs, databases, bibliographies, encyclo- a mental/philosophical appraisal across the topics of paedias and dictionaries. In this dictionary I have the entries. Some entries have been updated since chosen examples, ideas, groups, people and events May 2003 at proof stage. that epitomise the whole issue, given the constraints This work will be of use to those involved in on the length of the work. It is a sad reflection that academia, the military, government, business and many tomes are needed to give a full and law enforcement. A single entry cannot inform the comprehensive analysis of a phenomenon that has reader of all there is to know about its subject matter been with us in varied forms, terms and guises because it is related to other entries. To know throughout history. something about hostages, one has to be aware of Preface and Acknowledgements vii the people and countries involved, the victims, Leeds; University of York Library and Whitby psychological facts, finances and motivation. As the Library have been helpful with their patience, detailed cross-referencing implies many entries advice, courtesy and assistance. could have been listed with almost equal relevance I am grateful to the academics who pioneered under other entries. The reader can find beyond a the teaching of terrorism in the carousel course; for basic definition or description a more detailed senior officers at the Police Staff College, Bramshill explanation, so that the person can proceed directly in the 1980s, where the author was a civilian tutor in their reading without having to stop and search (1977–1989), namely Professor P. Wilkinson, Uni- among textbooks, commentaries, biographies, versity of St Andrew’s; the late Professor Dr R. monographs or eyewitness accounts. Clutterbuck, Exeter University; Professor J. Potter, RMA Sandhurst and visiting Professor, Exeter Inevitably the production of a work of this nature University; Dr D. Carlton, University of Warwick; could not have been possible without the help and Dr K. G. Robertson, University of Reading and Dr assistance of many and my thanks are due to Craig F. E. C. Gregory, University of Southampton. Fowlie and Zoe Botterill, respectively Senior Editor Thanks are due to the police who attended the and Editorial Assistant, Politics, International Rela- many courses created by myself on this subject; and tions and Asian Studies, and Simon Bailey and Alex the many hundreds of authors of books and articles Meloy, Production Editors at Routledge, and also that provided me with inspiration to teach, research Alan Whitworth of Culva House Publications, and write about the varied and diverse topic of Whitby, for placing the entire work in a compu- terrorism. I apologise for any omission of thanks. terised form, checking the draft manuscript for Other experts notably Christopher Dobson, inconsistencies and making various useful sugges- Ronald Payne, Brian Crozier and Peter Janke tions. The Chief Librarians and staff at the National inspired me to develop further interest in the Police Library, Bramshill, Hook, Hampshire; the subject. Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst; the Prince Finally, I am grateful for the constant encour- Consort Library, Aldershot; University of St An- agement of my friends and parents, without whose drews Library; Brotherton Library, University of support this work would not have been possible. John Richard Thackrah, Whitby, North Yorkshire, May 2003 Introduction This dictionary has been prepared with the value position on how to reconcile values such as following issues in mind. The general public have