How to Use This Soil Survey
Detailed Soil Maps
The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.
To find information about your area of interest, you can locate the Section, Township, and Range by zooming in on the Index to Map Sheets, or you can go to the Web Soil Survey at (http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/).
Note the map unit symbols that are in that area. The Contents lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the page where each map unit is described.
See the Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs. ii
This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1994. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 1996. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1996. This survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. It is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Granite County Conservation District. The most current official data are available through the NRCS Soil Data Mart website at http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all of its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice or TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
Cover: Looking south from Rattler Gulch, the foreground is an area of Winspect gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, while the background is an area of Whitecow gravelly loam, cool, 35 to 60 percent slopes.
Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available online from the Natural Resources Conservation Service at http://www.nrcs.usda.gov. iii
Contents
Part I 135D—Baggs loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 33 Bandy Series ...... 34 How To Use This Soil Survey ...... i 614B—Bandy loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 35 Index to Taxonomic Units ...... xvi 814B—Bandy loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, Index to Map Units ...... xviii rarely flooded...... 35 Summary of Tables ...... xxix 844A—Bandy-Blossberg complex, Foreword ...... xxxi 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded ...... 35 Introduction ...... 1 Bata Series ...... 36 General Nature of the Survey Area ...... 1 66D—Bata gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent History and Development ...... 1 slopes ...... 37 Industry, Transportation, and Recreation ...... 2 66E—Bata gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent Physiography and Drainage...... 2 slopes ...... 37 Geology ...... 3 Bignell Series ...... 38 Mineral and Ground-Water Resources ...... 5 99E—Bignell gravelly clay loam, 15 to 35 Seismicity...... 6 percent slopes ...... 39 Climate...... 7 99F—Bignell gravelly loam, dry, 35 to 60 How This Survey Was Made ...... 7 percent slopes ...... 39 Formation and Classification of the Soils ...... 13 199D—Bignell gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent Formation of the Soils ...... 13 slopes ...... 39 Climate ...... 13 199E—Bignell gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent Living Organisms ...... 13 slopes ...... 40 Topography ...... 13 199F—Bignell gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent Parent Material ...... 14 slopes ...... 40 Time...... 14 299D—Bignell, dry-Yreka, cool complex, Classification of the Soils ...... 14 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 41 Soil Series and Detailed Soil Map Units ...... 27 299E—Bignell, dry-Yreka, cool complex, Albicalis Series ...... 28 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 41 12A—Albicalis loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, 299F—Bignell-Yreka gravelly loams, 35 to 60 rarely flooded...... 29 percent slopes ...... 42 112A—Albicalis loam, impacted, 0 to 2 percent 399D—Bignell-Yreka gravelly loams, 8 to 15 slopes, occasionally flooded ...... 29 percent slopes ...... 42 Ambrant Series ...... 30 399E—Bignell-Yreka complex, cool, 15 to 35 179D—Ambrant-Rochester complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 43 percent slopes ...... 31 399F—Bignell-Yreka complex, cool, 35 to 60 179E—Ambrant-Rochester complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 43 percent slopes ...... 31 499D—Bignell-Yreka complex, 8 to 15 percent 179F—Ambrant-Rochester complex, 35 to 60 slopes ...... 44 percent slopes ...... 32 499E—Bignell-Yreka complex, 15 to 35 percent Baggs Series ...... 32 slopes ...... 44 135B—Baggs loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 33 iv
499F—Bignell-Yreka complex, 35 to 60 percent 442E—Braziel-Tolbert complex, 15 to 35 slopes ...... 45 percent slopes ...... 57 799D—Bignell-Yreka-Crow complex, 8 to 15 442F—Braziel-Tolbert gravelly loams, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 45 percent slopes ...... 57 799E—Bignell-Yreka-Crow complex, 15 to 35 542C—Braziel-Shanley gravelly loams, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 46 percent slopes ...... 58 Blossberg Series ...... 47 542D—Braziel-Shanley gravelly loams, 8 to 15 634B—Blossberg loam, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 58 slopes ...... 48 542E—Braziel-Shanley gravelly loams, 834B—Blossberg loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 59 rarely flooded...... 48 542F—Braziel-Shanley gravelly loams, Boxwell Series ...... 48 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 59 69C—Boxwell loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 49 Canarway Series ...... 60 69D—Boxwell loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 50 111A—Canarway-Mccabe complex, 0 to 2 69E—Boxwell loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes .... 50 percent slopes, occasionally flooded ...... 61 Braziel Series...... 50 Carett Series ...... 61 200E—Braziel-Tolbert-Rock outcrop complex, Cetrack Series ...... 62 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 51 34B—Cetrack loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 63 200F—Braziel-Tolbert-Rock outcrop complex, 34C—Cetrack loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 63 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 52 34D—Cetrack loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 64 242B—Braziel gravelly loam, 2 to 4 percent Clasoil Series ...... 64 slopes ...... 53 152C—Clasoil sandy loam, 4 to 8 percent 242C—Braziel gravelly loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 65 slopes ...... 53 152D—Clasoil sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent 242D—Braziel gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 65 slopes ...... 53 152E—Clasoil sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent 242E—Braziel gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 66 slopes ...... 54 552D—Clasoil-Crackerville complex, 8 to 15 242F—Braziel gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent percent slopes ...... 66 slopes ...... 54 552E—Clasoil-Crackerville complex, 15 to 35 342C—Braziel stony loam, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 67 slopes ...... 55 752D—Clasoil-Crackerville-Rock outcrop 342D—Braziel stony loam, 8 to 15 percent complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes...... 67 slopes ...... 55 752E—Clasoil-Crackerville-Rock outcrop 342E—Braziel stony loam, 15 to 35 percent complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes...... 68 slopes ...... 55 Coben Series ...... 68 442C—Braziel-Tolbert gravelly loams, 4 to 8 58B—Coben clay loam, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 56 slopes ...... 70 442D—Braziel-Tolbert gravelly loams, 8 to 15 58C—Coben clay loam, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 56 slopes ...... 70 v
58D—Coben clay loam, 8 to 15 percent 87D—Danaher loam, 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 70 slopes ...... 84 Comad Series ...... 71 87E—Danaher loam, 15 to 35 percent 280E—Comad-Elkner-Rock outcrop complex, slopes ...... 84 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 72 387D—Danaher-Loberg complex, 8 to 15 580D—Comad-Elkner complex, 8 to 15 percent percent slopes ...... 84 slopes ...... 72 387E—Danaher-Loberg complex, 15 to 35 580E—Comad-Elkner complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 85 percent slopes ...... 73 387F—Danaher-Loberg complex, 35 to 60 580F—Comad-Elkner complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 86 percent slopes ...... 73 487D—Danaher-Loberg-Elve complex, 8 to 15 Con Series ...... 74 percent slopes ...... 86 24B—Con loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 75 487E—Danaher-Loberg-Elve complex, 24C—Con loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 75 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 87 24D—Con loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 75 Danvers Series ...... 87 824E—Con-Sixbeacon cobbly loams, 15 to 35 49B—Danvers clay loam, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 76 slopes ...... 88 824F—Con-Sixbeacon cobbly loams, 35 to 60 49C—Danvers clay loam, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 76 slopes ...... 89 Copenhaver Series ...... 77 49D—Danvers clay loam, 8 to 15 percent 745D—Copenhaver-Libeg complex, 8 to 15 slopes ...... 89 percent slopes ...... 77 49E—Danvers clay loam, 15 to 35 percent 745E—Copenhaver-Libeg complex, 15 to 35 slopes ...... 89 percent slopes ...... 78 149B—Danvers cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent 745F—Copenhaver-Libeg complex, 35 to 60 slopes ...... 90 percent slopes ...... 78 149C—Danvers cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent Crackerville Series ...... 79 slopes ...... 90 Crow Series ...... 80 149D—Danvers cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent 83D—Crow clay loam, 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 91 slopes ...... 80 446B—Danvers-Roy complex, 0 to 4 percent 83E—Crow silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 91 slopes ...... 81 446C—Danvers-Roy complex, 4 to 8 percent 283D—Crow clay loam, moist, 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 91 slopes ...... 81 446D—Danvers-Roy complex, 8 to 15 percent 983D—Crow-Bignell complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 92 slopes ...... 82 446E—Danvers-Roy complex, 15 to 35 percent 983E—Crow-Bignell complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 93 slopes ...... 82 446F—Danvers-Roy complex, 35 to 60 percent Danaher Series ...... 83 slopes ...... 93 vi
849B—Danvers-Coben clay loams, 2 to 4 Elkner Series ...... 108 percent slopes ...... 94 80B—Elkner-Ovando complex, 2 to 8 percent 849C—Danvers-Coben clay loams, 4 to 8 slopes ...... 109 percent slopes ...... 94 80D—Elkner-Ovando complex, 8 to 15 percent 849D—Danvers-Coben clay loams, 8 to 15 slopes ...... 110 percent slopes ...... 95 80E—Elkner-Ovando complex, 15 to 35 DA—Denied access ...... 95 percent slopes ...... 110 Dolus Series ...... 95 80F—Elkner-Ovando stony sandy loams, 168C—Dolus-Boxwell complex, 4 to 8 percent 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 111 slopes ...... 96 380D—Elkner sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent 268F—Dolus-Lap complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 111 slopes ...... 97 380E—Elkner sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent Dominic Series ...... 97 slopes ...... 112 1B—Dominic cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent Elve Series ...... 112 slopes ...... 98 82D—Elve gravelly loam, 4 to 15 percent Donald Series ...... 98 slopes ...... 113 28B—Donald loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ...... 100 82E—Elve gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent 28C—Donald loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 100 slopes ...... 113 28D—Donald loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ..... 100 82F—Elve gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent Doney Series ...... 101 slopes ...... 114 169F—Doney-Dolus complex, 15 to 45 percent 82G—Elve gravelly loam, 60 to 80 percent slopes ...... 102 slopes ...... 114 369E—Doney cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent 382D—Elve gravelly loam, warm, 8 to 15 slopes ...... 102 percent slopes ...... 114 Dougcliff Series ...... 102 382E—Elve gravelly loam, warm, 15 to 35 2A—Dougcliff mucky peat, 0 to 2 percent percent slopes ...... 115 slopes, ponded ...... 103 482D—Elve gravelly loam, dry, 4 to 15 percent 103A—Dumps, mine ...... 104 slopes ...... 115 Dunkleber Series ...... 104 482E—Elve gravelly loam, dry, 15 to 35 15A—Dunkleber mucky peat, 0 to 2 percent percent slopes ...... 115 slopes, rarely flooded ...... 105 482F—Elve gravelly loam, dry, 35 to 60 Ekah Series ...... 105 percent slopes ...... 116 56B—Ekah loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ...... 106 982F—Elve-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to 60 56C—Ekah loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 106 slopes ...... 116 56D—Ekah loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 107 Evaro Series ...... 117 256C—Ekah cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent 97D—Evaro gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 107 slopes ...... 117 256D—Ekah cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent 97E—Evaro gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 107 slopes ...... 118 Elflint Series ...... 108 vii
97F—Evaro gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent 544B—Gregson silt loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 118 slopes ...... 132 197D—Evaro gravelly loam, moist, 8 to 15 Hackney Series ...... 132 percent slopes ...... 118 Helmville Series ...... 133 197E—Evaro gravelly loam, moist, 15 to 35 84D—Helmville cobbly loam, cool, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 119 percent slopes ...... 134 197F—Evaro gravelly loam, moist, 35 to 60 84E—Helmville cobbly loam, cool, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 119 percent slopes ...... 134 Fairfield Series ...... 120 84F—Helmville cobbly loam, cool, 35 to 60 43B—Fairfield loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ...... 120 percent slopes ...... 135 43C—Fairfield loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 121 284E—Helmville cobbly loam, 15 to 35 43D—Fairfield loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes .... 121 percent slopes ...... 135 Fergus Series ...... 121 284F—Helmville cobbly loam, 35 to 60 140B—Fergus loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ..... 123 percent slopes ...... 136 140C—Fergus loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ..... 123 384D—Helmville-Worock complex, 8 to 15 140D—Fergus loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ... 123 percent slopes ...... 136 140E—Fergus loam, 15 to 35 percent 384E—Helmville-Worock complex, 15 to 35 slopes ...... 124 percent slopes ...... 136 Fessler Series ...... 124 Holloway Series ...... 137 94E—Fessler gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent 81E—Holloway gravelly silt loam, 15 to 35 slopes ...... 125 percent slopes ...... 138 94F—Fessler gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent 81F—Holloway gravelly silt loam, 35 to 60 slopes ...... 125 percent slopes ...... 138 Finn Series...... 126 Judell Series ...... 139 676B—Finn loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 127 61B—Judell loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ...... 140 776B—Finn-Water complex, 0 to 4 percent Julius Series ...... 140 slopes ...... 127 27B—Julius loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ...... 141 Flintcreek Series ...... 127 27C—Julius loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 142 Foolhen Series ...... 128 27D—Julius loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 142 3B—Foolhen loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes...... 129 Kleinschmidt Series ...... 142 3C—Foolhen loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 130 447B—Kleinschmidt gravelly loam, cool, 903B—Foolhen loam, wet, 0 to 4 percent 0 to 4 percent slopes, rarely flooded ...... 143 slopes, rarely flooded ...... 130 547B—Kleinschmidt gravelly loam, cool, Gregson Series ...... 130 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 144 434B—Gregson silt loam, cool, 0 to 4 percent 557B—Kleinschmidt gravelly loam, 0 to 4 slopes, rarely flooded ...... 131 percent slopes ...... 144 444B—Gregson silt loam, 0 to 4 percent 847B—Kleinschmidt loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, rarely flooded ...... 131 slopes ...... 144 534B—Gregson silt loam, cool, 0 to 4 percent 947B—Kleinschmidt cobbly loam, 0 to 4 slopes ...... 132 percent slopes ...... 145 viii
Krutar Series ...... 145 124B—Lone Rock-Sarbo complex, 2 to 4 23B—Krutar loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ...... 146 percent slopes ...... 158 123B—Krutar cobbly loam, 2 to 4 percent Maciver Series ...... 158 slopes ...... 146 16B—Maciver loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ...... 159 Lap Series...... 147 16C—Maciver loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 159 Levengood Series ...... 147 16D—Maciver loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes .... 160 Libeg Series ...... 149 16E—Maciver loam, 15 to 35 percent 54B—Libeg channery loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ...... 160 slopes ...... 149 Mannixlee Series ...... 160 54C—Libeg channery loam, 4 to 8 percent 645A—Mannixlee clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 150 slopes ...... 161 54D—Libeg channery loam, 8 to 15 percent 855A—Mannixlee-Blossberg complex, 0 to 2 slopes ...... 150 percent slopes, rarely flooded ...... 162 54E—Libeg channery loam, 15 to 35 percent Marcott Series...... 162 slopes ...... 150 349B—Marcott silty clay loam, cool, 0 to 4 54F—Libeg channery loam, 35 to 60 percent percent slopes ...... 163 slopes ...... 151 549B—Marcott silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent 130D—Libeg-Copenhaver-Rock outcrop slopes ...... 163 complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes...... 151 Martinsdale Series ...... 164 130E—Libeg-Copenhaver-Rock outcrop 52B—Martinsdale loam, 0 to 4 percent complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes...... 152 slopes ...... 165 130F—Libeg-Copenhaver-Rock outcrop 52C—Martinsdale loam, 4 to 8 percent complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes...... 152 slopes ...... 165 916—Limestone quarry ...... 153 52D—Martinsdale loam, 8 to 15 percent Loberg Series ...... 153 slopes ...... 165 85D—Loberg gravelly loam, 4 to 15 percent 52E—Martinsdale loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 154 slopes ...... 166 85E—Loberg gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent 352E—Martinsdale cobbly loam, 15 to 35 slopes ...... 155 percent slopes ...... 166 85F—Loberg gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent Mccabe Series ...... 166 slopes ...... 155 10A—Mccabe-Canarway complex, impacted, 585D—Loberg very cobbly sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 155 flooded...... 168 585E—Loberg very cobbly sandy loam, 11A—Mccabe-Canarway complex, 0 to 2 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 156 percent slopes, occasionally flooded ...... 168 Lone Rock Series ...... 156 Mcmanus Series ...... 169 18B—Lone Rock cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent 425B—Mcmanus silty clay loam, 0 to 4 slopes ...... 157 percent slopes ...... 170 18C—Lone Rock cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent 525B—Mcmanus silty clay loam, cool, 0 to 4 slopes ...... 157 percent slopes ...... 170 ix
Mocmont Series ...... 171 41C—Perma gravelly loam, 4 to 8 percent 90E—Mocmont gravelly loam, 15 to 35 slopes ...... 184 percent slopes ...... 172 41D—Perma gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent 90F—Mocmont gravelly loam, 35 to 60 slopes ...... 185 percent slopes ...... 172 41E—Perma gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent 190E—Mocmont gravelly loam, cool, 15 to 35 slopes ...... 185 percent slopes ...... 172 41F—Perma gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent 190F—Mocmont gravelly loam, cool, 35 to 60 slopes ...... 185 percent slopes ...... 173 41G—Perma gravelly loam, 60 to 80 percent Modesty Series ...... 173 slopes ...... 186 555B—Modesty silty clay loam, cool, 0 to 4 241B—Perma stony loam, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 174 slopes ...... 186 565B—Modesty silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent 338C—Perma cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 175 slopes ...... 187 Mollet Series ...... 175 338D—Perma cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent 48D—Mollet loam, 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 176 slopes ...... 187 Nirling Series ...... 176 338E—Perma cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent 324B—Nirling very cobbly loam, 0 to 4 slopes ...... 187 percent slopes ...... 177 338F—Perma cobbly loam, 35 to 60 percent 524B—Nirling gravelly loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 188 slopes ...... 177 424B—Perma-Lone Rock complex, 2 to 4 624B—Nirling-Bandy complex, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 188 slopes, rarely flooded ...... 178 424C—Perma-Lone Rock complex, 4 to 8 924B—Nirling cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 188 slopes ...... 178 738E—Perma-Whitlash complex, 15 to 35 Nythar Series ...... 178 percent slopes ...... 189 735B—Nythar-Flintcreek complex, 0 to 4 738F—Perma-Whitlash complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 179 percent slopes ...... 189 755B—Nythar mucky peat, 0 to 4 percent 838E—Perma-Whitlash-Rock outcrop slopes ...... 180 complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes...... 190 835B—Nythar-Flintcreek complex, 0 to 4 838F—Perma-Whitlash-Rock outcrop percent slopes, rarely flooded ...... 180 complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes...... 191 Ovando Series ...... 181 102A—Pits, gravel ...... 191 180F—Ovando-Elkner stony sandy loams, Poronto Series ...... 191 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 182 637B—Poronto loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes .... 192 780F—Ovando, moist-Elkner, moist-Rock Quigley Series ...... 192 outcrop complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes. 182 60B—Quigley loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 193 Perma Series ...... 183 60C—Quigley loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 194 41B—Perma gravelly loam, 0 to 4 percent 60D—Quigley loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes .... 194 slopes ...... 184 Redchief Series ...... 194 x
45D—Redchief cobbly loam, 4 to 15 percent 44E—Roundor loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 195 slopes ...... 208 45E—Redchief cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent 440D—Roundor-Lap complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 196 slopes ...... 208 45F—Redchief cobbly loam, 35 to 60 percent 440E—Roundor-Lap complex, 15 to 35 slopes ...... 196 percent slopes ...... 209 145C—Redchief-Mollet complex, 4 to 8 Roy Series ...... 209 percent slopes ...... 196 17E—Roy-Carett-Elflint complex, 15 to 35 145D—Redchief-Mollet complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 210 percent slopes ...... 197 46B—Roy loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 211 145E—Redchief-Mollet complex, 15 to 35 46C—Roy loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 211 percent slopes ...... 197 46D—Roy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 212 145F—Redchief-Mollet complex, 35 to 60 46E—Roy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 212 percent slopes ...... 198 46F—Roy loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 212 Relyea Series ...... 198 146B—Roy cobbly loam, 2 to 4 percent 185D—Relyea-Helmville complex, 8 to 15 slopes ...... 213 percent slopes ...... 200 146C—Roy cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent 185E—Relyea-Helmville complex, 15 to 35 slopes ...... 213 percent slopes ...... 200 146D—Roy cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent 185F—Relyea-Helmville complex, 15 to 35 slopes ...... 213 percent slopes ...... 201 146E—Roy cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent 485D—Relyea-Helmville complex, moist, slopes ...... 214 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 201 246D—Roy stony loam, 8 to 15 percent 485E—Relyea-Helmville complex, moist, slopes ...... 214 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 202 246E—Roy stony loam, 15 to 35 percent 485F—Relyea-Helmville complex, moist, slopes ...... 214 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 202 351D—Roy-Shawmut-Danvers complex, Rochester Series ...... 203 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 215 Rothiemay Series ...... 203 351E—Roy-Shawmut-Danvers complex, 33B—Rothiemay loam, 2 to 4 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 215 slopes ...... 205 351F—Roy-Shawmut-Danvers cobbly loams, 33C—Rothiemay loam, 4 to 8 percent 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 216 slopes ...... 205 646D—Roy-Tolbert-Danvers complex, 8 to 15 33D—Rothiemay loam, 8 to 15 percent percent slopes ...... 217 slopes ...... 205 646E—Roy-Tolbert-Danvers complex, Roundor Series ...... 206 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 217 44B—Roundor loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ..... 207 746C—Roy-Fergus complex, 4 to 8 percent 44C—Roundor loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes .... 207 slopes ...... 218 44D—Roundor loam, 8 to 15 percent 746D—Roy-Fergus complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 207 slopes ...... 218 xi
746E—Roy-Fergus complex, 15 to 35 percent Shawmut Series ...... 230 slopes ...... 219 51B—Shawmut gravelly loam, 0 to 4 percent 746F—Roy-Fergus complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 232 slopes ...... 219 51C—Shawmut gravelly loam, 4 to 8 percent 100—Rubble land-Rock outcrop complex ...... 220 slopes ...... 232 Rumsey Series ...... 220 51D—Shawmut gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent 78D—Rumsey gravelly silt loam, 8 to 15 slopes ...... 232 percent slopes ...... 221 51E—Shawmut gravelly loam, 15 to 35 78E—Rumsey gravelly silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 233 percent slopes ...... 221 51F—Shawmut gravelly loam, 35 to 60 Sarbo Series ...... 222 percent slopes ...... 233 224B—Sarbo-Lone Rock complex, 2 to 4 151C—Shawmut cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 222 slopes ...... 233 Saypo Series ...... 223 151D—Shawmut cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent 435B—Saypo silt loam, cool, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 234 slopes, rarely flooded ...... 224 151E—Shawmut cobbly loam, 15 to 35 445B—Saypo silt loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, percent slopes ...... 234 rarely flooded...... 224 151F—Shawmut cobbly loam, 35 to 60 535B—Saypo loam, cool, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 234 slopes ...... 225 251E—Shawmut very stony loam, 15 to 35 545B—Saypo silt loam, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 235 slopes ...... 225 451C—Shawmut very bouldery loam, 0 to 8 Shanley Series...... 225 percent slopes ...... 235 19C—Shanley gravelly loam, 4 to 8 percent Silverchief Series ...... 235 slopes ...... 226 599D—Silverchief-Trapps complex, 8 to 15 19D—Shanley gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent percent slopes ...... 236 slopes ...... 227 599E—Silverchief-Trapps complex, 15 to 35 19E—Shanley gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent percent slopes ...... 237 slopes ...... 227 599F—Silverchief-Trapps complex, 35 to 60 119E—Shanley stony loam, 15 to 35 percent percent slopes ...... 237 slopes ...... 227 Sixbeacon Series ...... 238 142E—Shanley-Braziel-Water complex, 137B—Sixbeacon cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent 8 to 25 percent slopes ...... 228 slopes ...... 239 846C—Shanley-Tolbert complex, 4 to 8 137C—Sixbeacon cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 228 slopes ...... 239 846D—Shanley-Tolbert complex, 8 to 15 137D—Sixbeacon cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 229 percent slopes ...... 240 846E—Shanley-Tolbert complex, 15 to 35 237B—Sixbeacon gravelly loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 229 percent slopes ...... 240 846F—Shanley-Tolbert complex, 35 to 60 237C—Sixbeacon gravelly loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 230 percent slopes ...... 240 xii
Straw Series ...... 241 Tolbert Series ...... 253 25B—Straw silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent 543D—Tolbert-Braziel gravelly loams, 8 to 15 slopes ...... 241 percent slopes ...... 254 25C—Straw silty clay loam, 4 to 8 percent 543E—Tolbert-Braziel gravelly loams, slopes ...... 242 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 254 Tanna Series ...... 242 543F—Tolbert-Braziel gravelly loams, 65C—Tanna loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 243 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 255 65D—Tanna loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 243 643E—Tolbert-Braziel-Rock outcrop complex, 265B—Tanna-Boxwell loams, 0 to 4 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 255 slopes ...... 244 643F—Tolbert-Braziel-Rock outcrop complex, 265C—Tanna-Boxwell loams, 4 to 8 percent 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 256 slopes ...... 244 Trapps Series ...... 257 265D—Tanna-Boxwell loams, 8 to 15 percent 98D—Trapps gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 245 slopes ...... 257 Tetonview Series ...... 245 98E—Trapps gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent 635B—Tetonview loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 258 slopes ...... 246 98F—Trapps gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent Tewfel Series...... 247 slopes ...... 258 59D—Tewfel-Hackney complex, 4 to 15 98G—Trapps gravelly loam, 60 to 80 percent percent slopes ...... 247 slopes ...... 259 59E—Tewfel-Hackney complex, 15 to 35 198C—Trapps-Yreka complex, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 248 slopes ...... 259 859E—Tewfel-Hackney-Shale outcrop 198E—Trapps-Yreka complex, 8 to 25 complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes...... 248 percent slopes ...... 259 Tibson Series ...... 249 Truchot Series ...... 260 76B—Tibson gravelly loam, 2 to 4 percent 537B—Truchot loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ..... 261 slopes ...... 250 Turrah Series ...... 261 76D—Tibson gravelly loam, 4 to 15 percent 649B—Turrah silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 250 slopes ...... 262 76E—Tibson gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent Varney Series ...... 263 slopes ...... 251 31B—Varney clay loam, 0 to 4 percent 76F—Tibson gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 264 slopes ...... 251 31C—Varney clay loam, 4 to 8 percent 176C—Tibson-Levengood gravelly loams, slopes ...... 264 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 251 31D—Varney clay loam, 8 to 15 percent 176D—Tibson-Levengood gravelly loams, slopes ...... 264 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 252 36B—Varney-Con loams, 0 to 4 percent 176E—Tibson-Levengood gravelly loams, slopes ...... 265 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 252 36C—Varney-Con loams, 4 to 8 percent 176F—Tibson-Levengood gravelly loams, slopes ...... 265 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 253 xiii
36D—Varney-Con loams, 8 to 15 percent 92E—Whitore gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 266 slopes ...... 276 36E—Varney-Con loams, 15 to 35 percent 92F—Whitore gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 266 slopes ...... 276 Waldbillig Series ...... 267 92G—Whitore gravelly loam, 60 to 80 percent 497C—Waldbillig gravelly loam, cool, 2 to 8 slopes ...... 277 percent slopes ...... 268 192E—Whitore gravelly clay loam, 15 to 35 497E—Waldbillig gravelly loam, cool, 8 to 25 percent slopes ...... 277 percent slopes ...... 268 192F—Whitore gravelly clay loam, 35 to 60 W—Water ...... 268 percent slopes ...... 277 915—Welded tuff ...... 268 992E—Whitore-Rock outcrop complex, Whitecow Series ...... 268 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 278 88E—Whitecow gravelly loam, 15 to 35 992F—Whitore-Rock outcrop complex, percent slopes ...... 269 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 278 88F—Whitecow gravelly loam, 35 to 60 992G—Whitore-Rock outcrop complex, percent slopes ...... 270 60 to 80 percent slopes ...... 278 88G—Whitecow gravelly loam, 60 to 80 Wimper Series ...... 279 percent slopes ...... 270 29B—Wimper loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ...... 280 488E—Whitecow gravelly loam, cool, 15 to 35 29C—Wimper loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 280 percent slopes ...... 270 29D—Wimper loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes .... 280 488F—Whitecow gravelly loam, cool, 35 to 60 29E—Wimper gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent percent slopes ...... 271 slopes ...... 281 488G—Whitecow gravelly loam, cool, 129D—Wimper-Winspect complex, 8 to 15 60 to 80 percent slopes ...... 271 percent slopes ...... 281 788E—Whitecow, cool-Rock outcrop complex, 129E—Wimper-Winspect complex, 15 to 35 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 272 percent slopes ...... 282 788F—Whitecow, cool-Rock outcrop complex, 129F—Wimper-Winspect complex, 35 to 60 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 272 percent slopes ...... 282 788G—Whitecow, cool-Rock outcrop complex, 229E—Wimper-Winspect cobbly loams, 60 to 80 percent slopes ...... 272 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 283 988E—Whitecow-Rock outcrop complex, Windham Series ...... 283 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 273 42D—Windham gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent 988F—Whitecow-Rock outcrop complex, slopes ...... 284 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 273 42E—Windham gravelly loam, 15 to 35 988G—Whitecow-Rock outcrop complex, percent slopes ...... 284 60 to 80 percent slopes ...... 274 42F—Windham gravelly loam, 35 to 60 Whitlash Series ...... 274 percent slopes ...... 285 Whitore Series ...... 275 839D—Windham-Lap-Rock outcrop complex, 92D—Whitore gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 285 slopes ...... 276 xiv
839E—Windham-Lap-Rock outcrop complex, 39F—Winspect gravelly loam, 35 to 60 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 285 percent slopes ...... 296 839F—Windham-Lap-Rock outcrop complex, 139E—Winspect-Lap gravelly loams, 15 to 35 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 286 percent slopes ...... 297 Windlass Series ...... 287 139F—Winspect-Lap gravelly loams, 35 to 60 13B—Windlass-Nirling complex, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 297 slopes ...... 288 239C—Winspect cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent 113B—Windlass-Nirling complex, 0 to 4 slopes ...... 298 percent slopes, rarely flooded ...... 288 439E—Winspect-Rock outcrop complex, 413B—Windlass loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 298 rarely flooded...... 289 439F—Winspect-Rock outcrop complex, 513B—Windlass-Nirling complex, cool, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 298 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 289 439G—Winspect-Rock outcrop complex, Winkler Series...... 289 60 to 80 percent slopes ...... 299 86E—Winkler gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent Worock Series...... 299 slopes ...... 291 96D—Worock gravelly loam, cool, 8 to 15 86F—Winkler gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent percent slopes ...... 300 slopes ...... 291 96E—Worock gravelly loam, cool, 15 to 35 86G—Winkler gravelly loam, 60 to 80 percent percent slopes ...... 301 slopes ...... 291 96F—Worock gravelly loam, cool, 35 to 60 786D—Winkler gravelly loam, cool, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 301 percent slopes ...... 292 196E—Worock-Loberg, moist complex, 786E—Winkler gravelly loam, cool, 15 to 35 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 301 percent slopes ...... 292 396E—Worock gravelly loam, 15 to 35 786F—Winkler gravelly loam, cool, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 302 percent slopes ...... 292 596D—Worock-Loberg complex, 8 to 15 786G—Winkler gravelly loam, cool, 60 to 80 percent slopes ...... 302 percent slopes ...... 293 596E—Worock-Loberg complex, 15 to 35 886E—Winkler-Rubble land-Rock outcrop percent slopes ...... 303 complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes...... 293 596F—Worock-Loberg gravelly loams, 886F—Winkler-Rubble land-Rock outcrop 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 303 complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes...... 294 696E—Worock gravelly loam, dry, 15 to 35 Winspect Series ...... 294 percent slopes ...... 304 39C—Winspect gravelly loam, 4 to 8 percent 696F—Worock gravelly loam, dry, 35 to 60 slopes ...... 295 percent slopes ...... 304 39D—Winspect gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent 996E—Worock, cool-Rock outcrop complex, slopes ...... 295 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 305 39E—Winspect gravelly loam, 15 to 35 996F—Worock-Rock outcrop complex, percent slopes ...... 296 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 305 xv
Yreka Series ...... 306 Prime Farmland and Other Important 95D—Yreka gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent Farmland ...... 18 slopes ...... 306 Erosion Factors ...... 19 95E—Yreka gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent Range ...... 105 slopes ...... 307 Similarity Index ...... 106 95F—Yreka gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent Rangeland Management ...... 106 slopes ...... 307 Understory Management ...... 107 195D—Yreka gravelly loam, cool, 8 to 15 Forestland ...... 237 percent slopes ...... 308 Woodland Ordination System ...... 238 195E—Yreka gravelly loam, cool, 15 to 35 Forestland Management and Productivity ...... 239 percent slopes ...... 308 Main Forest Access Road Limitations and 195F—Yreka gravelly loam, cool, 35 to 60 Hazards ...... 240 percent slopes ...... 308 Recreation...... 277 995E—Yreka-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 35 Wildlife Habitat ...... 327 percent slopes ...... 309 Elements of Wildlife Habitat ...... 327 995F—Yreka-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to 60 Kinds of Wildlife Habitat ...... 327 percent slopes ...... 309 Wildlife of the Granite County Area ...... 328 References ...... 311 Engineering ...... 331 Glossary ...... 313 Building Site Development ...... 331 Sanitary Facilities ...... 332 Part II Waste Management ...... 333 Construction Materials ...... 334 How to Use This Survey ...... i Water Management ...... 335 Detailed Soil Map Unit Legend ...... iv Soil Properties ...... 529 Summary of Tables ...... xiv Engineering Index Properties ...... 529 Agronomy ...... 15 Physical and Chemical Properties ...... 530 Cropland Limitations and Hazards ...... 15 Water Features ...... 532 Crop Yield Estimates...... 17 Soil Features ...... 533 Pasture and Hayland Management ...... 17 References ...... 885 Land Capability Classification...... 17 Glossary ...... 887
Issued 2003 xvi
Index to Taxonomic Units
Albicalis Series ...... 28 Helmville Series ...... 133 Ambrant Series ...... 30 Holloway Series ...... 137 Baggs Series ...... 32 Judell Series ...... 139 Bandy Series ...... 34 Julius Series ...... 140 Bata Series ...... 36 Kleinschmidt Series ...... 142 Bignell Series ...... 38 Krutar Series ...... 145 Blossberg Series ...... 47 Lap Series...... 147 Boxwell Series ...... 48 Levengood Series ...... 147 Braziel Series...... 50 Libeg Series ...... 149 Canarway Series...... 60 Loberg Series ...... 153 Carett Series ...... 61 Lone Rock Series ...... 156 Cetrack Series ...... 62 Maciver Series ...... 158 Clasoil Series ...... 64 Mannixlee Series ...... 160 Coben Series ...... 68 Marcott Series...... 162 Comad Series ...... 71 Martinsdale Series ...... 164 Con Series ...... 74 Mccabe Series ...... 166 Copenhaver Series ...... 77 Mcmanus Series ...... 169 Crackerville Series ...... 79 Mocmont Series ...... 171 Crow Series ...... 80 Modesty Series ...... 173 Danaher Series ...... 83 Mollet Series ...... 175 Danvers Series ...... 87 Nirling Series ...... 176 Dolus Series ...... 95 Nythar Series ...... 178 Dominic Series...... 97 Ovando Series ...... 181 Donald Series ...... 98 Perma Series ...... 183 Doney Series ...... 101 Poronto Series ...... 191 Dougcliff Series...... 102 Quigley Series ...... 192 Dunkleber Series ...... 104 Redchief Series ...... 194 Ekah Series ...... 105 Relyea Series ...... 198 Elflint Series ...... 108 Rochester Series ...... 203 Elkner Series ...... 108 Rothiemay Series ...... 203 Elve Series ...... 112 Roundor Series ...... 206 Evaro Series ...... 117 Roy Series ...... 209 Fairfield Series ...... 120 Rumsey Series ...... 220 Fergus Series ...... 121 Sarbo Series ...... 222 Fessler Series ...... 124 Saypo Series ...... 223 Finn Series...... 126 Shanley Series...... 225 Flintcreek Series ...... 127 Shawmut Series ...... 230 Foolhen Series ...... 128 Silverchief Series ...... 235 Gregson Series ...... 130 Sixbeacon Series ...... 238 Hackney Series ...... 132 Straw Series...... 241 xvii
Tanna Series ...... 242 Whitecow Series ...... 268 Tetonview Series ...... 245 Whitlash Series ...... 274 Tewfel Series ...... 247 Whitore Series ...... 275 Tibson Series ...... 249 Wimper Series ...... 279 Tolbert Series ...... 253 Windham Series ...... 283 Trapps Series ...... 257 Windlass Series ...... 287 Truchot Series ...... 260 Winkler Series...... 289 Turrah Series ...... 261 Winspect Series ...... 294 Varney Series ...... 263 Worock Series...... 299 Waldbillig Series ...... 267 Yreka Series ...... 306 xviii
Index to Map Units
1B—Dominic cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent 25C—Straw silty clay loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 98 slopes ...... 242 2A—Dougcliff mucky peat, 0 to 2 percent 27B—Julius loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ...... 141 slopes, ponded ...... 103 27C—Julius loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 142 3B—Foolhen loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes...... 129 27D—Julius loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 142 3C—Foolhen loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 130 28B—Donald loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ...... 100 10A—Mccabe-Canarway complex, impacted, 28C—Donald loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 100 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally 28D—Donald loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ..... 100 flooded...... 168 29B—Wimper loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ...... 280 11A—Mccabe-Canarway complex, 0 to 2 29C—Wimper loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 280 percent slopes, occasionally flooded ...... 168 29D—Wimper loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes .... 280 12A—Albicalis loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, 29E—Wimper gravelly loam, 15 to 35 rarely flooded...... 29 percent slopes ...... 281 13B—Windlass-Nirling complex, 0 to 4 31B—Varney clay loam, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 288 slopes ...... 264 15A—Dunkleber mucky peat, 0 to 2 percent 31C—Varney clay loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, rarely flooded ...... 105 slopes ...... 264 16B—Maciver loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ...... 159 31D—Varney clay loam, 8 to 15 percent 16C—Maciver loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 159 slopes ...... 264 16D—Maciver loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes .... 160 33B—Rothiemay loam, 2 to 4 percent 16E—Maciver loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 205 slopes ...... 160 33C—Rothiemay loam, 4 to 8 percent 17E—Roy-Carett-Elflint complex, 15 to 35 slopes ...... 205 percent slopes ...... 210 33D—Rothiemay loam, 8 to 15 percent 18B—Lone Rock cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 205 slopes ...... 157 34B—Cetrack loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 63 18C—Lone Rock cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent 34C—Cetrack loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 63 slopes ...... 157 34D—Cetrack loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 64 19C—Shanley gravelly loam, 4 to 8 percent 36B—Varney-Con loams, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 226 slopes ...... 265 19D—Shanley gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent 36C—Varney-Con loams, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 227 slopes ...... 265 19E—Shanley gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent 36D—Varney-Con loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 227 slopes ...... 266 23B—Krutar loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ...... 146 36E—Varney-Con loams, 15 to 35 percent 24B—Con loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 75 slopes ...... 266 24C—Con loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 75 39C—Winspect gravelly loam, 4 to 8 percent 24D—Con loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 75 slopes ...... 295 25B—Straw silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent 39D—Winspect gravelly loam, 8 to 15 slopes ...... 241 percent slopes ...... 295 xix
39E—Winspect gravelly loam, 15 to 35 46E—Roy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 212 percent slopes ...... 296 46F—Roy loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 212 39F—Winspect gravelly loam, 35 to 60 48D—Mollet loam, 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 176 percent slopes ...... 296 49B—Danvers clay loam, 0 to 4 percent 41B—Perma gravelly loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 88 slopes ...... 184 49C—Danvers clay loam, 4 to 8 percent 41C—Perma gravelly loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 89 slopes ...... 184 49D—Danvers clay loam, 8 to 15 percent 41D—Perma gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 89 slopes ...... 185 49E—Danvers clay loam, 15 to 35 percent 41E—Perma gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 89 slopes ...... 185 51B—Shawmut gravelly loam, 0 to 4 percent 41F—Perma gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 232 slopes ...... 185 51C—Shawmut gravelly loam, 4 to 8 percent 41G—Perma gravelly loam, 60 to 80 percent slopes ...... 232 slopes ...... 186 51D—Shawmut gravelly loam, 8 to 15 42D—Windham gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 232 percent slopes ...... 284 51E—Shawmut gravelly loam, 15 to 35 42E—Windham gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 233 percent slopes ...... 284 51F—Shawmut gravelly loam, 35 to 60 42F—Windham gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 233 percent slopes ...... 285 52B—Martinsdale loam, 0 to 4 percent 43B—Fairfield loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ...... 120 slopes ...... 165 43C—Fairfield loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 121 52C—Martinsdale loam, 4 to 8 percent 43D—Fairfield loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes .... 121 slopes ...... 165 44B—Roundor loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ..... 207 52D—Martinsdale loam, 8 to 15 percent 44C—Roundor loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes .... 207 slopes ...... 165 44D—Roundor loam, 8 to 15 percent 52E—Martinsdale loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 207 slopes ...... 166 44E—Roundor loam, 15 to 35 percent 54B—Libeg channery loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ...... 208 slopes ...... 149 45D—Redchief cobbly loam, 4 to 15 percent 54C—Libeg channery loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 195 slopes ...... 150 45E—Redchief cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent 54D—Libeg channery loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 196 slopes ...... 150 45F—Redchief cobbly loam, 35 to 60 percent 54E—Libeg channery loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 196 slopes ...... 150 46B—Roy loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 211 54F—Libeg channery loam, 35 to 60 percent 46C—Roy loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 211 slopes ...... 151 46D—Roy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 212 56B—Ekah loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ...... 106 xx
56C—Ekah loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 106 80E—Elkner-Ovando complex, 15 to 35 56D—Ekah loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 107 percent slopes ...... 110 58B—Coben clay loam, 0 to 4 percent 80F—Elkner-Ovando stony sandy loams, slopes ...... 70 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 111 58C—Coben clay loam, 4 to 8 percent 81E—Holloway gravelly silt loam, 15 to 35 slopes ...... 70 percent slopes ...... 138 58D—Coben clay loam, 8 to 15 percent 81F—Holloway gravelly silt loam, 35 to 60 slopes ...... 70 percent slopes ...... 138 59D—Tewfel-Hackney complex, 4 to 15 82D—Elve gravelly loam, 4 to 15 percent percent slopes ...... 247 slopes ...... 113 59E—Tewfel-Hackney complex, 15 to 35 82E—Elve gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent percent slopes ...... 248 slopes ...... 113 60B—Quigley loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 193 82F—Elve gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent 60C—Quigley loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 194 slopes ...... 114 60D—Quigley loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes .... 194 82G—Elve gravelly loam, 60 to 80 percent 61B—Judell loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ...... 140 slopes ...... 114 65C—Tanna loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes...... 243 83D—Crow clay loam, 4 to 15 percent 65D—Tanna loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes...... 243 slopes ...... 80 66D—Bata gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent 83E—Crow silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 37 slopes ...... 81 66E—Bata gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent 84D—Helmville cobbly loam, cool, 8 to 15 slopes ...... 37 percent slopes ...... 134 69C—Boxwell loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 49 84E—Helmville cobbly loam, cool, 15 to 35 69D—Boxwell loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 50 percent slopes ...... 134 69E—Boxwell loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes .... 50 84F—Helmville cobbly loam, cool, 35 to 60 76B—Tibson gravelly loam, 2 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 135 slopes ...... 250 85D—Loberg gravelly loam, 4 to 15 percent 76D—Tibson gravelly loam, 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 154 slopes ...... 250 85E—Loberg gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent 76E—Tibson gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 155 slopes ...... 251 85F—Loberg gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent 76F—Tibson gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 155 slopes ...... 251 86E—Winkler gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent 78D—Rumsey gravelly silt loam, 8 to 15 slopes ...... 291 percent slopes ...... 221 86F—Winkler gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent 78E—Rumsey gravelly silt loam, 15 to 35 slopes ...... 291 percent slopes ...... 221 86G—Winkler gravelly loam, 60 to 80 percent 80B—Elkner-Ovando complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes ...... 291 slopes ...... 109 87D—Danaher loam, 4 to 15 percent slopes .... 84 80D—Elkner-Ovando complex, 8 to 15 87E—Danaher loam, 15 to 35 percent percent slopes ...... 110 slopes ...... 84 xxi
88E—Whitecow gravelly loam, 15 to 35 98D—Trapps gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent percent slopes ...... 269 slopes ...... 257 88F—Whitecow gravelly loam, 35 to 60 98E—Trapps gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent percent slopes ...... 270 slopes ...... 258 88G—Whitecow gravelly loam, 60 to 80 98F—Trapps gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent percent slopes ...... 270 slopes ...... 258 90E—Mocmont gravelly loam, 15 to 35 98G—Trapps gravelly loam, 60 to 80 percent percent slopes ...... 172 slopes ...... 259 90F—Mocmont gravelly loam, 35 to 60 99E—Bignell gravelly clay loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 172 percent slopes ...... 39 92D—Whitore gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent 99F—Bignell gravelly loam, dry, 35 to 60 slopes ...... 276 percent slopes ...... 39 92E—Whitore gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent 100—Rubble land-Rock outcrop complex ...... 220 slopes ...... 276 102A—Pits, gravel ...... 191 92F—Whitore gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent 103A—Dumps, mine ...... 104 slopes ...... 276 111A—Canarway-Mccabe complex, 0 to 2 92G—Whitore gravelly loam, 60 to 80 percent percent slopes, occasionally flooded ...... 61 slopes ...... 277 112A—Albicalis loam, impacted, 0 to 2 94E—Fessler gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent percent slopes, occasionally flooded ...... 29 slopes ...... 125 113B—Windlass-Nirling complex, 0 to 4 94F—Fessler gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent percent slopes, rarely flooded ...... 288 slopes ...... 125 119E—Shanley stony loam, 15 to 35 percent 95D—Yreka gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 227 slopes ...... 306 123B—Krutar cobbly loam, 2 to 4 percent 95E—Yreka gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 146 slopes ...... 307 124B—Lone Rock-Sarbo complex, 2 to 4 95F—Yreka gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent percent slopes ...... 158 slopes ...... 307 129D—Wimper-Winspect complex, 8 to 15 96D—Worock gravelly loam, cool, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 281 percent slopes ...... 300 129E—Wimper-Winspect complex, 15 to 35 96E—Worock gravelly loam, cool, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 282 percent slopes ...... 301 129F—Wimper-Winspect complex, 35 to 60 96F—Worock gravelly loam, cool, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 282 percent slopes ...... 301 130D—Libeg-Copenhaver-Rock outcrop 97D—Evaro gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes...... 151 slopes ...... 117 130E—Libeg-Copenhaver-Rock outcrop 97E—Evaro gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes...... 152 slopes ...... 118 130F—Libeg-Copenhaver-Rock outcrop 97F—Evaro gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes...... 152 slopes ...... 118 135B—Baggs loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 33 xxii
135D—Baggs loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 33 151C—Shawmut cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent 137B—Sixbeacon cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 233 slopes ...... 239 151D—Shawmut cobbly loam, 8 to 15 137C—Sixbeacon cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 234 slopes ...... 239 151E—Shawmut cobbly loam, 15 to 35 137D—Sixbeacon cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 234 percent slopes ...... 240 151F—Shawmut cobbly loam, 35 to 60 139E—Winspect-Lap gravelly loams, 15 to percent slopes ...... 234 35 percent slopes ...... 297 152C—Clasoil sandy loam, 4 to 8 percent 139F—Winspect-Lap gravelly loams, 35 to slopes ...... 65 60 percent slopes ...... 297 152D—Clasoil sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent 140B—Fergus loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes ..... 123 slopes ...... 65 140C—Fergus loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ..... 123 152E—Clasoil sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent 140D—Fergus loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 66 slopes ...... 123 168C—Dolus-Boxwell complex, 4 to 8 percent 140E—Fergus loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 96 slopes ...... 124 169F—Doney-Dolus complex, 15 to 45 142E—Shanley-Braziel-Water complex, 8 to percent slopes ...... 102 25 percent slopes ...... 228 176C—Tibson-Levengood gravelly loams, 145C—Redchief-Mollet complex, 4 to 8 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 251 percent slopes ...... 196 176D—Tibson-Levengood gravelly loams, 145D—Redchief-Mollet complex, 8 to 15 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 252 percent slopes ...... 197 176E—Tibson-Levengood gravelly loams, 145E—Redchief-Mollet complex, 15 to 35 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 252 percent slopes ...... 197 176F—Tibson-Levengood gravelly loams, 145F—Redchief-Mollet complex, 35 to 60 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 253 percent slopes ...... 198 179D—Ambrant-Rochester complex, 4 to 15 146B—Roy cobbly loam, 2 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 31 slopes ...... 213 179E—Ambrant-Rochester complex, 15 to 35 146C—Roy cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 31 slopes ...... 213 179F—Ambrant-Rochester complex, 35 to 60 146D—Roy cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent percent slopes ...... 32 slopes ...... 213 180F—Ovando-Elkner stony sandy loams, 146E—Roy cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 182 slopes ...... 214 185D—Relyea-Helmville complex, 8 to 15 149B—Danvers cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 200 slopes ...... 90 185E—Relyea-Helmville complex, 15 to 35 149C—Danvers cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 200 slopes ...... 90 185F—Relyea-Helmville complex, 15 to 35 149D—Danvers cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent percent slopes ...... 201 slopes ...... 91 xxiii
190E—Mocmont gravelly loam, cool, 15 to 35 237B—Sixbeacon gravelly loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 172 percent slopes ...... 240 190F—Mocmont gravelly loam, cool, 35 to 60 237C—Sixbeacon gravelly loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 173 percent slopes ...... 240 192E—Whitore gravelly clay loam, 15 to 35 239C—Winspect cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 277 slopes ...... 298 192F—Whitore gravelly clay loam, 35 to 60 241B—Perma stony loam, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 277 slopes ...... 186 195D—Yreka gravelly loam, cool, 8 to 15 242B—Braziel gravelly loam, 2 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 308 slopes ...... 53 195E—Yreka gravelly loam, cool, 15 to 35 242C—Braziel gravelly loam, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 308 slopes ...... 53 195F—Yreka gravelly loam, cool, 35 to 60 242D—Braziel gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent percent slopes ...... 308 slopes ...... 53 196E—Worock-Loberg, moist complex, 15 to 242E—Braziel gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent 35 percent slopes ...... 301 slopes ...... 54 197D—Evaro gravelly loam, moist, 8 to 15 242F—Braziel gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent percent slopes ...... 118 slopes ...... 54 197E—Evaro gravelly loam, moist, 15 to 35 246D—Roy stony loam, 8 to 15 percent percent slopes ...... 119 slopes ...... 214 197F—Evaro gravelly loam, moist, 35 to 60 246E—Roy stony loam, 15 to 35 percent percent slopes ...... 119 slopes ...... 214 198C—Trapps-Yreka complex, 4 to 8 percent 251E—Shawmut very stony loam, 15 to 35 slopes ...... 259 percent slopes ...... 235 198E—Trapps-Yreka complex, 8 to 25 256C—Ekah cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 259 slopes ...... 107 199D—Bignell gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent 256D—Ekah cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 39 slopes ...... 107 199E—Bignell gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent 265B—Tanna-Boxwell loams, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 40 slopes ...... 244 199F—Bignell gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent 265C—Tanna-Boxwell loams, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 40 slopes ...... 244 200E—Braziel-Tolbert-Rock outcrop complex, 265D—Tanna-Boxwell loams, 8 to 15 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 51 slopes ...... 245 200F—Braziel-Tolbert-Rock outcrop complex, 268F—Dolus-Lap complex, 15 to 45 percent 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 52 slopes ...... 97 224B—Sarbo-Lone Rock complex, 2 to 4 280E—Comad-Elkner-Rock outcrop complex, percent slopes ...... 222 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 72 229E—Wimper-Winspect cobbly loams, 283D—Crow clay loam, moist, 4 to 15 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 283 slopes ...... 81 xxiv
284E—Helmville cobbly loam, 15 to 35 380E—Elkner sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent percent slopes ...... 135 slopes ...... 112 284F—Helmville cobbly loam, 35 to 60 382D—Elve gravelly loam, warm, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 136 percent slopes ...... 114 299D—Bignell, dry-Yreka, cool complex, 8 to 382E—Elve gravelly loam, warm, 15 to 35 15 percent slopes ...... 41 percent slopes ...... 115 299E—Bignell, dry-Yreka, cool complex, 15 to 384D—Helmville-Worock complex, 8 to 15 35 percent slopes ...... 41 percent slopes ...... 136 299F—Bignell-Yreka gravelly loams, 35 to 60 384E—Helmville-Worock complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 42 percent slopes ...... 136 324B—Nirling very cobbly loam, 0 to 4 387D—Danaher-Loberg complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 177 percent slopes ...... 84 338C—Perma cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent 387E—Danaher-Loberg complex, 15 to 35 slopes ...... 187 percent slopes ...... 85 338D—Perma cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent 387F—Danaher-Loberg complex, 35 to 60 slopes ...... 187 percent slopes ...... 86 338E—Perma cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent 396E—Worock gravelly loam, 15 to 35 slopes ...... 187 percent slopes ...... 302 338F—Perma cobbly loam, 35 to 60 percent 399D—Bignell-Yreka gravelly loams, 8 to 15 slopes ...... 188 percent slopes ...... 42 342C—Braziel stony loam, 4 to 8 percent 399E—Bignell-Yreka complex, cool, 15 to 35 slopes ...... 55 percent slopes ...... 43 342D—Braziel stony loam, 8 to 15 percent 399F—Bignell-Yreka complex, cool, 35 to 60 slopes ...... 55 percent slopes ...... 43 342E—Braziel stony loam, 15 to 35 percent 413B—Windlass loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, slopes ...... 55 rarely flooded...... 289 349B—Marcott silty clay loam, cool, 0 to 4 424B—Perma-Lone Rock complex, 2 to 4 percent slopes ...... 163 percent slopes ...... 188 351D—Roy-Shawmut-Danvers complex, 8 to 424C—Perma-Lone Rock complex, 4 to 8 15 percent slopes ...... 215 percent slopes ...... 188 351E—Roy-Shawmut-Danvers complex, 425B—Mcmanus silty clay loam, 0 to 4 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 215 percent slopes ...... 170 351F—Roy-Shawmut-Danvers cobbly loams, 434B—Gregson silt loam, cool, 0 to 4 percent 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 216 slopes, rarely flooded ...... 131 352E—Martinsdale cobbly loam, 15 to 35 435B—Saypo silt loam, cool, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 166 slopes, rarely flooded ...... 224 369E—Doney cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent 439E—Winspect-Rock outcrop complex, slopes ...... 102 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 298 380D—Elkner sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent 439F—Winspect-Rock outcrop complex, slopes ...... 111 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 298 xxv
439G—Winspect-Rock outcrop complex, 485E—Relyea-Helmville complex, moist, 60 to 80 percent slopes ...... 299 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 202 440D—Roundor-Lap complex, 8 to 15 485F—Relyea-Helmville complex, moist, percent slopes ...... 208 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 202 440E—Roundor-Lap complex, 15 to 35 487D—Danaher-Loberg-Elve complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 209 percent slopes ...... 86 442C—Braziel-Tolbert gravelly loams, 4 to 8 487E—Danaher-Loberg-Elve complex, 15 to percent slopes ...... 56 35 percent slopes ...... 87 442D—Braziel-Tolbert gravelly loams, 8 to 15 488E—Whitecow gravelly loam, cool, 15 to percent slopes ...... 56 35 percent slopes ...... 270 442E—Braziel-Tolbert complex, 15 to 35 488F—Whitecow gravelly loam, cool, 35 to percent slopes ...... 57 60 percent slopes ...... 271 442F—Braziel-Tolbert gravelly loams, 35 to 60 488G—Whitecow gravelly loam, cool, 60 to percent slopes ...... 57 80 percent slopes ...... 271 444B—Gregson silt loam, 0 to 4 percent 497C—Waldbillig gravelly loam, cool, 2 to 8 slopes, rarely flooded ...... 131 percent slopes ...... 268 445B—Saypo silt loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, 497E—Waldbillig gravelly loam, cool, 8 to 25 rarely flooded...... 224 percent slopes ...... 268 446B—Danvers-Roy complex, 0 to 4 percent 499D—Bignell-Yreka complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 91 slopes ...... 44 446C—Danvers-Roy complex, 4 to 8 percent 499E—Bignell-Yreka complex, 15 to 35 slopes ...... 91 percent slopes ...... 44 446D—Danvers-Roy complex, 8 to 15 percent 499F—Bignell-Yreka complex, 35 to 60 slopes ...... 92 percent slopes ...... 45 446E—Danvers-Roy complex, 15 to 35 percent 513B—Windlass-Nirling complex, cool, 0 to 4 slopes ...... 93 percent slopes ...... 289 446F—Danvers-Roy complex, 35 to 60 percent 524B—Nirling gravelly loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 93 slopes ...... 177 447B—Kleinschmidt gravelly loam, cool, 525B—Mcmanus silty clay loam, cool, 0 to 4 0 to 4 percent slopes, rarely flooded ...... 143 percent slopes ...... 170 451C—Shawmut very bouldery loam, 0 to 8 534B—Gregson silt loam, cool, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 235 slopes ...... 132 482D—Elve gravelly loam, dry, 4 to 15 535B—Saypo loam, cool, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 115 slopes ...... 225 482E—Elve gravelly loam, dry, 15 to 35 537B—Truchot loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ..... 261 percent slopes ...... 115 542C—Braziel-Shanley gravelly loams, 4 to 8 482F—Elve gravelly loam, dry, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 58 percent slopes ...... 116 542D—Braziel-Shanley gravelly loams, 8 to 15 485D—Relyea-Helmville complex, moist, percent slopes ...... 58 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 201 xxvi
542E—Braziel-Shanley gravelly loams, 15 to 596E—Worock-Loberg complex, 15 to 35 35 percent slopes ...... 59 percent slopes ...... 303 542F—Braziel-Shanley gravelly loams, 35 to 596F—Worock-Loberg gravelly loams, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 59 60 percent slopes ...... 303 543D—Tolbert-Braziel gravelly loams, 8 to 599D—Silverchief-Trapps complex, 8 to 15 15 percent slopes ...... 254 percent slopes ...... 236 543E—Tolbert-Braziel gravelly loams, 15 to 599E—Silverchief-Trapps complex, 15 to 35 35 percent slopes ...... 254 percent slopes ...... 237 543F—Tolbert-Braziel gravelly loams, 35 to 599F—Silverchief-Trapps complex, 35 to 60 60 percent slopes ...... 255 percent slopes ...... 237 544B—Gregson silt loam, 0 to 4 percent 614B—Bandy loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 132 slopes ...... 35 545B—Saypo silt loam, 0 to 4 percent 624B—Nirling-Bandy complex, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 225 slopes, rarely flooded ...... 178 547B—Kleinschmidt gravelly loam, cool, 634B—Blossberg loam, 0 to 4 percent 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 144 slopes ...... 48 549B—Marcott silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent 635B—Tetonview loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 163 slopes ...... 246 552D—Clasoil-Crackerville complex, 8 to 15 637B—Poronto loam, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 66 slopes ...... 192 552E—Clasoil-Crackerville complex, 15 to 35 643E—Tolbert-Braziel-Rock outcrop complex, percent slopes ...... 67 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 255 555B—Modesty silty clay loam, cool, 0 to 4 643F—Tolbert-Braziel-Rock outcrop complex, percent slopes ...... 174 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 256 557B—Kleinschmidt gravelly loam, 0 to 4 645A—Mannixlee clay loam, 0 to 2 percent percent slopes ...... 144 slopes ...... 161 565B—Modesty silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent 646D—Roy-Tolbert-Danvers complex, 8 to 15 slopes ...... 175 percent slopes ...... 217 580D—Comad-Elkner complex, 8 to 15 646E—Roy-Tolbert-Danvers complex, 15 to percent slopes ...... 72 35 percent slopes ...... 217 580E—Comad-Elkner complex, 15 to 35 649B—Turrah silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 73 slopes ...... 262 580F—Comad-Elkner complex, 35 to 60 676B—Finn loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 127 percent slopes ...... 73 696E—Worock gravelly loam, dry, 15 to 35 585D—Loberg very cobbly sandy loam, 8 to percent slopes ...... 304 15 percent slopes ...... 155 696F—Worock gravelly loam, dry, 35 to 60 585E—Loberg very cobbly sandy loam, 15 to percent slopes ...... 304 35 percent slopes ...... 156 735B—Nythar-Flintcreek complex, 0 to 4 596D—Worock-Loberg complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 179 percent slopes ...... 302 xxvii
738E—Perma-Whitlash complex, 15 to 35 788G—Whitecow, cool-Rock outcrop percent slopes ...... 189 complex, 60 to 80 percent slopes...... 272 738F—Perma-Whitlash complex, 35 to 60 799D—Bignell-Yreka-Crow complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 189 percent slopes ...... 45 745D—Copenhaver-Libeg complex, 8 to 15 799E—Bignell-Yreka-Crow complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 77 percent slopes ...... 46 745E—Copenhaver-Libeg complex, 15 to 35 814B—Bandy loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, percent slopes ...... 78 rarely flooded...... 35 745F—Copenhaver-Libeg complex, 35 to 60 824E—Con-Sixbeacon cobbly loams, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 78 percent slopes ...... 76 746C—Roy-Fergus complex, 4 to 8 percent 824F—Con-Sixbeacon cobbly loams, 35 to 60 slopes ...... 218 percent slopes ...... 76 746D—Roy-Fergus complex, 8 to 15 percent 834B—Blossberg loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, slopes ...... 218 rarely flooded...... 48 746E—Roy-Fergus complex, 15 to 35 835B—Nythar-Flintcreek complex, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 219 percent slopes, rarely flooded ...... 180 746F—Roy-Fergus complex, 35 to 60 percent 838E—Perma-Whitlash-Rock outcrop slopes ...... 219 complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes...... 190 752D—Clasoil-Crackerville-Rock outcrop 838F—Perma-Whitlash-Rock outcrop complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes...... 67 complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes...... 191 752E—Clasoil-Crackerville-Rock outcrop 839D—Windham-Lap-Rock outcrop complex, complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes...... 68 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 285 755B—Nythar mucky peat, 0 to 4 percent 839E—Windham-Lap-Rock outcrop complex, slopes ...... 180 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 285 776B—Finn-Water complex, 0 to 4 percent 839F—Windham-Lap-Rock outcrop complex, slopes ...... 127 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 286 780F—Ovando, moist-Elkner, moist-Rock 844A—Bandy-Blossberg complex, 0 to 2 outcrop complex, 35 to 60 percent percent slopes, rarely flooded ...... 35 slopes ...... 182 846C—Shanley-Tolbert complex, 4 to 8 786D—Winkler gravelly loam, cool, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 228 percent slopes ...... 292 846D—Shanley-Tolbert complex, 8 to 15 786E—Winkler gravelly loam, cool, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 229 percent slopes ...... 292 846E—Shanley-Tolbert complex, 15 to 35 786F—Winkler gravelly loam, cool, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 229 percent slopes ...... 292 846F—Shanley-Tolbert complex, 35 to 60 786G—Winkler gravelly loam, cool, 60 to 80 percent slopes ...... 230 percent slopes ...... 293 847B—Kleinschmidt loam, 0 to 4 percent 788E—Whitecow, cool-Rock outcrop slopes ...... 144 complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes...... 272 849B—Danvers-Coben clay loams, 2 to 4 788F—Whitecow, cool-Rock outcrop percent slopes ...... 94 complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes...... 272 xxviii
849C—Danvers-Coben clay loams, 4 to 8 983E—Crow-Bignell complex, 15 to 35 percent percent slopes ...... 94 slopes ...... 82 849D—Danvers-Coben clay loams, 8 to 15 988E—Whitecow-Rock outcrop complex, percent slopes ...... 95 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 273 855A—Mannixlee-Blossberg complex, 0 to 2 988F—Whitecow-Rock outcrop complex, percent slopes, rarely flooded ...... 162 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 273 859E—Tewfel-Hackney-Shale outcrop 988G—Whitecow-Rock outcrop complex, complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes...... 248 60 to 80 percent slopes ...... 274 886E—Winkler-Rubble land-Rock outcrop 992E—Whitore-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes...... 293 35 percent slopes ...... 278 886F—Winkler-Rubble land-Rock outcrop 992F—Whitore-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes...... 294 60 percent slopes ...... 278 903B—Foolhen loam, wet, 0 to 4 percent 992G—Whitore-Rock outcrop complex, 60 to slopes, rarely flooded ...... 130 80 percent slopes ...... 278 915—Welded tuff ...... 268 995E—Yreka-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 916—Limestone quarry ...... 153 35 percent slopes ...... 309 924B—Nirling cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent 995F—Yreka-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to slopes ...... 178 60 percent slopes ...... 309 947B—Kleinschmidt cobbly loam, 0 to 4 996E—Worock, cool-Rock outcrop complex, percent slopes ...... 145 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 305 982F—Elve-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to 60 996F—Worock-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to slopes ...... 116 60 percent slopes ...... 305 983D—Crow-Bignell complex, 8 to 15 percent DA—Denied access ...... 95 slopes ...... 82 W—Water ...... 268 xxix
Summary of Tables
Temperature and precipitation ...... 9
Freeze dates in spring and fall ...... 10
Growing season ...... 11
For tables with the most current data, please visit the Soil Data Mart at http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/. xxxi
Foreword
This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this survey area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights limitations and hazards inherent in the soil. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at local offices of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.
Dave White State Conservationist Natural Resources Conservation Service 1
Soil Survey of Granite County Area, Montana
Fieldwork by Brian D. Dougherty, Arnie Irwin, and Huey A. Long, Natural Resources Conservation Service
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station
GRANITE COUNTY AREA is located in southwestern Montana (fig. 1). Granite County is bounded on the north by Missoula County, on the east by Powell County, on the west by Ravalli County, and on the south by Deer Lodge County. Philipsburg, located in the south-central part, is the county seat. The survey area mainly consists of nonfederal land in the intermontane valleys and includes 414,400 acres, covering approximately 655 of the 1,733 square miles in Granite County. The survey area’s residents are dependent on natural resources for most of their livelihood. Ranching and farming, timber harvesting, mining, and related industries rely on the wealth of the geology, Figure 1.—Location of Granite County Area, Montana soil, and water of the region. Elevation ranges from 3,600 to 7,000 feet. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 10 to 40 inches, and communities, such as Beartown, Garnet, Granite City, mean annual temperature ranges from 35 to 43 Sunrise, and others, sprang up almost overnight. degrees F. The growing season ranges from 30 to During the boom period, the population of several of 105 days. these settlements numbered between 5,000 and 6,000. Today, Drummond, Hall, and Philipsburg are General Nature of the Survey Area the only urban centers in the survey area. The other communities have largely either disappeared or This section describes some of the environmental remained as uninhabited ghost towns. and cultural features that affect the use and Ranching development accompanied the growth of management of soils in the survey area. These mining activities. At first, industry was limited to features are history and development; physiography production that could be consumed locally. The and drainage; mineral and ground-water resources; Mullan Road, a military road connecting the Missouri industry, transportation, and recreation; geology; and River transportation facilities at Fort Benton, climate. Montana, to the military outpost at Walla Walla, Washington, provided the only access to the mining History and Development towns until the establishment of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1883. The discovery of gold in the late 1850s brought a The mining boom lasted up to and including World rapid influx of prospectors, miners, and fortune War I, but the depression that followed closed many seekers to the Granite County Area. Many small marginal operations. Some people left the area while 2 Soil Survey
others remained and began ranching, developing Granite County Area provides numerous their holdings, and establishing permanent homes. opportunities for outdoor recreation. Bighorn sheep, Today, ranching, as well as some mining and forest black bear, elk, mule deer, and white-tailed deer are industries, supports the economy of the survey area. abundant and offer excellent big game hunting. Hard-rock mining and sawmills furnish a number of Camping, fishing, and water recreation activities can full- and part-time employment. Manganese, silver, be found along the Clark Fork River, Flint Creek, and lead, and zinc are mined and milled near Philipsburg. Rock Creek drainages. Numerous small lakes, ponds, Three stud mills, one at Hall and two at Drummond, dams, and small streams throughout the area also harvest and process lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, and provide good fishing. ponderosa pine for the commercial market. Three Georgetown Lake, located in the southwestern post-and-pole operations, one at Philipsburg and two corner of Granite County, provides excellent year- at Drummond, process lodgepole pine for posts, round recreational opportunities. Camping, fishing, poles, and grape-stakes. hiking, skiing, and snowmobile opportunities are available. Industry, Transportation, and Recreation The adjacent Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness, in the southern part of the county, provides excellent Raising livestock, growing forage crops and hardy backpacking, boating, camping, fishing, horse pack varieties of small grains, and producing timber are trips, and hunting opportunities. the principal industries in the Granite County Area. Mining of precious metals is also of importance. Physiography and Drainage Raising livestock, primarily cow-calf operations, both registered and commercial, accounts for most farm The Granite County Area lies in the Northern income. Barley, oats, and some spring wheat are Rocky Mountain physiographic province, within the generally grown in rotation with forage crops. Small structural province of the Rocky Mountain Fold-Thrust grains are mainly used for feed grain. Alfalfa and Belt. The Continental Divide forms the southeastern alfalfa grass-hay are grown on irrigated land. Wild county border for approximately 15 miles. hay, both flood irrigated and subirrigated, is grown on The Granite County Area contains portions of five the bottomland along the major drainages. mountain ranges: the Garnet Range trends Public stockyards at Butte and Missoula provide northwest-southeast across the northern portion, the ranchers with good livestock marketing facilities. Sapphire Mountains trend approximately north-south Some cattle are sold directly from the ranch to feeder on the west side, the John Long Mountains run buyers, and some operations send feeder calves to approximately north by northwest through the central sale barns servicing the farmer feeder operations in portion, the Flint Creek Range trends southwest- eastern Nebraska. northeast in the southeastern portion, and the State Highway 1 runs north and south from Anaconda Range forms the Continental Divide at the Drummond to Georgetown through the central part of southern boundary. the Granite County Area. Interstate Highway 90 The survey area is characterized by rugged, enters the county 5 miles east of Drummond and mountainous terrain, drained by Flint Creek and the runs west along the Clark Fork River, exiting the Clark Fork River. Here, the valleys are flat and wide. county 5 miles west of Bearmouth. State Highway 38 The Anaconda and Flint Creek Ranges have high runs west from its junction with State Highway 1 at relief, with glacially sculpted valleys and extensive Porters Corner to Skalkaho Pass in the southern pediments. The John Long, Garnet, and Sapphire portion of the county. State Highway 348 runs west Ranges have relatively low relief. near Philipsburg, crosses the John Long Range into The soil survey area extends from the Clark Fork the Rock Creek drainage, and then runs north to its Valley up the Flint Creek Valley, including the junction with Interstate 90 near Clinton in Missoula southern extension of the John Long Mountains and County. the southern portions of the Garnet Range located Daily bus service is available to most communities. within Granite County. The areas not included in this Montana Rail Link is the principal railroad providing soil survey consist mostly of the rugged mountainous traffic east and west through the north-central portion areas in the western, southern, and southeastern of the county, paralleling the Clark Fork River and portions of the county, including the Anaconda and Interstate 90. Granite County airport, located Flint Creek Ranges, the Sapphire Mountains, and the southeast of Drummond, provides air traffic as a northern half of the John Long Mountains. The small community airport. unmapped areas include all Forest Service-owned Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 3
land and portions of the Welcome Creek and thickness of Belt rocks at approximately 60,000 feet Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness Areas. The (18 km) (Smith, 1983). Beaverhead-Deer Lodge National Forest—North Alternate periods of deposition and erosion have Section (MT635) soil survey has soils information for occurred with changing sea levels since the most of these mountainous areas in Granite County. Precambrian Era, depositing a thick sedimentary In the soil survey area, elevations range from sequence of interbedded sandstone, shale, and 3,680 feet (1,120 m) above sea level west of Nimrod, limestone. Sandstone was deposited on beach and where the Clark Fork River flows out of the soil near-shore environments; shale was deposited in survey area, to a high of approximately 7,000 feet lower energy, deep-water environments; and (2,135 m) at both Lone Pine Ridge in the limestone was normally formed in warm, shallow southwestern corner and Silver Hill in the water. southeastern corner. The peaks in the Garnet Range Much of Montana was above sea level for long extend from 6,000 to 7,000 feet (1,830 to 2,135 m) periods. These periods included the early-Cambrian, above sea level. Racetrack Peak and Twin Peaks are 570 to approximately 550 million years ago (mya), the the highest peaks in the Flint Creek Range with Ordovician and Silurian (508 to 505 mya), and the elevations of 9,283 and 9,067 feet (2,830 and 2,764 upper-Triassic through mid-Jurassic (220 to 175 m), respectively. The highest peaks in the survey area mya). Erosion occurring during these periods created are in the Anaconda Range at the Continental Divide disconformities, or gaps, in the geologic record, at elevations of approximately 10,000 feet (3,050 m). although strata have been mapped in the Granite The Clark Fork River drains the survey area. Flint County Area from every geologic period except those Creek drains the southern portion of the soil survey listed above. area, flowing into the Clark Fork River at Drummond. The geologic record contains evidence for at least Rock Creek drains the Sapphire Mountains and three major periods of tectonism, or mountain northern John Long Mountains, flowing into the Clark building. These periods occurred during the early- Fork River at Clinton. Upper and Lower Willow Creeks Cambrian Period, the late-Cretaceous Period (90 to drain the central and southern John Long Mountains. 70 mya), and the early-Eocene Epoch of the Tertiary Clark Fork River tributaries that drain the Garnet Period (approximately 50 mya). Ongoing seismic Range include Bert and Morris Creeks, the creeks in activity indicates that tectonic forces are still active in Edwards and Rattler Gulches, and Tenmile, Little this region. Bear, Ryan, and Cramer Creeks. The prominent structural features visible today began forming approximately 90 million years ago, in Geology the late-Cretaceous Period. At that time, a collision between major tectonic plates to the west created The survey area had an extremely complex and compressional forces that formed the Rocky active geologic history. Because of its great mineral Mountains. This regional northeastern-southwestern wealth, the survey area has been mapped and compression resulted in large-scale folding and studied extensively. However, because of the faulting. Relatively thin sheets of Belt rocks were complexity of the geology, not all of the geologic thrust up over younger sedimentary rocks in a series maps agree. Formation names for rock units of similar of imbricate (overlapping) faults. Accompanying the ages are different in several of the mountain ranges, large-scale faults are numerous closely-spaced thrust and the structural geology is not completely faults with minor displacement. The thrust planes understood. were subsequently folded, overturned, and faulted The geologic history of the Granite County Area again. began approximately 1.5 billion years ago in the The survey area lies within the Sapphire Tectonic Precambrian Era with the deposition of a very thick Block, a large thrust block that has been displaced an sequence of sedimentary rocks known as the Belt estimated 50 miles (80 km) from the west. The Garnet Supergroup. The sedimentary rocks were deposited Range on the north, the Flint Creek Range on the into a long, narrow basin containing exposed east, and the Anaconda Range on the south define mudflats; small beaches; and shallow, probably the limits of the Sapphire Tectonic Block. The brackish, water. Whether the basin was completely orientation of fold axes and many of the faults enclosed or the extension of a larger sea has not yet parallels the orientation of these mountain ranges. been determined. As the sediments accumulated, the During the Cretaceous tectonism, deep-seated basin subsided. Some estimates place the total melting created masses of magma that rose into the 4 Soil Survey
upper crust. As the magma rose, it deformed the are hummocky, unsorted deposits that cover the surrounding sedimentary formations, lubricated valley bottoms and extend up adjacent slopes. planes of thrust faulting, and, in many areas, The sequence of rocks exposed in the Granite mineralized the surrounding rock. Some of the County Area is summarized below, listed in order of magma rose to the surface, forming extrusive as well decreasing age. Systems are the rocks deposited as intrusive igneous rocks. Associated with the large during a particular geologic period. Formations are igneous bodies are smaller pods, sills, and dikes. defined as a succession of strata distinctive enough Numerous stocks and batholiths occur in this to constitute a basic unit for mapping, identified by survey area, most with a granitic composition. Stocks similar rock type and stratigraphic position. are igneous intrusions that are less than 40 square Formations can be combined into groups or miles (100 square km) in surface exposure; batholiths subdivided into members. are larger. Hydrothermal activity occurring as these In many cases, outcrop areas for individual intrusions cooled formed a variety of mineral formations are small and difficult to differentiate in the deposits. The county is well named, as the granitic field. In these cases, no formation names are listed. intrusions are responsible for the rich mineral Precambrian System (2.5 bya to 570 mya). The deposits and, consequently, much of the county’s oldest rocks in the Granite County Area belong to the history and development. Belt Supergroup, which contains two groups of Radiometric dating has been performed on many weakly metamorphosed sedimentary formations. of the igneous bodies in this survey area. The Garnet These formations consist of green, purple, gray, and Stock, at the northern county border, has been dated tan argillite (slightly metamorphosed mixtures of silt at about 82 million years, and the Philipsburg and clay); white, gray, brown, and reddish quartzite; Batholith, east of Philipsburg, has been dated at 79 to and limestone and dolomite (magnesium-bearing 73 million years (Weidman, 1988). The Sapphire limestone). The Belt rocks are commonly thinly Batholith, in the southwest corner of the county, has bedded, and, because they were only lightly been dated at 73 million years (Tysdal and others, metamorphosed, many of their original sedimentary 1988). features, such as ripple marks and mud cracks, are Mountain building continued into Tertiary time, well preserved. when volcanism and erosion formed extensive basin- Paleozoic System (570-245 mya). Cambrian-aged fill deposits. Great volumes of sediment were washed rocks consisting of quartzite and limestone with into the valleys as the surrounding mountains were interbedded shale occur in thicknesses of up to 2,000 uplifted. Volcanic eruptions to the west blanketed the feet (610 m). These rocks have been divided into the survey area with volcanic ash that was also washed Flathead, Silver Hill, Hasmark, and Red Lion into the valleys. The summit surface of the Garnet Formations. Commercial-grade manganese is mined Range has very low relief and is considered an early- from dolomite of the Hasmark Formation. Tertiary Peneplain, a surface that was eroded to a Devonian-aged (408-360 mya) rocks consist of nearly level plain. thin-bedded calcareous shale, limestone, and During the ice ages of the Pleistocene Epoch (1.6 distinctive yellow-stained sandstone of the Maywood to 10,000 mya), four separate glacial events are Formation. Dark-colored limestones of the Jefferson known to have affected the Flint Creek Range Formation overlay these rocks. (Rowan and others, 1991). During these ice ages, Mississippian-aged (360-320 mya) rocks consist of alpine glaciers covered the high peaks, eroded U- thick, cliff-forming limestone with lesser amounts of shaped valleys, and deposited linear moraines and dolomite and shale from the Madison Group. These glacial outwash in many valleys. Multiple glacial rocks have been subdivided in some areas into the events also occurred in the Anaconda Range. lower, thin-bedded Lodgepole Formation and the However, the Garnet, John Long, and Sapphire upper, massive Mission Canyon Formation. Ranges have no glacial deposits and were probably The Pennsylvanian Period (320-286 mya) is too low to be affected by the ice. represented by sandstone and limestone of the In the Philipsburg area, glaciers extended from the Amsden Formation, overlain by quartzite of the crest of the Flint Creek Range primarily north and Quadrant Formation. west into the Philipsburg Valley. Glacial moraines The Permian Period (286-245 mya) is represented occupy large areas along the valleys of Flint and Fred by the Phosphoria Formation. This formation consists Burr Creeks. In the southwestern portion of the soil of chert, phosphatic sandstone, and limestone. survey area, moraines occur in the West, Muddy, Phosphate occurs as a thin, black bed near the East, and Ross Forks of Rock Creek. The moraines bottom of this formation. Until recently, the last Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 5
underground phosphate mine in the United States include the Mount Powell and Philipsburg Batholiths, was working this deposit, however it closed its the Royal Stock, and the Racetrack Pluton. The operations in April 1993. Philipsburg Batholith has been subdivided into the Mesozoic System (245-66 mya). The Jurassic Bimetallic Stock to the west and the Dora Thorn Period (208-144 mya) is represented by the Ellis Pluton to the east. Group, which has been subdivided into the Sawtooth, Tertiary-aged (66-1.6 mya) sedimentary rocks in Rierdon, Swift, and Morrison Formations. Dark-gray the soil survey area consist primarily of basin-fill to gray-green calcareous shale dominates the Ellis deposits that are over 6,000-feet (1.8-km) thick Group. The Ellis group contains lesser amounts of between Hall and New Chicago. These deposits limestone and thin-bedded sandstone than the rocks consist predominantly of tan-colored silt and fine- of the Paleozoic System. grained pyroclastic debris (unconsolidated ash and The Cretaceous Period (144-66 mya) is consolidated tuff which were “broken by fire”) and represented by a thick sequence of alternating layers include interbeds of poorly sorted sand and gravel. of sandstone and shale. These rocks were deposited These deposits are generally unconsolidated at the on coastal plains and a shallow sea floor during surface but become semiconsolidated with depth. alternating periods of emergence and submergence. A variety of surficial Quaternary deposits (1.6 mya The oldest Cretaceous-aged unit is the Kootenai to present) are located within the soil survey area. Formation, which consists of thick basal sandstone These deposits are generally unconsolidated and overlain by interbedded limestone and gray, red, and relatively thin and consist primarily of alluvium, maroon shale. This formation has been subdivided terrace deposits, and glacial till and outwash. Only into four members in the Granite County Area, the major drainages contain significant amounts of including basal gastropod-rich (fossil snails) Quaternary-aged alluvium. limestone that is quarried near Drummond. The Colorado Group directly overlies the Kootenai Mineral and Ground-Water Resources Formation and consists primarily of dark-gray shale. Where undisturbed, this shale can be up to 2,000- The survey area lies in a heavily mineralized area; feet (610-m) thick. However, this shale has limited the mining industry has had a significant influence on surface exposure in the Granite County Area. The its development. The first discovery of gold in oldest formation in the group, the Blackleaf Montana occurred in the 1850s in the north end of Formation, is transitional between the Kootenai and the Flint Creek Range near the mouth of Gold Creek, the overlying sequence of thick shales. The Blackleaf just east of Granite County. Important lode deposits Formation contains black to dark-gray shale with hard were discovered in the Philipsburg and Georgetown interbeds of sandstone and limestone. Districts in the 1860s. The Hope Mine, in the Overlying the Blackleaf Formation, the Colorado Philipsburg District, was established in 1864, and the Group has been subdivided into the Coberly, Jens, first silver mill in Montana was constructed in 1867. Carten Creek, and Golden Spike Formations. These Production peaked during the period between 1880 formations consist of siltstone and silty sandstone and 1900 and then declined. The Philipsburg district with interbeds of shale and volcanic ash. These became the country’s leading producer of formations have been mapped in the Deer Lodge manganese during World War I and continued to be a Valley but are not exposed in the Garnet or Flint principal producer until the 1960s. More recently, the Creek Ranges. Black Pine Mine has been one of the most important Igneous activity began in the late-Cretaceous underground mines in Montana and has produced Period and continued into the Tertiary Period. Both silver almost continuously since 1974. extrusive and intrusive rock types occur in the soil Placer gold has been mined from 16 areas within survey area. the county, and production has been small but Cenozoic System (66 mya to present). Extensive consistent since the original discovery. The volcanic activity continued into the early-Tertiary Bearmouth Placer, located at the confluence of Bear Period (66 mya to approximately 24 mya). Large Creek and the Clark Fork River, is estimated to have volcanic fields were formed in the Garnet and produced $7,000,000 of gold between 1865 and Sapphire Ranges. The major igneous intrusions 1918 (Pardee, 1918). include the Garnet Stock in the Garnet Range and The most important mining districts in the Flint the Sapphire Batholith, which forms the core of the Creek Range were Philipsburg, Georgetown, Pioneer, Sapphire Mountains. The granitic plutons occupying Princeton, and Dunkleberg. Principal commodities the higher, central portion of the Flint Creek Range produced, in order of importance, were silver, 6 Soil Survey
manganese, gold, zinc, lead, copper, phosphate, and wells with yields of 200 to 500 gpm (756 to 1,890 tungsten. In the John Long Mountains, the most lpm) have been drilled in these deposits. Water important areas which produced silver, gold, copper, quality is good to excellent. lead, and tungsten were the Black Pine district and The northern portion of the Granite County Area, the Henderson Creek area. In the Garnet Range, including the Garnet Range, has potential for low- to mining districts which produced gold, silver, and moderate-temperature geothermal development. copper included the Bear Creek Placer, Copper Cliff, Documented occurrences of geothermal activity are First Chance, and Top O’Deep Districts. Placer mining restricted to the northern portion of the survey area, for gold and sapphires is ongoing today, as is which contains several springs with surface discharge continued exploration in the gold lode districts of the temperatures of 20 to 25 degrees C. While this survey Garnet and Flint Creek Ranges. area has been recognized as having potential for low- Hundreds of mines and prospects are located in to moderate-temperature geothermal development, the survey area, and gold has been by far the most only minimal development of these resources has important product. In addition, placer deposits of occurred. titanium, corundum, and sapphires (gem-quality Well use, current to June 1993, for the Granite corundum) and lode deposits of silver, copper, lead, County Area is summarized below. This information zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, antimony, fluorspar, was provided by the Montana Ground Water manganese, barium, phosphates, high-calcium Information Center’s Water Well Database. Often, limestone, rare earths, uranium, vermiculite, and wells have multiple uses and are listed under both pumice have been prospected or mined in the domestic and stockwater supplies, so the total Granite County Area. appears to be less than the sum of the uses. Twenty- There are no oil or gas fields in the survey area. one wells have reported yields of 105 gpm (400 lpm) The geology is unfavorable for the occurrence of or more. petroleum resources, and there is very little potential for development. Near Drummond, during 1977-1978, TOTAL WELLS ...... 881 oil and gas test holes were drilled through the Domestic ...... 717 overthrust; there were no discoveries. Stockwater ...... 127 Because of the geologic nature of this region, Other ...... 18 there are only limited areas suitable for significant Irrigation ...... 16 ground-water development. The principal water- Commercial ...... 15 bearing formations in the county are unconsolidated Recreational ...... 9 alluvium and the Tertiary sediments. The older, Industrial ...... 7 consolidated bedrock formations yield only small Public Supply ...... 7 amounts of water, most of which is developed from Institutional ...... 3 fractures or solution channels in limestone. Igneous Unused ...... 2 rocks are normally impermeable, and water can only be developed by intersecting fracture systems. Due to Seismicity the significant amount of regional folding and faulting, most of the bedrock is fractured to some degree. The Granite County Area is located within the Water quality is good in the bedrock aquifers. intermountain seismic belt, although its seismic The Tertiary-aged basin-fill sediments are activity is relatively quiet for this region. The relatively fine grained and have limited permeability. intermountain seismic belt extends from southern Most wells have yields of 15-20 gpm (57-76 lpm), Nevada north to Flathead Lake and is characterized although one well in T. 10 N., R. 13 W., Section 32, by shallow seismicity, earthquake swarms, and has a reported yield of 300 gpm (1,135 lpm) with a normal fault scarps with evidence of Quaternary or total depth of 60 feet (18 m). Yield is highly variable historic movement. and dependent on the amount of sand and gravel Seismicity information provided by the Earthquake lenses penetrated and their degree of Studies Office of the Montana Bureau of Mines and interconnection. Water quality is suitable for Geology shows 80 earthquakes, with a maximum of household, stock, and irrigation use, although the 3.1 and an average of 1.8 magnitude on the Richter water is somewhat hard and can have high Scale, recorded in the survey area between 1982 and concentrations of iron and manganese. 1992. Microearthquakes are earthquakes with Unconsolidated alluvium is the most widely used magnitudes of 2.0 or less. Microearthquakes are not aquifer in the survey area. Several large capacity commonly felt and are recorded only on local Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 7
seismographs. Earthquakes with magnitudes under location and a discussion of their suitability, 4.5 generally do not cause significant damage. limitations, and management for specified uses. Soil scientists observed the steepness, length, and shape Climate of the slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of crops and native plants; and the kinds of The soil survey area, located along the western bedrock. They dug many holes to study the soil slopes of the Continental Divide, is quite irregular in profile, which is the sequence of natural layers, or topography. The area experiences large variations in horizons, in a soil. The profile extends from the climate within short distances, typical of mountain- surface down into the unconsolidated material in valley landscapes. which the soil formed. The unconsolidated material is Granite County Area has marked seasonal devoid of roots and other living organisms and has variations, typical of Montana’s counties situated near not been changed by other biological activity. or along the Continental Divide. A pronounced The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey difference in precipitation exists between mountain area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the and valley areas. geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural The valleys are relatively dry during the colder vegetation of the survey area. Each kind of soil and months and wetter during late spring and early miscellaneous area is associated with a particular summer. In the valleys, the moist season usually kind of landform or with a segment of the landform. occurs during May, June, and July. In the mountains, By observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the wettest part of the year is from midwinter to early the survey area and relating their position to specific spring; however, the average pattern is more segments of the landform, soil scientists develop a complicated and, as a result, more variable. At high concept, or model, of how the soils were formed. elevations the wettest periods are fall, winter, and During mapping, this model enables soil scientists to spring. Precipitation during the colder half of the year predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the is often light and steady, sometimes lasting for hours. kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific During the warmer months, showers and location on the landscape. thundershowers dominate precipitation events. Individual soils on the landscape commonly merge Winter months in the northern half of the survey into one another as their characteristics gradually area produce cloudy weather. Nearly all winter change. To construct an accurate map, however, soil precipitation falls as snow. Winters are cold, scientists must determine the boundaries between averaging well below freezing. Summers, although the soils. They can observe only a limited number of fairly warm, seldom produce oppressive heat, and soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, even the warmest days (most commonly in the 90 supplemented by an understanding of the soil- degrees F range) are followed by cool nights. vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to Following this section are tables giving data on verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to temperature and precipitation, probable dates of the determine the boundaries. first freeze in fall and the last freeze in spring, and Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the data on length of the growing season. soil profiles that they studied. They noted color, Growing degree days, as shown in the texture, size, and shape of soil aggregates; kind and “Temperature and Precipitation” table, are equivalent amount of rock fragments; distribution of plant roots; to heat units. During the month, growing degree days reaction; and other features that enable them to accumulate by the amount that the average identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey temperature each day exceeds a base temperature area and determining their properties, soil scientists (40 degrees F). The normal growing degree assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units). accumulation is used to schedule single or Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic successive plantings of a crop between the last class has a set of soil characteristics with precisely freeze in spring and the first freeze in fall. defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. Soil How This Survey Was Made taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification used in the United States, is based mainly on the This survey was made to provide information kind and character of soil properties and the about the soils and miscellaneous areas in the arrangement of horizons within the profile. After the survey area. This information includes a description soil scientists classified and named the soils in the of the soils and miscellaneous areas and their survey area, they compared the individual soils with 8 Soil Survey
similar soils in the same taxonomic class in other climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are areas so that they could confirm data and assemble predictable over long periods, but they are not additional data based on experience and research. predictable from year to year. For example, soil While a soil survey is in progress, samples of scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of some of the soils in the area generally are collected accuracy that a given soil will have a high water table for laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil within certain depths in most years, but they cannot scientists interpret data from these analyses and predict that a high water table will always be at a tests as well as field-observed characteristics and soil specific level in the soil on a specific date. properties to determine the expected behavior of the After soil scientists located and identified the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all of the significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, soils are field tested through observation of the soils they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial in different uses and under different levels of photographs and identified each as a specific map management. Some interpretations are modified to fit unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, local conditions, and some new interpretations are roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled boundaries accurately. from other sources, such as research information, Descriptions, names, and delineations of the soils production records, and field experience of in this survey area may not fully agree with those of specialists. For example, data for crop yields under the soils in adjacent survey areas. Differences result high levels of management are modeled and from a better knowledge of soils, modifications in validated with farm records and field or plot series concepts, or variations in the intensity of information on the same kinds of soil. mapping or in the extent of the soils in the survey Predictions about soil behavior are based not only areas. on soil properties but also on such variables as Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 9
Temperature and Precipitation
(Recorded in the period 1963-1990 at Drummond and Philipsburg, Montana)
______| | | Temperature (Degrees F) | Precipitation (Inches) ______|______|______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 Years | | | | | | 2 Years in 10 |Average| | in 10 |Average| |Average|Average| | Will Have— |Number | |Will Have— |Number |Average Month | Daily | Daily |Average| | | of |Average| | |of Days| Total |Maximum|Minimum| | Maximum | Minimum |Growing| |Less |More | With |Snowfall | | | |Temperature|Temperature|Degree | |Than |Than |0.10 or| | | | | More Than | Less Than | Days* | | | | More | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Units | | | | | DRUMMOND: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | January-----| 31.1 | 11.4 | 21.3 | 50 | -27 | 1 | 1.00 | 0.42| 1.49| 3 | 9.5 February----| 38.2 | 16.0 | 27.1 | 57 | -23 | 3 | 0.58 | 0.27| 0.84| 1 | 5.6 March------| 46.7 | 21.8 | 34.3 | 68 | -10 | 28 | 0.84 | 0.47| 1.16| 3 | 6.9 April------| 57.7 | 28.2 | 42.9 | 80 | 11 | 135 | 1.04 | 0.43| 1.56| 3 | 5.5 May------| 66.4 | 35.5 | 50.9 | 88 | 19 | 346 | 1.82 | 0.93| 2.59| 5 | 2.6 June------| 74.9 | 43.0 | 59.0 | 93 | 29 | 567 | 1.94 | 0.96| 2.79| 5 | 0.1 July------| 84.2 | 45.5 | 64.8 | 97 | 33 | 766 | 1.16 | 0.35| 1.83| 3 | 0.0 August------| 82.9 | 44.3 | 63.6 | 97 | 31 | 731 | 1.37 | 0.54| 2.07| 4 | 0.0 September---| 71.8 | 36.4 | 54.1 | 91 | 19 | 421 | 1.21 | 0.51| 1.88| 3 | 0.9 October-----| 59.4 | 28.2 | 43.8 | 80 | 11 | 160 | 0.79 | 0.23| 1.25| 2 | 1.6 November----| 41.9 | 20.6 | 31.3 | 64 | -11 | 18 | 0.70 | 0.39| 0.97| 2 | 5.3 December----| 31.2 | 11.7 | 21.5 | 52 | -27 | 2 | 0.92 | 0.51| 1.29| 3 | 8.9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | Average----| 57.2 | 28.6 | 42.9 | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— Extreme----| 101.0 |-43.0 | ——— | 98 | -35 | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— Total------| ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | 3,178 | 13.38 |10.49|15.75| 37 | 47.0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PHILIPSBURG:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | January-----| 32.3 | 13.0 | 22.7 | 52 | -28 | 3 | 0.69 | 0.32| 1.01| 2 | 11.0 February----| 37.6 | 16.7 | 27.2 | 57 | -22 | 5 | 0.47 | 0.19| 0.71| 1 | 5.9 March------| 43.4 | 20.2 | 31.8 | 64 | -12 | 19 | 0.82 | 0.50| 1.11| 3 | 9.9 April------| 53.1 | 26.2 | 39.6 | 75 | 7 | 90 | 1.35 | 0.72| 1.92| 4 | 5.9 May------| 61.7 | 32.9 | 47.3 | 83 | 18 | 243 | 2.36 | 1.37| 3.25| 6 | 2.0 June------| 71.0 | 39.7 | 55.4 | 90 | 26 | 459 | 2.27 | 1.22| 3.20| 6 | 0.0 July------| 80.3 | 42.2 | 61.3 | 93 | 29 | 658 | 1.24 | 0.50| 1.87| 3 | 0.0 August------| 79.6 | 41.2 | 60.4 | 94 | 28 | 629 | 1.62 | 0.61| 2.46| 4 | 0.0 September---| 68.7 | 33.8 | 51.3 | 88 | 15 | 349 | 1.47 | 0.48| 2.29| 4 | 0.3 October-----| 58.5 | 27.8 | 43.1 | 79 | 7 | 157 | 1.00 | 0.40| 1.56| 2 | 1.3 November----| 42.0 | 20.8 | 31.4 | 66 | -11 | 26 | 0.67 | 0.35| 0.95| 2 | 5.5 December----| 33.3 | 13.9 | 23.6 | 55 | -25 | 5 | 0.67 | 0.30| 0.98| 2 | 7.9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | Average----| 55.1 | 27.4 | 41.2 | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— Extreme----| 98.0 |-38.0 | ——— | 95 | -33 | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— Total------| ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | 2,644 | 14.64 |11.92|17.14| 39 | 49.6 ______| | | | | | | | | | |
* A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (Threshold: 40.0 degrees F). 10 Soil Survey
Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall
(Recorded in the period 1963-1990 at Drummond and Philipsburg, Montana)
______| | Temperature |______Probability | | | | 24 degrees F | 28 degrees F | 32 degrees F | or lower | or lower | or lower ______| | | | | | DRUMMOND: | | | | | | Last freezing temperature | | | in spring: January-July | | | | | | 1 year in 10 later than----| May 20 | June 9 | July 1 | | | 2 years in 10 later than---| May 15 | June 3 | June 24 | | | 5 years in 10 later than---| May 6 | May 22 | June 9 | | | | | | First freezing temperature-| | | in fall: August-December | | | | | | 1 year in 10 earlier than--| September 14 | September 6 | August 19 | | | 2 years in 10 earlier than-| September 19 | September 10 | August 25 | | | 5 years in 10 earlier than-| September 28 | September 19 |September 4 | | | | | | PHILIPSBURG: | | | | | | Last freezing temperature | | | in spring: January-July | | | | | | 1 year in 10 later than----| June 2 | July 1 | July 24 | | | 2 years in 10 later than---| May 26 | June 23 | July 17 ______| | | Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 11
Growing Season
(Recorded in the period 1963-1990 at Drummond and Philipsburg, Montana)
______| | Daily Minimum Temperature |______Probability | | | | Higher than | Higher than | Higher than | 24 degrees F | 28 degrees F | 32 degrees F ______| | | | Days | Days | Days | | | DRUMMOND: | | | | | | 9 years in 10------| 123 | 94 | 56 | | | 8 years in 10------| 130 | 102 | 66 | | | 5 years in 10------| 143 | 118 | 85 | | | 2 years in 10------| 157 | 133 | 104 | | | 1 year in 10------| 164 | 142 | 114 | | | | | | PHILIPSBURG: | | | | | | 9 years in 10------| 106 | 63 | 28 | | | 8 years in 10------| 113 | 73 | 36 | | | 5 years in 10------| 127 | 91 | 52 | | | 2 years in 10------| 141 | 109 | 67 | | | 1 year in 10------| 148 | 119 | 76 ______| | |
13
Formation and Classification of the Soils
This section relates the soils in the survey area to soil. Soils that have cool temperatures and high the major factors of soil formation and describes the precipitation generally contain more organic matter system of soil classification. The tables, and are dark colored. Soils that have warm “Classification of the Soils” and “Acreage and temperatures and low precipitation generally contain Proportionate Extent of the Soils,” at the end of this less organic matter and are light colored. section show the classification and extent of the soils In the survey area, the mean annual precipitation in this survey area. ranges from 10 to 30 inches. The mean annual temperature ranges from 34 to 44 degrees F. Formation of the Soils Living Organisms Soil is a natural, three-dimensional body on the earth’s surface. Soil has properties that result from Living organisms are active in the formation of the integrated effect of climate and living matter soils. Plants, animals, insects, and microorganisms acting on earthy parent material, as conditioned by affect gains or losses in organic matter, plant relief over a period of time. nutrients in the soil, and changes in porosity and Although there are many different soils, each soil structure. is the result of the interaction of the same five factors. Roots, rodents, and insects penetrate the soil and These factors are the effect of climate on the parent alter its structure. Microorganisms, chemicals in the material, the kinds of plants and organisms living in soil, and insects change leaves, roots, and entire the soil, the relief of the land, the physical and plants that remain in the surface layer to humus. chemical composition of the parent material, and the Fungi and algae also contribute to the decomposition length of time it took for the soil to form. of bedrock. Animals increase porosity by burrowing Within short distances, the combination of these through the soil and leaving open channels for the factors varies, and, consequently, the soils that form movement of water and air. Common rodents in the differ in fertility, productivity, and physical and survey area are badger, ground squirrel, and rabbit. chemical characteristics. In the following paragraphs, Vegetation in this survey area consists mainly of the factors of soil formation are discussed as they short grasses, mid grasses, and shrubs in the valleys relate to the soils in the Granite County Area. and coniferous forests in the Garnet, John Long, Sapphire, Flint Creek, and Anaconda Mountain Climate Ranges. Temperature and precipitation mainly determine Topography climate, an active force in the formation of soils. In the Granite County Area, winters are cold; springs are Topography, or relief, is determined by glaciation cool and moist; and summers are warm and dry. and mountain formation and by the age and Seasonal weather patterns include arctic cold waves resistance of geologic formations to erosion by wind and gusty warm southwest winds, called Chinooks. and water. Topography influences soil development Soils form in rocks that have been broken into through its effect on drainage and runoff. On the suitable materials by erosion and alternate freezing terrace edges of this survey area, runoff water has and thawing. Chemical reactions, such as solution carved drainages. These rugged areas contrast and hydration, further break down this weathered sharply with the smoother areas of the terrace material. surfaces. Precipitation and temperature affect the kind and The number and distinctness of soil horizons amount of vegetation that grows on the soil. generally decrease as slope increases. Soils on Vegetation decays to produce organic matter in the steep slopes with rapid runoff have many 14 Soil Survey
characteristics similar to those of soils formed in arid formed in alluvium on flood plains and older, more climates. Examples of this general principle are the stable, alluvial fans and stream terraces. They have Sixbeacon soil that is moderately steep or steep and accumulated enough organic matter to have a thick, the Ekah soil that is nearly level to moderately dark-colored A horizon; a Bw horizon with good soil sloping. structure to 26 inches; and nearly all of the carbonates leached from the entire profile. Parent Material Many of the sloping and steep, shallow, and very shallow soils appear to have been in the process of Most of the soils in the survey area formed in formation for about as long as some of the more alluvium derived from mixed sources or from material developed, less sloping soils. However, erosion has weathered from bedrock. Types of this bedrock removed the soil as fast as it formed. In this case, the include andesite, argillite, basalt, granite, limestone, effect of time has been offset by the effect of relief. quartzite, rhyolite, sandstone, and shale. Soils, such as the Elve and the Libeg series, that Classification of the Soils formed in argillites and quartzites are generally loamy. Soils, such as the Ambrant and the Comad The system of soil classification used by the series, that formed in materials weathered from National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories granite are generally sandy. Soils, such as the Con (Soil Survey Staff, 1998 and 1999). Beginning with and the Danvers series, that formed in mixed the broadest, these categories are the order, alluvium are either clayey or loamy. suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and series. Many soils in the survey area have accumulated Classification is based on soil properties observed in lime from the parent material. Lime affects the the field or inferred from those observations or from availability of plant nutrients, especially phosphorus. laboratory measurements. The table, “Classification of the Soils,” shows the classification of the soils in Time the survey area. The categories are defined in the following paragraphs. Change taking place in soils over a long period is ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The called soil genesis. As a result of these changes, differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- distinct horizons, or layers, develop in the soils. The forming processes and the degree of soil formation. length of time that parent materials have been in Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An place and exposed to climate and living organisms is example is Mollisol, from mollis, meaning soft. generally reflected in the degree to which the soil SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders profile has developed. The kind and arrangement of primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil these horizons are called soil morphology. These genesis and are important to plant growth or layers are described in terms of chemistry, color, properties that reflect the most important variables consistence, permeability, structure, texture, and within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a thickness. suborder indicates the order. An example is Ustoll Soils are classified according to their approximate (Ust, meaning burnt, plus oll, from Mollisol). age, from young to mature. Age, or maturity, of a soil GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into is generally indicated by the thickness and great groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, distinctness of subsurface horizons, content of arrangement, and degree of development of organic matter and clay, depth to which soluble pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature material is leached, and form and distribution of regimes; type of saturation; and base status. Each calcium carbonate and gypsum in the soil. great group is identified by the name of a suborder Young soils show very little profile development. and by a prefix that indicates a property of the soil. Canarway gravelly sandy loam, a soil of the Entisol An example is Argiustoll (Argi, meaning having an order, is an example of a young soil. It is on a flood argillic horizon or clay accumulation, plus ustoll, the plain adjacent to a stream. The soil has accumulated suborder of the Mollisols that have a dry climate). enough organic matter to form a thin A horizon but SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic has little clay accumulation and little translocation of subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or carbonates within the profile. extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central The Gregson soil formed in parent material that is concept of the great group; it is not necessarily the similar to the parent material of the Canarway most extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other gravelly sandy loam but is older. These soils also orders, suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 15
some properties that are not representative of the characteristics considered are particle-size class, great group but do not indicate transitions to any mineralogy class, cation-exchange activity class, soil other taxonomic class. Each subgroup is identified by temperature regime, soil depth, and reaction class. A one or more adjectives preceding the name of the family name consists of the name of a subgroup great group. The adjective Typic identifies the preceded by terms that indicate soil properties. An subgroup that typifies the great group. An example is example is fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Typic Argiustolls. Argiustolls. FAMILY. Families are established within a SERIES. The series consists of soils within a family subgroup on the basis of physical and chemical that have horizons similar in arrangement in the properties and other characteristics that affect profile, color, consistence, mineral and chemical management. Generally, the properties are those of composition, reaction, structure, and texture. An horizons below plow depth where there is much example is the Clasoil series. The Clasoil series is a biological activity. Among the properties and fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Argiustoll. 27
Soil Series and Detailed Soil Map Units
In this section, arranged in alphabetical order, may or may not be mentioned in a particular map unit each soil series recognized in the survey area is description. Other minor components, however, have described. Each description is followed by the properties and behavioral characteristics divergent detailed soil map units associated with the series. enough to affect use or to require different Characteristics of the soil and the material in which management. These are called contrasting, or it formed are identified for each soil series. A pedon, dissimilar, components. They generally are in small a small three-dimensional area of soil, that is typical areas and could not be mapped separately because of the series in the survey area is described. The of the scale used. Some small areas of strongly detailed description of each soil horizon follows contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” (Soil Survey identified by a special symbol on the maps. The Division Staff, 1993). Many of the technical terms contrasting components are mentioned in the map used in the descriptions are defined in “Soil unit descriptions. A few areas of minor components Taxonomy” (Soil Survey Staff, 1999). Unless may not have been observed, and, consequently, otherwise stated, colors in the descriptions are for dry they are not mentioned in the descriptions, especially soil. Following the pedon description is the range of where the pattern was so complex that it was important characteristics of the soils in the series. impractical to make enough observations to identify The map units delineated on the detailed soil all of the soils and miscellaneous areas on the maps in this survey represent the soils or landscape. miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit The presence of minor components in a map unit descriptions in this section, along with the maps, can in no way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of be used to determine the suitability and potential of a the data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate unit for specific uses. They also can be used to plan pure taxonomic classes but rather to separate the the management needed for those uses. landscape into landforms or landform segments that A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an have similar use and management requirements. The area dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or delineation of such segments on the map provides miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and sufficient information for the development of resource named according to the taxonomic classification of plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, the dominant soils. Within a taxonomic class, there however, onsite investigation is needed to define and are precisely defined limits for the properties of the locate the soils and miscellaneous areas. soils. On the landscape, however, the soils are An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name natural phenomena, and they have the characteristic in the map unit descriptions. Each description variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range includes general facts about the unit and gives the of some observed properties may extend beyond the principal hazards and limitations to be considered in limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of planning for specific uses. a single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make mapped without including areas of other taxonomic up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of classes. Consequently, every map unit is made up of the surface layer, all of the soils of a series have the soils or miscellaneous areas for which it is named major horizons that are similar in composition, and some minor components that belong to thickness, and arrangement. taxonomic classes other than those of the major Soils of one series can differ in texture of the soils. surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of Most minor soils have properties similar to those of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus On the basis of such differences, a soil series is they do not affect use and management. These are divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on called noncontrasting, or similar, components. They the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The 28 Soil Survey
name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature plastic; many fine and very fine and few medium that affects use or management. For example, Roy roots; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. cobbly loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes, is a phase of the C1—8 to 20 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam Roy series. consisting of strata of loamy sand, silt loam, and Some map units are made up of two or more major fine sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are dry; many fine prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) and red complexes, associations, or undifferentiated groups. (2.5YR 5/6) dry redox concentrations; weak fine This survey includes complexes. They consist of subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, two or more soils or miscellaneous areas in such an slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many fine and very intricate pattern or in such small areas that they fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular cannot be shown separately on the maps. The pores; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous C2—20 to 32 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) areas are somewhat similar in all areas. Varney-Con silt loam consisting of strata of loam and fine loams, 4 to 8 percent slopes, is an example. sandy loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; few fine This survey includes miscellaneous areas. They prominent red (2.5Y 4/6) and red (2.5YR 5/6) dry have little or no soil material and support little or no redox concentrations; massive; slightly hard, very vegetation. Rock outcrop is an example. friable, moderately sticky, slightly plastic; many The “Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the fine and very fine roots; few very fine irregular Soils” table in Parts I and II of the manuscript gives pores; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. the acreage and proportionate extent of each map Cg1—32 to 42 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) unit. Other tables (see “Summary of Tables”) give loam consisting of strata of loam and silty clay properties of the soils and the limitations, capabilities, loam, gray (10YR 6/1) dry; massive; slightly hard, and potentials for many uses. Many of the terms used friable, moderately sticky, slightly plastic; many in describing the soils or miscellaneous areas are fine and very fine roots; few very fine irregular defined in the “Glossary.” pores; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Cg2—42 to 60 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam consisting of strata of loam and silty clay Albicalis Series loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, slightly plastic; few fine Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) and very fine roots; few very fine irregular pores; Drainage class: Poorly drained slightly alkaline. Permeability: Moderate Landform: Flood plains Range in Characteristics Parent material: Alluvium Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Elevation range: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Depth to the seasonal high water table: 12 to 24 Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F inches Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Note: Some pedons have a lithologic discontinuity between 40 and 60 inches. Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid, frigid Aeric Fluvaquents A horizon Value: 3 to 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry Typical Pedon Chroma: 1 or 2 Albicalis loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded, Redox concentrations: Abundance—none to in an area of native grassland, 800 feet south and many; Value—5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist 1,600 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 19, Clay content: 18 to 27 percent T. 11 N., R. 14 W. Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 A—0 to 8 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, C1 horizon light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; many fine Value: 4 or 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) and red (2.5YR 5/6) Chroma: 2 or 3 dry redox concentrations; weak fine granular Redox concentrations: Abundance—common or structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, slightly many; Value—4 to 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 29
Texture: Loam or clay loam consisting of strata of Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet silt loam, fine sandy loam, loamy sand, loam, Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches and clay loam Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Composition Reaction: pH 7.4 to 7.8 Major Components C2 horizon Albicalis and similar soils: 85 percent Value: 4 or 5 moist; 5 to 7 dry Minor Components Chroma: 2 or 3 Mccabe and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Redox concentrations: Abundance—common or Canarway and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent many; Value—4 to 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Areas of riverwash: 0 to 5 percent Texture: Silt loam, loam, or clay loam consisting of strata of silt loam, fine sandy loam, loam, Major Component Description and clay loam Surface layer texture: Loam Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 10 percent Drainage class: Poorly drained Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Dominant parent material: Alluvium Cg1 horizon Native plant cover type: Rangeland Value: 3 to 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry Flooding: Rare Chroma: 1 to 3 Water table: Apparent Redox concentrations: Abundance—none to Available water capacity: Mainly 10.3 inches many; Value—5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist; Chroma—4, 6, or 8 A typical soil description with range in Texture: Loam or silty clay loam consisting of characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, strata of silt loam, clay loam, and fine sandy in this section. loam Management Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 10 percent For management information about this map unit, Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Cg2 horizon Hue: 5Y, 10YR, or 2.5Y 112A—Albicalis loam, impacted, 0 to 2 Value: 3 to 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry percent slopes, occasionally flooded Chroma: 1 or 2 Redox concentrations: Abundance—none to Setting many; Hue—2.5Y or 10YR; Value—5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist; Chroma—4 or 6 Landform: Flood plains Texture: Loam or sandy loam consisting of strata Position on landform: Treads of loamy sand, sand, sandy clay loam, and Slope: 0 to 2 percent silty clay loam Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 45 percent—0 to Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 35 percent pebbles Composition Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Major Components Albicalis and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components 12A—Albicalis loam, 0 to 2 percent Flintcreek and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent slopes, rarely flooded Areas of riverwash: 0 to 5 percent Nythar and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Flood plains Surface layer texture: Loam Position on landform: Treads Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 0 to 2 percent Drainage class: Poorly drained 30 Soil Survey
Dominant parent material: Alluvium (20 percent) is grayish brown (10YR 4/2) coarse 1 1 Native plant cover type: Rangeland sandy loam lamellae, /8- to /4-inch thick, very Flooding: Occasional dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate Water table: Apparent medium subangular blocky structure; hard, Available water capacity: Mainly 10.3 inches friable, slightly sticky, nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular A typical soil description with range in pores; 5 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, boundary. in this section. 2C—37 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) gravelly coarse sandy loam; dark grayish brown Management (10YR 4/2) moist; massive; hard, friable, slightly For management information about this map unit, sticky, nonplastic; common very fine and fine see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 10 percent pebbles and 5 percent cobbles; neutral. Ambrant Series Range in Characteristics Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Soil temperature: 42 to 47 degrees F Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches Permeability: Moderately rapid Landform: Mountains E1 horizon Parent material: Material weathered from intrusive Value: 5 to 7 dry; 3 or 4 moist igneous rocks Chroma: 2 or 3 Slope range: 4 to 80 percent Texture: Sandy loam or coarse sandy loam Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Clay content: 5 to 15 percent Annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Content of rock fragments: 5 to 15 percent Annual air temperature: 38 to 42 degrees F pebbles Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 Taxonomic Class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, E2 horizon superactive, frigid Lamellic Haplustepts Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Typical Pedon Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 1 to 3 Ambrant coarse sandy loam, in an area of Ambrant- Texture: Sandy loam or coarse sandy loam Rochester complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an Clay content: 5 to 15 percent area of woodland, 300 feet south and 500 feet east Content of rock fragments: 5 to 15 percent of the northwest corner of sec. 8, T. 7 N., R. 15 W. pebbles E1—0 to 6 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 coarse sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; moderate medium granular structure; E and Bt horizon soft, friable, slightly sticky, nonplastic; many very Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y fine and fine and few coarse roots; many fine Value: E part—5 to 7 dry, 4 to 6 moist; B part— tubular pores; 5 percent pebbles; slightly acid; 4 or 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist clear smooth boundary. Chroma: 2 or 3 E2—6 to 14 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) coarse Texture: Sandy loam or coarse sandy loam sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Clay content: 5 to 18 percent moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, Content of rock fragments: 5 to 15 percent friable, slightly sticky, nonplastic; many very fine pebbles and fine and few coarse roots; many fine tubular Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 pores; 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. 2C horizon E and Bt—14 to 37 inches; E part (80 percent) is Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y grayish brown (10YR 5/2) coarse sandy loam, Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; B part Chroma: 1 to 4 Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 31
Clay content: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Content of rock fragments: 15 to 30 percent—5 to characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, 15 percent cobbles; 10 to 15 percent pebbles in this section. Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 Management For management information about this map unit, 179D—Ambrant-Rochester complex, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 4 to 15 percent slopes
Setting 179E—Ambrant-Rochester complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes Landform: • Ambrant—Mountains Setting • Rochester—Mountains Position on landform: Landform: • Ambrant—Footslopes and toeslopes • Ambrant—Mountains • Rochester—Footslopes and toeslopes • Rochester—Mountains Slope: Position on landform: • Ambrant—4 to 15 percent • Ambrant—Backslopes and footslopes • Rochester—4 to 15 percent, southwest aspect • Rochester—Backslopes and footslopes Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Slope: Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches • Ambrant—15 to 35 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days • Rochester—15 to 35 percent, southwest aspect Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Composition Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Major Components Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Ambrant and similar soils: 50 percent Composition Rochester and similar soils: 35 percent Minor Components Major Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Ambrant and similar soils: 50 percent Elve and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Rochester and similar soils: 35 percent Soils that have clayey skeletal subsoils: 0 to Minor Components 5 percent Soils that have clayey skeletal subsoils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Ambrant Elve and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Major Component Description Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Ambrant Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Surface layer texture: Sandy loam intrusive igneous rocks Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Forest land Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Available water capacity: Mainly 4.1 inches intrusive igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Forest land Rochester Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Very stony sandy loam Available water capacity: Mainly 4.1 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Excessively drained Rochester Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Surface layer texture: Very stony sandy loam intrusive igneous rocks Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Forest land Drainage class: Excessively drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Available water capacity: Mainly 2.3 inches intrusive igneous rocks 32 Soil Survey
Native plant cover type: Forest land Rochester Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Very stony sandy loam Available water capacity: Mainly 2.5 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Excessively drained A typical soil description with range in Dominant parent material: Material weathered from characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, intrusive igneous rocks in this section. Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Management Available water capacity: Mainly 2.5 inches For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 179F—Ambrant-Rochester complex, Management 35 to 60 percent slopes For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Setting Landform: • Ambrant—Mountains Baggs Series • Rochester—Mountains Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Drainage class: Well drained • Ambrant—Backslopes and shoulders Permeability: Moderately rapid • Rochester—Backslopes and shoulders Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Slope: Parent material: Alluvium • Ambrant—35 to 60 percent Slope range: 0 to 15 percent • Rochester—35 to 60 percent, southwest aspect Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition Taxonomic Class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, Major Components superactive, frigid Typic Haplustolls Ambrant and similar soils: 50 percent Rochester and similar soils: 35 percent Typical Pedon Minor Components Baggs loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of Elve and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent rangeland, 100 feet north and 200 feet west of the Soils that have clayey skeletal subsoils: 0 to southeast corner of sec. 16, T. 7 N., R. 15 W. 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent A—0 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Major Component Description weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, Ambrant slightly sticky, moderately plastic; many very fine Surface layer texture: Sandy loam and fine roots; many very fine irregular pores; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) neutral; clear smooth boundary. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Bw1—10 to 16 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Dominant parent material: Material weathered from 6/4) loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist; intrusive igneous rocks weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft, Native plant cover type: Forest land friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very Flooding: None fine and fine roots; common very fine tubular Available water capacity: Mainly 4.1 inches pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 33
Bw2—16 to 22 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent 6/4) loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; pebbles weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common fine and very fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary. 135B—Baggs loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes BC—22 to 31 inches; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) fine sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; weak Setting coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; few very fine and Position on landform: Toeslopes fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; neutral; Slope: 0 to 4 percent gradual wavy boundary. Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet C—31 to 60 inches; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) fine Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches sandy loam, strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) moist; Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine and very fine roots, few very Composition fine tubular pores; neutral. Major Components Baggs and similar soils: 85 percent Range in Characteristics Minor Components Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Quigley and similar soils: 0 to 10 percent Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches Sarbo and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 16 inches Major Component Description A horizon Surface layer texture: Loam Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Chroma: 1 to 3 Drainage class: Well drained Clay content: 5 to 18 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Bw horizons Flooding: None Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist Available water capacity: Mainly 8.1 inches Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 Texture: Loam or sandy loam A typical soil description with range in Clay content: 5 to 18 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent in this section. pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Management BC horizon For management information about this map unit, Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: Loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam 135D—Baggs loam, 8 to 15 percent Clay content: 5 to 18 percent slopes Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent pebbles Setting Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 C horizon Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist Slope: 8 to 15 percent Chroma: 4 or 6 Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Texture: Fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Clay content: 5 to 18 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days 34 Soil Survey
Composition roots; common fine tubular pores; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Major Components Bw1—7 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Baggs and similar soils: 85 percent 3/2) sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Minor Components dry; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Quigley and similar soils: 0 to 10 percent soft, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Sarbo and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent many very fine and fine and few medium roots; Major Component Description common fine tubular pores; 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Surface layer texture: Loam Bw2—10 to 14 inches; very dark grayish brown Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR Drainage class: Well drained 5/2) dry; few fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) Dominant parent material: Alluvium and brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) dry redox Native plant cover type: Rangeland concentrations; massive; soft, very friable, slightly Flooding: None sticky, slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, and Available water capacity: Mainly 8.1 inches medium roots; common very fine irregular pores; 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. A typical soil description with range in 2C—14 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, gravelly sand, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; few fine faint in this section. yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and brownish yellow Management (10YR 6/8) dry redox concentrations; single grain; loose, nonsticky, nonplastic; few very fine and For management information about this map unit, fine roots; common very fine irregular pores; see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 10 percent cobbles, 40 percent pebbles; neutral. Range in Characteristics Bandy Series Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Moisture control section: Between 8 and 12 inches Drainage class: Poorly drained Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 19 inches Permeability: Moderate above the 2C horizon, rapid in Depth to the 2C horizon: 12 to 20 inches the 2C horizon Depth to the seasonal high water table: 12 to 24 Landform: Stream terraces and flood plains inches Parent material: Loamy alluvium that is 12 to 20 Note: Some pedons have a partially decomposed inches over sand and gravel organic matter layer on the surface. Slope range: 0 to 4 percent Ap horizon Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Value: 3 or 4 dry Annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Clay content: 15 to 25 percent Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Taxonomic Class: Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Bw1 horizon Endoaquolls Value: 4 or 5 dry Chroma: 1 or 2 Typical Pedon Texture: Loam, clay loam, or sandy loam Bandy loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, rarely flooded, in Clay content: 15 to 30 percent an area of pasture, 1,400 feet south and 1,800 feet Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to east of the northwest corner of sec. 24, T. 11 N., 5 percent cobbles; 5 to 30 percent pebbles R. 15 W. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Ap—0 to 7 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, Bw2 horizon dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate fine granular Redox concentrations: 10YR 6/6, 10YR 6/8 dry; structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly 10YR 5/6, 10YR 5/8 moist plastic; many very fine and fine and few medium Texture: Loam or sandy loam Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 35
Clay content: 5 to 18 percent—30 to 45 percent 814B—Bandy loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, silt; 55 to 65 percent sand of which 30 to rarely flooded 35 percent is very fine sand Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to Setting 5 percent cobbles; 5 to 30 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Landform: Flood plains Position on landform: Treads 2C horizon Slope: 0 to 4 percent Value: 5 or 6 dry Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Chroma: 2 or 3 Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Redox concentrations: 10YR 6/6, 10YR 6/8 dry; Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days 10YR 5/6, 10YR 5/8 moist Texture: Sand or loamy sand Composition Clay content: 2 to 10 percent Major Components Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—5 to Bandy and similar soils: 85 percent 20 percent cobbles; 30 to 50 percent pebbles Minor Components Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Blossberg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Mannixlee and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Poronto and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 614B—Bandy loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Loam Landform: Stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Treads Drainage class: Poorly drained Slope: 0 to 4 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Flooding: Rare Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 2.8 inches Composition Major Components A typical soil description with range in Bandy and similar soils: 85 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Minor Components in this section. Blossberg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Mannixlee and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Windlass and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 844A—Bandy-Blossberg complex, Drainage class: Poorly drained 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Setting Flooding: None Water table: Apparent Landform: Available water capacity: Mainly 2.8 inches • Bandy—Flood plains • Blossberg—Flood plains A typical soil description with range in Position on landform: characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, • Bandy—Treads in this section. • Blossberg—Treads Slope: Management • Bandy—0 to 4 percent For management information about this map unit, • Blossberg—0 to 4 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet 36 Soil Survey
Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Annual air temperature: 35 to 38 degrees F Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Composition Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Major Components superactive Andic Glossocryalfs Bandy and similar soils: 45 percent Typical Pedon Blossberg and similar soils: 40 percent Minor Components Bata gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an Mannixlee and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent area of woodland, 200 feet south and 2,250 feet east Poronto and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent of the northwest corner of sec. 12, T. 5 N., R. 14 W. Flintcreek and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Oi—3 inches to 0; undecomposed and slightly Windlass and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent decomposed forest litter. Major Component Description Bs—0 to 9 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) gravelly loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Bandy moist; weak medium granular structure; soft, very Surface layer texture: Loam friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) fine and fine and few medium roots; many very Drainage class: Poorly drained fine and fine tubular pores; 30 percent pebbles; Dominant parent material: Alluvium moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Native plant cover type: Rangeland 2E—9 to 14 inches; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) very Flooding: Rare gravelly loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; moderate Water table: Apparent medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine and fine and few medium roots; common Blossberg very fine and fine tubular pores; 50 percent Surface layer texture: Loam pebbles; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 2E/Bt—14 to 20 inches; E part (70 percent) is light Drainage class: Poorly drained brown (7.5YR 6/4) very gravelly loam, brown Dominant parent material: Alluvium (7.5YR 5/4) moist; B part (30 percent) is very pale Native plant cover type: Rangeland brown (10YR 7/4) gravelly loam, yellowish brown Flooding: Rare (10YR 5/6) moist; texture mixed is very gravelly Water table: Apparent clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine and fine and few A typical soil description with range in medium roots; few very fine irregular pores; characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, 45 percent pebbles and 5 percent cobbles; in this section. moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. Management 2Bt1—20 to 29 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) very gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR For management information about this map unit, 5/6) moist; weak medium subangular blocky see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; few Bata Series very fine irregular pores; few distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 40 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) pebbles and 10 percent cobbles; slightly acid; Drainage class: Well drained gradual wavy boundary. Permeability: Moderately slow 2Bt2—29 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Landform: Mountains very gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR Parent material: Colluvium derived from argillite 5/6) moist; weak medium subangular blocky Slope range: 8 to 35 percent structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, Elevation range: 5,800 to 7,500 feet slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; few Annual precipitation: 25 to 40 inches very fine irregular pores; continuous prominent Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 37
clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 66D—Bata gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent 45 percent pebbles and 10 percent cobbles; slopes slightly acid. Setting Range in Characteristics Landform: Mountains Soil temperature: 37 to 40 degrees Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Content of clay in the control section: 20 to 35 percent Slope: 8 to 15 percent Content of rock fragments in the control section: 35 to Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet 60 percent Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 40 inches Bs horizon Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Composition Chroma: 4 or 6 Clay content: 5 to 15 percent Major Components Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to Bata and similar soils: 85 percent 5 percent cobbles and stones; 15 to 30 percent Minor Components pebbles Worock and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Acid oxylate extractable Al + 1/2 Fe: Greater than Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent 1.0 percent Major Component Description Moist bulk density: 1.0 g/cm3 or less Reaction: 5.1 to 6.5 Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 2E horizon Drainage class: Well drained Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Clay content: 20 to 27 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Content of rock fragments: 25 to 60 percent—0 to Flooding: None 10 percent cobbles and stones; 25 to 50 Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches percent pebbles Reaction: 5.6 to 6.5 A typical soil description with range in 2E/Bt horizon characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Value: E part—6, 7, or 8 dry, 5 or 6 moist; B in this section. part—5 to 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist Management Chroma: E part—2 to 4; B part—3 or 4 Clay content: 20 to 25 percent For management information about this map unit, Content of rock fragments: 25 to 60 percent—0 to see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 10 percent stones and cobbles; 25 to 50 percent pebbles Reaction: 5.6 to 6.5 66E—Bata gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes 2Bt horizons Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Setting Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 Texture: Clay loam or sandy clay loam Landform: Mountains Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to Slope: 15 to 35 percent 10 percent stones and cobbles; 35 to 50 Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet percent pebbles Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 40 inches Reaction: 5.6 to 6.5 Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days 38 Soil Survey
Composition very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; many very fine and fine and common medium roots; many very Major Components fine and fine discontinuous pores; 5 percent Bata and similar soils: 85 percent cobbles and 20 percent pebbles; neutral; clear Minor Components smooth boundary. Worock and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent E/Bt—8 to 14 inches; E part (75 percent) is light Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent brownish gray (10YR 6/2) very gravelly loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; B part Major Component Description (25 percent) is brown (7.5YR 4/4) very gravelly Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) moist; moderate Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Drainage class: Well drained friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium very fine and fine and few medium roots; many Native plant cover type: Forest land very fine and fine discontinuous pores; 5 percent Flooding: None cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; neutral; clear Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches smooth boundary. Bt1—14 to 22 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) very gravelly A typical soil description with range in clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) moist; characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard, in this section. firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common very Management fine discontinuous pores; common faint clay For management information about this map unit, films on faces of peds; 5 percent cobbles and see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 40 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy oundary. Bt2—22 to 33 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) very Bignell Series gravelly clay; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) moist; strong coarse subangular blocky structure; very Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) hard, firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; Drainage class: Well drained few very fine roots; common very fine Permeability: Slow discontinuous pores; few faint clay films on faces Landform: Mountains of peds; 5 percent cobbles and 40 percent Parent material: Colluvium derived from fine grained pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. extrusive igneous rocks Bt3—33 to 60 inches; pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) very Slope range: 8 to 60 percent gravelly clay; dark brown (5YR 4/2) moist; weak Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,400 feet fine subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, Annual precipitation: 18 to 30 inches moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few very Annual air temperature: 38 to 44 degrees F fine roots; few very fine discontinuous pores; few Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days faint clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; neutral. Taxonomic Class: Clayey-skeletal, mixed, Range in Characteristics superactive, frigid Typic Haplustalfs Soil temperature: 42 to 46 degrees F Typical Pedon Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Bignell gravelly clay loam, in an area of Bignell, dry- E horizon Yreka, cool complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR area of woodland, 1,450 feet north and 350 feet east Value: 6 or 7 dry, 4 to 6 moist of the southwest corner of sec. 24, T. 12 N., R. 14 W. Chroma: 2 to 4 Oi—1 inch to 0; undecomposed and slightly Texture: Loam or clay loam decomposed forest litter. Clay content: 10 to 30 percent E—0 to 8 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to gravelly clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) 5 percent cobbles; 15 to 30 percent pebbles moist; moderate medium granular structure; soft, Reaction: pH 5.1 to 7.3 Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 39
E/Bt horizon Management Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR For management information about this map unit, Value: E part—6 or 7 dry, 4 to 6 moist; B part— see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 4 to 7 dry Chroma: E part—2 or 3; B part—2 to 6 Texture: Loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam Clay content: 10 to 35 percent 99F—Bignell gravelly loam, dry, 35 to 60 Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to percent slopes 5 percent cobbles; 35 to 55 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 5.1 to 7.3 Setting Bt horizons Landform: Mountains Hue: 5YR to 10YR Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Value: 4 to 7 dry; 3 to 6 moist Slope: 35 to 60 percent, southwest aspect Chroma: 2 to 6 Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Texture: Clay loam, sandy clay, or clay Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 26 inches Clay content: 35 to 60 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to 15 percent cobbles; 35 to 45 percent pebbles Composition Reaction: pH 5.1 to 7.3 Major Components Bignell and similar soils: 85 percent 99E—Bignell gravelly clay loam, 15 to 35 Minor Components percent slopes Crow and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent Whitlash and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Setting Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Landform: Mountains Major Component Description Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Slope: 15 to 35 percent, southwest aspect Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 26 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Dominant parent material: Material weathered from extrusive igneous rocks Composition Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Components Flooding: None Bignell and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Minor Components Crow and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent A typical soil description with range in Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Whitlash and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent in this section. Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Major Component Description For management information about this map unit, Surface layer texture: Gravelly clay loam see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from 199D—Bignell gravelly loam, 8 to 15 extrusive igneous rocks percent slopes Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Setting Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Landform: Mountains A typical soil description with range in Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Slope: 8 to 15 percent, north aspect in this section. Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet 40 Soil Survey
Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 26 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Dominant parent material: Material weathered from extrusive igneous rocks Composition Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Components Flooding: None Bignell and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Minor Components Crow and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from extrusive igneous rocks 199F—Bignell gravelly loam, 35 to 60 Native plant cover type: Forest land percent slopes Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Setting A typical soil description with range in Landform: Mountains characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes in this section. Slope: 35 to 60 percent, north aspect Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Management Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 26 inches For management information about this map unit, Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Composition Major Components 199E—Bignell gravelly loam, 15 to 35 Bignell and similar soils: 85 percent percent slopes Minor Components Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Crow and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Major Component Description Slope: 15 to 35 percent, north aspect Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 26 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Composition extrusive igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Components Flooding: None Bignell and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Minor Components Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Crow and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 41
299D—Bignell, dry-Yreka, cool complex, Management 8 to 15 percent slopes For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Setting Landform: 299E—Bignell, dry-Yreka, cool complex, • Bignell—Mountains 15 to 35 percent slopes • Yreka—Mountains Position on landform: Setting • Bignell—Footslopes and toeslopes • Yreka—Footslopes and toeslopes Landform: Slope: • Bignell—Mountains • Bignell—8 to 15 percent, southwest aspect • Yreka—Mountains • Yreka—8 to 15 percent, east aspect Position on landform: Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet • Bignell—Backslopes and footslopes Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 26 inches • Yreka—Backslopes and footslopes Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Slope: • Bignell—15 to 35 percent, west aspect Composition • Yreka—15 to 35 percent, east aspect Major Components Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Bignell and similar soils: 50 percent Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 26 inches Yreka and similar soils: 35 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Minor Components Composition Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent Crow and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Components Winkler and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Bignell and similar soils: 50 percent Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Yreka and similar soils: 35 percent Minor Components Major Component Description Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent Crow and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Bignell Winkler and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Component Description Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Bignell extrusive igneous rocks Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Native plant cover type: Forest land Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Dominant parent material: Material weathered from extrusive igneous rocks Yreka Native plant cover type: Forest land Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Yreka igneous rocks Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Native plant cover type: Forest land Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Dominant parent material: Material weathered from igneous rocks A typical soil description with range in Native plant cover type: Forest land characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Flooding: None in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches 42 Soil Survey
A typical soil description with range in Native plant cover type: Forest land characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Flooding: None in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Management A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, For management information about this map unit, in this section. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, 299F—Bignell-Yreka gravelly loams, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 35 to 60 percent slopes
Setting 399D—Bignell-Yreka gravelly loams, Landform: 8 to 15 percent slopes • Bignell—Mountains • Yreka—Mountains Setting Position on landform: • Bignell—Backslopes and shoulders Landform: • Yreka—Backslopes and shoulders • Bignell—Mountains Slope: • Yreka—Mountains • Bignell—35 to 60 percent, southwest aspect Position on landform: • Yreka—35 to 60 percent, east aspect • Bignell—Footslopes and toeslopes Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet • Yreka—Footslopes and toeslopes Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 26 inches Slope: Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days • Bignell—8 to 15 percent • Yreka—8 to 15 percent, northeast aspect Composition Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Major Components Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 26 inches Bignell and similar soils: 50 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Yreka and similar soils: 35 percent Composition Minor Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 4 percent Major Components Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Bignell and similar soils: 50 percent Crow and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Yreka and similar soils: 35 percent Winkler and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Minor Components Crow and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Elve and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Bignell Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Major Component Description Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Bignell Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam extrusive igneous rocks Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Forest land Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches extrusive igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Forest land Yreka Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Yreka Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam igneous rocks Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 43
Drainage class: Well drained Yreka Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam igneous rocks Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Forest land Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Forest land A typical soil description with range in Flooding: None characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches in this section. A typical soil description with range in Management characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, For management information about this map unit, in this section. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, 399E—Bignell-Yreka complex, cool, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 15 to 35 percent slopes 399F—Bignell-Yreka complex, cool, Setting 35 to 60 percent slopes Landform: Setting • Bignell—Mountains • Yreka—Mountains Landform: Position on landform: • Bignell—Mountains • Bignell—Backslopes and footslopes • Yreka—Mountains • Yreka—Backslopes and footslopes Position on landform: Slope: • Bignell—Backslopes and shoulders • Bignell—15 to 35 percent, northeast aspect • Yreka—Backslopes and shoulders • Yreka—15 to 35 percent, northeast aspect Slope: Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet • Bignell—35 to 60 percent, northeast aspect Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 26 inches • Yreka—35 to 60 percent, northeast aspect Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 26 inches Composition Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Major Components Composition Bignell and similar soils: 50 percent Yreka and similar soils: 35 percent Major Components Minor Components Bignell and similar soils: 50 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 4 percent Yreka and similar soils: 35 percent Crow and similar soils: 0 to 6 percent Minor Components Elve and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Crow and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Elve and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Bignell Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Gravelly clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bignell Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Gravelly clay loam Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) extrusive igneous rocks Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Forest land Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Flooding: None extrusive igneous rocks Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Native plant cover type: Forest land 44 Soil Survey
Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Dominant parent material: Material weathered from extrusive igneous rocks Yreka Native plant cover type: Forest land Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Yreka igneous rocks Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Native plant cover type: Forest land Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Dominant parent material: Material weathered from igneous rocks A typical soil description with range in Native plant cover type: Forest land characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Flooding: None in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Management A typical soil description with range in For management information about this map unit, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. in this section. Management 499D—Bignell-Yreka complex, 8 to 15 For management information about this map unit, percent slopes see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
Setting Landform: 499E—Bignell-Yreka complex, 15 to 35 • Bignell—Mountains percent slopes • Yreka—Mountains Position on landform: Setting • Bignell—Footslopes and toeslopes • Yreka—Footslopes and toeslopes Landform: Slope: • Bignell—Mountains • Bignell—8 to 15 percent • Yreka—Mountains • Yreka—8 to 15 percent, east aspect Position on landform: Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet • Bignell—Backslopes and footslopes Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 26 inches • Yreka—Backslopes and footslopes Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Slope: • Bignell—15 to 35 percent Composition • Yreka—15 to 35 percent, east aspect Major Components Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Bignell and similar soils: 50 percent Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 26 inches Yreka and similar soils: 35 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Minor Components Composition Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Major Components Crow and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Bignell and similar soils: 50 percent Yreka and similar soils: 35 percent Major Component Description Minor Components Bignell Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly clay loam Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 6 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Crow and similar soils: 0 to 6 percent Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 45
Major Component Description Minor Components Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Bignell Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly clay loam Crow and similar soils: 0 to 6 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Major Component Description Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Bignell extrusive igneous rocks Surface layer texture: Gravelly clay loam Native plant cover type: Forest land Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Dominant parent material: Material weathered from extrusive igneous rocks Yreka Native plant cover type: Forest land Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Yreka igneous rocks Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Native plant cover type: Forest land Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Dominant parent material: Material weathered from igneous rocks A typical soil description with range in Native plant cover type: Forest land characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Flooding: None in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Management A typical soil description with range in For management information about this map unit, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. in this section. Management 499F—Bignell-Yreka complex, 35 to 60 For management information about this map unit, percent slopes see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
Setting 799D—Bignell-Yreka-Crow complex, Landform: 8 to 15 percent slopes • Bignell—Mountains • Yreka—Mountains Setting Position on landform: • Bignell—Backslopes and shoulders Landform: • Yreka—Backslopes and shoulders • Bignell—Mountains Slope: • Yreka—Mountains • Bignell—35 to 60 percent • Crow—Mountains • Yreka—35 to 60 percent, east aspect Position on landform: Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet • Bignell—Footslopes and toeslopes Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 26 inches • Yreka—Footslopes and toeslopes Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days • Crow—Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: Composition • Bignell—8 to 15 percent, southwest aspect Major Components • Yreka—8 to 15 percent, east aspect Bignell and similar soils: 50 percent • Crow—8 to 15 percent, southwest aspect Yreka and similar soils: 35 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet 46 Soil Survey
Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 26 inches 799E—Bignell-Yreka-Crow complex, Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days 15 to 35 percent slopes Composition Setting Major Components Bignell and similar soils: 55 percent Landform: Yreka and similar soils: 15 percent • Bignell—Mountains Crow and similar soils: 15 percent • Yreka—Mountains Minor Components • Crow—Mountains Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 4 percent Position on landform: Whitlash and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent • Bignell—Backslopes and footslopes Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent • Yreka—Backslopes and footslopes Winkler and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent • Crow—Backslopes and footslopes Slope: Major Component Description • Bignell—15 to 35 percent, southwest aspect • Yreka—15 to 35 percent, east aspect Bignell • Crow—15 to 35 percent, southwest aspect Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 26 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Dominant parent material: Material weathered from extrusive igneous rocks Composition Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Components Flooding: None Bignell and similar soils: 55 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Yreka and similar soils: 15 percent Crow and similar soils: 15 percent Yreka Minor Components Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 4 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Whitlash and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Drainage class: Well drained Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Winkler and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Component Description Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Bignell Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Crow Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Silt loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Drainage class: Well drained extrusive igneous rocks Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Native plant cover type: Forest land igneous rocks Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Forest land Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 9.1 inches Yreka Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam A typical soil description with range in Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Drainage class: Well drained in this section. Dominant parent material: Material weathered from igneous rocks Management Native plant cover type: Forest land For management information about this map unit, Flooding: None see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 47
Crow very fine and few fine roots; few very fine tubular Surface layer texture: Loam pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bg2—14 to 21 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Drainage class: Well drained loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; many Dominant parent material: Material weathered from medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) redox igneous rocks concentrations; moderate medium subangular Native plant cover type: Forest land blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly Flooding: None sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine and few fine Available water capacity: Mainly 9.1 inches roots; few very fine tubular pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. A typical soil description with range in 2Cg—21 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, 4/4) very gravelly loamy sand; light yellowish in this section. brown (10YR 6/4) dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky, nonplastic; few very fine roots; Management 20 percent cobbles and 40 percent pebbles; For management information about this map unit, neutral. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Range in Characteristics Soil temperature: 41 to 47 degrees F Blossberg Series Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 15 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth to the 2C horizon: 20 to 40 inches Drainage class: Poorly drained Depth to the seasonal high water table: 12 to 24 Permeability: Moderately slow to the 2C horizon, inches rapid below Landform: Flood plains and low stream terraces A horizon Parent material: Alluvium Value: 2 or 3 moist; 3 to 5 dry Slope range: 0 to 4 percent Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to Annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Bg1 horizon Hue: 10YR to 5Y Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy- Value: 3 or 4 moist; 5 or 6 dry skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Chroma: 2 or 3 Endoaquolls Texture: Loam or silty clay loam Typical Pedon Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to Blossberg loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles of hayland, 300 feet north and 800 feet east of the Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 southwest corner of sec. 17, T. 7 N., R. 15 W. Bg2 horizon Oi—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed organic matter. Hue: 10YR to 5Y A—0 to 6 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loam, dark gray Value: 4 or 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry (10YR 4/1) dry; many fine distinct strong brown Chroma: 1 or 2 (7.5YR 5/8) redox concentrations; moderate fine Texture: Loam or sandy loam granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, Clay content: 10 to 20 percent slightly plastic; many very fine and few fine roots; Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to few very fine irregular pores; neutral; clear 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles smooth boundary. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Bg1—6 to 14 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/2) loam, brown (10YR 5/2) dry; many medium distinct 2Cg horizon strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) redox concentrations; Value: 4 or 5 moist; 6 or 7 dry moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Chroma: 2 to 4 slightly hard, friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; many Texture: Loamy coarse sand or sand 48 Soil Survey
Clay content: 0 to 10 percent Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Content of rock fragments: 40 to 60 percent— Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days 20 to 25 percent cobbles; 20 to 40 percent Composition pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Major Components Blossberg and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components 634B—Blossberg loam, 0 to 4 percent Dougcliff and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent slopes Bandy and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Mannixlee and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Setting Flintcreek and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Landform: Stream terraces Position on landform: Treads Major Component Description Slope: 0 to 4 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Elevation: 3,800 to 6,000 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Drainage class: Poorly drained Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Dominant parent material: Alluvium Composition Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Rare Major Components Water table: Apparent Blossberg and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.0 inches Minor Components Flintcreek and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Poronto and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Drainage class: Poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Boxwell Series Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.0 inches Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained A typical soil description with range in Permeability: Moderate characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Landform: Sedimentary plains and hills in this section. Parent material: Material derived from loamy shale or sandstone Management Slope range: 0 to 35 percent For management information about this map unit, Elevation range: 3,600 to 5,400 feet see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days 834B—Blossberg loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, rarely flooded Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Aridic Haplustolls Setting Typical Pedon Landform: Flood plains Position on landform: Treads Boxwell loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of Slope: 0 to 4 percent rangeland, 1,700 feet north and 1,200 feet east of the Elevation: 3,800 to 6,000 feet southwest corner of sec. 15, T. 10 N., R. 12 W. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 49
A—0 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, Texture: Loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, or silt very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; loam moderate fine subangular blocky structure; soft, Clay content: 18 to 35 percent very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent very fine and fine and common medium roots; sandstone channers common very fine tubular and many Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 discontinuous irregular pores; 5 percent Bk1 horizon sandstone channers; neutral; clear smooth Hue: 10YR to 5Y boundary. Value: 6 to 8 dry; 4 to 7 moist Bw—7 to 12 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay Chroma: 2 or 3 loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; moderate Texture: Loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, or silt medium prismatic structure; slightly hard, friable, loam slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common very fine Clay content: 15 to 27 percent and fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. sandstone channers Bk1—12 to 15 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; moderate Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, slightly plastic; Bk2 horizon few fine and very fine roots; common fine and Hue: 10YR to 5Y very fine tubular pores; disseminated lime; Value: 6 to 8 dry; 4 to 7 moist common fine seams of lime; violently Chroma: 2 or 3 effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy Texture: Loam or silt loam boundary. Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Bk2—15 to 25 inches; white (10YR 8/2) loam; light Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent gray (10YR 7/2) moist; weak coarse prismatic sandstone channers structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent slightly plastic; few fine and very fine roots; few Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 very fine tubular pores; few fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. 69C—Boxwell loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes Cr—25 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) semiconsolidated sedimentary beds that crush to Setting a loam. Landform: Sedimentary plains Range in Characteristics Position on landform: Toeslopes Soil temperature: 41 to 47 degrees F Slope: 4 to 8 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Elevation: 3,600 to 4,600 feet Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 12 inches Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Depth to the Bk horizon: 8 to 12 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Depth to the Cr horizon: 20 to 40 inches Composition A horizon Major Components Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Boxwell and similar soils: 85 percent Chroma: 2 or 3 Minor Components Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Tanna and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent sandstone channers Dolus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Major Component Description Bw horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Surface layer texture: Loam Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Chroma: 2 to 4 Drainage class: Well drained 50 Soil Survey
Dominant parent material: Sandstone residuum 69E—Boxwell loam, 15 to 35 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland slopes Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches Setting A typical soil description with range in Landform: Hills characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes in this section. Slope: 15 to 35 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 4,600 feet Management Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches For management information about this map unit, Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Composition Major Components 69D—Boxwell loam, 8 to 15 percent Boxwell and similar soils: 85 percent slopes Minor Components Dolus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Setting Tanna and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Hills Major Component Description Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Surface layer texture: Loam Slope: 8 to 15 percent Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Elevation: 3,600 to 4,600 feet Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Dominant parent material: Sandstone residuum Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Native plant cover type: Rangeland Composition Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches Major Components Boxwell and similar soils: 85 percent A typical soil description with range in Minor Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Tanna and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Dolus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Major Component Description For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Braziel Series Dominant parent material: Sandstone residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches Permeability: Moderately slow Landform: Mountains and stream terraces A typical soil description with range in Parent material: Material derived from fine grained characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, extrusive igneous rock in this section. Slope range: 2 to 60 percent Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Management Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches For management information about this map unit, Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 51
Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, BC—43 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) superactive, frigid Pachic Argiustolls extremely gravelly loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly Typical Pedon hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few Braziel gravelly loam, in an area of Braziel-Tolbert very fine and fine roots; few fine and very fine complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an area of continuous tubular pores; 10 percent cobbles, rangeland, 300 feet south and 2,300 feet west of the 45 percent pebbles, 10 percent stones; neutral. northeast corner of sec. 8, T. 10 N., R. 13 W. Range in Characteristics A1—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches 3/2) moist; moderate fine and medium granular Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 16 to 27 inches structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots; A horizons many very fine tubular pores; 5 percent cobbles Value: 3 to 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist and 15 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth Chroma: 2 or 3 dry; 1 to 3 moist boundary. Clay content: 18 to 27 percent A2—4 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Content of rock fragments: 5 to 50 percent—0 to gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 15 percent stones; 0 to 10 percent cobbles; 3/2) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky 5 to 25 percent pebbles structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium Bt horizons roots; many very fine and common fine tubular Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist pores; 5 percent cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; Chroma: 2 to 4 neutral; clear smooth boundary. Texture: Clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam Bt1—8 to 17 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Clay content: 25 to 35 percent very gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; Content of rock fragments: 35 to 75 percent—0 to moderate medium subangular blocky structure; 10 percent stones; 5 to 20 percent cobbles; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; 30 to 45 percent pebbles many very fine and fine and common medium Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 roots; many very fine discontinuous tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds and lining BC horizon pores; 5 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; Value: 5 to 7 dry; 3 to 6 moist neutral; clear wavy boundary. Chroma: 3 or 4 dry; 2 to 4 moist Bt2—17 to 23 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Texture: Loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) Clay content: 15 to 30 percent moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—0 to slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; 15 percent stones; 5 to 15 percent cobbles; many very fine and fine and common medium 30 to 45 percent pebbles roots; many very fine and fine continuous tubular Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 pores; common distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 5 percent cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. 200E—Braziel-Tolbert-Rock outcrop Bt3—23 to 43 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; Setting hard, firm, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common very fine and fine continuous tubular pores; Landform: common distinct clay films on faces of peds and • Braziel—Mountains lining pores; 15 percent cobbles and 40 percent • Tolbert—Mountains pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. • Rock outcrop—Mountains 52 Soil Survey
Position on landform: 200F—Braziel-Tolbert-Rock outcrop • Braziel—Backslopes and footslopes complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes • Tolbert—Backslopes and footslopes • Rock outcrop—Backslopes and footslopes Setting Slope: • Braziel—15 to 35 percent Landform: • Tolbert—15 to 35 percent • Braziel—Mountains Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet • Tolbert—Mountains Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Rock outcrop—Mountains Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Position on landform: • Braziel—Backslopes and shoulders Composition • Tolbert—Backslopes and shoulders • Rock outcrop—Backslopes and shoulders Major Components Slope: Braziel and similar soils: 40 percent • Braziel—35 to 60 percent Tolbert and similar soils: 30 percent • Tolbert—35 to 60 percent Rock outcrop: 15 percent Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet Minor Components Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Perma and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Composition Major Component Description Major Components Braziel Braziel and similar soils: 40 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Tolbert and similar soils: 30 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Rock outcrop: 15 percent Drainage class: Well drained Minor Components Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Perma and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent extrusive igneous rocks Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Major Component Description Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Braziel Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Tolbert Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Drainage class: Well drained extrusive igneous rocks Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Native plant cover type: Rangeland igneous rocks Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.2 inches Tolbert Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Rock outcrop Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from A typical soil description with range in extrusive igneous rocks characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Native plant cover type: Rangeland in this section. Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.2 inches Management For management information about this map unit, Rock outcrop see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 53
A typical soil description with range in 242C—Braziel gravelly loam, 4 to 8 characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, percent slopes in this section. Management Setting For management information about this map unit, Landform: Mountains see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Position on landform: Toeslopes Slope: 4 to 8 percent Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet 242B—Braziel gravelly loam, 2 to 4 Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches percent slopes Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition Setting Major Components Braziel and similar soils: 85 percent Landform: Mountains Minor Components Position on landform: Toeslopes Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Slope: 2 to 4 percent Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet Straw and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Major Component Description Composition Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Components Drainage class: Well drained Braziel and similar soils: 85 percent Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Minor Components extrusive igneous rocks Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: None Straw and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Major Component Description A typical soil description with range in Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) in this section. Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Management extrusive igneous rocks For management information about this map unit, Native plant cover type: Rangeland see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches
A typical soil description with range in 242D—Braziel gravelly loam, 8 to 15 characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, percent slopes in this section. Management Setting For management information about this map unit, Landform: Mountains see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes 54 Soil Survey
Slope: 8 to 15 percent Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches extrusive igneous rocks Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Major Components Braziel and similar soils: 85 percent A typical soil description with range in Minor Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Straw and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained 242F—Braziel gravelly loam, 35 to 60 Dominant parent material: Material weathered from percent slopes extrusive igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Setting Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders A typical soil description with range in Slope: 35 to 60 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet in this section. Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Management Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days For management information about this map unit, Composition see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components Braziel and similar soils: 85 percent 242E—Braziel gravelly loam, 15 to 35 Minor Components percent slopes Perma and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Straw and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Landform: Mountains Major Component Description Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Slope: 15 to 35 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Dominant parent material: Material weathered from extrusive igneous rocks Composition Native plant cover type: Rangeland Major Components Flooding: None Braziel and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Minor Components Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Straw and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 55
342C—Braziel stony loam, 4 to 8 percent Minor Components slopes Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Mountains Surface layer texture: Stony loam Position on landform: Toeslopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 4 to 8 percent Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches extrusive igneous rocks Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Native plant cover type: Rangeland Composition Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Major Components Braziel and similar soils: 85 percent A typical soil description with range in Minor Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Major Component Description For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Stony loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from 342E—Braziel stony loam, 15 to 35 extrusive igneous rocks percent slopes Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Setting Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Landform: Mountains A typical soil description with range in Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Slope: 15 to 35 percent in this section. Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Management Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days For management information about this map unit, Composition see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components Braziel and similar soils: 85 percent 342D—Braziel stony loam, 8 to 15 percent Minor Components slopes Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Setting Perma and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Landform: Mountains Major Component Description Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: 8 to 15 percent Surface layer texture: Stony loam Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Dominant parent material: Material weathered from extrusive igneous rocks Composition Native plant cover type: Rangeland Major Components Flooding: None Braziel and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches 56 Soil Survey
A typical soil description with range in Flooding: None characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Available water capacity: Mainly 1.2 inches in this section. A typical soil description with range in Management characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, For management information about this map unit, in this section. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, 442C—Braziel-Tolbert gravelly loams, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 4 to 8 percent slopes
Setting 442D—Braziel-Tolbert gravelly loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes Landform: • Braziel—Mountains Setting • Tolbert—Mountains Position on landform: Landform: • Braziel—Toeslopes • Braziel—Mountains • Tolbert—Toeslopes • Tolbert—Mountains Slope: Position on landform: • Braziel—4 to 8 percent • Braziel—Backslopes and footslopes • Tolbert—4 to 8 percent • Tolbert—Footslopes and toeslopes Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet Slope: Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Braziel—8 to 15 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days • Tolbert—8 to 15 percent Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet Composition Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Major Components Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Braziel and similar soils: 50 percent Composition Tolbert and similar soils: 35 percent Minor Components Major Components Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Braziel and similar soils: 50 percent Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Tolbert and similar soils: 35 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Minor Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Braziel Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Major Component Description Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Braziel Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam extrusive igneous rocks Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches extrusive igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Rangeland Tolbert Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Tolbert Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam igneous rocks Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 57
Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Tolbert igneous rocks Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 1.2 inches Dominant parent material: Material weathered from igneous rocks A typical soil description with range in Native plant cover type: Rangeland characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Flooding: None in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 1.2 inches Management A typical soil description with range in For management information about this map unit, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. in this section. Management 442E—Braziel-Tolbert complex, 15 to 35 For management information about this map unit, percent slopes see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
Setting 442F—Braziel-Tolbert gravelly loams, 35 to 60 percent slopes Landform: • Braziel—Mountains Setting • Tolbert—Mountains Position on landform: Landform: • Braziel—Backslopes and footslopes • Braziel—Mountains • Tolbert—Backslopes and footslopes • Tolbert—Mountains Slope: Position on landform: • Braziel—15 to 35 percent • Braziel—Backslopes and shoulders • Tolbert—15 to 35 percent • Tolbert—Backslopes and shoulders Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet Slope: Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Braziel—35 to 60 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days • Tolbert—35 to 60 percent Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet Composition Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Major Components Composition Braziel and similar soils: 50 percent Tolbert and similar soils: 35 percent Major Components Minor Components Braziel and similar soils: 50 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Tolbert and similar soils: 35 percent Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Minor Components Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Braziel Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Braziel Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) extrusive igneous rocks Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Flooding: None extrusive igneous rocks Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland 58 Soil Survey
Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches extrusive igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Rangeland Tolbert Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Shanley Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam igneous rocks Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 1.2 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None A typical soil description with range in Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Management in this section. For management information about this map unit, Management see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 542C—Braziel-Shanley gravelly loams, 4 to 8 percent slopes 542D—Braziel-Shanley gravelly loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes Setting Setting Landform: • Braziel—Mountains Landform: • Shanley—Mountains • Braziel—Mountains Position on landform: • Shanley—Mountains • Braziel—Footslopes and toeslopes Position on landform: • Shanley—Footslopes and toeslopes • Braziel—Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: • Shanley—Footslopes and toeslopes • Braziel—4 to 8 percent Slope: • Shanley—4 to 8 percent • Braziel—8 to 15 percent Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet • Shanley—8 to 15 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition Composition Major Components Braziel and similar soils: 50 percent Major Components Shanley and similar soils: 35 percent Braziel and similar soils: 50 percent Minor Components Shanley and similar soils: 35 percent Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Minor Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Straw and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Straw and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Braziel Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Braziel Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 59
Drainage class: Well drained Major Component Description Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Braziel extrusive igneous rocks Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Dominant parent material: Material weathered from extrusive igneous rocks Shanley Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Shanley Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium A typical soil description with range in Native plant cover type: Rangeland characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Flooding: None in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Management A typical soil description with range in For management information about this map unit, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. in this section. Management 542E—Braziel-Shanley gravelly loams, For management information about this map unit, 15 to 35 percent slopes see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
Setting 542F—Braziel-Shanley gravelly loams, Landform: 35 to 60 percent slopes • Braziel—Mountains • Shanley—Mountains Setting Position on landform: • Braziel—Backslopes and footslopes Landform: • Shanley—Backslopes and footslopes • Braziel—Mountains Slope: • Shanley—Mountains • Braziel—15 to 35 percent Position on landform: • Shanley—15 to 35 percent • Braziel—Backslopes and shoulders Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet • Shanley—Backslopes and shoulders Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Slope: Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days • Braziel—35 to 60 percent • Shanley—35 to 60 percent Composition Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet Major Components Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Braziel and similar soils: 50 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Shanley and similar soils: 35 percent Composition Minor Components Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Braziel and similar soils: 50 percent Straw and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Shanley and similar soils: 35 percent 60 Soil Survey
Minor Components north and 1,900 feet east of the southwest corner of Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent sec. 14, T. 10 N., R. 12 W. Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent A—0 to 4 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) gravelly Straw and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; Major Component Description moderate medium granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many Braziel fine and very fine and common medium roots; Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam common fine and very fine tubular pores; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 20 percent pebbles; strongly effervescent; Drainage class: Well drained moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Dominant parent material: Material weathered from C1—4 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) extrusive igneous rocks gravelly coarse sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR Native plant cover type: Rangeland 5/2) dry; weak medium subangular blocky Flooding: None structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches common medium and fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; 20 percent pebbles; slightly Shanley effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear smooth Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) C2—8 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Drainage class: Well drained gravelly sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Native plant cover type: Rangeland soft, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; few Flooding: None medium, common fine, and very fine roots; Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches common very fine tubular pores; 20 percent pebbles; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; A typical soil description with range in clear smooth boundary. characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, 2C3—10 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) in this section. very gravelly sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; Management many fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) redox concentrations; single grain; loose, nonsticky, For management information about this map unit, nonplastic; few fine roots; 35 percent pebbles and see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 20 percent cobbles; slightly alkaline. Range in Characteristics Canarway Series Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 12 and 35 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth to the seasonal high water table: 12 to Drainage class: Poorly drained 24 inches Permeability: Very rapid A horizon Landform: Flood plains Value: 2 or 3 moist; 3 to 5 dry Parent material: Alluvium Chroma: 1 to 3 Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Clay content: 5 to 15 percent Elevation range: 3,600 to 5,800 feet Content of rock fragments: 15 to 25 percent—0 to Annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches 5 percent cobbles; 15 to 20 percent pebbles Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days C1 horizon Taxonomic Class: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Aeric Value: 4 or 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry Fluvaquents Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Loamy sand or coarse sandy loam Typical Pedon Clay content: 5 to 15 percent Canarway gravelly sandy loam, in an area of Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to Mccabe-Canarway complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles occasionally flooded, in an area of pasture, 1,100 feet Reaction: pH 7.4 to 7.8 Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 61
C2 horizon Native plant cover type: Rangeland Value: 4 or 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry Flooding: Occasional Chroma: 2 or 3 Water table: Apparent Texture: Sandy loam or sand Available water capacity: Mainly 2.8 inches Clay content: 5 to 15 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to Mccabe 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Reaction: pH 7.4 to 7.8 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Poorly drained 2C3 horizon Dominant parent material: Alluvium Value: 4 or 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry Native plant cover type: Rangeland Chroma: 2 or 3 Flooding: Occasional Texture: Loamy sand or sand Water table: Apparent Clay content: 0 to 10 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—10 to 25 percent cobbles; 25 to 35 percent A typical soil description with range in pebbles characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 in this section. Management 111A—Canarway-Mccabe complex, For management information about this map unit, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. flooded
Setting Carett Series Landform: Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) • Canarway—Flood plains Drainage class: Well drained • Mccabe—Flood plains Permeability: Moderately slow Position on landform: Landform: Stream terraces and alluvial fans • Canarway—Treads Parent material: Alluvium or colluvium derived from • Mccabe—Treads semiconsolidated tuff Slope: Slope range: 15 to 35 percent • Canarway—0 to 2 percent Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet • Mccabe—0 to 2 percent Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Elevation: 3,600 to 5,800 feet Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Composition Taxonomic Class: Ashy, glassy, frigid Vitrandic Argiustolls Major Components Canarway and similar soils: 45 percent Typical Pedon Mccabe and similar soils: 40 percent Carett very cobbly silty clay loam, in an area of Roy- Minor Components Carett-Elflint complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in Flintcreek and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent an area of rangeland, 2,550 feet south and 1,600 feet Areas of riverwash: 0 to 5 percent east of the northwest corner of sec. 25, T. 5 N., Water: 0 to 3 percent R. 15 W. Nythar and similar soils: 0 to 2 percent A—0 to 9 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) very Major Component Description cobbly silty clay loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; Canarway moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, Surface layer texture: Gravelly sandy loam very friable, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) many very fine and fine roots; few very fine Drainage class: Poorly drained tubular pores; 30 percent cobbles and 20 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. 62 Soil Survey
Bt1—9 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) cobbly silty Cetrack Series clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; strong medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) very friable, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; Drainage class: Well drained many very fine and fine roots; few medium Permeability: Moderate to the 2C horizon, rapid below tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces of peds; 15 percent cobbles and 10 percent Parent material: Calcareous alluvium pebbles; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. Slope range: 0 to 15 percent Bt2—15 to 24 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) cobbly silty Elevation range: 3,600 to 4,600 feet clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; moderate fine Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches subangular blocky structure; hard, very friable, Annual air temperature: 40 to 44 degrees F moderately sticky, moderately plastic; many very Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days fine and common fine roots; few medium tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces of Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy- peds and lining pores; 15 percent cobbles and skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Aridic 10 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear wavy Haplustolls boundary. Typical Pedon Cr—24 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) semiconsolidated tuff that crushes to silt loam. Cetrack loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of irrigated cropland, 2,310 feet south and 2,310 feet Range in Characteristics east of the northwest corner of sec. 6, T. 10 N., R. 12 W. Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Ap—0 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 8 to 15 inches moderate medium granular structure; slightly Depth to the argillic horizon: 8 to 12 inches hard, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Depth to the Cr horizon: 20 to 40 inches common very fine roots; few medium tubular A horizon pores; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Bw—6 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, dark Chroma: 1 or 2 brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine and Clay content: 27 to 35 percent medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent— hard, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; 25 to 35 percent cobbles; 10 to 25 percent common very fine roots; common very fine pebbles tubular pores; 5 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; Reaction: 6.6 to 7.3 gradual smooth boundary. Bk1—12 to 16 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, Bt1 horizon dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine and Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Chroma: 2 or 3 hard, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common Texture: Silty clay loam, clay, or silty clay very fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; Clay content: 35 to 50 percent 5 percent pebbles; few medium threads and Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent— masses of lime; strongly effervescent; moderately 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 5 to 15 percent alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. pebbles Bk2—16 to 32 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) loam; Reaction: 6.6 to 7.3 brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine subangular Bt2 horizon blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist nonsticky, nonplastic; common very fine roots; Chroma: 3 or 4 common very fine irregular pores; 10 percent Texture: Silty clay loam, clay, or silty clay pebbles; many fine masses of lime; violently Clay content: 35 to 50 percent effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent— boundary. 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 5 to 15 percent 2C—32 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) very pebbles gravelly loamy sand; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Reaction: 6.6 to 7.8 moist; single grain; loose, nonsticky, nonplastic; Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 63
few very fine roots; 40 percent pebbles and Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent 20 percent cobbles; common distinct lime casts Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 on underside of coarse fragments; strongly effervescent in upper part; slightly alkaline. 34B—Cetrack loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Range in Characteristics Setting Soil temperature: 42 to 47 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 14 inches Position on landform: Toeslopes Depth to the Bk horizon: 8 to 14 inches Slope: 0 to 4 percent Depth to the 2C horizon: 20 to 40 inches Elevation: 3,600 to 4,600 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Ap horizon Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 15 to 25 percent Composition Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to Major Components 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles Cetrack and similar soils: 85 percent Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Minor Components Bw horizon Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Windlass and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Rothiemay and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Chroma: 2 or 3 Sixbeacon and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Texture: Loam or clay loam Major Component Description Clay content: 22 to 32 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent—0 to Surface layer texture: Loam 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Bk1 horizon Native plant cover type: Rangeland Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Flooding: None Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Available water capacity: Mainly 5.9 inches Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 18 to 25 percent A typical soil description with range in Content of rock fragments: 5 to 20 percent—0 to characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, 5 percent cobbles; 5 to 15 percent pebbles in this section. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 20 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Management Bk2 horizon For management information about this map unit, Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Value: 7 or 8 dry; 5 or 6 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 18 to 25 percent 34C—Cetrack loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes Content of rock fragments: 5 to 25 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 5 to 20 percent pebbles Setting Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Position on landform: Toeslopes 2C horizon Slope: 4 to 8 percent Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Elevation: 3,600 to 4,600 feet Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Chroma: 2 to 4 Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Texture: Loamy sand or sand Composition Clay content: 0 to 10 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—0 to Major Components 20 percent cobbles; 35 to 50 percent pebbles Cetrack and similar soils: 85 percent 64 Soil Survey
Minor Components A typical soil description with range in Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Rothiemay and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent in this section. Windlass and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Management Sixbeacon and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Clasoil Series Dominant parent material: Alluvium Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Mainly 5.9 inches Landform: Mountains, alluvial fans, and stream terraces A typical soil description with range in Parent material: Alluvium derived from granite and characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, other coarse grained igneous rocks in this section. Slope range: 4 to 35 percent Management Elevation range: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches For management information about this map unit, Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days
Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, 34D—Cetrack loam, 8 to 15 percent frigid Typic Argiustolls slopes Typical Pedon Setting Clasoil sandy loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland, 400 feet south and 1,500 feet east of Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces the northwest corner of sec. 27, T. 10 N., R. 12 W. Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: 8 to 15 percent A—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Elevation: 3,600 to 4,600 feet sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days soft, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; many very fine Composition discontinuous and few very fine tubular pores; Major Components 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth Cetrack and similar soils: 85 percent boundary. Minor Components Bt1—7 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy clay Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium Windlass and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Rothiemay and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common very fine Sixbeacon and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent and fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular and many very fine discontinuous pores; few faint Major Component Description clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent pebbles; Surface layer texture: Loam neutral; gradual smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bt2—9 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Drainage class: Well drained sandy clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; Dominant parent material: Alluvium moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Native plant cover type: Rangeland slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Flooding: None common very fine and fine roots; common very Available water capacity: Mainly 5.9 inches fine and fine tubular and many very fine Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 65
discontinuous pores; few faint clay films on faces 152C—Clasoil sandy loam, 4 to 8 percent of peds; 10 percent pebbles; neutral; clear slopes smooth boundary. BC1—15 to 24 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y Setting 6/4) gravelly coarse sandy loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; weak medium subangular Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky, Position on landform: Toeslopes nonplastic; many very fine roots; many fine Slope: 4 to 8 percent tubular pores; 30 percent pebbles; slightly Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches boundary. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days BC2—24 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y Composition 6/4) very gravelly coarse sandy loam; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; single grain; loose, Major Components nonsticky, nonplastic; few very fine roots; Clasoil and similar soils: 85 percent common very fine discontinuous irregular pores; Minor Components 35 percent pebbles; strongly effervescent; slightly Crackerville and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent alkaline. Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Range in Characteristics Soil temperature: 38 to 43 degrees F Major Component Description Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 10 inches Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) A horizon Drainage class: Well drained Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist intrusive igneous rocks Chroma: 2 or 3 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Clay content: 15 to 20 percent Flooding: None Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to Available water capacity: Mainly 7.1 inches 5 cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Reaction: 5.6 to 7.3 A typical soil description with range in Bt horizons characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y in this section. Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Management Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: Loam or sandy clay loam For management information about this map unit, Clay content: 18 to 30 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 5 to 30 percent pebbles Reaction: 5.6 to 7.3 152D—Clasoil sandy loam, 8 to 15 BC horizons percent slopes Hue: 2.5Y or 10YR Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Setting Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: Loam, sandy loam, or coarse sandy Landform: Stream terraces loam Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Clay content: 12 to 20 percent Slope: 8 to 15 percent Content of rock fragments: 20 to 45 percent—0 to Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet 10 percent cobbles; 20 to 35 percent pebbles Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Reaction: 7.4 to 7.8 Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days 66 Soil Survey
Composition Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 7.1 inches Major Components Clasoil and similar soils: 85 percent A typical soil description with range in Minor Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Crackerville and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Major Component Description For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from 552D—Clasoil-Crackerville complex, intrusive igneous rocks 8 to 15 percent slopes Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Setting Available water capacity: Mainly 7.1 inches Landform: A typical soil description with range in • Clasoil—Mountains characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, • Crackerville—Mountains in this section. Position on landform: • Clasoil—Footslopes and toeslopes Management • Crackerville—Footslopes and toeslopes For management information about this map unit, Slope: see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Clasoil—8 to 15 percent • Crackerville—4 to 8 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet 152E—Clasoil sandy loam, 15 to 35 Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches percent slopes Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition Setting Major Components Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Clasoil and similar soils: 50 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Crackerville and similar soils: 35 percent Slope: 15 to 35 percent Minor Components Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Soils with stony surfaces: 0 to 5 percent Composition Major Component Description Major Components Clasoil Clasoil and similar soils: 85 percent Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Minor Components Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Crackerville and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Well drained Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent intrusive igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Rangeland Major Component Description Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Available water capacity: Mainly 7.4 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Crackerville Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Surface layer texture: Bouldery sandy loam intrusive igneous rocks Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 67
Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Crackerville intrusive igneous rocks Surface layer texture: Bouldery sandy loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 2.5 inches Dominant parent material: Material weathered from intrusive igneous rocks A typical soil description with range in Native plant cover type: Rangeland characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Flooding: None in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 2.5 inches Management A typical soil description with range in For management information about this map unit, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. in this section. Management 552E—Clasoil-Crackerville complex, For management information about this map unit, 15 to 35 percent slopes see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
Setting 752D—Clasoil-Crackerville-Rock outcrop Landform: complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes • Clasoil—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Crackerville—Mountains Setting Position on landform: Landform: • Clasoil—Backslopes and footslopes • Clasoil—Mountains • Crackerville—Backslopes and footslopes • Crackerville—Mountains Slope: • Rock outcrop—Mountains • Clasoil—15 to 35 percent Position on landform: • Crackerville—15 to 35 percent • Clasoil—Footslopes and toeslopes Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet • Crackerville—Footslopes and toeslopes Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Rock outcrop—Footslopes and toeslopes Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Slope: Composition • Clasoil—8 to 15 percent • Crackerville—8 to 15 percent Major Components Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Clasoil and similar soils: 50 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Crackerville and similar soils: 35 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Minor Components Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Composition Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Major Components Soils with stony surfaces: 0 to 5 percent Clasoil and similar soils: 40 percent Major Component Description Crackerville and similar soils: 30 percent Rock outcrop: 15 percent Clasoil Minor Components Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Soils shallow to bedrock: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Well drained Clasoil, greater slope: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Major Component Description intrusive igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Rangeland Clasoil Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Available water capacity: Mainly 7.4 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 68 Soil Survey
Drainage class: Well drained Minor Components Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent intrusive igneous rocks Soils shallow to bedrock: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Clasoil, greater slope: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 7.4 inches Major Component Description Clasoil Crackerville Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Surface layer texture: Bouldery sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Dominant parent material: Material weathered from intrusive igneous rocks intrusive igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 7.4 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 2.5 inches Crackerville Rock outcrop Surface layer texture: Bouldery sandy loam Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained A typical soil description with range in Dominant parent material: Material weathered from characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, intrusive igneous rocks in this section. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Management Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 2.5 inches For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Rock outcrop Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock 752E—Clasoil-Crackerville-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Setting Management Landform: • Clasoil—Mountains For management information about this map unit, • Crackerville—Mountains see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Rock outcrop—Mountains Position on landform: • Clasoil—Backslopes and footslopes Coben Series • Crackerville—Backslopes and footslopes • Rock outcrop—Backslopes and footslopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: Drainage class: Well drained • Clasoil—15 to 35 percent Permeability: Slow • Crackerville—15 to 35 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Parent material: Alluvium Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Slope range: 0 to 15 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Elevation range: 3,600 to 5,800 feet Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Composition Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Major Components Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Clasoil and similar soils: 40 percent Crackerville and similar soils: 30 percent Taxonomic Class: Fine, smectitic, frigid Vertic Rock outcrop: 15 percent Argiustolls Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 69
Typical Pedon A horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Coben clay loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist rangeland, 25 feet south and 2,600 feet east of the Chroma: 2 or 3 northwest corner of sec. 32, T. 10 N., R. 12 W. Clay content: 27 to 35 percent A—0 to 5 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; pebbles weak medium platy structure parting to weak fine Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 granular; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, Bt horizon moderately plastic; many very fine roots; many Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y very fine and fine irregular pores; 5 percent Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist pebbles; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. Chroma: 2 to 4 Bt—5 to 12 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay, Texture: Clay loam, clay, or silty clay very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; strong Clay content: 35 to 60 percent medium columnar structure parting to strong Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent medium blocky; very hard, very firm, very sticky, pebbles very plastic; common very fine roots between Sodium adsorption ratio: 0 to 8 percent faces of peds; few fine tubular pores; many Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 distinct clay films on faces of peds; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. Bk1 horizon Bk1—12 to 24 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay, Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, very Chroma: 3 or 4 sticky, very plastic; common very fine roots Texture: Clay loam, clay, or silty clay loam between faces of peds; few fine tubular pores; few Clay content: 35 to 50 percent fine masses of lime; strongly effervescent; slightly Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. pebbles Bk2—24 to 40 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay, Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; weak coarse Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, very Bk2 horizon sticky, very plastic; few very fine roots; few fine Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist tubular pores; few fine masses of lime; strongly Chroma: 3 or 4 effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy Texture: Clay or clay loam boundary. Clay content: 35 to 45 percent By—40 to 46 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; weak fine pebbles subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, very Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent sticky, very plastic; few very fine roots; many very Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 fine pores; many very fine gypsum nodules; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; By horizon gradual wavy boundary. Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist BC—46 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam; Chroma: 3 or 4 dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; massive; Texture: Clay loam or clay hard, friable, moderately sticky, very plastic; Clay content: 30 to 45 percent 10 percent pebbles; slightly effervescent; Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent moderately alkaline. pebbles Gypsum: 0 to 2 percent Range in Characteristics Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Soil temperature: 38 to 43 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches BC horizon Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 15 inches Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Depth to the Bk horizon: 12 to 30 inches Chroma: 3 or 4 Depth to the By horizon: 40 to 60 inches Texture: Clay loam or loam 70 Soil Survey
Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Composition Content of rock fragments: 10 to 20 percent Major Components pebbles Coben and similar soils: 85 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Minor Components Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 58B—Coben clay loam, 0 to 4 percent Ekah and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent slopes Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Clay loam Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 0 to 4 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 4,400 to 5,800 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 8.2 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Coben and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. Minor Components Management Ekah and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Clay loam 58D—Coben clay loam, 8 to 15 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) slopes Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Flooding: None Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Available water capacity: Mainly 8.2 inches Slope: 8 to 15 percent Elevation: 4,400 to 5,800 feet A typical soil description with range in Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days in this section. Composition Management Major Components For management information about this map unit, Coben and similar soils: 85 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 58C—Coben clay loam, 4 to 8 percent Ekah and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent slopes Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Clay loam Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 4 to 8 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 4,400 to 5,800 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 8.2 inches Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 71
A typical soil description with range in E and Bt2—25 to 35 inches; E part (80 percent) is characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) very stony coarse in this section. sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; B part (20 percent) is strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy Management 1 1 loam lamellae /4- to /2-inch thick, dark yellowish For management information about this map unit, brown (7.5YR 4/6) moist; weak fine subangular see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; few very fine interstitial pores; 20 percent Comad Series stones, 15 percent cobbles, and 10 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) BC—35 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) very stony Drainage class: Excessively drained coarse sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; Permeability: Rapid single grain; loose, nonsticky, nonplastic; few very Landform: Mountains fine roots; 25 percent stones, 10 percent cobbles, Parent material: Material weathered from intrusive and 5 percent pebbles; neutral. igneous rocks Range in Characteristics Slope range: 8 to 60 percent Elevation range: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Soil temperature: 36 to 43 degrees F Annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Moisture control section: Between 12 and 35 inches Annual air temperature: 35 to 39 degrees F Depth to the lamellae: 13 to 20 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days E horizon Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Taxonomic Class: Sandy-skeletal, mixed Lamellic Value: 6 or 7 dry; 3 to 5 moist Cryorthents Chroma: 2 or 3 Typical Pedon Clay content: 5 to 15 percent Content of rock fragments: 40 to 70 percent— Comad very stony sandy loam, in an area of Comad- 10 to 35 percent stones; 20 to 25 percent Elkner complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an area cobbles; 10 to 15 percent pebbles of woodland, 1,400 feet north and 700 feet east of the Reaction: pH 5.1 to 7.3 southwest corner of sec. 29, T. 8 N., R. 15 W. E and Bt horizons Oe—1 inch to 0; decomposed forest litter. Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR E—0 to 15 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) very stony Value: E part—6 or 7 dry, 4 to 6 moist; B part— sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; 5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, Chroma: E part—2 or 3; B part—3, 4, or 6 nonsticky, nonplastic; many very fine and fine and Clay content: 0 to 15 percent common coarse roots; common very fine Content of rock fragments: 40 to 80 percent— interstitial pores; 25 percent stones, 20 percent 15 to 35 percent stones; 15 to 25 percent cobbles, and 10 percent pebbles; neutral; clear cobbles; 10 to 20 percent pebbles smooth boundary. Reaction: pH 5.1 to 7.3 E and Bt1—15 to 25 inches; E part (80 percent) is light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) very stony coarse BC horizon sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; B part Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR (20 percent) is strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy Value: 6 or 7 dry, 5 or 6 moist 1 1 loam lamellae /4- to /2-inch thick, dark yellowish Chroma: 2 or 3 brown (7.5YR 4/6) moist; weak fine subangular Texture: Loamy sand, sand, or coarse sand blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Clay content: 0 to 10 percent sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine and fine Content of rock fragments: 40 to 80 percent— roots; few very fine interstitial pores; 20 percent 25 to 35 percent stones; 10 to 25 percent stones, 15 percent cobbles, and 10 percent cobbles; 5 to 20 percent pebbles pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 72 Soil Survey
280E—Comad-Elkner-Rock outcrop A typical soil description with range in complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Setting For management information about this map unit, Landform: see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Comad—Mountains • Elkner—Mountains • Rock outcrop—Mountains 580D—Comad-Elkner complex, 8 to 15 Position on landform: percent slopes • Comad—Backslopes and footslopes • Elkner—Backslopes and footslopes Setting • Rock outcrop—Backslopes and footslopes Landform: Slope: • Comad—Mountains • Comad—15 to 35 percent • Elkner—Mountains • Elkner—15 to 35 percent Position on landform: Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet • Comad—Footslopes and toeslopes Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches • Elkner—Footslopes and toeslopes Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Slope: Composition • Comad—8 to 15 percent • Elkner—8 to 15 percent Major Components Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Comad and similar soils: 40 percent Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Elkner and similar soils: 25 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Rock outcrop: 20 percent Minor Components Composition Soils less than 40 inches deep: 0 to 8 percent Major Components Rubble land: 0 to 7 percent Comad and similar soils: 65 percent Elkner and similar soils: 20 percent Major Component Description Minor Components Comad Sandy clay loam subsoils: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Extremely bouldery sandy loam Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Crackerville and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Excessively drained Major Component Description Dominant parent material: Material weathered from intrusive igneous rocks Comad Native plant cover type: Forest land Surface layer texture: Very stony sandy loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 1.4 inches Drainage class: Excessively drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Elkner intrusive igneous rocks Surface layer texture: Bouldery sandy loam Native plant cover type: Forest land Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches Dominant parent material: Granitic colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Elkner Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Stony sandy loam Available water capacity: Mainly 5.6 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Rock outcrop Dominant parent material: Granitic colluvium Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock Native plant cover type: Forest land Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 73
Flooding: None Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Available water capacity: Mainly 4.4 inches Dominant parent material: Granitic colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land A typical soil description with range in Flooding: None characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Available water capacity: Mainly 4.4 inches in this section. A typical soil description with range in Management characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, For management information about this map unit, in this section. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, 580E—Comad-Elkner complex, 15 to 35 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. percent slopes
Setting 580F—Comad-Elkner complex, 35 to 60 Landform: percent slopes • Comad—Mountains • Elkner—Mountains Setting Position on landform: • Comad—Backslopes and footslopes Landform: • Elkner—Backslopes and footslopes • Comad—Mountains Slope: • Elkner—Mountains • Comad—15 to 35 percent Position on landform: • Elkner—15 to 35 percent • Comad—Backslopes and shoulders Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet • Elkner—Backslopes and shoulders Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Slope: Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days • Comad—35 to 60 percent • Elkner—35 to 60 percent Composition Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Major Components Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Comad and similar soils: 65 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Elkner and similar soils: 20 percent Composition Minor Components Sandy clay loam subsoils: 0 to 5 percent Major Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Comad and similar soils: 65 percent Crackerville and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Elkner and similar soils: 20 percent Minor Components Major Component Description Sandy clay loam subsoils: 0 to 5 percent Comad Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Very stony sandy loam Crackerville and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Component Description Drainage class: Excessively drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Comad intrusive igneous rocks Surface layer texture: Very stony sandy loam Native plant cover type: Forest land Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Excessively drained Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches Dominant parent material: Material weathered from intrusive igneous rocks Elkner Native plant cover type: Forest land Surface layer texture: Stony sandy loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches 74 Soil Survey
Elkner subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Surface layer texture: Stony sandy loam nonsticky, slightly plastic; few very fine and fine Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained disseminated lime; few fine masses of lime; Dominant parent material: Granitic colluvium violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; Native plant cover type: Forest land gradual smooth boundary. Flooding: None Bk2—23 to 60 inches; white (10YR 8/2) loam, light Available water capacity: Mainly 4.4 inches yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) moist; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, A typical soil description with range in nonsticky, slightly plastic; few fine roots; common characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, very fine and fine pores; 5 percent pebbles; in this section. disseminated lime; few fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. Management Range in Characteristics For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 10 inches Con Series Depth to the calcic horizon: 11 to 18 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) A horizon Drainage class: Well drained Chroma: 1 to 3 Permeability: Moderate Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Landform: Stream terraces and alluvial fans Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to Parent material: Calcareous alluvium 20 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles Slope range: 0 to 60 percent Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Bw horizon Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Value: 4 to 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees Chroma: 3 or 4 Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Texture: Loam or clay loam Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent frigid Aridic Haplustolls pebbles Typical Pedon Reaction: 6.6 to 7.8 Con loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of Bk1 horizon cropland, 200 feet north and 2,300 feet west of the Value: 7 or 8 dry; 5 to 7 moist southeast corner of sec. 10, T. 10 N., R. 13 W. Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: Loam, clay loam, or sandy loam A—0 to 8 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, Clay content: 18 to 35 percent dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium Content of rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent—0 to granular structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky, 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles slightly plastic; many very fine and fine and Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent common medium roots; few fine tubular pores; Reaction: 7.9 to 8.4 slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bw—8 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, dark Bk2 horizon brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium Value: 5 to 8 dry; 4 to 6 moist subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Chroma: 2 to 4 slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common very fine Texture: Loam or sandy loam and fine and few medium roots; common very Clay content: 18 to 27 percent fine and fine and few medium tubular pores; Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles Bk1—14 to 23 inches; white (10YR 8/2) loam, very Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 25 percent pale brown (10YR 7/4) moist; weak coarse Reaction: 7.9 to 8.4 Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 75
24B—Con loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Dominant parent material: Alluvium Position on landform: Toeslopes Native plant cover type: Rangeland Slope: 0 to 4 percent Flooding: None Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days A typical soil description with range in Composition characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Con and similar soils: 85 percent Management Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Anaconda and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Varney and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Sixbeacon and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description 24D—Con loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Dominant parent material: Alluvium Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Native plant cover type: Rangeland Slope: 8 to 15 percent Flooding: None Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Composition in this section. Major Components Management Con and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Anaconda and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Varney and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Sixbeacon and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 24C—Con loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Loam Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 4 to 8 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Con and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. Minor Components Management Anaconda and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Varney and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Sixbeacon and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 76 Soil Survey
824E—Con-Sixbeacon cobbly loams, 824F—Con-Sixbeacon cobbly loams, 15 to 35 percent slopes 35 to 60 percent slopes
Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Con—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Con—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Sixbeacon—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Sixbeacon—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Position on landform: Position on landform: • Con—Backslopes and footslopes • Con—Backslopes and shoulders • Sixbeacon—Backslopes and footslopes • Sixbeacon—Backslopes and shoulders Slope: Slope: • Con—15 to 35 percent • Con—35 to 60 percent • Sixbeacon—15 to 35 percent • Sixbeacon—35 to 60 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Con and similar soils: 55 percent Con and similar soils: 55 percent Sixbeacon and similar soils: 30 percent Sixbeacon and similar soils: 30 percent Minor Components Minor Components Anaconda and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Anaconda and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Varney and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Varney and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Rothiemay and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Rothiemay and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Con Con Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 8.4 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 8.4 inches
Sixbeacon Sixbeacon Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 3.9 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 3.9 inches
A typical soil description with range in A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 77
Copenhaver Series Bt horizon Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Drainage class: Well drained Chroma: 2 or 3 Permeability: Moderate Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Landform: Mountains Content of rock fragments: 35 to 75 percent—5 to Parent material: Material derived from argillite, 15 percent cobbles; 30 to 60 percent pebbles andesite, and basalt Reaction: pH 7.4 to 7.8 Slope range: 8 to 60 percent Elevation range: 5,200 to 7,000 feet Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches 745D—Copenhaver-Libeg complex, Annual air temperature: 34 to 39 degrees F 8 to 15 percent slopes Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days
Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Setting superactive Lithic Argicryolls Landform: • Copenhaver—Mountains Typical Pedon • Libeg—Mountains Copenhaver gravelly loam, in an area of Libeg- Position on landform: Copenhaver-Rock outcrop complex, 8 to 15 percent • Copenhaver—Footslopes and toeslopes slopes, in an area of rangeland, 1,320 feet north and • Libeg—Footslopes and toeslopes 1,700 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 17, Slope: T. 7 N., R. 14 W. • Copenhaver—8 to 15 percent • Libeg—8 to 15 percent A—0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Elevation: 5,200 to 7,000 feet gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches 3/2) moist; moderate fine granular structure; Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine roots; common very fine Composition interstitial pores; 30 percent pebbles; neutral; Major Components clear smooth boundary. Copenhaver and similar soils: 50 percent Bt—6 to 12 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/2) very gravelly Libeg and similar soils: 35 percent clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/2) moist; moderate Minor Components fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Moderately deep soils: 0 to 5 percent moderately sticky, moderately plastic; many very Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent fine roots; common very fine interstitial pores; few Redchief and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent faint clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent cobbles and 45 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; Major Component Description clear smooth boundary. Copenhaver R—12 inches; argillite bedrock. Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Range in Characteristics Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Soil temperature: 36 to 41 degrees F Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches igneous rocks Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 16 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Flooding: None A horizon Available water capacity: Mainly 1.3 inches Hue: 10YR to 5YR Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Libeg Chroma: 2 or 3 Surface layer texture: Channery loam Clay content: 20 to 25 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to Drainage class: Well drained 5 percent cobbles; 15 to 30 percent pebbles Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Native plant cover type: Rangeland 78 Soil Survey
Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 4.2 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, A typical soil description with range in in this section. characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 745E—Copenhaver-Libeg complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes 745F—Copenhaver-Libeg complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes Setting Landform: Setting • Copenhaver—Mountains • Libeg—Mountains Landform: Position on landform: • Copenhaver—Mountains • Copenhaver—Backslopes and footslopes • Libeg—Mountains • Libeg—Backslopes and footslopes Position on landform: Slope: • Copenhaver—Backslopes and shoulders • Copenhaver—15 to 35 percent • Libeg—Backslopes and shoulders • Libeg—15 to 35 percent Slope: Elevation: 5,200 to 7,000 feet • Copenhaver—35 to 60 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches • Libeg—35 to 60 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Elevation: 5,200 to 7,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Composition Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Major Components Composition Copenhaver and similar soils: 50 percent Libeg and similar soils: 35 percent Major Components Minor Components Copenhaver and similar soils: 50 percent Moderately deep soils: 0 to 5 percent Libeg and similar soils: 35 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Minor Components Redchief and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Moderately deep soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Redchief and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Copenhaver Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Copenhaver Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) extrusive igneous rocks Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Flooding: None igneous rocks Available water capacity: Mainly 1.3 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Libeg Available water capacity: Mainly 1.3 inches Surface layer texture: Channery loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Libeg Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Channery loam Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 79
Drainage class: Well drained 15 percent boulders, 10 percent cobbles, and Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium 35 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Bt2—13 to 23 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Flooding: None sandy clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common A typical soil description with range in very fine and fine roots; common very fine and characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, fine tubular pores; common faint clay films on in this section. faces of peds; 15 percent boulders, 10 percent cobbles, and 35 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; Management clear wavy boundary. For management information about this map unit, Cr—23 to 35 inches; light reddish brown (2.5Y 6/4) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. semiconsolidated granite bedrock. R—35 inches; granite bedrock.
Crackerville Series Range in Characteristics Soil temperature: 40 to 44 degrees F Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Drainage class: Well drained Depth to the argillic horizon: 7 to 15 inches Permeability: Moderate Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 15 inches Landform: Mountains Depth to the Cr horizon: 20 to 38 inches Parent material: Granitic residuum and colluvium Depth to the R horizon: 23 to 40 inches Slope range: 4 to 35 percent Elevation range: 3,600 to 5,400 feet A horizon Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 14 to 20 percent Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to superactive, frigid Typic Argiustolls 20 percent boulders; 0 to 10 percent cobbles; 5 to 25 percent pebbles Typical Pedon Reaction: pH 5.1 to 7.3 Crackerville bouldery sandy loam, in an area of Bt1 horizon Clasoil-Crackerville complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y in an area of rangeland, 2,640 feet south and 2,000 Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 22, T. 10 N., Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 dry R. 12 W. Texture: Sandy clay loam, clay loam, or loam Clay content: 20 to 30 percent A—0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to bouldery sandy loam, very dark grayish brown 15 percent boulders; 0 to 15 percent cobbles; (10YR 3/2) moist; weak fine subangular blocky 35 to 45 percent pebbles structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky, slightly Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 plastic; many very fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine discontinuous irregular pores; Bt2 horizon 20 percent boulders, 5 percent cobbles, and Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist boundary. Chroma: 3, 4 or 6 dry Bt1—8 to 13 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Texture: Loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam sandy clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; Clay content: 20 to 30 percent moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; 15 percent boulders; 0 to 10 percent cobbles; common very fine and fine roots; few fine tubular 35 to 50 percent pebbles pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds; Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 80 Soil Survey
Crow Series fine irregular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; neutral. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Soil temperature: 40 to 47 degrees F Landform: Mountains Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Parent material: Colluvium derived from fine grained E horizon extrusive igneous rocks Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Slope range: 4 to 35 percent Chroma: 2 or 3 Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Texture: Loam, silt loam, or clay loam Annual precipitation: 18 to 30 inches Clay content: 10 to 35 percent Annual air temperature: 38 to 42 degrees F Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 Taxonomic Class: Fine, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Haplustalfs Bt/E horizon Typical Pedon Hue: 5YR to 2.5Y Value: B part—5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist; E part— Crow silt loam, in an area of Crow-Bignell complex, 6 to 8 dry, 5 or 6 moist 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an area of woodland, Chroma: B part—2 to 4; E part—2 or 3 1,900 feet south and 1,400 feet west of the northeast Texture: Silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam corner of sec. 35, T. 12 N., R. 13 W. Clay content: 20 to 40 percent (mixed) Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed organic Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to matter. 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles E—0 to 9 inches; pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) silt loam, Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 brown (7.5YR 4/2) moist; strong fine granular structure; very hard, friable, slightly sticky, Bt1 horizon moderately plastic; many very fine and fine roots; Hue: 2.5YR to 2.5Y common very fine and fine irregular pores; Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist neutral; clear smooth boundary. Chroma: 2 to 6 Bt/E—9 to 18 inches; B part (60 percent) is reddish Texture: Silty clay loam, clay, or silty clay brown (5YR 5/3) silty clay loam, reddish brown Clay content: 35 to 60 percent (5YR 4/3) moist; E part (40 percent) is pinkish Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to gray (7.5YR 7/2) silt loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles moist tongues; strong medium subangular blocky Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 structure; very hard, firm, slightly sticky, moderately plastic; many fine and very fine and Bt2 horizon common medium roots; few very fine and fine Hue: 2.5YR to 2.5Y irregular pores; few faint clay films on faces of Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist peds; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Chroma: 2 to 6 Bt1—18 to 29 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) silty Clay content: 27 to 35 percent clay loam, dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) moist; Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to strong medium subangular blocky structure; 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles extremely hard, firm, slightly sticky, moderately Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 plastic; many fine and very fine and common medium roots; few very fine and fine irregular pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds; 83D—Crow clay loam, 4 to 15 percent neutral; clear smooth boundary. slopes Bt2—29 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Setting moist; strong medium subangular blocky structure; extremely hard, firm, slightly sticky, Landform: Mountains moderately plastic; many fine and very fine and Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes common medium roots; common very fine and Slope: 4 to 15 percent Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 81
Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 30 inches extrusive igneous rocks Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 9.2 inches Major Components Crow and similar soils: 85 percent A typical soil description with range in Minor Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Bignell and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained 283D—Crow clay loam, moist, 4 to 15 Dominant parent material: Material weathered from percent slopes extrusive igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Setting Available water capacity: Mainly 9.1 inches Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes A typical soil description with range in Slope: 4 to 15 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet in this section. Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 30 inches Management Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days For management information about this map unit, Composition see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components 83E—Crow silt loam, 15 to 35 percent Crow and similar soils: 85 percent slopes Minor Components Bignell and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Helmville and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Major Component Description Slope: 15 to 35 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Surface layer texture: Clay loam Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 30 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Composition extrusive igneous rocks Major Components Native plant cover type: Forest land Crow and similar soils: 85 percent Flooding: None Minor Components Available water capacity: Mainly 9.0 inches Bignell and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) For management information about this map unit, Drainage class: Well drained see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 82 Soil Survey
983D—Crow-Bignell complex, 8 to 15 Management percent slopes For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Setting Landform: • Crow—Mountains 983E—Crow-Bignell complex, 15 to 35 • Bignell—Mountains percent slopes Position on landform: • Crow—Footslopes and toeslopes Setting • Bignell—Footslopes and toeslopes Landform: Slope: • Crow—Mountains • Crow—8 to 15 percent • Bignell—Mountains • Bignell—8 to 15 percent Position on landform: Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet • Crow—Backslopes and footslopes Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 30 inches • Bignell—Backslopes and footslopes Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Slope: Composition • Crow—15 to 35 percent • Bignell—15 to 35 percent Major Components Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Crow and similar soils: 45 percent Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 30 inches Bignell and similar soils: 40 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Minor Components Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Composition Turrah and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Components Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Crow and similar soils: 45 percent Bignell and similar soils: 40 percent Major Component Description Minor Components Crow Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Surface layer texture: Silt loam Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 4 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Moderately deep soils: 0 to 4 percent Drainage class: Well drained Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Major Component Description extrusive igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Forest land Crow Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Loam Available water capacity: Mainly 9.2 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Bignell Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam extrusive igneous rocks Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Forest land Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Available water capacity: Mainly 9.2 inches extrusive igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Forest land Bignell Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Gravelly clay loam Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained A typical soil description with range in Dominant parent material: Material weathered from characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, extrusive igneous rocks in this section. Native plant cover type: Forest land Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 83
Flooding: None Bt1—11 to 21 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches clay loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; A typical soil description with range in hard, firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, common very fine and fine and few medium and in this section. coarse roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; many faint clay films on faces of peds; Management 5 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy For management information about this map unit, boundary. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Bt2—21 to 34 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; strong coarse subangular blocky structure; very Danaher Series hard, firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; common very fine and fine and few medium and Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) coarse roots; many fine and very fine tubular Drainage class: Well drained pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds; Permeability: Slow 5 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy Landform: Mountains boundary. Parent material: Material derived from volcanic and Bt3—34 to 60 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) clay extrusive igneous rocks loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; moderate Slope range: 4 to 60 percent coarse subangular blocky structure; very hard, Elevation range: 5,000 to 7,500 feet firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; Annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches common fine and very fine and few medium Annual air temperature: 35 to 38 degrees F and coarse roots; many very fine and fine tubular Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; 15 percent pebbles; neutral. Taxonomic Class: Fine, mixed, superactive Ustic Glossocryalfs Range in Characteristics Typical Pedon Soil temperature: 37 to 42 degrees F Danaher loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an area of Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches woodland, 650 feet south and 200 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 19, T. 12 N., R. 14 W. E horizon Hue: 2.5Y to 2.5YR E—0 to 4 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) loam, Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; moderate Chroma: 2 or 3 fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly Texture: Loam or sandy loam sticky, moderately plastic; many very fine and fine Clay content: 10 to 27 percent and few medium and coarse roots; many fine Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent irregular pores; slightly acid; clear smooth pebbles boundary. Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 Bt/E—4 to 11 inches; B part (80 percent) is grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay loam, dark grayish brown Bt/E horizon (2.5Y 4/2) moist; E part (20 percent) is light Hue: 2.5Y to 2.5YR brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) loam, dark grayish Value: B part—4 or 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist; E part— brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; strong medium 6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, Chroma: 2 or 3 moderately sticky, moderately plastic; many very Texture: Clay loam or loam fine and fine and few medium and coarse roots; Clay content: 20 to 30 percent (mixed) many fine irregular pores; few faint clay films on Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent faces of peds; 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear pebbles wavy boundary. Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 84 Soil Survey
Bt horizons 87E—Danaher loam, 15 to 35 percent Hue: 2.5Y to 2.5YR slopes Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 Setting Texture: Clay loam or clay Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Landform: Mountains Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes pebbles Slope: 15 to 35 percent Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Mean annual precipitation: 22 to 28 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days 87D—Danaher loam, 4 to 15 percent Composition slopes Major Components Danaher and similar soils: 85 percent Setting Minor Components Landform: Mountains Foolhen and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Loberg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Slope: 4 to 15 percent Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Mean annual precipitation: 22 to 28 inches Major Component Description Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Surface layer texture: Loam Composition Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Major Components Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Danaher and similar soils: 85 percent extrusive igneous rocks Minor Components Native plant cover type: Forest land Foolhen and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: None Loberg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 9.0 inches Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Surface layer texture: Loam in this section. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Management Dominant parent material: Material weathered from For management information about this map unit, extrusive igneous rocks see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 9.0 inches 387D—Danaher-Loberg complex, 8 to 15 A typical soil description with range in percent slopes characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Setting Management Landform: For management information about this map unit, • Danaher—Mountains see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Loberg—Mountains Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 85
Position on landform: 387E—Danaher-Loberg complex, 15 to 35 • Danaher—Footslopes and toeslopes percent slopes • Loberg—Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: Setting • Danaher—8 to 15 percent • Loberg—8 to 15 percent Landform: Elevation: 5,000 to 7,500 feet • Danaher—Mountains Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches • Loberg—Mountains Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Position on landform: • Danaher—Backslopes and footslopes Composition • Loberg—Backslopes and footslopes Major Components Slope: Danaher and similar soils: 55 percent • Danaher—15 to 35 percent Loberg and similar soils: 30 percent • Loberg—15 to 35 percent Minor Components Elevation: 5,000 to 7,500 feet Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Relyea and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Mannixlee and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Composition Major Component Description Major Components Danaher and similar soils: 55 percent Danaher Loberg and similar soils: 30 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Minor Components Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 4 percent Drainage class: Well drained Worock and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Relyea and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent extrusive igneous rocks Mannixlee and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Component Description Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 9.0 inches Danaher Surface layer texture: Loam Loberg Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Drainage class: Well drained extrusive igneous rocks Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Native plant cover type: Forest land extrusive igneous rocks Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Forest land Available water capacity: Mainly 9.0 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches Loberg Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam A typical soil description with range in Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Drainage class: Well drained in this section. Dominant parent material: Material weathered from extrusive igneous rocks Management Native plant cover type: Forest land For management information about this map unit, Flooding: None see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches 86 Soil Survey
A typical soil description with range in Native plant cover type: Forest land characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Flooding: None in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches Management A typical soil description with range in For management information about this map unit, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. in this section. Management 387F—Danaher-Loberg complex, For management information about this map unit, 35 to 60 percent slopes see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
Setting Landform: 487D—Danaher-Loberg-Elve complex, • Danaher—Mountains 8 to 15 percent slopes • Loberg—Mountains Position on landform: Setting • Danaher—Backslopes and footslopes • Loberg—Backslopes and shoulders Landform: Slope: • Danaher—Mountains • Danaher—35 to 60 percent • Loberg—Mountains • Loberg—35 to 60 percent • Elve—Mountains Elevation: 5,000 to 7,500 feet Position on landform: Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches • Danaher—Footslopes and toeslopes Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days • Loberg—Footslopes and toeslopes • Elve—Footslopes and toeslopes Composition Slope: Major Components • Danaher—8 to 15 percent Danaher and similar soils: 55 percent • Loberg—8 to 15 percent Loberg and similar soils: 30 percent • Elve—8 to 15 percent Minor Components Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Worock and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 28 inches Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Relyea and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Composition Elve and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Mannixlee and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Major Components Danaher and similar soils: 35 percent Major Component Description Loberg and similar soils: 30 percent Danaher Elve and similar soils: 20 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Minor Components Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Well drained Foolhen and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent extrusive igneous rocks Major Component Description Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Danaher Available water capacity: Mainly 9.0 inches Surface layer texture: Gravelly sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Loberg Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) extrusive igneous rocks Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Forest land Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Flooding: None extrusive igneous rocks Available water capacity: Mainly 7.9 inches Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 87
Loberg Minor Components Surface layer texture: Gravelly sandy loam Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Foolhen and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Well drained Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Major Component Description extrusive igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Forest land Danaher Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Gravelly sandy loam Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Elve Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Surface layer texture: Very gravelly sandy loam extrusive igneous rocks Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Forest land Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 7.9 inches Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Loberg Available water capacity: Mainly 4.4 inches Surface layer texture: Gravelly sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) A typical soil description with range in Drainage class: Well drained characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Dominant parent material: Material weathered from in this section. extrusive igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Forest land Management Flooding: None For management information about this map unit, Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Elve Surface layer texture: Very gravelly sandy loam 487E—Danaher-Loberg-Elve complex, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 15 to 35 percent slopes Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Setting Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.4 inches Landform: • Danaher—Mountains A typical soil description with range in • Loberg—Mountains characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, • Elve—Mountains in this section. Position on landform: • Danaher—Backslopes and footslopes Management • Loberg—Backslopes and footslopes For management information about this map unit, • Elve—Backslopes and footslopes see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Slope: • Danaher—15 to 35 percent • Loberg—15 to 35 percent Danvers Series • Elve—15 to 35 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 28 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Permeability: Slow Landform: Alluvial fans, stream terraces, and Composition mountains Major Components Parent material: Calcareous alluvium Danaher and similar soils: 35 percent Slope range: 0 to 60 percent Loberg and similar soils: 30 percent Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Elve and similar soils: 20 percent Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches 88 Soil Survey
Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Taxonomic Class: Fine, smectitic, frigid Vertic Bt horizon Argiustolls Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Typical Pedon Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 Danvers clay loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area Texture: Clay loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay of rangeland, 900 feet south and 400 feet east of the Clay content: 30 to 50 percent northwest corner of sec. 4, T. 10 N., R. 13 W. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent A—0 to 5 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay pebbles loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 moderate fine subangular blocky structure Btk horizon parting to moderate fine granular; slightly hard, Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y very friable, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist many fine and very fine roots; many very fine Chroma: 2 or 3 irregular pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Texture: Clay loam, silty clay loam, or clay Bt—5 to 17 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silty clay Clay content: 35 to 45 percent loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; moderate fine Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles moderately sticky, moderately plastic; common Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 15 percent fine and very fine roots; many very fine tubular Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bk horizon Btk—17 to 28 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y clay loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; Value: 6 to 8 dry; 5 or 6 moist moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Chroma: 1 to 3 hard, friable, moderately sticky, moderately Clay content: 10 to 35 percent plastic; common fine and very fine roots; common Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to fine tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles peds; common fine masses of lime; violently Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 boundary. Bk—28 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak coarse 49B—Danvers clay loam, 0 to 4 percent prismatic structure; very hard, friable, moderately slopes sticky, moderately plastic; few fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; 5 percent cobbles and Setting 5 percent pebbles; disseminated lime; common Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; Position on landform: Toeslopes moderately alkaline. Slope: 0 to 4 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Range in Characteristics Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Soil temperature: 41 to 47 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Composition Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 12 inches Major Components A horizon Danvers and similar soils: 85 percent Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Minor Components Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Roy and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Chroma: 2 or 3 Coben and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Texture: Clay loam or loam Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Ekah and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 89
Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Clay loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland 49D—Danvers clay loam, 8 to 15 percent Flooding: None slopes Available water capacity: Mainly 6.2 inches Setting A typical soil description with range in Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes in this section. Slope: 8 to 15 percent Management Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches For management information about this map unit, Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Composition Major Components 49C—Danvers clay loam, 4 to 8 percent Danvers and similar soils: 85 percent slopes Minor Components Roy and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Ekah and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Coben and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Position on landform: Toeslopes Slope: 4 to 8 percent Major Component Description Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Surface layer texture: Clay loam Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Drainage class: Well drained Composition Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Major Components Flooding: None Danvers and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.2 inches Minor Components Roy and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Coben and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent in this section. Ekah and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Management Major Component Description For management information about this map unit, Surface layer texture: Clay loam see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium 49E—Danvers clay loam, 15 to 35 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland slopes Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 6.2 inches Setting A typical soil description with range in Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes in this section. Slope: 15 to 35 percent 90 Soil Survey
Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Major Component Description Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Composition Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Major Components Native plant cover type: Rangeland Danvers and similar soils: 85 percent Flooding: None Minor Components Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches Roy and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent A typical soil description with range in Ekah and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Coben and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Clay loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland 149C—Danvers cobbly loam, 4 to 8 Flooding: None percent slopes Available water capacity: Mainly 6.2 inches Setting A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces in this section. Position on landform: Toeslopes Slope: 4 to 8 percent Management Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet For management information about this map unit, Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition 149B—Danvers cobbly loam, 0 to 4 Major Components percent slopes Danvers and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Roy and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Position on landform: Toeslopes Major Component Description Slope: 0 to 4 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Composition Native plant cover type: Rangeland Major Components Flooding: None Danvers and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches Minor Components Roy and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 91
Management Slope: • Danvers—0 to 4 percent For management information about this map unit, • Roy—0 to 4 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches 149D—Danvers cobbly loam, 8 to 15 Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days percent slopes Composition Major Components Setting Danvers and similar soils: 50 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Roy and similar soils: 35 percent Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Minor Components Slope: 8 to 15 percent Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Fergus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Major Component Description Composition Danvers Major Components Surface layer texture: Clay loam Danvers and similar soils: 85 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Minor Components Drainage class: Well drained Roy and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 6.2 inches Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Roy Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Alluvium Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Flooding: None extrusive igneous rocks Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None A typical soil description with range in Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Management in this section. For management information about this map unit, Management see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 446B—Danvers-Roy complex, 0 to 4 percent slopes 446C—Danvers-Roy complex, 4 to 8 Setting percent slopes Landform: • Danvers—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Setting • Roy—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Position on landform: Landform: • Danvers—Toeslopes • Danvers—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Roy—Toeslopes • Roy—Alluvial fans and stream terraces 92 Soil Survey
Position on landform: 446D—Danvers-Roy complex, 8 to 15 • Danvers—Toeslopes percent slopes • Roy—Toeslopes Slope: Setting • Danvers—4 to 8 percent • Roy—4 to 8 percent Landform: Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet • Danvers—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Roy—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Position on landform: • Danvers—Footslopes and toeslopes Composition • Roy—Footslopes and toeslopes Major Components Slope: Danvers and similar soils: 50 percent • Danvers—8 to 15 percent Roy and similar soils: 35 percent • Roy—8 to 15 percent Minor Components Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Fergus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Composition Major Component Description Major Components Danvers Danvers and similar soils: 50 percent Surface layer texture: Clay loam Roy and similar soils: 35 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Minor Components Drainage class: Well drained Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Fergus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: None Major Component Description Available water capacity: Mainly 6.2 inches Danvers Roy Surface layer texture: Clay loam Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Native plant cover type: Rangeland extrusive igneous rocks Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 6.2 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches Roy Surface layer texture: Loam A typical soil description with range in Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Drainage class: Well drained in this section. Dominant parent material: Material weathered from extrusive igneous rocks Management Native plant cover type: Rangeland For management information about this map unit, Flooding: None see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 93
A typical soil description with range in Flooding: None characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches in this section. Management A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, For management information about this map unit, in this section. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management 446E—Danvers-Roy complex, 15 to 35 For management information about this map unit, percent slopes see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
Setting 446F—Danvers-Roy complex, 35 to 60 Landform: percent slopes • Danvers—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Roy—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Setting Position on landform: • Danvers—Backslopes and footslopes Landform: • Roy—Backslopes and footslopes • Danvers—Mountains Slope: • Roy—Mountains • Danvers—15 to 35 percent Position on landform: • Roy—15 to 35 percent • Danvers—Backslopes and shoulders Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet • Roy—Backslopes and shoulders Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Slope: Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days • Danvers—35 to 60 percent • Roy—35 to 60 percent Composition Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Major Components Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Danvers and similar soils: 50 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Roy and similar soils: 35 percent Composition Minor Components Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Components Fergus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Danvers and similar soils: 50 percent Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Roy and similar soils: 35 percent Minor Components Major Component Description Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Danvers Fergus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Clay loam Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Component Description Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Danvers Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Clay loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 6.2 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Roy Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 6.2 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Roy extrusive igneous rocks Surface layer texture: Loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 94 Soil Survey
Drainage class: Well drained Coben Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Surface layer texture: Clay loam extrusive igneous rocks Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Alluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None A typical soil description with range in Available water capacity: Mainly 8.2 inches characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Management in this section. For management information about this map unit, Management see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 849B—Danvers-Coben clay loams, 2 to 4 percent slopes 849C—Danvers-Coben clay loams, Setting 4 to 8 percent slopes Landform: Setting • Danvers—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Coben—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Landform: Position on landform: • Danvers—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Danvers—Toeslopes • Coben—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Coben—Toeslopes Position on landform: Slope: • Danvers—Toeslopes • Danvers—2 to 4 percent • Coben—Toeslopes • Coben—4 to 8 percent Slope: Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet • Danvers—4 to 8 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Coben—4 to 8 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Composition Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Major Components Composition Danvers and similar soils: 50 percent Coben and similar soils: 35 percent Major Components Minor Components Danvers and similar soils: 50 percent Ekah and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Coben and similar soils: 35 percent Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Minor Components Ekah and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Major Component Description Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Danvers Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Danvers Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Clay loam Dominant parent material: Alluvium Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Alluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 6.2 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 95
Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 6.2 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Coben Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Clay loam Available water capacity: Mainly 6.2 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Coben Dominant parent material: Alluvium Surface layer texture: Clay loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 8.2 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland A typical soil description with range in Flooding: None characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Available water capacity: Mainly 8.2 inches in this section. A typical soil description with range in Management characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, For management information about this map unit, in this section. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, 849D—Danvers-Coben clay loams, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 8 to 15 percent slopes DA—Denied access Setting Landform: Composition • Danvers—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Major Components • Coben—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Denied access: 100 percent Position on landform: • Danvers—Footslopes and toeslopes Major Component Description • Coben—Footslopes and toeslopes Definition: Areas where mapping access was denied Slope: by landowner • Danvers—8 to 15 percent • Coben—8 to 15 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Dolus Series Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Composition Permeability: Moderate Major Components Landform: Sedimentary plains and hills Danvers and similar soils: 50 percent Parent material: Material derived from sandstone or Coben and similar soils: 35 percent siltstone Minor Components Slope range: 4 to 45 percent Ekah and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Elevation range: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Major Component Description Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Danvers Surface layer texture: Clay loam Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) superactive, frigid Aridic Haplustolls 96 Soil Survey
Typical Pedon Texture: Sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, or loam Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Dolus channery loam, in an area of Doney-Dolus Content of rock fragments: 40 to 45 percent complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes, in an area of channers rangeland, 2,400 feet north and 1,500 feet west of Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent the southeast corner of sec. 4, T. 10 N., R. 12 W. Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 A—0 to 6 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) channery loam, very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) moist; moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, 168C—Dolus-Boxwell complex, 4 to 8 very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many percent slopes very fine and fine roots; many very fine tubular pores; 20 percent channers; slightly effervescent; Setting slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Landform: Bw—6 to 14 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) • Dolus—Sedimentary plains channery loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) • Boxwell—Sedimentary plains moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Position on landform: slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly • Dolus—Toeslopes plastic; many very fine and fine roots; 30 percent • Boxwell—Toeslopes channers; violently effervescent; moderately Slope: alkaline; clear smooth boundary. • Dolus—4 to 8 percent Bk—14 to 28 inches; light gray (5Y 7/2) very • Boxwell—4 to 8 percent channery coarse sandy loam, light olive gray Elevation: 3,600 to 5,200 feet (5Y 6/2) moist; weak fine subangular blocky Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches structure; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky, Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days nonplastic; common fine and very fine roots; 40 percent channers; common fine masses of Composition lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; Major Components clear smooth boundary. Dolus and similar soils: 55 percent Cr—28 to 60 inches; semiconsolidated sandstone. Boxwell and similar soils: 30 percent Minor Components Range in Characteristics Tanna and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Doney and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Depth to the Cr horizon: 20 to 40 inches Major Component Description A horizon Dolus Chroma: 2 or 3 Surface layer texture: Channery loam Clay content: 15 to 25 percent Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Content of rock fragments: 15 to 20 percent Drainage class: Well drained channers Dominant parent material: Interbedded siltstone and Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 sandstone residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Bw horizon Flooding: None Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Available water capacity: Mainly 2.7 inches Chroma: 2 to 4 Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Boxwell Content of rock fragments: 35 to 40 percent Surface layer texture: Loam channers Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Drainage class: Well drained Bk horizon Dominant parent material: Sandstone residuum Hue: 10YR to 5Y Native plant cover type: Rangeland Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist Flooding: None Chroma: 2 or 3 Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 97
A typical soil description with range in A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
268F—Dolus-Lap complex, 15 to 45 Dominic Series percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderate to the C horizon, rapid below Landform: Stream terraces Landform: Parent material: Alluvium • Dolus—Hills Slope range: 0 to 4 percent • Lap—Hills Elevation range: 3,600 to 4,600 feet Position on landform: Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches • Dolus—Backslopes and footslopes Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F • Lap—Backslopes and footslopes Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Slope: • Dolus—15 to 45 percent Taxonomic Class: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic • Lap—15 to 45 percent Haplustolls Elevation: 3,600 to 5,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Typical Pedon Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Dominic cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an Composition area of pasture, 2,600 feet north and 2,400 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 25, T. 10 N., R. 13 W. Major Components Dolus and similar soils: 55 percent A1—0 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) cobbly Lap and similar soils: 30 percent loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Minor Components weak medium granular structure; soft, very Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 8 percent friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many fine Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent and very fine roots; many fine irregular pores; 15 percent cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; Major Component Description neutral; gradual smooth boundary. Dolus A2—6 to 11 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Surface layer texture: Channery loam very cobbly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) 3/2) moist; weak medium subangular blocky Drainage class: Well drained structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; Dominant parent material: Interbedded siltstone and many fine and very fine roots; many very sandstone residuum fine irregular pores; 20 percent cobbles and Native plant cover type: Rangeland 25 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth Flooding: None boundary. Available water capacity: Mainly 2.7 inches C1—11 to 22 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly loamy sand, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; single Lap grain; loose, nonsticky, nonplastic; many very Surface layer texture: Loam fine and common fine roots; common very Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) fine irregular pores; 20 percent cobbles and Drainage class: Well drained 25 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum boundary. Native plant cover type: Rangeland C2—22 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly Flooding: None sand; dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; single grain; Available water capacity: Mainly 2.0 inches loose, nonsticky, nonplastic; few very fine roots; 98 Soil Survey
many very fine irregular pores; 25 percent 1B—Dominic cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; neutral. slopes Range in Characteristics Setting Soil temperature: 41 to 47 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 12 and 35 inches Landform: Stream terraces Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 15 inches Position on landform: Treads Slope: 0 to 4 percent A1 horizon Elevation: 3,600 to 4,600 feet Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 15 to 25 percent Composition Content of rock fragments: 15 to 55 percent—5 to Major Components 20 percent cobbles; 10 to 35 percent pebbles Dominic and similar soils: 85 percent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Minor Components A2 horizon Dominic, greater slope: 0 to 5 percent Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Cetrack loam and similar soils: 0 to 10 percent Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Major Component Description Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Loam or sandy loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Clay content: 10 to 15 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to Drainage class: Well drained 10 percent stones; 15 to 20 percent cobbles; Dominant parent material: Alluvium 20 to 30 percent pebbles Native plant cover type: Rangeland Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.8 inches C1 horizon Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y A typical soil description with range in Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Chroma: 2 to 4 in this section. Texture: Loamy sand or sand Clay content: 0 to 10 percent Management Content of rock fragments: 45 to 85 percent—0 to For management information about this map unit, 20 percent stones; 20 to 30 percent cobbles; see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 25 to 35 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 C2 horizon Donald Series Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Chroma: 2 to 4 Drainage class: Well drained Texture: Loamy sand or sand Permeability: Slow Clay content: 0 to 10 percent Landform: Stream terraces Content of rock fragments: 50 to 80 percent—0 to Parent material: Alluvium 20 percent stones; 20 to 35 percent cobbles; Slope range: 2 to 15 percent 30 to 45 percent pebbles Elevation range: 5,500 to 6,100 feet Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 99
Annual air temperature: 34 to 39 degrees F clay films on faces of peds and in pores; common Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days medium irregular seams of lime; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Taxonomic Class: Fine, smectitic Alfic Argicryolls boundary. BC—35 to 60 inches; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) clay; Typical Pedon light brown (7.5YR 6/4) moist; massive; hard, firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few Donald loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area of fine tubular pores; moderately alkaline. rangeland, 1,500 feet north and 2,300 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 17, T. 5 N., R. 14 W. Range in Characteristics A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, Soil temperature: 36 to 41 degrees F black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate medium Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches subangular blocky structure parting to strong Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 13 inches medium granular; hard, firm, slightly sticky, Depth to the Btk horizon: 21 to 40 inches slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium A1 horizon roots; many very fine tubular pores; 5 percent Value: 2 or 3 dry pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Chroma: 1 or 2 A2—5 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Clay content: 20 to 25 percent loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to moderate medium subangular blocky structure 5 percent stones; 0 to 5 percent pebbles parting to strong medium granular; hard, firm, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots; many very fine tubular pores; A2 horizon 5 percent stones and 5 percent pebbles; neutral; Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist clear wavy boundary. Clay content: 18 to 27 percent E—9 to 13 inches; pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) sandy Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) moist; weak coarse 5 percent stones; 0 to 5 percent pebbles subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, nonsticky, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 nonplastic; many very fine, fine, and medium E horizon roots; many fine irregular pores; 3 percent stones, Value: 6 or 7 dry; 5 or 6 moist 5 percent cobbles, and 5 percent pebbles; Texture: Loam or sandy loam neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Bt1—13 to 16 inches; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) clay, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; strong medium 5 percent stones; 0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to columnar structure; very hard, very firm, very 5 percent pebbles sticky, very plastic; common fine roots; few very Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 fine and fine tubular pores; many continuous distinct unstained sand grains on tops of columns Bt1 horizon and discontinuous distinct unstained sand grains Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR on vertical faces of peds; many distinct clay films Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist on vertical faces of peds and in pores; neutral; Chroma: 3 or 4 clear wavy boundary. Texture: Clay or clay loam Bt2—16 to 23 inches; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) clay, Clay content: 35 to 60 percent brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; moderate medium Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles prismatic structure; very hard, very firm, very Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 sticky, very plastic; common fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; many distinct clay Bt2 horizon films on faces of peds and in pores; slightly Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Btk—23 to 35 inches; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) clay, Chroma: 3 or 4 brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; moderate medium Texture: Clay or clay loam angular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, Clay content: 35 to 60 percent very sticky, very plastic; few fine roots; common Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles fine and medium tubular pores; common distinct Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 100 Soil Survey
Btk horizon Management Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR For management information about this map unit, Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: Clay loam or clay Clay content: 35 to 60 percent 28C—Donald loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 1 to 5 percent Setting Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Landform: Stream terraces BC horizon Position on landform: Toeslopes Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Slope: 4 to 8 percent Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 to 6 moist Elevation: 5,500 to 6,100 feet Chroma: 3 or 4 Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Texture: Clay loam or clay Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Clay content: 35 to 60 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles Composition Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 5 percent Major Components Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Donald and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Baggs and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 28B—Donald loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes Julius and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Stream terraces Surface layer texture: Loam Position on landform: Toeslopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 2 to 4 percent Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 5,500 to 6,100 feet Dominant parent material: Alluvium Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 7.6 inches Major Components A typical soil description with range in Donald and similar soils: 85 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Minor Components in this section. Julius and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Baggs and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 28D—Donald loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Landform: Stream terraces Available water capacity: Mainly 7.6 inches Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: 8 to 15 percent A typical soil description with range in Elevation: 5,500 to 6,100 feet characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches in this section. Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 101
Composition cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Major Components Bw—4 to 11 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Donald and similar soils: 85 percent loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine Minor Components subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, Baggs and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many fine and very Julius and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent fine and common medium roots; common fine Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent irregular pores; 5 percent cobbles and 15 percent Major Component Description pebbles; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Surface layer texture: Loam Bk1—11 to 17 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; weak Drainage class: Well drained fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Dominant parent material: Alluvium friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many Native plant cover type: Rangeland fine and very fine and common coarse roots; Flooding: None common fine irregular pores; 5 percent cobbles Available water capacity: Mainly 7.6 inches and 15 percent pebbles; common medium masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately A typical soil description with range in alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Bk2—17 to 27 inches; white (10YR 8/1) gravelly in this section. loam, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) moist; weak medium Management subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many fine and very For management information about this map unit, fine and common medium roots; few fine and see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. very fine tubular pores; 5 percent cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; many medium masses of Doney Series lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Cr—27 to 60 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) Drainage class: Well drained semiconsolidated sedimentary beds that crush to Permeability: Moderate loam. Landform: Hills Parent material: Semiconsolidated, silty sedimentary Range in Characteristics beds Soil temperature: 41 to 47 degrees F Slope range: 15 to 45 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Elevation range: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Depth to the Cr horizon: 20 to 40 inches Annual precipitation: 12 to 16 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F A and Bw horizons Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Chroma: 1 to 3 frigid Typic Haplustepts Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—5 to Typical Pedon 10 percent cobbles; 5 to 25 percent pebbles Doney cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 area of rangeland, 100 feet north and 2,600 feet west Bk horizons of the southeast corner of sec. 16, T. 10 N., R. 13 W. Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y A—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) cobbly Value: 6 to 8 dry; 5 to 7 moist loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak Chroma: 1 to 4 fine subangular blocky structure parting to weak Texture: Loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam fine granular; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, Clay content: 18 to 30 percent slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; few Content of rock fragments: 0 to 30 percent—0 to very fine and fine tubular pores; 10 percent 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles 102 Soil Survey
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Management Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 169F—Doney-Dolus complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes 369E—Doney cobbly loam, 15 to 35 Setting percent slopes Landform: Setting • Doney—Hills • Dolus—Hills Landform: Hills Position on landform: Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes • Doney—Backslopes and footslopes Slope: 15 to 35 percent • Dolus—Backslopes and footslopes Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Slope: Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 16 inches • Doney—15 to 45 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days • Dolus—15 to 45 percent Composition Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 14 inches Major Components Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Doney and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Composition Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Doney and similar soils: 55 percent Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Dolus and similar soils: 35 percent Major Component Description Minor Components Lap and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Boxwell and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, silty Major Component Description sedimentary beds Doney Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Flooding: None Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 3.9 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, silty A typical soil description with range in sedimentary beds characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Native plant cover type: Rangeland in this section. Flooding: None Management Available water capacity: Mainly 3.9 inches For management information about this map unit, Dolus see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Channery loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Dougcliff Series Dominant parent material: Interbedded siltstone and sandstone residuum Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Very poorly drained Flooding: None Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: Mainly 2.6 inches Landform: Closed depressions Parent material: Peat A typical soil description with range in Slope range: 0 to 2 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elevation range: 4,000 to 5,800 feet in this section. Annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 103
Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees Chroma: 1 or 2 Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Fiber content: 85 to 95 percent unrubbed; 75 to 85 percent rubbed Taxonomic Class: Euic, frigid Typic Haplofibrists Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Typical Pedon Oi3 horizon Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Dougcliff mucky peat, 0 to 2 percent slopes, ponded, Value: 2 or 3 moist in an area of marshland, 900 feet south and 150 feet Chroma: 1 or 2 west of the northeast corner of sec. 3, T. 9 N., Fiber content: 80 to 90 percent unrubbed; 70 to R. 13 W. 80 percent rubbed Oi1—0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 3/2) mucky peat, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; C horizon about 80 percent fiber, about 65 percent rubbed; Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR massive; nonsticky, nonplastic; many very fine Value: 2 or 3 moist; 3 to 5 dry and fine and few medium roots; many very fine Chroma: 1 or 2 and fine tubular pores; strongly effervescent; Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Oi2—8 to 18 inches; black (10YR 2/1) mucky peat; O’i horizon very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; about 85 percent Hue: 10 YR or 7.5YR fiber, about 75 percent rubbed; massive; Value: 2 or 3 moist nonsticky, nonplastic; many very fine and fine Chroma: 1 or 2 roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; Fiber content: 75 to 85 percent unrubbed; 60 to neutral; clear wavy boundary. 75 percent rubbed Oi3—18 to 32 inches; black (10YR 2/1) mucky peat, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; about 80 percent The Dougcliff soil is a taxadjunct to the series. It fiber, about 70 percent rubbed; massive; classifies as Euic, frigid Fluvaquentic nonsticky, nonplastic; many very fine and fine Haplofibrists. This does not affect the use and roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; management of the soil. neutral; clear wavy boundary. C—32 to 36 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silty clay loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; massive; slightly hard, 2A—Dougcliff mucky peat, 0 to 2 percent friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very slopes, ponded fine and fine roots; many very fine tubular pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Setting O’i—36 to 60 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) mucky peat, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; about Landform: Closed depressions 75 percent fiber, 60 percent rubbed; massive; Slope: 0 to 2 percent nonsticky, nonplastic; many very fine and fine Elevation: 4,000 to 5,800 feet roots; many very fine tubular pores; neutral. Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Range in Characteristics Composition Soil temperature: 40 to 47 degrees F Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0 to 6 inches Major Components Dougcliff and similar soils: 85 percent Oi1 horizon Minor Components Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Flintcreek and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Value: 2 or 3 moist Nythar and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Chroma: 1 or 2 Fiber content: 80 to 90 percent unrubbed; 65 to Major Component Description 75 percent rubbed Surface layer texture: Mucky-peat Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Oi2 horizon Drainage class: Very poorly drained Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Dominant parent material: Peat Value: 2 or 3 moist Native plant cover type: Rangeland 104 Soil Survey
Flooding: None nonsticky, nonplastic; slightly acid; clear smooth Water table: Apparent boundary. Available water capacity: Mainly 21.0 inches Oi3—28 to 38 inches; black (10YR 2/1) mucky peat, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; about 80 percent fiber, A typical soil description with range in 75 percent rubbed; massive; nonsticky, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, nonplastic; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. in this section. Oi4—38 to 44 inches; black (10YR 2/1) mucky peat, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; about 80 percent fiber, Management 75 percent rubbed; massive; nonsticky, For management information about this map unit, nonplastic; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Oi5—44 to 60 inches; black (10YR 2/1) mucky peat, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; about 80 percent fiber, 75 percent rubbed; massive; nonsticky, 103A—Dumps, mine nonplastic; slightly acid. Range in Characteristics Composition Soil temperature: 36 to 41 degrees F Major Components Depth to the seasonal high water table: Ponded to Dumps, mine: 85 percent 6 inches Thickness of organic material: Greater than 51 inches Major Component Description Oi1 horizon Definition: Man-made deposits of crushed rock that Value: 2 or 3 moist; 4 or 5 dry are a product of mining activity Chroma: 1 or 2 Fiber content: 80 to 90 percent unrubbed; 60 to 75 percent rubbed Dunkleber Series Reaction: pH 6.1 to 6.5 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Oi2 horizon Drainage class: Very poorly drained Value: 2 to 4 moist; 3 to 5 dry Permeability: Moderately rapid Chroma: 1 or 2 Landform: Closed depressions Fiber content: 80 to 90 percent unrubbed; 70 to Parent material: Mucky peat 80 percent rubbed Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Reaction: pH 6.1 to 6.5 Elevation range: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Oi3 horizon Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Value: 2 or 3 moist; 3 or 4 dry Annual air temperature: 34 to 39 degrees F Chroma: 1 or 2 Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Fiber content: 80 to 90 percent unrubbed; 70 to 80 percent rubbed Taxonomic Class: Euic Typic Cryofibrists Reaction: pH 6.1 to 6.5 Typical Pedon Oi4 horizon Dunkleber mucky peat, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely Value: 2 or 3 moist; 4 or 5 dry flooded, 1,500 feet north and 1,300 feet west of the Chroma: 1 or 2 southeast corner of sec. 19, T. 5 N., R. 14 W. Fiber content: 80 to 90 percent unrubbed; 70 to 80 percent rubbed Oi1—0 to 12 inches; black (10YR 2/1) mucky peat, Reaction: pH 6.1 to 6.5 dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; about 80 percent fiber and raw herbaceous plant material, 70 percent Oi5 horizon rubbed; massive; nonsticky, nonplastic; slightly Value: 2 or 3 moist; 3 or 4 dry acid; clear smooth boundary. Chroma: 1 or 2 Oi2—12 to 28 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent mucky peat, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; about pebbles 85 percent fiber, 80 percent rubbed; massive; Reaction: pH 6.1 to 6.5 Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 105
15A—Dunkleber mucky peat, 0 to 2 Typical Pedon percent slopes, rarely flooded Ekah loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland, 250 feet south and 1,100 feet west of the Setting northeast corner of sec. 19, T. 9 N., R. 13 W. Landform: Closed depressions A1—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, Slope: 0 to 2 percent very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet moderate medium platy structure parting to weak Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine roots; many Composition fine interstitial pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Major Components A2—3 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay Dunkleber and similar soils: 85 percent loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Minor Components moderate medium subangular blocky structure Foolhen and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent parting to moderate very fine subangular blocky; Mooseflat and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; many very fine roots; many Major Component Description very fine tubular pores; neutral; abrupt smooth Surface layer texture: Mucky-peat boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bt—6 to 13 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Drainage class: Very poorly drained clay, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; strong Dominant parent material: Peat medium subangular blocky structure parting to Native plant cover type: Rangeland strong fine subangular blocky; hard, firm, very Flooding: Rare sticky, very plastic; many very fine roots; common Water table: Apparent fine and medium pores; common distinct clay Available water capacity: Mainly 12.2 inches films on faces of peds and in pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. A typical soil description with range in Bk1—13 to 16 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak coarse in this section. subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few very fine roots; Management common fine masses of lime; strongly For management information about this map unit, effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. boundary. Bk2—16 to 23 inches; white (10YR 8/2) clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine subangular Ekah Series blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few very fine roots; many Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; Drainage class: Well drained moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Permeability: Slow Bk3—23 to 28 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) loam; Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; weak fine Parent material: Alluvium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Slope range: 2 to 15 percent friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few very fine Elevation range: 4,400 to 5,800 feet roots; many fine masses of lime; violently Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F boundary. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days BC—28 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) gravelly loam; brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; Taxonomic Class: Fine, smectitic, frigid Typic soft, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Argiustolls few very fine roots; 20 percent pebbles; few faint 106 Soil Survey
lime coatings on pebbles; strongly effervescent; Composition moderately alkaline. Major Components Range in Characteristics Ekah and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Coben and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 15 inches Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A horizons Major Component Description Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: Loam or clay loam Surface layer texture: Loam Clay content: 20 to 30 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to Drainage class: Well drained 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 25 percent pebbles Dominant parent material: Alluvium Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Bt horizon Available water capacity: Mainly 8.9 inches Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 A typical soil description with range in Texture: Silty clay or clay characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Clay content: 45 to 60 percent in this section. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent Management pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Bk horizons Value: 6 to 8 dry; 4 to 6 moist Chroma: 2 to 4 56C—Ekah loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes Texture: Loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam Clay content: 25 to 40 percent Setting Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent pebbles Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Position on landform: Toeslopes Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Slope: 4 to 8 percent Elevation: 4,400 to 5,800 feet BC horizon Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Value: 6 or 7 dry; 5 or 6 moist Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: Loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam Composition Clay content: 25 to 30 percent Major Components Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent Ekah and similar soils: 85 percent pebbles Minor Components Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Coben and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 56B—Ekah loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Loam Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 2 to 4 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 4,400 to 5,800 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 8.9 inches Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 107
A typical soil description with range in Elevation: 4,400 to 5,800 feet characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches in this section. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Ekah and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent 56D—Ekah loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes Coben and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 8 to 15 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 4,400 to 5,800 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 8.5 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Ekah and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. Minor Components Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Coben and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Loam 256D—Ekah cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) slopes Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Available water capacity: Mainly 8.9 inches Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: 8 to 15 percent A typical soil description with range in Elevation: 4,400 to 5,800 feet characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches in this section. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Ekah and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent 256C—Ekah cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent Coben and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent slopes Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 4 to 8 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium 108 Soil Survey
Native plant cover type: Rangeland roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; Flooding: None disseminated lime; few fine masses of lime; Available water capacity: Mainly 8.5 inches violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. A typical soil description with range in Cr1—30 to 48 inches; white (10YR 8/2) characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, semiconsolidated tuff that crushes to loam, pale in this section. brown (10YR 6/3) moist. Cr2—48 to 60 inches; white (10YR 8/2) Management semiconsolidated tuff that crushes to silt loam, For management information about this map unit, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) moist. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Range in Characteristics Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Elflint Series Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 10 inches Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Depth to the Bk horizon: 8 to 10 inches Drainage class: Well drained Depth to the Cr horizon: 20 to 40 inches Permeability: Moderate Landform: Stream terraces and alluvial fans A horizon Parent material: Alluvium or colluvium derived from Value: 3 to 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist semiconsolidated tuff Chroma: 1 or 2 Slope range: 15 to 35 percent Clay content: 10 to 27 percent Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Volcanic glass: 30 to 40 percent Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Acid oxalate extractable Al + 1/2 Fe: 0.10 to Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F 0.25 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Moist bulk density: 1.1 to 1.3 g/cm3 Reaction: 7.4 to 7.8 Taxonomic Class: Ashy, glassy, frigid Vitrandic Bk1 horizon Haplustolls Value: 6 to 8 dry; 6 or 7 moist Typical Pedon Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 9 to 15 percent Elflint loam, in an area of Roy-Carett-Elflint complex, Volcanic glass: 30 to 40 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland, Acid oxalate extractable Al + 1/2 Fe: 0.10 to 50 feet north and 400 feet east of the southwest 0.25 percent corner of sec. 27, T. 6 N., R. 14 W. Moist bulk density: 1.2 to 1.4 g/cm3 A—0 to 8 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, Calcium Carbonate Equivalent: 15 to 25 percent very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Reaction: 7.9 to 8.4 moderate medium granular structure; slightly Bk2 horizon hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many Value: 6 to 8 dry; 6 or 7 moist fine and medium roots; few medium and common Chroma: 2 or 3 fine tubular pores; slightly alkaline; clear wavy Clay content: 9 to 15 percent boundary. Volcanic glass: 30 to 40 percent Bk1—8 to 17 inches; white (10YR 8/2) loam, pale Acid oxalate extractable Al + 1/2 Fe: 0.10 to brown (10YR 6/3) moist; weak medium 0.25 percent subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, Moist bulk density: 1.3 to 1.5 g/cm3 nonsticky, slightly plastic; common fine and few Calcium Carbonate Equivalent: 5 to 15 percent medium roots; common fine tubular pores; Reaction: 7.9 to 8.4 disseminated lime; few fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Elkner Series Bk2—17 to 30 inches; white (10YR 8/2) loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; weak medium Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained nonsticky, slightly plastic; few very fine and fine Permeability: Moderately rapid Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 109
Landform: Mountains E horizons Parent material: Colluvium derived from granite Value: 6 or 7 dry; 3 to 5 moist Slope range: 2 to 60 percent Chroma: 2 to 4 Elevation range: 5,600 to 7,500 feet Clay content: 5 to 10 percent Annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to Annual air temperature: 35 to 39 degrees F 35 percent stones and boulders; 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 Taxonomic Class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive E and Bt horizon Lamellic Eutrocryepts Hue: E part—10YR; B part—10YR or 2.5Y Value: E part—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist; B part— Typical Pedon 4 or 5 dry, 4 or 5 moist Chroma: E part—2 to 4; B part—3 or 4 Elkner stony sandy loam, in an area of Elkner- Clay content: 5 to 10 percent Ovando complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an area Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent of woodland, 2,600 feet south and 600 feet west of pebbles the northeast corner of sec. 3, T. 12 N., R. 14 W. Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 Oe—3 inches to 0; partially decomposed forest litter. BC horizon E1—0 to 8 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y stony sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Value: 5 to 7 dry; 3 to 5 moist moist; weak medium granular structure; soft, very Chroma: 2 to 4 friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many Clay content: 0 to 5 percent very fine, fine, medium, and very coarse roots; Content of rock fragments: 10 to 25 percent—0 to few fine and very fine irregular and tubular 10 percent stones; 10 to 15 percent pebbles pores; 5 percent stones, 5 percent cobbles, Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 and 5 percent pebbles; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. E2—8 to 15 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) 80B—Elkner-Ovando complex, 2 to 8 moist; moderate medium granular structure; soft, percent slopes very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many fine and very fine, common medium, and few Setting coarse roots; common fine and very fine irregular pores; 5 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear Landform: smooth boundary. • Elkner—Mountains E and Bt—15 to 38 inches; E part (75 percent) is • Ovando—Mountains light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) coarse sandy Position on landform: loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; B part • Elkner—Toeslopes (25 percent) is yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) • Ovando—Toeslopes 1 1 coarse sandy loam lamellae /8- to /4-inch thick, Slope: dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; weak fine • Elkner—2 to 8 percent subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very • Ovando—2 to 8 percent friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very Elevation: 5,600 to 6,200 feet fine and fine and few coarse roots; 10 percent Mean annual precipitation: 22 to 30 inches pebbles; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days BC—38 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Composition gravelly coarse sandy loam; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; massive; loose, nonsticky, nonplastic; Major Components few fine and very fine roots; 15 percent pebbles; Elkner and similar soils: 45 percent slightly acid. Ovando and similar soils: 40 percent Minor Components Range in Characteristics Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Soil temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Soils that are sandy below 7 inches: 0 to Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches 5 percent 110 Soil Survey
Soils that have very gravelly subsoils: 0 to Minor Components 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Soils that are sandy below 7 inches: 0 to Major Component Description 5 percent Elkner Soils that have very gravelly subsoils: 0 to Surface layer texture: Stony sandy loam 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Component Description Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Dominant parent material: Granitic colluvium Elkner Native plant cover type: Forest land Surface layer texture: Stony sandy loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 3.1 inches Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Dominant parent material: Granitic colluvium Ovando Native plant cover type: Forest land Surface layer texture: Very stony sandy loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 3.1 inches Drainage class: Excessively drained Dominant parent material: Granitic colluvium Ovando Native plant cover type: Forest land Surface layer texture: Very stony sandy loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 1.8 inches Drainage class: Excessively drained Dominant parent material: Granitic colluvium A typical soil description with range in Native plant cover type: Forest land characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Flooding: None in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 1.8 inches Management A typical soil description with range in For management information about this map unit, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. in this section. Management 80D—Elkner-Ovando complex, 8 to 15 For management information about this map unit, percent slopes see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
Setting Landform: 80E—Elkner-Ovando complex, 15 to 35 • Elkner—Mountains percent slopes • Ovando—Mountains Position on landform: Setting • Elkner—Footslopes and toeslopes • Ovando—Footslopes and toeslopes Landform: Slope: • Elkner—Mountains • Elkner—8 to 15 percent • Ovando—Mountains • Ovando—8 to 15 percent Position on landform: Elevation: 5,600 to 6,200 feet • Elkner—Backslopes and footslopes Mean annual precipitation: 22 to 30 inches • Ovando—Backslopes and footslopes Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Slope: • Elkner—15 to 35 percent Composition • Ovando—15 to 35 percent Major Components Elevation: 5,600 to 6,200 feet Elkner and similar soils: 45 percent Mean annual precipitation: 22 to 30 inches Ovando and similar soils: 40 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 111
Composition Elevation: 5,600 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 22 to 30 inches Major Components Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Elkner and similar soils: 45 percent Ovando and similar soils: 40 percent Composition Minor Components Major Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Elkner and similar soils: 45 percent Soils that are sandy below 7 inches: 0 to Ovando and similar soils: 40 percent 5 percent Minor Components Soils that are loamy below 10 inches: 0 to Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent 5 percent Soils that are sandy below 7 inches: 0 to Major Component Description 5 percent Soils that are loamy below 10 inches: 0 to Elkner 5 percent Surface layer texture: Stony sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Component Description Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Elkner Dominant parent material: Granitic colluvium Surface layer texture: Stony sandy loam Native plant cover type: Forest land Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Available water capacity: Mainly 3.1 inches Dominant parent material: Granitic colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Ovando Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Very stony sandy loam Available water capacity: Mainly 4.4 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Excessively drained Ovando Dominant parent material: Granitic colluvium Surface layer texture: Stony sandy loam Native plant cover type: Forest land Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Excessively drained Available water capacity: Mainly 1.8 inches Dominant parent material: Granitic colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land A typical soil description with range in Flooding: None characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Available water capacity: Mainly 2.1 inches in this section. Management A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, For management information about this map unit, in this section. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, 80F—Elkner-Ovando stony sandy loams, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 35 to 60 percent slopes
Setting 380D—Elkner sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes Landform: • Elkner—Mountains Setting • Ovando—Mountains Position on landform: Landform: Mountains • Elkner—Backslopes and shoulders Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes • Ovando—Backslopes and shoulders Slope: 8 to 15 percent Slope: Elevation: 5,600 to 6,200 feet • Elkner—35 to 60 percent Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches • Ovando—35 to 60 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days 112 Soil Survey
Composition A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Major Components in this section. Elkner and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Management Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 10 percent For management information about this map unit, Mooseflat and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Elve Series Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Granitic colluvium Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Native plant cover type: Forest land Permeability: Moderately rapid Flooding: None Landform: Mountains Available water capacity: Mainly 3.8 inches Parent material: Colluvium derived from quartzite Slope range: 4 to 80 percent A typical soil description with range in Elevation range: 5,800 to 7,500 feet characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Annual precipitation: 20 to 28 inches in this section. Annual air temperature: 35 to 38 degrees F Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Management For management information about this map unit, Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. superactive Ustic Eutrocryepts Typical Pedon 380E—Elkner sandy loam, 15 to 35 Elve gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an percent slopes area of woodland, 1,500 feet north and 1,800 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 18, T. 7 N., R. 14 W. Setting Oe—3 inches to 0; partially decomposed forest litter. Landform: Mountains E—0 to 9 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes gravelly loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Slope: 15 to 35 percent moist; moderate fine granular structure; soft, very Elevation: 5,600 to 6,200 feet friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; many very fine and Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches few medium roots; many very fine interstitial Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days pores; 5 percent cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Composition Bw/E—9 to 22 inches; B part (65 percent) is Major Components light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) very gravelly Elkner and similar soils: 85 percent loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) moist, E part Minor Components (35 percent) is pink (5YR 7/3) very gravelly loam, Mooseflat and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent reddish brown (5YR 5/4) moist; moderate fine Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 7 percent subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; many very fine and few Major Component Description coarse roots; 15 percent cobbles and 35 percent Surface layer texture: Sandy loam pebbles; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) BC—22 to 60 inches; pink (5YR 7/3) very gravelly Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained loam; reddish brown (5YR 5/4) moist; weak Dominant parent material: Granitic colluvium fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very Native plant cover type: Forest land friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; few very fine roots; Flooding: None 15 percent cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; Available water capacity: Mainly 3.8 inches slightly acid. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 113
Range in Characteristics Minor Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Soil temperature: 40 to 45 degrees F Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent E horizon Major Component Description Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Chroma: 2 to 4 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Texture: Loam or sandy loam Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Clay content: 10 to 20 percent Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium Content of rock fragments: 15 to 60 percent—0 to Native plant cover type: Forest land 15 percent cobbles; 15 to 45 percent pebbles Flooding: None Reaction: pH 5.1 to 6.5 Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Bw/E horizon A typical soil description with range in Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Value: B part—5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist; E part— in this section. 6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist Chroma: B part—2 to 6; E part—2 to 4 Management Texture: Loam or sandy loam For management information about this map unit, Clay content: 10 to 20 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Content of rock fragments: 40 to 60 percent— 15 to 20 percent cobbles; 25 to 40 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 5.1 to 6.5 82E—Elve gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes BC horizon Hue: 10YR to 5YR Value: 6 to 8 dry; 4 or 5 moist Setting Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 Landform: Mountains Texture: Loam or sandy loam Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Clay content: 10 to 20 percent Slope: 15 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 40 to 60 percent— Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet 15 to 25 percent cobbles; 25 to 35 percent Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches pebbles Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Reaction: pH 5.1 to 6.5 Composition 82D—Elve gravelly loam, 4 to 15 percent Major Components slopes Elve and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Setting Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Mountains Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Major Component Description Slope: 4 to 15 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium Composition Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Components Flooding: None Elve and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches 114 Soil Survey
A typical soil description with range in Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches in this section. Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Elve and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent 82F—Elve gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent slopes Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Landform: Mountains Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Slope: 35 to 60 percent Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Native plant cover type: Forest land Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elve and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. Minor Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Management Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam 382D—Elve gravelly loam, warm, 8 to 15 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) percent slopes Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Landform: Mountains Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: 8 to 15 percent A typical soil description with range in Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches in this section. Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Elve and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components 82G—Elve gravelly loam, 60 to 80 percent Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent slopes Loberg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Mountains Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 60 to 80 percent Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 115
Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium 482D—Elve gravelly loam, dry, 4 to 15 Native plant cover type: Forest land percent slopes Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches Setting A typical soil description with range in Landform: Mountains characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes in this section. Slope: 4 to 15 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Management Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches For management information about this map unit, Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Composition Major Components 382E—Elve gravelly loam, warm, 15 to 35 Elve and similar soils: 85 percent percent slopes Minor Components Loberg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Major Component Description Slope: 15 to 35 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium Composition Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Major Components Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Elve and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components A typical soil description with range in Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Loberg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Major Component Description For management information about this map unit, Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land 482E—Elve gravelly loam, dry, 15 to 35 Flooding: None percent slopes Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches Setting A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Landform: Mountains in this section. Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Slope: 15 to 35 percent Management Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet For management information about this map unit, Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days 116 Soil Survey
Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elve and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. Minor Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Management Loberg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 982F—Elve-Rock outcrop complex, Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained 35 to 60 slopes Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Setting Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Landform: • Elve—Mountains A typical soil description with range in • Rock outcrop—Mountains characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Position on landform: in this section. • Elve—Backslopes and shoulders • Rock outcrop—Backslopes and shoulders Management Slope: 35 to 60 percent For management information about this map unit, Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days
482F—Elve gravelly loam, dry, 35 to 60 Composition percent slopes Major Components Elve and similar soils: 50 percent Setting Rock outcrop: 35 percent Landform: Mountains Minor Components Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Loberg and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Slope: 35 to 60 percent Whitore and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Worock and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Major Component Description Composition Major Components Elve Elve and similar soils: 85 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Minor Components Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Loberg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Major Component Description Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Rock outcrop Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land A typical soil description with range in Flooding: None characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches in this section. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 117
Management subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine roots; For management information about this map unit, common fine pores; 15 percent cobbles and see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 60 percent pebbles; neutral. Range in Characteristics Evaro Series Soil temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained A horizon Permeability: Moderately rapid Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Landform: Mountains Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Parent material: Colluvium derived from argillite Chroma: 3 or 4 Slope range: 4 to 60 percent Glass content: 35 to 60 percent Elevation range: 5,400 to 7,000 feet Clay content: 7 to 15 percent Annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to Annual air temperature: 37 to 42 degrees F 10 percent cobbles; 15 to 25 percent pebbles Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 2E horizons Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR superactive Lamellic Eutrocryepts Value: 6 to 8 dry; 5 to 7 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 Typical Pedon Texture: Loam or sandy loam Evaro gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an Clay content: 5 to 15 percent area of woodland, 400 feet north and 900 feet east of Content of rock fragments: 40 to 55 percent—5 to the southwest corner of sec. 2, T. 12 N., R. 14 W. 10 percent cobbles; 35 to 45 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed forest litter. A—0 to 6 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) 2E and Bt horizon gravelly loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR moist; weak medium granular structure; soft, very Value: E part—6 or 7 dry, 4 to 6 moist; B part— friable, nonsticky, slightly plastic; many fine and 5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist medium roots; many fine pores; 25 percent Chroma: E part—2 or 3; B part—3 or 4 pebbles; ash influenced; slightly acid; clear Texture: Loam or sandy loam smooth boundary. Clay content: 5 to 18 percent 2E1—6 to 15 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Content of rock fragments: 60 to 80 percent—5 to very gravelly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) 15 percent cobbles; 55 to 65 percent pebbles moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 soft, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; many fine and medium roots; common fine pores; 10 percent cobbles and 40 percent pebbles; 97D—Evaro gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. slopes 2E2—15 to 23 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) very gravelly sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Setting moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Landform: Mountains soft, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes fine and medium roots; common fine pores; Slope: 8 to 15 percent 10 percent cobbles and 45 percent pebbles; Elevation: 5,400 to 7,000 feet slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches 2E and Bt—23 to 60 inches; E part (75 percent) is Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days very pale brown (10YR 7/3) extremely gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; B part Composition (25 percent) is pale brown (10YR 6/3) extremely 1 1 gravelly fine sandy loam lamellae /16- to /4-inch Major Components thick, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine Evaro and similar soils: 85 percent 118 Soil Survey
Minor Components A typical soil description with range in Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Holloway and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Elve and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Major Component Description For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained 97F—Evaro gravelly loam, 35 to 60 Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium percent slopes Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Setting Available water capacity: Mainly 4.0 inches Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders A typical soil description with range in Slope: 35 to 60 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elevation: 5,400 to 7,000 feet in this section. Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches Management Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days For management information about this map unit, Composition see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components Evaro and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components 97E—Evaro gravelly loam, 15 to 35 Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent percent slopes Worock and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Elve and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Holloway and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Slope: 15 to 35 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Elevation: 5,400 to 7,000 feet Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 4.0 inches Major Components Evaro and similar soils: 85 percent A typical soil description with range in Minor Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 4 percent in this section. Worock and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Management Holloway and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Elve and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam 197D—Evaro gravelly loam, moist, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 8 to 15 percent slopes Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Landform: Mountains Available water capacity: Mainly 4.0 inches Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 119
Slope: 8 to 15 percent Major Component Description Elevation: 5,400 to 7,000 feet Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Composition Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Components Flooding: None Evaro and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.0 inches Minor Components Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Elve and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Loberg and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent in this section. Holloway and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Management Major Component Description For management information about this map unit, Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land 197F—Evaro gravelly loam, moist, Flooding: None 35 to 60 percent slopes Available water capacity: Mainly 4.0 inches Setting A typical soil description with range in Landform: Mountains characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders in this section. Slope: 35 to 60 percent Management Elevation: 5,400 to 7,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches For management information about this map unit, Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Composition 197E—Evaro gravelly loam, moist, Major Components 15 to 35 percent slopes Evaro and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Elve and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Landform: Mountains Loberg and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Holloway and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Slope: 15 to 35 percent Major Component Description Elevation: 5,400 to 7,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Composition Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Major Components Native plant cover type: Forest land Evaro and similar soils: 85 percent Flooding: None Minor Components Available water capacity: Mainly 4.0 inches Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Elve and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent A typical soil description with range in Loberg and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Holloway and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent in this section. 120 Soil Survey
Management fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Range in Characteristics Soil temperature: 42 to 47 degrees F Fairfield Series Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 10 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth to the Bk horizon: 7 to 10 inches Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow A horizon Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Parent material: Alluvium and colluvium Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Slope range: 2 to 35 percent Chroma: 2 or 3 Elevation range: 3,600 to 4,600 feet Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Bt horizon Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Hue: 2.5Y to 7.5YR frigid Typic Argiustolls Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Typical Pedon Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Clay loam, loam, or silty clay loam Fairfield loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area of Clay content: 25 to 35 percent rangeland, 1,800 feet north and 300 feet east of the Content of rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent—0 to southwest corner of sec. 12, T. 7 N., R. 14 W. 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Bk horizons weak medium subangular blocky structure Hue: 2.5Y to 7.5YR parting to moderate fine granular; soft, very Value: 5 to 8 dry; 4 to 7 moist friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very Chroma: 2 to 4 fine and fine roots; many very fine irregular pores; Texture: Loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Clay content: 25 to 35 percent Bt—4 to 8 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay Content of rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent—0 to loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Electrical conductivity: 2 to 4 mmhos/cm hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 35 percent very fine and fine roots; common fine irregular Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Bk1—8 to 17 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, 43B—Fairfield loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Setting sticky, slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine pores; Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces disseminated lime; few fine masses of lime; Position on landform: Toeslopes violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; Slope: 2 to 4 percent gradual wavy boundary. Elevation: 3,600 to 4,600 feet Bk2—17 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches loam; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) moist; weak Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days coarse prismatic structure; slightly hard, friable, Composition slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine and few Major Components medium tubular pores; disseminated lime; few Fairfield and similar soils: 85 percent Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 121
Minor Components Management Quigley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description 43D—Fairfield loam, 8 to 15 percent Surface layer texture: Loam slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Flooding: None Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Available water capacity: Mainly 5.9 inches Slope: 8 to 15 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 4,600 feet A typical soil description with range in Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days in this section. Composition Management Major Components For management information about this map unit, Fairfield and similar soils: 85 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Quigley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 43C—Fairfield loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Loam Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 4 to 8 percent Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Elevation: 3,600 to 4,600 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 5.9 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Fairfield and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. Minor Components Quigley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Loam Fergus Series Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Permeability: Moderately slow Flooding: None Landform: Stream terraces, alluvial fans, and Available water capacity: Mainly 5.9 inches mountains Parent material: Alluvium, colluvium and material A typical soil description with range in weathered from extrusive igneous rocks characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Slope range: 2 to 60 percent in this section. Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet 122 Soil Survey
Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches coarse angular blocky; hard, firm, moderately Annual air temperature: 40 to 45 degrees F sticky, moderately plastic; few fine roots; few fine Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days and medium irregular pores; 10 percent pebbles; few faint clay films on faces of peds; common Taxonomic Class: Fine, smectitic, frigid Vertic medium masses of lime; strongly effervescent; Argiustolls strongly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Bk—39 to 60 inches; light reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4) Typical Pedon clay loam, reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) moist; weak Fergus loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area of fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, rangeland, 2,100 feet north and 2,100 feet west of sticky, moderately plastic; few very fine roots; the southeast corner of sec. 14, T. 11 N., R. 14 W. 10 percent pebbles; common fine masses of lime; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Range in Characteristics moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very Soil temperature: 42 to 47 degrees F fine, fine, and medium roots; few fine interstitial Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches pores; 10 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 15 inches boundary. A horizons A2—4 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Hue: 5YR to 10YR 3/2) loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Value: 3 to 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Clay content: 20 to 27 percent slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent many very fine, fine, and medium roots; common pebbles fine tubular pores; 10 percent pebbles; neutral; Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 clear wavy boundary. Bt1—10 to 14 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Bt1 horizon clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Hue: 5YR to 10YR moist; strong medium subangular blocky Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist structure; hard, firm, moderately sticky, Chroma: 2 or 3 moderately plastic; many very fine and common Texture: Silty clay loam, clay loam, or clay medium roots; many very fine and common fine Clay content: 35 to 50 percent tubular pores; many faint clay films on faces of Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent peds; 10 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth pebbles boundary. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Bt2—14 to 19 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/3) clay, Bt2 horizon reddish brown (5YR 4/4) moist; moderate Hue: 2.5YR to 7.5YR medium prismatic structure parting to moderate Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist medium angular blocky; hard, firm, moderately Chroma: 2 to 6 sticky, moderately plastic; common fine roots; Texture: Silty clay loam, clay loam, or clay common fine irregular pores; many faint clay films Clay content: 35 to 50 percent on faces of peds; 10 percent pebbles; neutral; Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent clear smooth boundary. pebbles Bt3—19 to 25 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/3) clay Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 loam; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) moist; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate Bt3 horizon coarse angular blocky; hard, firm, moderately Hue: 2.5YR to 7.5YR sticky, moderately plastic; few fine roots; common Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist fine and very fine irregular pores; many faint clay Chroma: 2 to 6 films on faces of peds; 10 percent pebbles; Texture: Silty clay loam, clay loam, or clay moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Btk—25 to 39 inches; light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 5/3) moist; weak pebbles coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 123
Btk and Bk horizons Slope: 4 to 8 percent Hue: 2.5YR to 7.5YR Elevation: 3,800 to 6,000 feet Value: 4 to 7 dry; 3 to 5 moist Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Chroma: 2 to 6 Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Texture: Clay loam or clay Composition Clay content: 27 to 45 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent Major Components pebbles Fergus and similar soils: 85 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Minor Components Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent 140B—Fergus loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Position on landform: Toeslopes Native plant cover type: Rangeland Slope: 2 to 4 percent Flooding: None Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 9.1 inches Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days A typical soil description with range in Composition characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Fergus and similar soils: 85 percent Management Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Major Component Description 140D—Fergus loam, 8 to 15 percent Surface layer texture: Loam slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Flooding: None Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Available water capacity: Mainly 9.1 inches Slope: 8 to 15 percent Elevation: 3,800 to 6,000 feet A typical soil description with range in Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days in this section. Composition Management Major Components For management information about this map unit, Fergus and similar soils: 85 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent 140C—Fergus loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Drainage class: Well drained Position on landform: Toeslopes Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium 124 Soil Survey
Native plant cover type: Rangeland Landform: Mountains Flooding: None Parent material: Colluvium derived from calcareous Available water capacity: Mainly 9.1 inches argillite Slope range: 15 to 60 percent A typical soil description with range in Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,400 feet characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches in this section. Annual air temperature: 38 to 42 degrees F Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Management For management information about this map unit, Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. superactive, frigid Pachic Argiustolls Typical Pedon 140E—Fergus loam, 15 to 35 percent Fessler gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an slopes area of woodland, 100 feet north and 1,200 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 20, T. 11 N., R. 14 W. Setting Oi—3 inches to 0; decomposed and undecomposed forest litter. Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces A1—0 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) gravelly loam; Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate fine granular Slope: 15 to 35 percent structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly Elevation: 3,800 to 6,000 feet plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots; Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches many very fine irregular pores; 5 percent cobbles Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days and 15 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear Composition smooth boundary. A2—4 to 10 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) very Major Components gravelly clay loam; black (10YR 2/1) moist; Fergus and similar soils: 85 percent moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Minor Components slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent many very fine and fine and medium and Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent common coarse roots; many very fine irregular Major Component Description pores; 15 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Surface layer texture: Loam Bt1—10 to 29 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) very Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) cobbly clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 3/3) moist; Drainage class: Well drained moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky, moderately Native plant cover type: Rangeland plastic; many very fine and fine and common Flooding: None medium and coarse roots; many very fine tubular Available water capacity: Mainly 9.1 inches pores; many distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 25 percent cobbles and 30 percent A typical soil description with range in pebbles; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Bt2—29 to 37 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/3) very in this section. cobbly clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/3) moist; Management moderate medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; For management information about this map unit, common very fine and fine and few coarse roots; see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. many very fine and common fine tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; Fessler Series 25 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) BC—37 to 60 inches; light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) Drainage class: Well drained very cobbly sandy clay loam, reddish brown (5YR Permeability: Moderately slow 5/3) moist; weak medium subangular blocky Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 125
structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; Texture: Sandy clay loam or clay loam common very fine tubular pores; few faint clay Clay content: 20 to 30 percent films on faces of peds; 25 percent cobbles and Content of rock fragments: 35 to 75 percent—0 to 25 percent pebbles; disseminated lime; few faint 5 percent stones; 10 to 25 percent cobbles; filaments of lime; few faint lime coatings on 25 to 45 percent pebbles pebbles; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 1 to 5 percent Reaction: 6.6 to 7.8 Range in Characteristics Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches 94E—Fessler gravelly loam, 15 to 35 Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 16 to 30 inches percent slopes A1 horizon Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Setting Value: 2 or 3 dry; 2 or 3 moist Landform: Mountains Clay content: 10 to 15 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to Slope: 15 to 35 percent 10 percent cobbles; 15 to 25 percent pebbles Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches A2 horizon Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Composition Value: 3 or 4 dry; 1, 2 or 3 moist Chroma: 1 or 2 Major Components Texture: Loam or clay loam Fessler and similar soils: 85 percent Clay content: 20 to 30 percent Minor Components Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to Winkler and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 5 percent stones; 5 to 15 percent cobbles; Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 30 to 40 percent pebbles Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Major Component Description Bt1 horizon Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Hue: 5YR to 10YR Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Value: 3 to 5 dry Drainage class: Well drained Chroma: 2 or 3 Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Texture: Clay loam or sandy clay loam Native plant cover type: Forest land Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Flooding: None Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—0 to Available water capacity: Mainly 6.8 inches 5 percent stones; 5 to 25 percent cobbles; 30 to 40 percent pebbles A typical soil description with range in Reaction: 6.1 to 7.3 characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Bt2 horizon in this section. Hue: 5YR to 10YR Management Value: 4 to 6 dry; 4 or 6 moist Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 For management information about this map unit, Texture: Clay loam or sandy clay loam see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—0 to 5 percent stones; 5 to 25 percent cobbles; 94F—Fessler gravelly loam, 35 to 60 30 to 40 percent pebbles percent slopes Reaction: 6.6 to 7.3 Setting BC horizon Hue: 5YR to 10YR Landform: Mountains Value: 6 or 7 dry; 5 or 6 moist Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders 126 Soil Survey
Slope: 35 to 60 percent A—0 to 7 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loam, grayish Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches granular structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky, Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; 5 percent pebbles; Composition neutral; clear smooth boundary. Major Components Bg—7 to 11 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, Fessler and similar soils: 85 percent gray (10YR 5/1) dry; many fine prominent Minor Components yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and brownish yellow Winkler and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent (10YR 6/8) dry redox concentrations; weak Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent hard, firm, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; common very fine tubular Major Component Description pores; 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam neutral; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Cg1—11 to 19 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very Drainage class: Well drained cobbly loam, white (10YR 8/1) dry; many fine Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium permanent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and Native plant cover type: Forest land brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) dry redox Flooding: None concentrations; weak fine subangular blocky Available water capacity: Mainly 6.8 inches structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, slightly plastic; common very fine roots; few very A typical soil description with range in fine interstitial pores; 15 percent cobbles and characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, 20 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth in this section. boundary. Cg2—19 to 37 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly Management sandy loam, white (10YR 8/1) dry; massive; soft, For management information about this map unit, very friable, nonsticky, slightly plastic; few very see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. fine roots; 20 percent cobbles and 20 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Cg3—37 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Finn Series 4/4) very cobbly sandy clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; massive; slightly hard, very Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) friable, slightly sticky, nonplastic; few very fine Drainage class: Poorly and very poorly drained roots; 20 percent cobbles and 20 percent Permeability: Moderately slow pebbles; neutral. Landform: Flood plains, stream terraces, and alluvial fans Range in Characteristics Parent material: Alluvium derived from mixed sources Soil temperature: 36 to 41 degrees F Slope range: 0 to 4 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Elevation range: 5,400 to 7,200 feet Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 15 inches Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Depth to the seasonal high water table: Ponded to Annual air temperature: 34 to 39 degrees F 24 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days A horizon Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Value: 3 to 5 dry superactive Typic Cryaquolls Chroma: 1 or 2 Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Typical Pedon Content of rock fragments: 10 to 35 percent—0 to Finn loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of 5 percent cobbles; 5 to 30 percent pebbles rangeland, 200 feet north and 1,000 feet west of the Reaction: 5.1 to 7.3 southeast corner of sec. 20, T. 8 N., R. 15 W. Bg horizon Oi—2 inches to 0; partially decomposed organic Value: 3 or 4 moist; 5 or 6 dry matter. Chroma: 1 to 4 Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 127
Redox concentrations: 10YR 6/8, 5/8 776B—Finn-Water complex, 0 to 4 percent Clay content: 18 to 27 percent slopes Content of rock fragments: 10 to 60 percent—5 to 15 percent cobbles; 5 to 45 percent pebbles Setting Reaction: 5.1 to 7.3 Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces C horizons Position on landform: Treads Value: 3 to 5 moist; 6 to 8 dry Slope: 0 to 4 percent Chroma: 1 to 4 Elevation: 5,400 to 7,200 feet Redox concentrations: 10YR 5/8, 6/8 Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Texture: Loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent— Composition 15 to 25 percent cobbles; 20 to 45 percent Major Components pebbles Finn and similar soils: 70 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 5 percent Water: 15 percent Reaction: 5.6 to 7.3 Minor Components Mooseflat and similar soils: 0 to 6 percent Foolhen and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 676B—Finn loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Dunkleber and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Major Component Description Setting Finn Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Surface layer texture: Loam Position on landform: Toeslopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 0 to 4 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 5,400 to 7,200 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Water table: Apparent Composition Ponding: Brief Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches Major Components Finn and similar soils: 85 percent Water Minor Components Definition: Areas of open water Mooseflat and similar soils: 0 to 6 percent Foolhen and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Dunkleber and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Major Component Description in this section. Surface layer texture: Loam Management Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) For management information about this map unit, Dominant parent material: Alluvium see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Water table: Apparent Flintcreek Series Ponding: Brief Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Very poorly drained A typical soil description with range in Permeability: Moderate to 24 inches, very rapid below characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Landform: Stream terraces, alluvial fans, and flood in this section. plains Parent material: Alluvium Management Slope range: 0 to 4 percent For management information about this map unit, Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,000 feet see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches 128 Soil Survey
Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees Texture: Loam, sandy loam, clay loam, or silt Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days loam Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy- Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—5 to skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Cumulic 10 percent cobbles; 10 to 25 percent pebbles Endoaquolls Reaction: 6.6 to 7.3 Typical Pedon 2Cg horizon Value: 3 to 5 moist; 4 to 6 dry Flintcreek loam, in an area of Nythar-Flintcreek Chroma: 1 or 2 complex, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of pasture, Texture: Loamy sand or sand 2,300 feet north and 1,000 feet east of the southwest Clay content: 5 to 15 corner of sec. 26, T. 6 N., R. 14 W. Content of rock fragments: 50 to 80 percent— Oe—2 inches to 0; decomposed organic mat. 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 40 to 60 percent A—0 to 12 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, pebbles dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; many very fine and fine Reaction: 6.6 to 7.3 distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) redox concentrations; moderate fine granular structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many Foolhen Series very fine and fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bg—12 to 24 inches; black (10YR 2/1) stratified Drainage class: Poorly or very poorly drained gravelly loam and gravelly silt loam, dark gray Permeability: Moderate (10YR 4/1) dry; many very fine distinct brownish Landform: Stream terraces and alluvial fans yellow (10YR 6/8) redox concentrations; weak Parent material: Alluvium derived from mixed sources fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Slope range: 0 to 8 percent friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very Elevation range: 5,800 to 6,500 feet fine and fine roots; few very fine interstitial pores; Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches 5 percent cobbles, 10 percent pebbles; neutral; Annual air temperature: 34 to 39 degrees F clear smooth boundary. Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days 2Cg—24 to 60 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) extremely gravelly loamy sand, gray Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive (10YR 5/1) dry; many very fine distinct brownish Typic Cryaquolls yellow (10YR 6/8) redox concentrations; single grain; loose, nonsticky, nonplastic; common very Typical Pedon fine roots; 15 percent cobbles, 45 percent Foolhen loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of pebbles; neutral. rangeland, 2,400 feet south and 1,400 feet east of the Range in Characteristics northwest corner of sec. 12, T. 5 N., R. 14 W. Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Oi—2 inches to 0; partially decomposed organic Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches matter. Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 24 to 60 inches A—0 to 7 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0 to 12 inches very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; weak Depth to the 2Cg horizon: 20 to 40 inches fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; A horizon common very fine irregular pores; neutral; Value: 2 or 3 moist; 4 or 5 dry gradual wavy boundary. Chroma: 1 or 2 Bg—7 to 18 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Clay content: 18 to 27 percent 3/2) sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to many medium distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles and olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) dry redox Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 concentrations; weak fine subangular blocky Bg horizon structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; Value: 2 or 3 moist; 4 or 5 dry many very fine and fine roots; common very fine Chroma: 1 or 2 irregular pores; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 129
Cg1—18 to 25 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 4/4) sandy loam with lenses of loamy sand 1- to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles 2-inches thick, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 dry; many medium distinct light olive brown (2.5Y Cg2 and Cg3 horizons 5/6) and olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) dry redox Hue: 2.5Y or 10YR concentrations, massive; soft, very friable, slightly Value: 4 to 6 moist; 6 or 7 dry sticky, nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; Chroma: 1, 4, or 6 common very fine irregular pores; slightly Redox concentrations: 10YR 5/8, 10YR 6/8, 5YR alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. 4/8, and 5YR 5/8 Cg2—25 to 44 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) Texture: Loam, silt loam, or sandy loam gravelly loam, olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) dry; many Clay content: 18 to 27 percent medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) dry redox 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 30 percent pebbles concentrations; massive; hard, friable, slightly Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 15 percent sticky, slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots; Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 few fine irregular pores; 25 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Cg3—44 to 60 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) gravelly loam, yellow (2.5Y 7/6) dry; many 3B—Foolhen loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) dry redox Setting concentrations; massive; hard, friable, slightly Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces sticky, moderately plastic; few very fine and fine Position on landform: Treads roots; few fine tubular pores; 30 percent pebbles; Slope: 0 to 4 percent slightly alkaline. Elevation: 5,800 to 6,500 feet Range in Characteristics Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Soil temperature: 36 to 41 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Composition Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 19 inches Major Components Depth to the seasonal high water table: Ponded to Foolhen and similar soils: 85 percent 18 inches Minor Components A horizon Mooseflat and similar soils: 0 to 6 percent Value: 2 or 3 dry Finn and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Chroma: 1 or 2 Dunkleber and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Major Component Description Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Surface layer texture: Loam Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Alluvium Bg horizon Native plant cover type: Rangeland Value: 2 or 3 moist; 4 or 5 dry Flooding: None Redox concentrations: 2.5Y 5/6 and 2.5Y 6/6 Water table: Apparent Texture: Loam or sandy loam Ponding: Brief Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 8.5 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles A typical soil description with range in Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Cg1 horizon in this section. Value: 4 or 5 moist; 6 or 7 dry Management Redox concentrations: 2.5Y 5/6 and 2.5Y 6/6 Texture: Loam, silt loam, or sandy loam For management information about this map unit, Clay content: 18 to 27 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 130 Soil Survey
3C—Foolhen loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes Minor Components Moose flat and similar soils: 0 to 6 percent Dunkleber and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Finn and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Major Component Description Position on landform: Treads Slope: 4 to 8 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Elevation: 5,800 to 6,500 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Drainage class: Very poorly drained Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Composition Flooding: None Major Components Water table: Apparent Foolhen and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 8.1 inches Minor Components Mooseflat and similar soils: 0 to 6 percent A typical soil description with range in Dunkleber and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Finn and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Gregson Series Water table: Apparent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Ponding: Brief Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Available water capacity: Mainly 8.5 inches Permeability: Moderate to the 2C horizon, rapid below Landform: Low stream terraces, alluvial fans, and A typical soil description with range in flood plains characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Parent material: Alluvium in this section. Slope range: 0 to 4 percent Management Elevation range: 4,000 to 5,200 feet Annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches For management information about this map unit, Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days
Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy- 903B—Foolhen loam, wet, 0 to 4 percent skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Aquic slopes, rarely flooded Haplustolls Typical Pedon Setting Gregson silt loam, cool, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an Landform: Flood plains area of pasture, 800 feet north and 2,250 feet west of Position on landform: Treads the southeast corner of sec. 29, T. 10 N., R. 13 W. Slope: 0 to 4 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 6,500 feet Oe—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed organic matter Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Ap—0 to 7 inches; very dark gray (N 3/) silt loam, Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days black (N 2.5/) moist; strong medium granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, Composition moderately plastic; many fine and very fine roots; Major Components many fine and very fine pores; neutral; gradual Foolhen and similar soils: 85 percent wavy boundary. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 131
A—7 to 13 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam, very 434B—Gregson silt loam, cool, 0 to 4 dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate medium percent slopes, rarely flooded granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, moderately plastic; common fine and very Setting fine roots; many fine and very fine pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Landform: Flood plains Bw—13 to 26 inches; pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) loam, Position on landform: Treads brown (7.5YR 4/2) moist; common distinct strong Slope: 0 to 4 percent brown (7.5YR 5/8) redox concentrations; weak Elevation: 4,000 to 5,200 feet medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days common fine and very fine roots; many fine and Composition very fine pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. 2C—26 to 60 inches; pink (7.5YR 7/4) very gravelly Major Components loamy sand; brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; many Gregson and similar soils: 85 percent distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) redox Minor Components concentrations; single grain; loose, nonsticky, Blossberg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent nonplastic; few fine and very fine roots; common Windlass and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent very fine pores; 10 percent cobbles and Modesty and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 30 percent pebbles; neutral. Major Component Description Range in Characteristics Surface layer texture: Silt loam Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 14 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Depth to the 2C horizon: 20 to 40 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth to the seasonal high water table: 24 to Flooding: Rare 42 inches Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.5 inches A horizons Value: 2 to 3 moist; 3 to 5 dry A typical soil description with range in Chroma: 0 to 2 characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Texture: Loam or silt loam in this section. Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Management Bw horizon For management information about this map unit, Value: 4 to 6 moist; 6 or 7 dry see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Loam or clay loam Clay content: 18 to 35 percent 444B—Gregson silt loam, 0 to 4 percent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 slopes, rarely flooded 2C horizon Setting Value: 5 or 6 moist; 6 or 7 dry Chroma: 1 to 4 Landform: Flood plains Texture: Loamy sand or sand Position on landform: Treads Clay content: 0 to 5 percent Slope: 0 to 4 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—5 to Elevation: 4,000 to 5,200 feet 15 percent cobbles; 30 to 45 percent pebbles Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days 132 Soil Survey
Composition A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Major Components in this section. Gregson and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Management Blossberg and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent For management information about this map unit, Windlass and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Nirling and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Cetrack and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Major Component Description 544B—Gregson silt loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Native plant cover type: Rangeland Position on landform: Treads Flooding: Rare Slope: 0 to 4 percent Water table: Apparent Elevation: 4,000 to 5,200 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 6.5 inches Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days A typical soil description with range in Composition characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Gregson and similar soils: 85 percent Management Major Component Description For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained 534B—Gregson silt loam, cool, 0 to 4 Dominant parent material: Alluvium percent slopes Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Setting Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.5 inches Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Position on landform: Treads A typical soil description with range in Slope: 0 to 4 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elevation: 4,000 to 5,200 feet in this section. Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components Gregson and similar soils: 85 percent Major Component Description Hackney Series Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Permeability: Moderate Dominant parent material: Alluvium Landform: Sedimentary plains and hills Native plant cover type: Rangeland Parent material: Material derived from Flooding: None semiconsolidated shale Water table: Apparent Slope range: 4 to 35 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.5 inches Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 133
Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days
Taxonomic Class: Loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid, Helmville Series shallow Typic Haplustolls Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Typical Pedon Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Hackney loam, in an area of Tewfel-Hackney Landform: Mountains complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of Parent material: Colluvium from limestone rangeland, 1,600 feet north and 1,900 feet east of Slope range: 8 to 60 percent the southwest corner of sec. 34, T. 11 N., R. 12 W. Elevation range: 4,600 to 7,500 feet A1—0 to 3 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam, very Annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate fine Annual air temperature: 35 to 38 degrees F granular structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky, Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; many very fine tubular pores; neutral; clear Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, smooth boundary. superactive Eutric Haplocryalfs A2—3 to 8 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay loam, Typical Pedon very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Helmville cobbly loam, cool, 35 to 60 percent hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many slopes, in an area of woodland, 1,400 feet north and very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine 1,800 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 18, tubular pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. T. 12 N., R. 13 W. Bw—8 to 13 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) Oi—2 inches to 0; partly decomposed organic matter. clay loam, very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) E—0 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) cobbly moist; moderate coarse subangular blocky loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) moist; weak fine structure; hard, firm, moderately sticky, granular structure; soft, friable, nonsticky, moderately plastic; many very fine roots; many nonplastic; many very fine, fine, and medium very fine tubular pores; neutral; clear smooth roots; many very fine and fine discontinuous boundary. irregular pores; 15 percent cobbles and Cr—13 to 60 inches; semiconsolidated shale. 15 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy Range in Characteristics boundary. Bt1—8 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F very cobbly clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 15 inches weak medium granular; slightly hard, friable, Depth to the Cr horizon: 10 to 20 inches slightly sticky, moderately plastic; many very fine, A1 horizon common medium, and few coarse roots; many Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist very fine and fine discontinuous irregular pores; Chroma: 1 to 3 many faint continuous clay films on faces of peds; Clay content: 18 to 27 percent 25 percent cobbles and 20 percent pebbles; Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Bt2—12 to 23 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) A2 horizon very cobbly clay loam; yellowish brown (10YR Value: 4 or 5 dry 5/6) moist; weak medium subangular blocky Chroma: 1 or 2 structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, Texture: Clay loam or loam moderately plastic; common very fine, fine, and Clay content: 18 to 30 percent medium roots; many very fine and fine Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 discontinuous irregular pores; many faint clay Bw horizon films on faces of peds; 30 percent cobbles and Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist 25 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear Chroma: 1 or 2 smooth boundary. 134 Soil Survey
Bk—23 to 60 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) very Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent cobbly clay loam; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots; many very fine and 84D—Helmville cobbly loam, cool, 8 to 15 fine discontinuous irregular pores; 30 percent percent slopes cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; disseminated lime; many distinct lime casts on undersides of Setting fragments; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Range in Characteristics Slope: 8 to 15 percent Soil temperature: 37 to 42 degrees F Elevation: 4,600 to 7,500 feet Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Depth to the Bk horizon: 15 to 40 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days E horizon Composition Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Major Components Value: 5 to 7 dry; 3 to 5 moist Helmville and similar soils: 85 percent Chroma: 2 to 4 Minor Components Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to Relyea and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 20 percent stones and cobbles; 5 to 30 percent Whitore and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 Major Component Description Bt1 horizon Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist Drainage class: Well drained Chroma: 4 or 6 Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Content of rock fragments: 30 to 60 percent— Flooding: None 10 to 35 percent stones and cobbles; 15 to Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches 40 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Bt2 horizon in this section. Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist Management Chroma: 4 or 6 For management information about this map unit, Clay content: 27 to 35 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent— 10 to 35 percent stones and cobbles; 15 to 40 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 84E—Helmville cobbly loam, cool, 15 to 35 percent slopes Bk horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Setting Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 Landform: Mountains Texture: Loam or clay loam Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Clay content: 18 to 30 percent Slope: 15 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 40 to 80 percent— Elevation: 4,600 to 7,500 feet 20 to 35 percent cobbles; 20 to 45 percent Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches pebbles Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 135
Composition Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Components Flooding: None Helmville and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Minor Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Relyea and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Whitore and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None 284E—Helmville cobbly loam, 15 to 35 Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches percent slopes
A typical soil description with range in Setting characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Management Slope: 15 to 35 percent For management information about this map unit, Elevation: 4,600 to 7,500 feet see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days 84F—Helmville cobbly loam, cool, Composition 35 to 60 percent slopes Major Components Helmville and similar soils: 85 percent Setting Minor Components Relyea and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Mountains Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Slope: 35 to 60 percent Elevation: 4,600 to 7,500 feet Major Component Description Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Composition Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Major Components Native plant cover type: Forest land Helmville and similar soils: 85 percent Flooding: None Minor Components Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Whitore and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Relyea and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) For management information about this map unit, Drainage class: Well drained see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 136 Soil Survey
284F—Helmville cobbly loam, 35 to 60 Composition percent slopes Major Components Helmville and similar soils: 45 percent Setting Worock and similar soils: 40 percent Minor Components Landform: Mountains Whitore and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Maciver and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Slope: 35 to 60 percent Relyea and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Elevation: 4,600 to 7,500 feet Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Major Component Description Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Helmville Composition Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Major Components Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Helmville and similar soils: 85 percent Drainage class: Well drained Minor Components Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Relyea and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: None Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches Major Component Description Worock Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Native plant cover type: Forest land igneous rocks Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Forest land Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, A typical soil description with range in in this section. characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 384D—Helmville-Worock complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes 384E—Helmville-Worock complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes Setting Landform: Setting • Helmville—Mountains • Worock—Mountains Landform: Position on landform: • Helmville—Mountains • Helmville—Footslopes and toeslopes • Worock—Mountains • Worock—Footslopes and toeslopes Position on landform: Slope: • Helmville—Backslopes and footslopes • Helmville—8 to 15 percent • Worock—Backslopes and footslopes • Worock—8 to 15 percent Slope: Elevation: 4,600 to 7,500 feet • Helmville—15 to 35 percent Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches • Worock—15 to 35 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Elevation: 4,600 to 7,500 feet Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 137
Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days superactive Andic Eutrocryepts Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Holloway gravelly silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, Helmville and similar soils: 45 percent in an area of woodland, 2,100 feet north and 300 feet Worock and similar soils: 40 percent east of the southwest corner of sec. 31, T. 5 N., Minor Components R. 15 W. Maciver and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Oi—3 inches to 0; decomposed and undecomposed Relyea and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent forest litter. Whitore and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A—0 to 9 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) gravelly silt loam; dark yellowish brown (10YR Major Component Description 4/4) moist; moderate fine granular structure; soft, Helmville very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; many very fine, Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam fine, medium, and coarse roots; common very Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) fine and fine irregular pores; 5 percent cobbles Drainage class: Well drained and 25 percent pebbles; moderately acid; clear Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium wavy boundary. Native plant cover type: Forest land 2E—9 to 23 inches; pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) Flooding: None extremely gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches 5/2) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; many very Worock fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; common Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam very fine and fine irregular pores; 10 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) cobbles and 55 percent pebbles; moderately acid; Drainage class: Well drained clear smooth boundary. Dominant parent material: Material weathered from 2E and Bt—23 to 47 inches; E part (75 percent) igneous rocks pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) extremely gravelly sandy Native plant cover type: Forest land loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) moist; B part (25 Flooding: None percent) is brown (7.5YR 5/2) fine sandy loam 1 1 Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches lamellae /8- to /2-inch thick, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky A typical soil description with range in structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, few very fine and fine roots; common very in this section. fine irregular pores; 10 percent cobbles and 55 percent pebbles; moderately acid; gradual Management wavy boundary. For management information about this map unit, 2C—47 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. extremely gravelly sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; many very fine roots; few Holloway Series very fine and fine irregular pores; 15 percent cobbles and 55 percent pebbles; moderately Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) acid. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Range in Characteristics Landform: Mountains Soil temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Parent material: Colluvium derived from argillite or Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches quartzite Slope range: 15 to 60 percent A horizon Elevation range: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Annual precipitation: 30 to 40 inches Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Annual air temperature: 35 to 38 degrees F Chroma: 4 or 6 Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Clay content: 5 to 15 percent 138 Soil Survey
Content of rock fragments: 10 to 35 percent—0 to Minor Components 10 percent cobbles; 10 to 30 percent pebbles Elve and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: 5.1 to 6.5 Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Rumsey and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 2E horizon Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Major Component Description Value: 6 or 7 dry; 5 or 6 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 Surface layer texture: Gravelly silt loam Texture: Loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Clay content: 5 to 15 percent Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Content of rock fragments: 45 to 75 percent—0 to Dominant parent material: Colluvium 15 percent cobbles; 45 to 60 percent pebbles Native plant cover type: Forest land Reaction: 5.1 to 6.5 Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches 2E and Bt horizon Hue: E part—10YR or 7.5YR; B part—10YR or A typical soil description with range in 7.5YR characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Value: E part—6 or 7 dry, 5 or 6 moist; B part— in this section. 5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist Chroma: E part—2 or 3; B part—2 to 4 Management Texture: Sandy loam or fine sandy loam For management information about this map unit, Clay content: 5 to 15 percent—lamellae has less see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. than 3 percent clay increase Content of rock fragments: 60 to 80 percent—5 to 15 percent cobbles; 55 to 70 percent pebbles Reaction: 5.1 to 6.5 81F—Holloway gravelly silt loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes 2C horizon Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Value: 6 or 7 dry; 5 or 6 moist Setting Chroma: 2 to 4 Landform: Mountains Texture: Fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loamy Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders sand Slope: 35 to 60 percent Clay content: 5 to 15 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Content of rock fragments: 60 to 80 percent—5 to Mean annual precipitation: 30 to 40 inches 20 percent cobbles; 55 to 70 percent pebbles Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Reaction: 5.1 to 6.5 Composition Major Components 81E—Holloway gravelly silt loam, Holloway and similar soils: 85 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes Minor Components Elve and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Rumsey and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Summits of mountains Major Component Description Slope: 15 to 35 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Surface layer texture: Gravelly silt loam Mean annual precipitation: 30 to 40 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Dominant parent material: Colluvium Composition Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Components Flooding: None Holloway and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 139
A typical soil description with range in medium masses of lime; violently effervescent; characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, strongly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. in this section. Bk3—25 to 42 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) gravelly loam; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) moist; Management weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very For management information about this map unit, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common fine see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. and few very fine roots; common fine and very fine irregular pores; 15 percent pebbles, common fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; Judell Series strongly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. 2C—42 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 6/4) very gravelly loam; yellowish brown (10YR Drainage class: Well drained 5/4) moist; massive; soft, very friable, slightly Permeability: Moderate sticky, moderately plastic; few very fine and fine Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces roots; common fine and few very fine irregular Parent material: Alluvium derived from limestone pores; 35 percent pebbles, 10 percent cobbles; Slope range: 2 to 4 percent violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. Elevation range: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Range in Characteristics Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Soil temperature: 42 to 46 degrees F Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 10 inches Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, carbonatic, frigid Depth to the Bk horizon: 6 to 10 inches Typic Calciustolls Depth to the 2C horizon: 40 to 60 inches Typical Pedon A horizon Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Judell loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist rangeland, 1,600 feet south and 200 feet east of the Chroma: 1 or 2 northwest corner of sec. 11, T. 9 N., R. 13 W. Clay content: 20 to 27 percent A—0 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak pebbles very fine granular structure; soft, very friable, Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 5 percent slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine and Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 fine and common medium roots; many fine and Bk1 horizon very fine irregular pores; 10 percent pebbles; Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist smooth boundary. Chroma: 2 or 3 Bk1—7 to 16 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Texture: Loam or clay loam loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; moderate fine Clay content: 20 to 35 percent and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; pebbles common fine and few very fine and medium Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent roots; many fine and very fine irregular pores; Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 10 percent pebbles; common medium masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; Bk2 and Bk3 horizons clear smooth boundary. Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Bk2—16 to 25 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) Value: 6 to 8 dry; 5 to 7 moist loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) moist; weak Chroma: 2 to 4 fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Texture: Loam or clay loam friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common fine Clay content: 20 to 35 percent and few very fine roots; many very fine and fine Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent irregular pores; 10 percent pebbles; common pebbles 140 Soil Survey
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 40 to 60 percent Julius Series Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) 2C horizon Drainage class: Well drained Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Permeability: Slow Value: 6 to 8 dry; 5 to 7 moist Landform: Alluvial fans Chroma: 2 to 4 Parent material: Alluvium or residuum Texture: Loam or clay loam Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Clay content: 12 to 35 percent Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Content of rock fragments: 35 to 75 percent—0 to Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches 10 percent cobbles; 35 to 65 percent pebbles Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Calcium carbonate equivalent: 30 to 40 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Taxonomic Class: Fine, mixed, superactive, frigid Alfic Argiustolls 61B—Judell loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes Typical Pedon Setting Julius loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area of hayland, 1,800 feet south and 2,800 feet west of the Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces northeast corner of sec. 34, T. 6 N., R. 14 W. Position on landform: Toeslopes Slope: 2 to 4 percent Ap1—0 to 4 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam, black Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate medium subangular Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days slightly plastic; many fine roots; many very fine tubular pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Composition Ap2—4 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Major Components loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Judell and similar soils: 85 percent moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Minor Components soft, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent many fine and medium roots; many very fine Quigley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Fairfield and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Bt/E—8 to 11 inches; B part (65 percent) is brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/4) Major Component Description moist; E part (35 percent) is pinkish gray (7.5YR Surface layer texture: Loam 6/2) loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Drainage class: Well drained soft, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many Dominant parent material: Limestone alluvium fine and medium roots; common fine tubular Native plant cover type: Rangeland pores; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Flooding: None Bt1—11 to 17 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay, dark Available water capacity: Mainly 8.5 inches brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; strong medium columnar structure; very hard, very firm, very A typical soil description with range in sticky, very plastic; common fine and medium characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, roots; few very fine tubular pores; many distinct in this section. clay films on faces of peds; strongly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Management Bt2—17 to 23 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay loam, For management information about this map unit, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; moderate medium see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. prismatic structure; hard, firm, moderately sticky, Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 141
moderately plastic; common fine and medium Bt2 horizon and many very fine roots; common very fine Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR tubular pores; common faint clay films on faces of Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist peds; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. Chroma: 3 or 4 Bk—23 to 33 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) Texture: Clay or clay loam loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; moderate Clay content: 35 to 50 percent medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 fine and very fine roots; common fine tubular Bk horizon pores; disseminated lime, common fine masses Value: 6 to 8 dry; 5 or 6 moist of lime; violently effervescent; moderately Chroma: 3 or 4 alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Texture: Clay loam or loam Cr—33 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/4) Clay content: 15 to 30 percent semiconsolidated tuff. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Range in Characteristics Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches 27B—Julius loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 12 inches Depth to the calcic horizon: 19 to 32 inches Setting Depth to the Cr horizon: 20 to 40 inches Landform: Alluvial fans Ap horizons Position on landform: Toeslopes Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Slope: 2 to 4 percent Chroma: 1 or 2 Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Clay content: 18 to 25 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Composition Bt/E horizon Major Components Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Julius and similar soils: 85 percent Value: B part—4 or 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist; E part— Minor Components 5 or 6 dry, 3 to 5 moist Donald and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Chroma: 2 to 4 Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Texture: Loam or clay loam (mixed) Bandy and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Clay content: 18 to 30 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to Major Component Description 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles Surface layer texture: Loam Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Bt1 horizon Drainage class: Well drained Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Dominant parent material: Alluvium or residuum Value: 5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist Native plant cover type: Rangeland Chroma: 2 to 4 Flooding: None Texture: Clay or clay loam Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to A typical soil description with range in 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 in this section. 142 Soil Survey
Management Composition Major Components For management information about this map unit, Julius and similar soils: 85 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Donald and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 27C—Julius loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes Bandy and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Loam Landform: Alluvial fans Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Position on landform: Toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 4 to 8 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium or residuum Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches
Composition A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Major Components in this section. Julius and similar soils: 85 percent Management Minor Components Donald and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Bandy and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Kleinschmidt Series Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Dominant parent material: Alluvium or residuum Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Native plant cover type: Rangeland Parent material: Alluvium Flooding: None Slope range: 0 to 4 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Elevation range: 3,800 to 5,800 feet Annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches A typical soil description with range in Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days in this section. Management Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Oxyaquic Haplustolls For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Typical Pedon Kleinschmidt loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of pasture, 2,750 feet south and 600 feet west of the 27D—Julius loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes northeast corner of sec. 29, T. 10 N., R. 13 W. A—0 to 8 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, Setting black (10YR 2/1) moist; strong medium granular Landform: Alluvial fans structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; Slope: 8 to 15 percent many very fine and fine irregular pores; neutral; Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet clear smooth boundary. Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Bw1—8 to 22 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 143
moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—5 to slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, 20 percent cobbles; 30 to 40 percent pebbles moderately plastic; many very fine and fine Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores; 2Bk horizon 10 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Bw2—22 to 33 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Value: 3 to 5 moist; 5 to 7 dry cobbly sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Chroma: 1 to 6 weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Texture: Sandy loam, loamy sand, or sand hard, friable, moderately sticky, slightly plastic; Clay content: 5 to 10 percent common very fine and fine roots; many very fine Content of rock fragments: 40 to 70 percent— and fine irregular pores; 20 percent cobbles and 15 to 25 percent cobbles; 25 to 45 percent 30 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual smooth pebbles boundary. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent 2Bk—33 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 cobbly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; few fine distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) moist redox concentrations; single grain; loose, slightly sticky, 447B—Kleinschmidt gravelly loam, cool, slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots; many 0 to 4 percent slopes, rarely flooded very fine and fine irregular pores; 25 percent cobbles and 25 percent pebbles; few faint lime Setting casts on undersides of coarse fragments; slightly alkaline. Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Position on landform: Treads Range in Characteristics Slope: 0 to 4 percent Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Elevation: 3,800 to 5,800 feet Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 15 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Depth to the seasonal high water table: 24 to Composition 42 inches Depth to the 2Bk horizon: 30 to 48 inches Major Components Kleinschmidt and similar soils: 85 percent A horizon Minor Components Value: 2 or 3 moist; 3 to 5 dry Modesty and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Chroma: 1 or 2 Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Clay content: 15 to 25 percent Mannixlee and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to Perma and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles Windlass and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Bw1 horizon Major Component Description Value: 2 to 5 moist; 4 to 6 dry Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Chroma: 2 to 4 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Texture: Sandy loam, loam, or silty clay loam Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to Native plant cover type: Rangeland 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles Flooding: Rare Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Water table: Apparent Bw2 horizon Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Value: 4 or 5 moist; 5 to 7 dry Chroma: 2 to 4 A typical soil description with range in Texture: Sandy loam or loam characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Clay content: 18 to 27 percent in this section. 144 Soil Survey
Management Elevation: 3,800 to 5,800 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches For management information about this map unit, Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Composition Major Components 547B—Kleinschmidt gravelly loam, cool, Kleinschmidt and similar soils: 85 percent 0 to 4 percent slopes Minor Components Modesty and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Setting Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Mannixlee and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Perma and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Position on landform: Treads Windlass and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Slope: 0 to 4 percent Elevation: 3,800 to 5,800 feet Major Component Description Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Composition Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Major Components Native plant cover type: Rangeland Kleinschmidt and similar soils: 85 percent Flooding: None Minor Components Water table: Apparent Modesty and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.3 inches Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Mannixlee and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent A typical soil description with range in Perma and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Windlass and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None 847B—Kleinschmidt loam, 0 to 4 percent Water table: Apparent slopes Available water capacity: Mainly 4.3 inches Setting A typical soil description with range in Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Position on landform: Treads in this section. Slope: 0 to 4 percent Management Elevation: 3,800 to 5,800 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches For management information about this map unit, Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Composition 557B—Kleinschmidt gravelly loam, Major Components 0 to 4 percent slopes Kleinschmidt and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Modesty and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Setting Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Mannixlee and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Position on landform: Treads Perma and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Slope: 0 to 4 percent Windlass and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 145
Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Krutar Series Flooding: None Water table: Apparent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 5.6 inches Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate above the sandy-skeletal A typical soil description with range in material; rapid in the sandy-skeletal material characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Landform: Stream terraces in this section. Parent material: Alluvium Slope range: 2 to 4 percent Management Elevation range: 3,600 to 5,700 feet For management information about this map unit, Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days
947B—Kleinschmidt cobbly loam, Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal over sandy or 0 to 4 percent slopes sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Calciustolls Setting Typical Pedon Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Krutar loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes, in an area Position on landform: Treads of irrigated grass pasture, 3,600 feet south and Slope: 0 to 4 percent 1,320 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 22, Elevation: 3,800 to 5,800 feet T. 5 N., R. 15 W. Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days A—0 to 8 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; moderate Composition medium granular structure; slightly hard, friable, Major Components slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine and Kleinschmidt and similar soils: 85 percent fine roots; many very fine pores; 5 percent Minor Components pebbles; disseminated lime; slightly effervescent; Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Perma and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Bw—8 to 13 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Windlass and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium Modesty and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Mannixlee and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; few medium and common Major Component Description very fine tubular pores; 5 percent cobbles and Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam 15 percent pebbles; disseminated lime; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) continuous distinct lime coatings on undersides Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained of rock fragments; violently effervescent; Dominant parent material: Alluvium moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Bk—13 to 21 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) very Flooding: None gravelly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; Water table: Apparent weak medium subangular blocky structure; hard, Available water capacity: Mainly 4.1 inches friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common very fine tubular A typical soil description with range in pores; 25 percent pebbles and 15 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, cobbles; disseminated lime; continuous distinct in this section. lime casts on rock fragments; violently 146 Soil Survey
effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Texture: Loamy sand or sand boundary. Clay content: 0 to 10 percent 2C—21 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Content of rock fragments: 55 to 80 percent—5 to very cobbly loamy sand, grayish brown (10YR 10 percent stones; 20 to 30 percent cobbles; 5/2) moist; single grain; loose, nonsticky, 25 to 40 percent pebbles nonplastic; few fine roots; 25 percent pebbles, Electrical conductivity: 2 to 4 mmhos/cm 30 percent cobbles; disseminated lime; Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 20 percent continuous distinct lime coatings on sides of rock Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 fragments and continuous prominent lime casts on undersides of rock fragments; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. 23B—Krutar loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes Range in Characteristics Setting Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Landform: Stream terraces Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Position on landform: Treads Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 10 inches Slope: 2 to 4 percent Depth to the sandy-skeletal horizon: 20 to 40 inches Elevation: 3,600 to 5,700 feet A horizon Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Composition Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 10 to 27 percent Major Components Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to Krutar and similar soils: 85 percent 25 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Minor Components Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Dominic and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Sarbo and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Bw horizon Bandy and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Major Component Description Chroma: 2 or 3 Surface layer texture: Loam Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to Drainage class: Well drained 5 percent stones; 5 to 15 percent cobbles; Dominant parent material: Alluvium 10 to 15 percent pebbles Native plant cover type: Rangeland Electrical conductivity: 2 to 4 mmhos/cm Flooding: None Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Bk horizon A typical soil description with range in Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Value: 7 or 8 dry; 5 or 6 moist in this section. Chroma: 2 or 3 Management Texture: Loam or sandy loam Clay content: 18 to 25 percent For management information about this map unit, Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 5 percent stones; 15 to 25 percent cobbles; 20 to 30 percent pebbles Electrical conductivity: 2 to 4 mmhos/cm 123B—Krutar cobbly loam, 2 to 4 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent slopes Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Setting 2C horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Landform: Stream terraces Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist Position on landform: Treads Chroma: 2 or 3 Slope: 2 to 4 percent Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 147
Elevation: 3,600 to 5,700 feet fine and fine roots; few fine and very fine pores; Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches 10 percent pebbles; slightly effervescent; slightly Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bk—8 to 16 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) very Composition gravelly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; Major Components weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, Krutar and similar soils: 85 percent friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very Minor Components fine and fine roots; few fine and very fine pores; Perma and similar soils: 0 to 10 percent 15 percent cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; Slopes more than 4 percent: 0 to 5 percent disseminated lime, common distinct lime casts on underside of coarse fragments; violently Major Component Description effervescent; moderately alkaline. Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam R—16 inches; limestone bedrock. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Soil temperature: 42 to 47 degrees F Native plant cover type: Rangeland Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Flooding: None Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 10 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 3.3 inches Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Depth to the calcic horizon: 7 to 10 inches A typical soil description with range in A horizon characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y in this section. Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Management Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 15 to 25 percent For management information about this map unit, Content of rock fragments: 10 to 35 percent—0 to see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 15 percent stones and cobbles; 10 to 20 percent pebbles Lap Series Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 15 percent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Bk horizon Drainage class: Well drained Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Permeability: Moderate Value: 6 to 8 dry; 5 or 6 moist Landform: Mountains and hills Chroma: 2 or 3 Parent material: Material derived from limestone Clay content: 20 to 27 percent Slope range: 8 to 60 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 65 percent— Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,000 feet 15 to 30 percent stones and cobbles; 30 to Annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches 40 percent pebbles Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Calcium carbonate equivalent: 40 to 60 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, frigid Lithic Calciustolls Levengood Series Typical Pedon Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Lap loam, in an area of Windham-Lap-Rock outcrop Drainage class: Well drained complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an area of Permeability: Moderate rangeland, 2,300 feet south and 600 feet east of Landform: Mountains the northwest corner of sec. 26, T. 11 N., R. 13 W. Parent material: Material derived from calcareous A—0 to 8 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, shale very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Slope range: 4 to 60 percent moderate fine granular structure; soft, very Elevation range: 5,800 to 7,000 feet friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches 148 Soil Survey
Annual air temperature: 34 to 39 degrees F Range in Characteristics Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Soil temperature: 36 to 41 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 16 to 30 inches superactive Calcic Pachic Haplocryolls Depth to the calcic horizon: 12 to 18 inches Typical Pedon A horizon Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Levengood gravelly loam, in an area of Tibson- Chroma: 1 or 2 Levengood gravelly loams, 15 to 35 percent Clay content: 18 to 27 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland, 400 feet south and Content of rock fragments: 15 to 30 percent—0 to 2,100 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 19, 5 percent cobbles; 15 to 25 percent pebbles T. 6 N., R. 14 W. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Bw horizon A—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Value: 3 to 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist gravelly loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine Chroma: 1 to 3 granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, Texture: Clay loam or loam slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; Clay content: 18 to 30 percent common fine interstitial pores; 5 percent cobbles, Content of rock fragments: 35 to 55 percent—5 to 20 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth 15 percent cobbles; 30 to 40 percent pebbles boundary. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Bw—6 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Bk1 horizon moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly Chroma: 1 to 3 plastic; many very fine and fine roots; common Texture: Clay loam or loam very fine tubular pores; 5 percent cobbles, Clay content: 18 to 30 percent 30 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth Content of rock fragments: 35 to 50 percent—5 to boundary. 10 percent cobbles; 30 to 40 percent pebbles Bk1—12 to 19 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Bk2 horizon hard, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y many very fine and fine roots; common very fine Value: 6 or 7 dry; 5 or 6 moist and fine pores; 10 percent cobbles, 35 percent Chroma: 3 or 4 pebbles; disseminated lime, few fine masses of Texture: Clay loam, loam, or fine sandy loam lime; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; Clay content: 18 to 30 percent gradual wavy boundary. Content of rock fragments: 35 to 50 percent—5 to Bk2—19 to 30 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) very 10 percent cobbles; 30 to 40 percent pebbles gravelly fine sandy loam, light yellowish brown Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent (2.5Y 6/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; 10 percent Bk3 horizon cobbles, 35 percent pebbles; disseminated lime, Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y few fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; Value: 6 or 7 dry; 5 or 6 moist moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Chroma: 3 or 4 Bk3—30 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Texture: Clay loam, loam, or sandy loam very cobbly loam, light yellowish brown (10YR Clay content: 15 to 30 percent 6/4) moist; weak coarse prismatic structure; soft, Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent— very friable nonsticky, nonplastic; few very fine 15 to 30 percent cobbles; 20 to 30 percent roots; 25 percent cobbles; 20 percent pebbles; pebbles disseminated lime, few fine masses of lime; Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 149
Libeg Series weak fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky, moderately plastic; common fine Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) and very fine roots; few very fine irregular pores; Drainage class: Well drained 55 percent channers; neutral. Permeability: Moderate Landform: Mountains Range in Characteristics Parent material: Colluvium from argillite Soil temperature: 36 to 44 degrees F Slope range: 2 to 60 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Elevation range: 5,200 to 7,000 feet Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 16 inches Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Annual air temperature: 34 to 39 degrees F A horizon Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Value: 3 to 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Chroma: 1 or 2 superactive Ustic Argicryolls Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent Typical Pedon channers Libeg channery loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 area of rangeland, 2,050 feet north and 150 feet east Bt horizons of the southwest corner of sec. 14, T. 7 N., R. 15 W. Hue: 5YR to 10YR A—0 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) channery Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Chroma: 2 to 6 moderate fine granular structure; soft, very Texture: Loam or clay loam friable, slightly sticky, moderately plastic; many Clay content: 15 to 35 percent very fine and fine roots; common very fine tubular Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent pores; 20 percent channers; neutral; clear smooth channers boundary. Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 Bt1—7 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) channery BC horizon loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate Hue: 5YR to 10YR fine and very fine subangular blocky structure; Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist slightly hard, very friable, moderately sticky, Chroma: 2 to 6 moderately plastic; many very fine and fine roots; Texture: Loam or sandy loam common very fine tubular pores; few faint clay Clay content: 10 to 20 percent films on faces of peds; 35 percent channers; Content of rock fragments: 40 to 70 percent neutral; clear smooth boundary. channers Bt2—12 to 19 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 channery clay loam; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist; moderate fine and very fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; many 54B—Libeg channery loam, 2 to 4 percent very fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; slopes common faint clay films on faces of peds; 40 percent channers; neutral; clear smooth Setting boundary. Bt3—19 to 44 inches; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) Landform: Mountains extremely channery clay loam; dark brown Position on landform: Toeslopes (7.5YR 4/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky Slope: 2 to 4 percent structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet moderately plastic; common fine and very fine Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches roots; few very fine irregular pores; few faint clay Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days films on faces of peds; 70 percent channers; Composition neutral; gradual wavy boundary. BC—44 to 60 inches; pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) very Major Components channery loam; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) moist; Libeg and similar soils: 85 percent 150 Soil Survey
Minor Components A typical soil description with range in Finn and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Copenhaver and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Mollet and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Major Component Description For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Channery loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained 54D—Libeg channery loam, 8 to 15 Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium percent slopes Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Setting Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes A typical soil description with range in Slope: 8 to 15 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet in this section. Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Management Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days For management information about this map unit, Composition see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components Libeg and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components 54C—Libeg channery loam, 4 to 8 percent Copenhaver and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent slopes Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Mollet and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Mountains Surface layer texture: Channery loam Position on landform: Toeslopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 4 to 8 percent Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Composition Major Components A typical soil description with range in Libeg and similar soils: 85 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Minor Components Finn and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Copenhaver and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Mollet and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Channery loam 54E—Libeg channery loam, 15 to 35 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Landform: Mountains Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 151
Slope: 15 to 35 percent Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Composition Major Components A typical soil description with range in Libeg and similar soils: 85 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Minor Components in this section. Copenhaver and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Mollet and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Channery loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 130D—Libeg-Copenhaver-Rock outcrop Drainage class: Well drained complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Setting Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Landform: • Libeg—Mountains A typical soil description with range in • Copenhaver—Mountains characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, • Rock outcrop—Mountains in this section. Position on landform: • Libeg—Footslopes and toeslopes Management • Copenhaver—Footslopes and toeslopes For management information about this map unit, • Rock outcrop—Footslopes and toeslopes see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Slope: • Libeg—8 to 15 percent • Copenhaver—8 to 15 percent 54F—Libeg channery loam, 35 to 60 Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet percent slopes Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Setting Composition Landform: Mountains Major Components Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Libeg and similar soils: 40 percent Slope: 35 to 60 percent Copenhaver and similar soils: 30 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Rock outcrop: 15 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Minor Components Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Redchief and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Maciver and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Composition Levengood and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Components Major Component Description Libeg and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Libeg Copenhaver and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Channery loam Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Redchief and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Major Component Description Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Channery loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches 152 Soil Survey
Copenhaver Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Libeg Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Surface layer texture: Channery loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Drainage class: Well drained extrusive igneous rocks Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.3 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Rock outcrop Copenhaver Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) A typical soil description with range in Drainage class: Well drained characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Dominant parent material: Material weathered from in this section. extrusive igneous rocks Management Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None For management information about this map unit, Available water capacity: Mainly 1.3 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Rock outcrop Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock 130E—Libeg-Copenhaver-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Setting in this section. Landform: Management • Libeg—Mountains For management information about this map unit, • Copenhaver—Mountains see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Rock outcrop—Mountains Position on landform: • Libeg—Backslopes and footslopes 130F—Libeg-Copenhaver-Rock outcrop • Copenhaver—Backslopes and footslopes complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes • Rock outcrop—Backslopes and footslopes Slope: Setting • Libeg—15 to 35 percent • Copenhaver—15 to 35 percent Landform: Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet • Libeg—Mountains Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches • Copenhaver—Mountains Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days • Rock outcrop—Mountains Position on landform: Composition • Libeg—Backslopes and shoulders Major Components • Copenhaver—Backslopes and shoulders Libeg and similar soils: 40 percent • Rock outcrop—Backslopes and shoulders Copenhaver and similar soils: 30 percent Slope: Rock outcrop: 15 percent • Libeg—35 to 60 percent Minor Components • Copenhaver—35 to 60 percent Redchief and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Maciver and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Levengood and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 153
Composition Loberg Series Major Components Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Libeg and similar soils: 40 percent Drainage class: Well drained Copenhaver and similar soils: 30 percent Permeability: Slow Rock outcrop: 15 percent Landform: Mountains Minor Components Parent material: Material from extrusive igneous rocks Redchief and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Slope range: 4 to 60 percent Levengood and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Elevation range: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Maciver and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Major Component Description Annual air temperature: 35 to 38 degrees F Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Libeg Surface layer texture: Channery loam Taxonomic Class: Clayey-skeletal, mixed, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) superactive Ustic Glossocryalfs Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Typical Pedon Native plant cover type: Rangeland Loberg gravelly loam, in an area of Worock-Loberg Flooding: None complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an area of Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches woodland, 2,400 feet north and 1,100 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 6, T. 7 N., R. 15 W. Copenhaver Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Oe—2 inches to 0; partially decomposed forest litter. Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) E—0 to 8 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Drainage class: Well drained gravelly loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Dominant parent material: Material weathered from moist; moderate medium subangular blocky extrusive igneous rocks structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, Native plant cover type: Rangeland slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; Flooding: None many very fine and fine pores; 25 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 1.3 inches pebbles; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt/E—8 to 16 inches; B part (85 percent) is yellowish Rock outcrop brown (10YR 5/4) very gravelly clay loam, Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; E part (15 percent) is light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) A typical soil description with range in very gravelly loam, dark grayish brown (10YR characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, 4/2) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky in this section. structure; hard, friable, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; many very fine and fine roots; Management few very fine pores; common faint clay films on For management information about this map unit, faces of peds; 5 percent cobbles and 30 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. pebbles; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt1—16 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very gravelly clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 916—Limestone quarry 4/6) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, moderately sticky, Composition moderately plastic; many very fine and fine roots; few very fine pores; common faint clay films on Major Components faces of peds; 10 percent cobbles and 30 percent Limestone quarry: 100 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Bt2—30 to 46 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Major Component Description very gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist; moderate fine subangular Definition: Areas of an open or surface working used blocky structure; very hard, firm, moderately for the extraction of limestone. sticky, moderately plastic; many very fine and 154 Soil Survey
fine and few medium roots; few very fine pores; Content of rock fragments: 35 to 55 percent—0 to common faint clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent stones; 5 to 10 percent cobbles; 5 percent cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; 30 to 40 percent pebbles neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Bt3—46 to 60 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) Bt3 horizon very cobbly clay loam; yellowish brown (10YR Hue: 7.5YR to 5Y 5/6) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist structure; very hard, firm, moderately sticky, Chroma: 2 to 6 moderately plastic; common very fine and fine Texture: Clay loam or clay roots; common faint clay films on faces of peds; Clay content: 35 to 45 percent 20 percent cobbles and 25 percent pebbles; Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to neutral. 5 percent stones; 20 to 30 percent cobbles; Range in Characteristics 15 to 25 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Soil temperature: 36 to 47 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches E horizon 85D—Loberg gravelly loam, 4 to 15 Hue: 7.5YR to 5Y percent slopes Value: 5 to 7 dry; 3 to 5 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Loam, clay loam, or sandy loam Setting Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Landform: Mountains Content of rock fragments: 20 to 30 percent Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes pebbles Slope: 4 to 15 percent Reaction: pH 5.1 to 6.5 Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Bt/E horizon Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Hue: 7.5YR to 5Y Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Value: B part—4 to 6 dry, 3 to 5 moist; E part— Composition 5 to 7 dry, 3 to 5 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 Major Components Texture: Clay loam or loam Loberg and similar soils: 85 percent Clay content: 25 to 35 percent (mixed) Minor Components Content of rock fragments: 15 to 40 percent—0 to Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 6 percent 10 percent stones and cobbles; 15 to 30 Worock and similar soils: 0 to 6 percent percent pebbles Foolhen and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: pH 5.1 to 6.5 Major Component Description Bt1 horizon Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Hue: 7.5YR to 5Y Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist Drainage class: Well drained Chroma: 2 to 6 Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Texture: Clay loam or clay extrusive igneous rocks Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Content of rock fragments: 30 to 50 percent—0 to Flooding: None 5 percent stones; 10 to 15 percent cobbles; Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches 20 to 30 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 5.1 to 7.3 A typical soil description with range in Bt2 horizon characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Hue: 7.5YR to 5Y in this section. Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist Management Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: Clay loam or clay For management information about this map unit, Clay content: 35 to 45 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 155
85E—Loberg gravelly loam, 15 to 35 Minor Components percent slopes Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Setting Landform: Mountains Major Component Description Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Slope: 15 to 35 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Dominant parent material: Material weathered from extrusive igneous rocks Composition Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Components Flooding: None Loberg and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches Minor Components Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Worock and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent in this section. Foolhen and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Management Major Component Description For management information about this map unit, Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from 585D—Loberg very cobbly sandy loam, extrusive igneous rocks 8 to 15 percent slopes Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches Setting Landform: Mountains A typical soil description with range in Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Slope: 8 to 15 percent in this section. Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Management Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Composition Major Components 85F—Loberg gravelly loam, 35 to 60 Loberg and similar soils: 85 percent percent slopes Minor Components Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Worock and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Setting Landform: Mountains Major Component Description Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Slope: 35 to 60 percent Surface layer texture: Very cobbly sandy loam Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Dominant parent material: Material weathered from extrusive igneous rocks Composition Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Components Flooding: None Loberg and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.7 inches 156 Soil Survey
A typical soil description with range in Slope range: 0 to 8 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet in this section. Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Management Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Taxonomic Class: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Haplustolls Typical Pedon 585E—Loberg very cobbly sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes Lone Rock cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland, 1,800 feet south and 2,400 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 17, T. 5 N., Setting R. 15 W. Landform: Mountains A—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes cobbly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Slope: 15 to 35 percent moderate fine granular structure; soft, very Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many fine Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches and very fine roots; many fine irregular pores; Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days 10 percent cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; Composition neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bw—7 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very cobbly Major Components sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; Loberg and similar soils: 85 percent moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Minor Components soft, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent many fine and very fine roots; common very fine Worock and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent tubular pores; 15 percent cobbles and 25 percent Major Component Description pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. BC—11 to 18 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly Surface layer texture: Very cobbly sandy loam loamy sand, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very Drainage class: Well drained friable, slightly sticky, nonplastic; many very fine Dominant parent material: Material weathered from and common fine roots; many very fine irregular extrusive igneous rocks pores; 20 percent cobbles and 30 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Flooding: None C—18 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly Available water capacity: Mainly 4.7 inches sand; dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; single grain; loose, nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine and very fine A typical soil description with range in roots; many very fine irregular pores; 20 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; neutral. in this section. Range in Characteristics Management Soil temperature: 41 to 47 degrees F For management information about this map unit, Moisture control section: Between 12 and 35 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 15 inches A horizon Lone Rock Series Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Chroma: 2 or 3 Drainage class: Well drained Clay content: 15 to 25 percent Permeability: Very rapid Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to Landform: Stream terraces and alluvial fans 10 percent cobbles; 15 to 25 percent pebbles Parent material: Alluvium Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 157
Bw horizon Major Component Description Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Chroma: 2 or 3 Drainage class: Well drained Texture: Loam or sandy loam Dominant parent material: Alluvium Clay content: 10 to 15 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Content of rock fragments: 35 to 50 percent— Flooding: None 15 to 20 percent cobbles; 20 to 30 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches pebbles Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 A typical soil description with range in BC horizon characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR in this section. Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist Management Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: Loamy sand or sand For management information about this map unit, Clay content: 0 to 10 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Content of rock fragments: 40 to 75 percent— 20 to 30 percent cobbles; 20 to 45 percent pebbles 18C—Lone Rock cobbly loam, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 4 to 8 percent slopes C horizon Setting Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist Landform: Stream terraces Chroma: 2 to 4 Position on landform: Treads Texture: Loamy sand or sand Slope: 4 to 8 percent Clay content: 0 to 10 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 5,500 feet Content of rock fragments: 50 to 75 percent— Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches 20 to 30 percent cobbles; 30 to 45 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days pebbles Composition Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Major Components Lone Rock and similar soils: 85 percent 18B—Lone Rock cobbly loam, Minor Components 0 to 4 percent slopes Sarbo and similar soils: 0 to 10 percent Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Landform: Stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Treads Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 0 to 4 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 3,600 to 5,500 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Lone Rock and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. Minor Components Management Lone Rock, greater slope: 0 to 5 percent Sarbo and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 158 Soil Survey
124B—Lone Rock-Sarbo complex, Maciver Series 2 to 4 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderately slow Landform: Landform: Mountains • Lone Rock—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Parent material: Alluvium or colluvium derived from • Sarbo—Alluvial fans and stream terraces calcareous argillite Position on landform: Slope range: 2 to 35 percent • Lone Rock—Treads Elevation range: 5,800 to 7,200 feet • Sarbo—Treads Annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Slope: Annual air temperature: 34 to 39 degrees F • Lone Rock—2 to 4 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days • Sarbo—2 to 4 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches superactive Ustic Argicryolls Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Typical Pedon Composition Maciver loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland, 1,150 feet south and 2,150 feet east of Major Components the northwest corner of sec. 32, T. 5 N., R. 14 W. Lone Rock and similar soils: 50 percent Sarbo and similar soils: 35 percent A—0 to 7 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, Minor Components black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine granular Perma and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; Straw and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent many very fine and fine and few medium roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; 10 percent Major Component Description pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Bt—7 to 11 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Lone Rock gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam 4/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) hard, friable, moderately sticky, moderately Drainage class: Well drained plastic; many very fine and fine roots; few very Dominant parent material: Alluvium fine and fine tubular pores; few faint clay films on Native plant cover type: Rangeland faces of peds; 5 percent cobbles and 35 percent Flooding: None pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches Bk1—11 to 23 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) very gravelly clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) Sarbo moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Surface layer texture: Loam hard, friable, slightly sticky, moderately plastic; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) many very fine and fine roots; few very fine Drainage class: Well drained and fine tubular pores; 5 percent cobbles and Dominant parent material: Alluvium 35 percent pebbles; many medium masses of Native plant cover type: Rangeland lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; Flooding: None gradual wavy boundary. Available water capacity: Mainly 6.3 inches Bk2—23 to 30 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) very gravely clay loam, light olive brown A typical soil description with range in (2.5Y 5/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly in this section. plastic; many very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; 10 percent cobbles Management and 35 percent pebbles; many medium masses For management information about this map unit, of lime; violently effervescent; moderately see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 159
Bk3—30 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Composition gravely loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; Major Components weak coarse prismatic structure; slightly hard, Maciver and similar soils: 85 percent friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very Minor Components fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent pores; 15 percent cobbles and 40 percent Levengood and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent pebbles; many medium masses of lime; violently Tibson and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent effervescent; moderately alkaline. Major Component Description Range in Characteristics Surface layer texture: Loam Soil temperature: 36 to 41 degrees F Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Drainage class: Well drained Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 15 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Depth to the Bk horizon: 11 to 24 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland A horizon Flooding: None Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches Chroma: 1 or 2 Clay content: 18 to 27 percent A typical soil description with range in Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, 5 cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles in this section. Reaction: 6.6 to 7.3 Management Bt horizon For management information about this map unit, Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Chroma: 2 to 4 Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to 16C—Maciver loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes 10 percent cobbles; 35 to 50 percent pebbles Reaction: 6.6 to 7.3 Setting Bk horizons Landform: Mountains Hue: 2.5Y or 10YR Position on landform: Toeslopes Value: 6 to 8 dry; 5 or 6 moist Slope: 4 to 8 percent Chroma: 3 or 4 Elevation: 5,800 to 7,200 feet Texture: Loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Clay content: 15 to 30 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Content of rock fragments: 40 to 60 percent—5 to 15 percent cobbles; 35 to 45 percent pebbles Composition Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent Major Components Reaction: 7.9 to 8.4 Maciver and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components 16B—Maciver loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Levengood and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Tibson and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Toeslopes Surface layer texture: Loam Slope: 2 to 4 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Elevation: 5,800 to 7,200 feet Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Native plant cover type: Rangeland 160 Soil Survey
Flooding: None 16E—Maciver loam, 15 to 35 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches slopes A typical soil description with range in Setting characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Management Slope: 15 to 35 percent For management information about this map unit, Elevation: 5,800 to 7,200 feet see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Composition 16D—Maciver loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes Major Components Maciver and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Setting Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Levengood and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Mountains Tibson and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: 8 to 15 percent Major Component Description Elevation: 5,800 to 7,200 feet Surface layer texture: Loam Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Drainage class: Well drained Composition Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Major Components Flooding: None Maciver and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches Minor Components Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Levengood and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Tibson and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Major Component Description Management For management information about this map unit, Surface layer texture: Loam see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Mannixlee Series Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches Drainage class: Poorly drained Permeability: Moderately slow A typical soil description with range in Landform: Stream terraces and flood plains characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Parent material: Alluvium in this section. Slope range: 0 to 4 percent Elevation range: 3,800 to 5,600 feet Management Annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches For management information about this map unit, Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 161
Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 43 inches frigid Cumulic Endoaquolls Depth to the 2Cg horizon: 40 to 60 inches A horizons Typical Pedon Value: 2 or 3 moist; 3 to 5 dry Mannixlee clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an Chroma: 1 or 2 area of pasture, 1,100 feet north and 300 feet east of Clay content: 18 to 35 percent the southwest corner of sec. 28, T. 10 N., R. 13 W. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Oi—2 inches to 0; partially decomposed organic Bw horizon matter. Hue: 10YR to 5Y A1—0 to 7 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay Value: 2 or 3 moist; 3 to 5 dry loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; common medium Chroma: 1 or 2 distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) redox Texture: Loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, or silt concentrations; moderate medium granular loam structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly Clay content: 18 to 35 percent plastic; many fine and very fine roots; many very Content of rock fragments: 0 to 30 percent—0 to fine tubular and discontinuous irregular pores; 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles neutral; gradual smooth boundary. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 A2—7 to 14 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay 2Cg horizon loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, Value: 5 to 7 moist; 6 to 8 dry friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common Chroma: 1 to 3 very fine and fine roots; common very fine tubular Texture: Loamy coarse sand or coarse sand with pores and many very fine discontinuous irregular thin layers of loam, sandy loam, silt loam, or pores; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. clay loam A3—14 to 23 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, Clay content: 5 to 25 percent dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; common medium Content of rock fragments: 15 to 70 percent—5 to distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) redox 40 percent cobbles; 10 to 30 percent pebbles concentrations; moderate medium subangular Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 blocky structure; very hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common fine and very fine roots; few fine tubular pores and few fine and very fine 645A—Mannixlee clay loam, discontinuous irregular pores; neutral; gradual 0 to 2 percent slopes smooth boundary. Bw—23 to 43 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) Setting loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; many medium distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) redox Landform: Stream terraces concentrations; weak medium subangular blocky Position on landform: Treads structure; very hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly Slope: 0 to 2 percent plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few fine Elevation: 3,800 to 5,600 feet tubular pores and common very fine and fine Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches discontinuous irregular pores; neutral; abrupt Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days smooth boundary. Composition 2Cg—43 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) extremely cobbly loamy coarse sand, light Major Components brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; single grain; Mannixlee and similar soils: 85 percent loose, nonsticky, nonplastic; 30 percent pebbles, Minor Components 30 percent cobbles; neutral. Nythar and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Poronto and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Range in Characteristics Tetonview and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Major Component Description Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Depth to the seasonal high water table: 12 to Surface layer texture: Clay loam 24 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 162 Soil Survey
Drainage class: Poorly drained Blossberg Dominant parent material: Alluvium Surface layer texture: Loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Poorly drained Water table: Apparent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Rare A typical soil description with range in Water table: Apparent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches in this section. A typical soil description with range in Management characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, For management information about this map unit, in this section. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, 855A—Mannixlee-Blossberg complex, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded Marcott Series Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained • Mannixlee—Flood plains Permeability: Slow • Blossberg—Flood plains Landform: Stream terraces Position on landform: Parent material: Alluvium • Mannixlee—Treads Slope range: 0 to 4 percent • Blossberg—Treads Elevation range: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Slope: Annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches • Mannixlee—0 to 4 percent Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F • Blossberg—0 to 4 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Elevation: 3,800 to 5,600 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Taxonomic Class: Fine, smectitic, frigid Vertic Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Haplustolls Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Marcott silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an Mannixlee and similar soils: 45 percent area of hayland, 1,700 feet south and 200 feet east Blossberg and similar soils: 40 percent of the northwest corner of sec. 27, T. 9 N., R. 13 W. Minor Components Bandy and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Az—0 to 8 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay Poronto and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate fine Nythar and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent subangular blocky structure parting to strong fine Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent granular; very hard, very firm, slightly sticky, moderately plastic; many fine and very fine roots; Major Component Description many very fine and fine random interstitial pores; Mannixlee few medium seams of salt; neutral; clear smooth Surface layer texture: Clay loam boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bz1—8 to 14 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) silty clay Drainage class: Poorly drained loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) moist; moderate fine Dominant parent material: Alluvium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Native plant cover type: Rangeland moderately sticky, slightly plastic; few fine and Flooding: Rare very fine roots; many very fine and fine random Water table: Apparent interstitial pores; many medium seams of salt; Available water capacity: Mainly 8.2 inches neutral; clear wavy boundary. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 163
Bz2—14 to 26 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay, gray 349B—Marcott silty clay loam, cool, (10YR 5/1) moist; moderate fine subangular 0 to 4 percent slopes blocky structure; very hard, firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; many medium seams and Setting masses of salt; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Landform: Stream terraces Bkz—26 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty Position on landform: Treads clay, gray (10YR 5/1) moist; few fine distinct Slope: 0 to 4 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) redox concentrations; Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet weak fine subangular blocky structure; very hard, Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches very firm, slightly sticky, moderately plastic; Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days common fine masses of salt and lime; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. Composition Range in Characteristics Major Components Marcott and similar soils: 85 percent Soil temperature: 41 to 47 degrees F Minor Components Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mcmanus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 15 inches Modesty and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Depth to the seasonal high water table: 24 to 42 Turrah and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent inches Az horizon Major Component Description Hue: 10YR to 5Y Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Value: 3 to 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Chroma: 1 or 2 Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Clay content: 30 to 40 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles Native plant cover type: Rangeland Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 4 to 8 Flooding: None Sodium adsorption ratio: 0 to 20 Water table: Apparent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 Salt affected: Saline within 30 inches Bz horizons Sodium affected: Sodic within 30 inches Hue: 10YR to 5Y Available water capacity: Mainly 6.4 inches Value: 4 to 7 dry; 3 to 5 moist Chroma: 1 to 3 A typical soil description with range in Texture: Silty clay loam or silty clay characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Clay content: 35 to 50 percent in this section. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent Management pebbles Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 4 to 8 For management information about this map unit, Sodium adsorption ratio: 0 to 30 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 9.0 Bkz horizon Hue: 10YR to 5Y 549B—Marcott silty clay loam, Value: 4 to 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist 0 to 4 percent slopes Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: Silty clay or clay Setting Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent Landform: Stream terraces pebbles Position on landform: Treads Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 8 Slope: 0 to 4 percent Sodium adsorption ratio: 0 to 20 Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Reaction: pH 7.4 to 9.0 Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days 164 Soil Survey
Composition friable, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; many very fine roots; many fine tubular pores; Major Components neutral; clear smooth boundary. Marcott and similar soils: 85 percent Bt1—7 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, Minor Components dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; moderate Turrah and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Modesty and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent moderately sticky, moderately plastic; many very Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent fine roots; few fine tubular pores; few faint clay Major Component Description films on faces of peds; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Bt2—12 to 27 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Dominant parent material: Alluvium hard, firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; Native plant cover type: Rangeland many very fine roots; few fine tubular pores; Flooding: None common faint clay films on faces of peds; neutral; Water table: Apparent gradual smooth boundary. Salt affected: Saline within 30 inches Bk1—27 to 38 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, Sodium affected: Sodic within 30 inches brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium Available water capacity: Mainly 6.4 inches subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky, moderately plastic; few very fine roots; few A typical soil description with range in very fine tubular pores; many fine seams of lime; characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; in this section. gradual smooth boundary. Management Bk2—38 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium For management information about this map unit, subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. slightly sticky, moderately plastic; few very fine roots; 5 percent pebbles; common fine seams of lime; strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline. Martinsdale Series Range in Characteristics Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Soil temperature: 41 to 47 degrees F Drainage class: Well drained Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Permeability: Moderately slow Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 16 inches Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Depth to the Bk horizon: 11 to 30 inches Parent material: Alluvium Slope range: 0 to 35 percent Ap horizon Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Chroma: 2 or 3 Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles frigid Typic Argiustolls Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Typical Pedon Bt horizons Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Martinsdale loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area of Value: 4 to 6 dry; 2 to 4 moist pasture, 3,200 feet north and 1,320 feet east of the Chroma: 2 to 4 southwest corner of sec. 4, T. 10 N., R. 12 W. Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Ap—0 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 165
Bk horizons 52C—Martinsdale loam, 4 to 8 percent Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y slopes Value: 6 to 8 dry; 4 to 7 moist Chroma: 2 to 4 Setting Clay content: 20 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces pebbles Position on landform: Toeslopes Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 8 Slope: 4 to 8 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition 52B—Martinsdale loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Major Components Martinsdale and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Setting Fairfield and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Quigley and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Position on landform: Toeslopes Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Slope: 0 to 4 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Major Component Description Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Surface layer texture: Loam Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Composition Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Major Components Native plant cover type: Rangeland Martinsdale and similar soils: 85 percent Flooding: None Minor Components Available water capacity: Mainly 9.4 inches Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Quigley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland 52D—Martinsdale loam, 8 to 15 percent Flooding: None slopes Available water capacity: Mainly 9.4 inches Setting A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces in this section. Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: 8 to 15 percent Management Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet For management information about this map unit, Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days 166 Soil Survey
Composition Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 9.4 inches Major Components Martinsdale and similar soils: 85 percent A typical soil description with range in Minor Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Fairfield and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent in this section. Quigley and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Management Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 352E—Martinsdale cobbly loam, Drainage class: Well drained 15 to 35 percent slopes Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Setting Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 9.4 inches Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes A typical soil description with range in Slope: 15 to 35 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet in this section. Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components Martinsdale and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components 52E—Martinsdale loam, 15 to 35 percent Roy and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent slopes Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Setting Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Major Component Description Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Slope: 15 to 35 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Native plant cover type: Rangeland Composition Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches Major Components Martinsdale and similar soils: 85 percent A typical soil description with range in Minor Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Fairfield and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent in this section. Quigley and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Management Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mccabe Series Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Poorly drained Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 167
Permeability: Moderately rapid concentrations; weak fine granular structure; soft, Landform: Flood plains very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common very Parent material: Alluvium fine and fine roots; few fine tubular pores; slightly Slope range: 0 to 2 percent alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Elevation range: 3,600 to 5,800 feet 2C5—36 to 60 inches; very dark grayish brown Annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches (10YR 3/2) very gravelly loamy sand, grayish Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F brown (10YR 5/2) dry, single grain; loose, Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days nonsticky, nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; few fine tubular pores; 20 percent cobbles Taxonomic Class: Coarse-loamy over sandy or and 35 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline. sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, nonacid, frigid Aeric Fluvaquents Range in Characteristics: Typical Pedon Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mccabe sandy loam, in an area of Mccabe-Canarway Depth to the seasonal high water table: 12 to complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded, 24 inches in an area of pasture, 2,350 feet south and 100 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 22, T. 11 N., A horizon R. 15 W. Value: 3 to 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry Chroma: 1 or 2 A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Clay content: 5 to 15 percent sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 5 percent moderate medium granular structure; soft, friable, Reaction: pH 5.1 to 7.8 slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; common fine tubular pores; neutral; C1 and C2 horizons clear smooth boundary. Value: 3 to 6 moist; 5 to 7 dry C1—2 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Chroma: 1 or 2 3/2) fine sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR Texture: Loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam 6/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; soft, very Clay content: 10 to 18 percent with less than friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very 50 percent fine and coarser sand fine and fine roots; common very fine interstitial Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 10 percent pores; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 C2—4 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) C3 and C4 horizons sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; Value: 3 or 4 moist; 5 or 6 dry moderate medium granular structure; soft, friable, Chroma: 1 to 3 slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine and Redox concentrations: Hue 10YR or 2.5YR; Value fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; 5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist; Chroma 4, 5, 6 or 8 slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Texture: Loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy C3—9 to 16 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, or sandy loam sandy loam consisting of strata of loam, fine Clay content: 5 to 18 percent with less than sandy loam and sandy loam, grayish brown 50 percent fine and coarser sand (10YR 5/2) dry; many medium distinct yellowish Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 brown (10YR 5/8), brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) dry redox concentrations; weak fine subangular 2C5 horizon blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, Value: 3 or 4 moist; 5 or 6 dry slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; Chroma: 1 or 2 few fine tubular pores; slightly alkaline; clear wavy Texture: Loamy sand or sand boundary. Clay content: 0 to 10 percent C4—16 to 36 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Content of rock fragments: 40 to 60 percent— fine sandy loam consisting of strata of loam and 15 to 25 percent cobbles; 25 to 35 percent fine sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; pebbles many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 15 percent 5/8), brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) dry redox Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 168 Soil Survey
10A—Mccabe-Canarway complex, 11A—Mccabe-Canarway complex, 0 to 2 impacted, 0 to 2 percent slopes, percent slopes, occasionally flooded occasionally flooded Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Mccabe—Flood plains • Mccabe—Flood plains • Canarway—Flood plains • Canarway—Flood plains Position on landform: Position on landform: • Mccabe—Treads • Mccabe—Treads • Canarway—Treads • Canarway—Treads Slope: Slope: • Mccabe—0 to 2 percent • Mccabe—0 to 2 percent • Canarway—0 to 2 percent • Canarway—0 to 2 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 5,800 feet Elevation: 3,600 to 5,800 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Mccabe and similar soils: 45 percent Mccabe and similar soils: 45 percent Canarway and similar soils: 40 percent Canarway and similar soils: 40 percent Minor Components Minor Components Nythar and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Nythar and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Bandy and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Bandy and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Water: 0 to 5 percent Water: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Mccabe Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Mccabe Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Drainage class: Poorly drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Alluvium Drainage class: Poorly drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Alluvium Flooding: Occasional Flooding: Occasional Water table: Apparent Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches Canarway Canarway Surface layer texture: Gravelly sandy loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Poorly drained Drainage class: Poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Occasional Flooding: Occasional Water table: Apparent Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 2.8 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 2.8 inches
A typical soil description with range in A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 169
Mcmanus Series Bk3—34 to 42 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; few fine faint brownish Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) yellow (10YR 6/6); redox concentrations; weak Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, Permeability: Moderate slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few very fine and Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces fine roots; few fine irregular tubular pores; Parent material: Alluvium disseminated lime; few fine masses of lime; Slope range: 0 to 4 percent violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet gradual wavy boundary. Annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Bk4—42 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F sandy clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days many faint brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) redox concentrations; massive; slightly hard, very Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few very frigid Oxyaquic Haplustolls fine and fine roots; few fine irregular tubular pores; 5 percent cobbles, 40 percent pebbles; Typical Pedon disseminated lime; few fine masses of lime; Mcmanus silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. area of hayland, 700 feet north and 400 feet west of Range in Characteristics the southeast corner of sec. 24, T. 10 N., R. 13 W. Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F A1—0 to 7 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches clay loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; moderate Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 15 inches medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Depth to the seasonal high water table: 24 to hard, friable, moderately sticky, slightly plastic; 42 inches many fine and very fine roots, many very fine and Depth to the Bk horizon: 7 to 14 inches fine discontinuous pores; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. A horizons A2—7 to 14 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt Value: 2 or 3 moist; 3 to 5 dry loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; moderate medium Chroma: 1 to 3 subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Texture: Loam, clay loam, silt loam, or silty clay moderately sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine loam and common medium roots; many very fine Clay content: 18 to 40 percent irregular pores; moderately alkaline; clear smooth Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to boundary. 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Bk1—14 to 27 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Reaction: 7.4 to 8.4 loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; few fine Bk1 horizon faint brownish yellow 10YR 6/6) redox Value: 2 to 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry concentrations; moderate medium subangular Chroma: 1 to 4 blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, Texture: Loam, sandy loam, silty clay loam, or slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; clay loam many very fine irregular pores; disseminated Clay content: 18 to 35 percent lime; few fine masses of lime; strongly Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles boundary. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Bk2—27 to 34 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Reaction: 7.4 to 8.4 loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; few fine faint brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) redox Bk2 horizon concentrations; weak medium subangular blocky Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly Value: 2 to 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry plastic; many very fine and fine roots; few very Chroma: 1 or 2 fine irregular pores; disseminated lime; few fine Texture: Loam, clay loam, fine sandy loam, or masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately silty clay loam alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Clay content: 18 to 35 percent 170 Soil Survey
Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to Native plant cover type: Rangeland 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Flooding: None Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Water table: Apparent Reaction: 7.4 to 8.4 Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches Bk3 horizon A typical soil description with range in Hue: 2.5Y or 10YR characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Value: 3 to 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry in this section. Chroma: 1 to 4 Texture: Loam, clay loam, or sandy loam Management Clay content: 15 to 35 percent For management information about this map unit, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Reaction: 7.4 to 8.4 525B—Mcmanus silty clay loam, cool, Bk4 horizon 0 to 4 percent slopes Hue: 2.5 or 10YR Value: 3 to 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry Setting Chroma: 1 to 4 Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Texture: Sandy clay loam, sandy loam, or loam Position on landform: Treads Clay content: 15 to 30 percent Slope: 0 to 4 percent Content of rock fragments: 10 to 60 percent—5 to Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet 20 percent cobbles; 5 to 40 percent pebbles Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Reaction: 7.4 to 8.4 Composition 425B—Mcmanus silty clay loam, Major Components 0 to 4 percent slopes Mcmanus and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Modesty and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Saypo and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Con and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Position on landform: Treads Mannixlee and similar soils: 0 to 2 percent Slope: 0 to 4 percent Major Component Description Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Composition Dominant parent material: Alluvium Major Components Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mcmanus and similar soils: 85 percent Flooding: None Minor Components Water table: Apparent Modesty and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Mannixlee and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Major Component Description in this section. Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Management Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained For management information about this map unit, Dominant parent material: Alluvium see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 171
Mocmont Series (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) sticky, moderately plastic; many very fine and fine Drainage class: Well drained roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; few Permeability: Moderate faint clay films on faces of peds; 25 percent Landform: Mountains cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual Parent material: Colluvium derived from argillite wavy boundary. Slope range: 15 to 60 percent BC—38 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,400 feet 6/4) very cobbly loam, dark yellowish brown Annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches (10YR 4/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky Annual air temperature: 38 to 42 degrees F structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky, slightly Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days plastic; many very fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 25 percent Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; neutral. superactive, frigid Typic Haplustalfs Range in Characteristics Typical Pedon Mocmont gravelly loam, cool, 35 to 60 percent Soil temperature: 42 to 45 degrees F slopes, in an area of woodland, 2,000 feet north and Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches 2,100 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 13, E horizon T. 11 N., R. 16 W. Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Oi—3 inches to 0; decomposed and undecomposed Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist forest litter. Chroma: 2 or 3 E—0 to 7 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Clay content: 15 to 25 percent gravelly loam; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—5 to moist; moderate fine granular structure; soft, very 10 percent cobbles; 10 to 25 percent pebbles friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very Reaction: 5.1 to 7.3 fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine E/Bt horizon tubular pores; 5 percent cobbles and 15 percent Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Value: E part—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist; B part— E/Bt—7 to 13 inches; E part (75 percent) is very pale 5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist brown (10YR 7/3) very gravelly loam, brown Chroma: 2 to 4 (10YR 4/3) moist; B part (25 percent) is pale Texture: E part—sandy loam or loam; B part— brown (10YR 6/3) very gravelly loam, dark brown loam or clay loam (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine granular Clay content: E part—15 to 20 percent; B part— structure; soft, slightly hard, slightly sticky, slightly 25 to 30 percent plastic; many very fine, fine and coarse roots; Content of rock fragments: 40 to 60 percent— many very fine and fine tubular pores; 15 percent 15 to 20 percent cobbles; 25 to 45 percent cobbles and 45 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual pebbles wavy boundary. Reaction: 5.6 to 7.3 Bt1—13 to 23 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very cobbly clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak Bt horizons fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR friable, slightly sticky, moderately plastic; many Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist very fine and fine and common medium roots; Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 many very fine and fine tubular pores; few faint Texture: Loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam clay films on faces of peds; 15 percent cobbles Clay content: 18 to 30 percent and 30 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy Content of rock fragments: 40 to 80 percent— boundary. 15 to 30 percent cobbles; 25 to 50 percent Bt2—23 to 38 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR pebbles 6/4) very cobbly clay loam, dark yellowish brown Reaction: 5.1 to 7.3 172 Soil Survey
BC horizon 90F—Mocmont gravelly loam, 35 to 60 Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR percent slopes Value: 5, or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 Setting Texture: Loam or sandy loam Clay content: 10 to 25 percent Landform: Mountains Content of rock fragments: 60 to 80 percent— Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders 25 to 40 percent cobbles; 35 to 50 percent Slope: 35 to 60 percent, southwest aspect pebbles Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Reaction: 5.1 to 7.3 Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition 90E—Mocmont gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes Major Components Mocmont and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Setting Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 7 percent Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 6 percent Landform: Mountains Winkler and similar soils: 0 to 2 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Slope: 15 to 35 percent, southwest aspect Major Component Description Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Drainage class: Well drained Composition Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Components Flooding: None Mocmont and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 3.0 inches Minor Components Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Winkler and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land 190E—Mocmont gravelly loam, cool, Flooding: None 15 to 35 percent slopes Available water capacity: Mainly 3.0 inches Setting A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Landform: Mountains in this section. Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Slope: 15 to 35 percent, northeast aspect Management Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet For management information about this map unit, Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 173
Composition A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Major Components in this section. Mocmont and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Management Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent For management information about this map unit, Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 7 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Modesty Series Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Native plant cover type: Forest land Permeability: Moderately slow to the 2C horizon, Flooding: None moderately rapid below Available water capacity: Mainly 3.0 inches Landform: Stream terraces and alluvial fans Parent material: Alluvium A typical soil description with range in Slope range: 0 to 4 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elevation range: 3,600 to 4,600 feet in this section. Annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Management Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Taxonomic Class: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Aquic Haplustolls 190F—Mocmont gravelly loam, cool, Typical Pedon 35 to 60 percent slopes Modesty silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of cropland, 1,300 feet south and 2,550 feet Setting west of the northeast corner of sec. 19, T. 10 N., R. 12 W. Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Oe—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed organic Slope: 35 to 60 percent, northeast aspect matter. Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet A—0 to 8 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days fine granular structure; very hard, firm, nonsticky, moderately plastic; many very fine and fine roots; Composition common very fine and fine irregular pores; Major Components neutral; clear smooth boundary. Mocmont and similar soils: 85 percent Bw1—8 to 15 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay loam, Minor Components very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate very Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent fine subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 7 percent nonsticky, moderately plastic; many very fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine irregular Major Component Description pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Bw2—15 to 31 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silty clay Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate Drainage class: Well drained fine and medium subangular blocky structure; Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium very hard, firm, nonsticky, moderately plastic; Native plant cover type: Forest land common fine and very fine roots; common very Flooding: None fine and fine irregular pores; neutral; clear Available water capacity: Mainly 3.0 inches smooth boundary. 174 Soil Survey
Bw3—31 to 38 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) loam; Texture: Loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; few fine Clay content: 18 to 35 percent faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) redox Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to concentrations; weak medium subangular blocky 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 slightly plastic; common very fine roots; common 2C horizon very fine and fine irregular pores; slightly alkaline; Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR clear smooth boundary. Value: 4 or 5 moist; 5 to 7 dry 2C—38 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) very Chroma: 2 to 4 gravelly loam; grayish brown (10YR 5/3) moist; Texture: Loam or sandy loam massive; slightly hard, very friable; slightly sticky, Clay content: 18 to 27 percent slightly plastic; common very fine roots; common Content of rock fragments: 15 to 45 percent—5 to very fine and fine irregular pores; 10 percent 15 percent cobbles; 10 to 30 percent pebbles cobbles and 25 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Range in Characteristics Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches 555B—Modesty silty clay loam, cool, Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 16 inches 0 to 4 percent slopes Depth to the seasonal high water table: 24 to 42 inches Setting Depth to the 2C horizon: 37 to 60 inches Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces A horizon Position on landform: Treads Value: 2 or 3 moist; 4 or 5 dry Slope: 0 to 4 percent Chroma: 0 to 2 Elevation: 3,600 to 4,600 feet Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Composition Bw1 horizon Major Components Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Modesty and similar soils: 85 percent Value: 3 or 4 moist; 4 or 5 dry Minor Components Chroma: 1 or 2 Mannixlee and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Texture: Silty clay loam, silt loam, or loam Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Mcmanus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to Major Component Description 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bw2 horizon Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Dominant parent material: Alluvium Value: 3 or 4 moist; 5 or 6 dry Native plant cover type: Rangeland Chroma: 1 to 4 Flooding: None Texture: Loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, or silt Water table: Apparent loam Available water capacity: Mainly 9.3 inches Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to A typical soil description with range in 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 in this section. Bw3 horizon Management Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Value: 3 or 4 moist; 5 to 7 dry For management information about this map unit, Chroma: 1 to 4 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 175
565B—Modesty silty clay loam, Taxonomic Class: Fine, mixed, superactive Ustic 0 to 4 percent slopes Argicryolls Typical Pedon Setting Mollet loam, 4 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces rangeland, 700 feet south and 1,900 feet west of Position on landform: Treads the northeast corner of sec. 5, T. 6 N., R. 14 W. Slope: 0 to 4 percent A—0 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Elevation: 3,600 to 4,600 feet loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days hard, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Composition many very fine and fine roots; 5 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. Major Components Bt1—10 to 20 inches; pinkish gray (5YR 6/2) clay Modesty and similar soils: 85 percent loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) moist; weak Minor Components medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent hard, friable, moderately sticky, moderately Mcmanus and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent plastic; common very fine and fine roots; few fine Con and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of Blossberg and similar soils: 0 to 2 percent peds; 10 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy Major Component Description boundary. Bt2—20 to 28 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/4) clay; Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam reddish brown (5YR 4/4) moist; moderate Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few very Dominant parent material: Alluvium fine roots; common faint clay films on faces of Native plant cover type: Rangeland peds; 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; Flooding: None neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Water table: Apparent Bt3—28 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/4) Available water capacity: Mainly 9.3 inches gravelly clay loam; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) moist; weak coarse prismatic structure; hard, very A typical soil description with range in firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, very fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of in this section. peds; 5 percent cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; Management neutral. For management information about this map unit, Range in Characteristics see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Soil temperature: 36 to 41 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mollet Series Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 16 inches A horizon Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Drainage class: Well drained Chroma: 1 or 2 Permeability: Slow Clay content: 20 to 27 percent Landform: Mountains Content of rock fragments: 0 to 30 percent—0 to Parent material: Alluvium and colluvium from fine 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles grained extrusive igneous rocks Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 Slope range: 4 to 60 percent Elevation range: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Bt horizons Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Annual air temperature: 34 to 39 degrees F Chroma: 2 to 4 Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Texture: Clay loam or clay 176 Soil Survey
Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Taxonomic Class: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Content of rock fragments: 0 to 30 percent—0 to Oxyaquic Haplustolls 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 25 percent pebbles Typical Pedon Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 Nirling cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of irrigated pasture, 150 feet north and 600 feet west 48D—Mollet loam, 4 to 15 percent slopes of the southeast corner of sec. 31, T. 10 N., R. 13 W. A1—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) cobbly Setting loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; moderate fine granular structure; slightly Landform: Mountains hard, friable, slightly sticky, moderately plastic; Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes many fine and very fine and common medium Slope: 4 to 15 percent roots; many fine and very fine interstitial pores; Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet 10 percent cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches neutral; clear smooth boundary. Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days A2—5 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Composition very gravelly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure Major Components parting to moderate medium granular; slightly Mollet and similar soils: 85 percent hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Minor Components many fine and very fine and common medium Redchief and similar soils: 0 to 10 percent roots; many fine and very fine interstitial pores; Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 10 percent cobbles and 40 percent pebbles; Major Component Description neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bw—10 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely Surface layer texture: Loam gravelly coarse sandy loam, dark brown (10YR Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 3/3) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Drainage class: Well drained soft, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; many very Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium fine roots; common fine and very fine interstitial Native plant cover type: Rangeland pores; 20 percent cobbles and 50 percent Flooding: None pebbles; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches 2C1—15 to 29 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) extremely gravelly coarse sand; dark yellowish A typical soil description with range in brown (10YR 3/4) moist; single grain; loose, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, nonsticky, nonplastic; many very fine roots; in this section. 20 percent cobbles and 50 percent pebbles; Management neutral; gradual smooth boundary. 2C2—29 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) For management information about this map unit, extremely cobbly coarse sand; dark yellowish see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. brown (10YR 3/4) moist; single grain; loose, nonsticky, nonplastic; common very fine roots; 35 percent cobbles and 40 percent pebbles; Nirling Series neutral. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Permeability: Rapid Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Landform: Stream terraces, flood plains, and alluvial Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 15 inches fans Depth to the 2C horizon: 14 to 18 inches Parent material: Alluvium Depth to the seasonal high water table: 24 to Slope range: 0 to 4 percent 42 inches Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches A1 horizon Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Value: 2 or 3 moist; 4 or 5 dry Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Chroma: 2 or 3 Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 177
Clay content: 8 to 27 percent Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Content of rock fragments: 15 to 60 percent—0 to Dominant parent material: Alluvium 30 percent cobbles; 15 to 30 percent pebbles Native plant cover type: Rangeland Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Flooding: None Water table: Apparent A2 horizon Available water capacity: Mainly 2.4 inches Value: 2 or 3 moist; 4 or 5 dry Chroma: 2 or 3 A typical soil description with range in Texture: Loam or sandy loam characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Clay content: 8 to 27 percent in this section. Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—5 to 25 percent cobbles; 30 to 45 percent pebbles Management Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 For management information about this map unit, Bw horizon see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Value: 2 or 3 moist; 4 to 6 dry Texture: Sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, or loamy sand 524B—Nirling gravelly loam, Clay content: 6 to 20 percent 0 to 4 percent slopes Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent— 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 25 to 50 percent Setting pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Position on landform: Treads 2C horizons Slope: 0 to 4 percent Value: 3 or 4 moist; 5 or 6 dry Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Texture: Loamy sand, coarse sand, or sand Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Clay content: 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Content of rock fragments: 35 to 85 percent— 10 to 35 percent cobbles; 25 to 50 percent Composition pebbles Major Components Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Nirling and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components 324B—Nirling very cobbly loam, Bandy and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent 0 to 4 percent slopes Windlass and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Dominic and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Position on landform: Treads Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Slope: 0 to 4 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Composition Water table: Apparent Major Components Available water capacity: Mainly 2.5 inches Nirling and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components A typical soil description with range in Bandy and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Windlass and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Very cobbly loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 178 Soil Survey
624B—Nirling-Bandy complex, 0 to 4 Management percent slopes, rarely flooded For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Setting Landform: 924B—Nirling cobbly loam, • Nirling—Flood plains 0 to 4 percent slopes • Bandy—Flood plains Position on landform: Setting • Nirling—Treads • Bandy—Treads Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Slope: Position on landform: Treads • Nirling—0 to 4 percent Slope: 0 to 4 percent • Bandy—0 to 4 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Nirling and similar soils: 85 percent Nirling and similar soils: 45 percent Minor Components Bandy and similar soils: 40 percent Bandy and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Minor Components Windlass and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Flintcreek and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Blossberg and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Cetrack and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Windlass and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Major Component Description Poronto and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Major Component Description Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Nirling Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Dominant parent material: Alluvium Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Alluvium Water table: Apparent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 2.6 inches Flooding: Rare Water table: Apparent A typical soil description with range in Available water capacity: Mainly 2.5 inches characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Bandy Management Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) For management information about this map unit, Drainage class: Poorly drained see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Rare Nythar Series Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 2.8 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Very poorly drained A typical soil description with range in Permeability: Moderate characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Landform: Alluvial fans, stream terraces, and flood in this section. plains Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 179
Parent material: Alluvium Range in Characteristics Slope range: 0 to 4 percent Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 24 to 34 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0 to 12 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days A horizon Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Hue: 2.5Y or 10YR frigid Cumulic Endoaquolls Value: 2 or 3 moist; 2 to 4 dry Chroma: 0 to 2 Typical Pedon Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to Nythar silty clay loam, in an area of Nythar-Flintcreek 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles complex, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of pasture, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 2,350 feet north and 700 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 28, T. 10 N., R. 13 W. Bg1 and Bg2 horizons Hue: 5Y to 10YR Oi—2.5 inches to 0; partially decomposed organic Value: 2 or 3 moist; 4 or 5 dry matter. Chroma: 0 or 1 A—0 to 14 inches; black (2.5Y 2/0) silty clay loam, Texture: Silty clay loam, loam, or silt loam black (2.5Y 2/0) dry; moderate medium granular Clay content: 18 to 35 percent structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots; 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 30 percent pebbles common fine tubular pores; 5 percent pebbles Reaction: 6.6 to 7.3 and 5 percent cobbles; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Bg3 horizon Bg1—14 to 23 inches; very dark gray (2.5Y 3/0) silty Hue: 5Y to 10YR clay loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; moderate fine Value: 2 to 4 moist; 4 to 7 dry subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Chroma: 1 or 2 slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine Texture: Silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam roots; common fine and medium pores; 5 percent Clay content: 18 to 35 percent pebbles, 5 percent cobbles; neutral; gradual way Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to boundary. 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 30 percent pebbles Bg2—23 to 34 inches; very dark gray (5Y 3/1) silty Reaction: 6.6 to 7.3 clay loam, gray (2.5Y 5/0) dry; moderate medium Cg horizon subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Hue: 2.5Y or 10YR slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few very fine roots; Value: 4 to 7 moist; 5 to 8 dry common fine and medium pores; 5 percent Chroma: 1 or 2 pebbles and 5 percent cobbles; neutral; gradual Texture: Silty clay loam, loam, or sandy loam wavy boundary. Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Bg3—34 to 44 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to silt loam, light gray (5Y 7/1) dry; many medium 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) redox concentrations; Reaction: 6.6 to 7.3 weak medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few very fine roots; common fine pores; neutral; gradual wavy 735B—Nythar-Flintcreek complex, boundary. 0 to 4 percent slopes Cg—44 to 60 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) cobbly silty clay loam, white (2.5Y 8/2) dry; many medium Setting yellow (10YR 7/6) redox concentrations; single grain; loose, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few Landform: very fine roots; common fine pores; 15 percent • Nythar—Alluvial fans and stream terraces pebbles and 15 percent cobbles; neutral. • Flintcreek—Alluvial fans and stream terraces 180 Soil Survey
Position on landform: 755B—Nythar mucky peat, • Nythar—Treads 0 to 4 percent slopes • Flintcreek—Treads Slope: Setting • Nythar—0 to 4 percent • Flintcreek—0 to 4 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Position on landform: Treads Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Slope: 0 to 4 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Composition Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Major Components Composition Nythar and similar soils: 45 percent Flintcreek and similar soils: 40 percent Major Components Minor Components Nythar and similar soils: 85 percent Mannixlee and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Minor Components Blossberg and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Mannixlee and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Poronto and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Blossberg and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Bandy and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Poronto and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Bandy and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Nythar Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Very poorly drained Drainage class: Very poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Water table: Apparent Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 10.0 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 10.0 inches A typical soil description with range in Flintcreek characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Surface layer texture: Loam in this section. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Very poorly drained Management Dominant parent material: Alluvium For management information about this map unit, Native plant cover type: Rangeland see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Flooding: None Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches 835B—Nythar-Flintcreek complex, A typical soil description with range in 0 to 4 percent slopes, rarely flooded characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Setting Management Landform: For management information about this map unit, • Nythar—Flood plains see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Flintcreek—Flood plains Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 181
Position on landform: Ovando Series • Nythar—Treads • Flintcreek—Treads Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: Drainage class: Excessively drained • Nythar—0 to 4 percent Permeability: Rapid • Flintcreek—0 to 4 percent Landform: Mountains Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Parent material: Colluvium derived from granite Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Slope range: 2 to 60 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Elevation range: 5,600 to 7,500 feet Annual precipitation: 22 to 30 inches Composition Annual air temperature: 35 to 38 degrees F Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Major Components Nythar and similar soils: 50 percent Taxonomic Class: Sandy-skeletal, mixed Lamellic Flintcreek and similar soils: 35 percent Cryorthents Minor Components Blossberg and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Typical Pedon Dougcliff and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Ovando stony sandy loam, in an area of Elkner- Mannixlee and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Ovando complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an area Modesty and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent of woodland, 600 feet south and 2,800 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 4, T. 12 N., R. 14 W. Major Component Description Oi—3 inches to 0; undecomposed and slightly Nythar decomposed forest litter. Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam E1—0 to 6 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) stony sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Drainage class: Very poorly drained moist; weak fine granular structure; soft, very Dominant parent material: Alluvium friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very Native plant cover type: Rangeland fine, fine, and medium and few very coarse Flooding: Rare roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; Water table: Apparent 20 percent stones; 5 percent pebbles; slightly Available water capacity: Mainly 10.0 inches acid; clear smooth boundary. E2—6 to 12 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very stony Flintcreek sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate Surface layer texture: Loam medium granular structure; soft, very friable, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, Drainage class: Very poorly drained and medium and few very coarse roots; many Dominant parent material: Alluvium very fine and fine tubular pores; 40 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland stones; 5 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear Flooding: Rare smooth boundary. Water table: Apparent E and Bt—12 to 25 inches; E part (80 percent) is Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches light gray (10YR 7/2) very stony loamy coarse sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; B part A typical soil description with range in (20 percent) is grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very 1 1 characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, stony loamy coarse sand lamellae /8- to /4-inch in this section. thick, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, Management nonsticky, nonplastic; many very fine and fine and For management information about this map unit, few medium roots; 45 percent stones; 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. cobbles; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. 182 Soil Survey
C—25 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) extremely Slope: stony loamy coarse sand, grayish brown (10YR • Ovando—35 to 60 percent 5/2) moist; massive; slightly hard, friable, • Elkner—35 to 60 percent nonsticky, nonplastic; few very fine, fine, and Elevation: 5,600 to 7,500 feet coarse roots; 60 percent stones; 10 percent Mean annual precipitation: 22 to 30 inches cobbles; moderately acid. Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Composition Range in Characteristics Major Components Soil temperature: 37 to 44 degrees F Ovando and similar soils: 50 percent Moisture control section: Between 12 and 35 inches Elkner and similar soils: 35 percent E horizons Minor Components Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Rubble land: 0 to 5 percent Chroma: 2 to 4 Soils that have very gravelly, clayey subsoils: 0 to Clay content: 0 to 10 percent 5 percent Content of rock fragments: 20 to 65 percent— Major Component Description 15 to 40 percent stones; 0 to 15 percent cobbles; 5 to 10 percent pebbles Ovando Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 Surface layer texture: Stony sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) E and Bt horizon Drainage class: Excessively drained Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Dominant parent material: Granitic colluvium Value: E part—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist; B part— Native plant cover type: Forest land 4 or 5 dry, 4 or 5 moist Flooding: None Chroma: 2 to 4 Available water capacity: Mainly 2.0 inches Texture: Loamy coarse sand or loamy sand Clay content: 0 to 5 percent Elkner Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent— Surface layer texture: Stony sandy loam 35 to 45 percent stones; 0 to 10 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 Dominant parent material: Granitic colluvium C horizon Native plant cover type: Forest land Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Flooding: None Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Available water capacity: Mainly 4.4 inches Chroma: 2 to 4 Clay content: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Content of rock fragments: 60 to 80 percent— characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, 60 to 65 percent stones; 0 to 10 percent in this section. cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles Management Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 180F—Ovando-Elkner stony sandy loams, 35 to 60 percent slopes 780F—Ovando, moist-Elkner, moist-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to 60 percent Setting slopes Landform: Setting • Ovando—Mountains • Elkner—Mountains Landform: Position on landform: • Ovando—Mountains • Ovando—Backslopes and shoulders • Elkner—Mountains • Elkner—Backslopes and shoulders • Rock outcrop—Mountains Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 183
Slope: Landform: Mountains, alluvial fans, stream terraces, • Ovando—35 to 60 percent and outwash plains • Elkner—35 to 60 percent Parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 4,600 to 7,000 feet Slope range: 0 to 70 percent Mean annual precipitation: 24 to 30 inches Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Composition Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Major Components Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Ovando and similar soils: 40 percent superactive, frigid Typic Haplustolls Elkner and similar soils: 25 percent Rock outcrop: 20 percent Typical Pedon Minor Components Perma cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an Yreka soils: 0 to 8 percent area of rangeland, 650 feet south and 300 feet east Soils that are shallow to bedrock: 0 to 7 percent of the northwest corner of sec. 10, T. 9 N., R. 14 W. Major Component Description A—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) cobbly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Ovando weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to Surface layer texture: Extremely bouldery sandy loam moderate fine granular; soft, very friable, slightly Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) sticky, slightly plastic; many fine and very fine and Drainage class: Excessively drained common medium roots; 10 percent cobbles and Dominant parent material: Granitic colluvium 10 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear smooth Native plant cover type: Forest land boundary. Flooding: None Bw1—7 to 12 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches very gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak medium subangular Elkner blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, Surface layer texture: Bouldery sandy loam slightly plastic; many fine and very fine and Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) common medium roots; many very fine tubular Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained pores; 10 percent cobbles and 40 percent Dominant parent material: Colluvium pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Native plant cover type: Forest land Bw2—12 to 20 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly Flooding: None loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium Available water capacity: Mainly 5.6 inches subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many fine and very Rock outcrop fine and common medium roots; common fine Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock and very fine tubular pores; 30 percent cobbles and 25 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy A typical soil description with range in boundary. characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, BC—20 to 40 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/4) in this section. extremely stony coarse sandy loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) moist; moderate fine subangular Management blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky, For management information about this map unit, nonplastic; common fine and medium roots; see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 25 percent stones, 20 percent cobbles and 25 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. C—40 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/3) Perma Series extremely cobbly coarse sandy loam; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) moist; weak fine subangular Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained nonplastic; few very fine and medium roots; Permeability: Moderate to the BC horizon, moderately 10 percent stones, 35 percent cobbles and rapid below 30 percent pebbles; neutral. 184 Soil Survey
Range in Characteristics Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Soil temperature: 44 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 15 inches Composition A horizon Major Components Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Perma and similar soils: 85 percent Chroma: 2 or 3 Minor Components Clay content: 7 to 20 percent Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—5 to Krutar and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 10 percent cobbles; 10 to 25 percent pebbles Braziel and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Major Component Description Bw horizons Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Chroma: 2 to 4 Dominant parent material: Alluvium Clay content: 7 to 20 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Content of rock fragments: 35 to 75 percent— Flooding: None 10 to 35 percent cobbles; 25 to 40 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 A typical soil description with range in BC horizon characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR in this section. Value: 4 to 7 dry; 3 to 5 moist Management Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: Loam, loamy sand, sandy loam, or For management information about this map unit, coarse sandy loam see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Clay content: 0 to 15 percent Content of rock fragments: 60 to 85 percent— 10 to 50 percent cobbles and stones; 50 to 41C—Perma gravelly loam, 4 to 8 percent 65 percent pebbles slopes Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Setting C horizon Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Value: 4 to 7 dry; 3 to 5 moist Position on landform: Toeslopes Chroma: 2 to 4 Slope: 4 to 8 percent Texture: Loam, loamy sand, sandy loam, or Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet coarse sandy loam Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Clay content: 0 to 15 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Content of rock fragments: 60 to 75 percent—0 to Composition 10 percent stones; 10 to 35 percent cobbles; 25 to 40 percent pebbles Major Components Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Perma and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 41B—Perma gravelly loam, 0 to 4 percent Krutar and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent slopes Braziel and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Treads Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Slope: 0 to 4 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 185
Native plant cover type: Rangeland 41E—Perma gravelly loam, 15 to 35 Flooding: None percent slopes Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches Setting A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces in this section. Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Slope: 15 to 35 percent Management Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet For management information about this map unit, Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition 41D—Perma gravelly loam, 8 to 15 Major Components percent slopes Perma and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Krutar and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Braziel and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: 8 to 15 percent Major Component Description Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Composition Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Major Components Flooding: None Perma and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches Minor Components Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Krutar and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Braziel and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland 41F—Perma gravelly loam, 35 to 60 Flooding: None percent slopes Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches Setting A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces in this section. Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Slope: 35 to 60 percent Management Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet For management information about this map unit, Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days 186 Soil Survey
Composition Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Major Components Native plant cover type: Rangeland Perma and similar soils: 85 percent Flooding: None Minor Components Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 4 percent Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent A typical soil description with range in Krutar and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Braziel and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None 241B—Perma stony loam, 0 to 4 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches slopes
A typical soil description with range in Setting characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Landform: Outwash plains Position on landform: Treads Management Slope: 0 to 4 percent For management information about this map unit, Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days 41G—Perma gravelly loam, 60 to 80 Composition percent slopes Major Components Perma and similar soils: 85 percent Setting Minor Components Dominic and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Sarbo and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Slope: 60 to 70 percent Major Component Description Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Surface layer texture: Stony loam Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Composition Dominant parent material: Alluvium Major Components Native plant cover type: Rangeland Perma and similar soils: 85 percent Flooding: None Minor Components Available water capacity: Mainly 2.9 inches Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 7 percent Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent A typical soil description with range in Krutar and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Braziel and similar soils: 0 to 2 percent in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 187
338C—Perma cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent Minor Components slopes Dominic and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Wimper and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Position on landform: Toeslopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 4 to 8 percent Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Dominant parent material: Alluvium Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches Composition Major Components A typical soil description with range in Perma and similar soils: 85 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Minor Components in this section. Dominic and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Management Wimper and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained 338E—Perma cobbly loam, 15 to 35 Dominant parent material: Alluvium percent slopes Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Setting Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes A typical soil description with range in Slope: 15 to 35 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elevation: 3,700 to 6,000 feet in this section. Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Management Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days For management information about this map unit, Composition see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components Perma and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components 338D—Perma cobbly loam, 8 to 15 Dominic and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent percent slopes Wimper and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Slope: 8 to 15 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Perma and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. 188 Soil Survey
Management Slope: • Perma—2 to 4 percent For management information about this map unit, • Lone Rock—2 to 4 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days 338F—Perma cobbly loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes Composition Major Components Perma and similar soils: 50 percent Setting Lone Rock and similar soils: 35 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Minor Components Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Sarbo and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Slope: 35 to 60 percent Straw and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Major Component Description Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Perma Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Composition Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Components Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Perma and similar soils: 85 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Minor Components Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominic and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Flooding: None Wimper and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches Major Component Description Lone Rock Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches
A typical soil description with range in A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
424B—Perma-Lone Rock complex, 2 to 4 424C—Perma-Lone Rock complex, 4 to 8 percent slopes percent slopes
Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Perma—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Perma—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Lone Rock—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Lone Rock—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Position on landform: Position on landform: • Perma—Treads • Perma—Toeslopes • Lone Rock—Treads • Lone Rock—Toeslopes Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 189
Slope: Slope: • Perma—4 to 8 percent • Perma—15 to 35 percent • Lone Rock—4 to 8 percent • Whitlash—15 to 35 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days
Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Perma and similar soils: 50 percent Perma and similar soils: 50 percent Whitlash and similar soils: 35 percent Lone Rock and similar soils: 35 percent Minor Components Minor Components Moderately deep soils: 0 to 5 percent Sarbo and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Straw and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Braziel and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Perma Perma Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches
Lone Rock Whitlash Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Surface layer texture: Very stony loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Quartzite residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 1.2 inches
A typical soil description with range in A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
738E—Perma-Whitlash complex, 15 to 35 738F—Perma-Whitlash complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes percent slopes
Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Perma—Mountains • Perma—Mountains • Whitlash—Mountains • Whitlash—Mountains Position on landform: Position on landform: • Perma—Backslopes and footslopes • Perma—Backslopes and shoulders • Whitlash—Backslopes and footslopes • Whitlash—Backslopes and shoulders 190 Soil Survey
Slope: Position on landform: • Perma—35 to 60 percent • Perma—Backslopes and footslopes • Whitlash—35 to 60 percent • Whitlash—Backslopes and footslopes Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet • Rock outcrop—Backslopes and footslopes Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Slope: Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days • Perma—15 to 35 percent • Whitlash—15 to 35 percent Composition Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Major Components Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Perma and similar soils: 50 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Whitlash and similar soils: 35 percent Minor Components Composition Moderately deep soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Major Components Braziel and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Perma and similar soils: 50 percent Whitlash and similar soils: 20 percent Major Component Description Rock outcrop: 15 percent Perma Minor Components Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Braziel and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Moderately deep soils: 0 to 7 percent Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Major Component Description Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Perma Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Whitlash Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Surface layer texture: Very stony loam Dominant parent material: Alluvium Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Quartzite residuum Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Whitlash Available water capacity: Mainly 1.2 inches Surface layer texture: Very stony loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) A typical soil description with range in Drainage class: Well drained characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Dominant parent material: Quartzite residuum in this section. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Management Available water capacity: Mainly 1.2 inches For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Rock outcrop Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock 838E—Perma-Whitlash-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Setting Landform: Management • Perma—Mountains • Whitlash—Mountains For management information about this map unit, • Rock outcrop—Mountains see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 191
838F—Perma-Whitlash-Rock outcrop Management complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Setting Landform: 102A—Pits, gravel • Perma—Mountains • Whitlash—Mountains Composition • Rock outcrop—Mountains Position on landform: Major Components • Perma—Backslopes and shoulders Pits, Gravelly: 85 percent • Whitlash—Backslopes and shoulders Major Component Description • Rock outcrop—Backslopes and shoulders Slope: Definition: Areas mined as a source of sand and • Perma—35 to 60 percent gravel • Whitlash—35 to 60 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Poronto Series Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Composition Drainage class: Poorly drained Permeability: Moderate Major Components Landform: Stream terraces and alluvial fans Perma and similar soils: 50 percent Parent material: Alluvium Whitlash and similar soils: 20 percent Slope range: 0 to 4 percent Rock outcrop: 15 percent Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Minor Components Annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Braziel and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Moderately deep soils: 0 to 7 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Major Component Description Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Perma superactive, frigid Typic Endoaquolls Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Typical Pedon Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Poronto loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of Dominant parent material: Alluvium pasture, 1,900 feet north and 1,850 feet east of the Native plant cover type: Rangeland southwest corner of sec. 33, T. 10 N., R. 13 W. Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches Oi—3 inches to 0; slightly decomposed organic matter. Whitlash A1—0 to 5 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loam, grayish Surface layer texture: Very stony loam brown (10YR 5/2) dry; strong coarse subangular Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) blocky structure; hard, friable, moderately sticky, Drainage class: Well drained moderately plastic; many fine and very fine roots; Dominant parent material: Quartzite residuum common fine and very fine interstitial and few fine Native plant cover type: Rangeland tubular pores; 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear Flooding: None smooth boundary. Available water capacity: Mainly 1.2 inches A2—5 to 14 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) cobbly loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; moderate fine Rock outcrop subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common fine and very fine roots; common fine and very fine A typical soil description with range in interstitial and few fine tubular pores; 15 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; in this section. clear wavy boundary. 192 Soil Survey
Bg1—14 to 21 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) very Bg2 horizon cobbly loam, light gray (10YR 6/1) dry; many Hue: 5YR to 5Y fine distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) redox Value: 3 to 5 moist; 5 to 7 dry concentrations; weak fine subangular blocky Chroma: 1 to 3 structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, Texture: Sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam slightly plastic; few fine and very fine roots; Clay content: 15 to 30 percent common fine and very fine interstitial pores; Content of rock fragments: 50 to 65 percent— 20 percent cobbles and 25 percent pebbles; 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 40 to 45 percent slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. pebbles Bg2—21 to 60 inches; reddish gray (5YR 5/2) Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 extremely gravelly sandy loam, pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) dry; many fine distinct yellowish red (10YR 5/6) redox concentrations; weak fine 637B—Poronto loam, 0 to 4 percent subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very slopes friable; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common fine and very fine interstitial and common medium Setting tubular pores; 20 percent cobbles and 45 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces pebbles; neutral. Position on landform: Treads Slope: 0 to 4 percent Range in Characteristics Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 14 inches Composition Depth to the seasonal high water table: 12 to 24 inches Major Components Poronto and similar soils: 85 percent A1 horizon Minor Components Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Flintcreek and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Value: 2 or 3 moist; 2 to 5 dry Blossberg and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Chroma: 0 to 2 Kleinschmidt and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Mannixlee and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles Major Component Description Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Surface layer texture: Loam A2 horizon Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Drainage class: Poorly drained Value: 2 or 3 moist; 2 to 5 dry Dominant parent material: Alluvium Chroma: 0 to 2 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Texture: Loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam Flooding: None Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Water table: Apparent Content of rock fragments: 15 to 30 percent— Available water capacity: Mainly 5.4 inches 15 to 20 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles A typical soil description with range in Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Bg1 horizon Hue: 5YR to 5Y Management Value: 3 or 4 moist; 5 to 7 dry For management information about this map unit, Chroma: 1 to 3 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Texture: Clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent— Quigley Series 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 25 to 40 percent pebbles Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Drainage class: Well drained Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 193
Permeability: Moderate Bw horizon Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Value: 4 to 6 dry Parent material: Calcareous alluvium Texture: Loam or clay loam Slope range: 0 to 15 percent Clay content: 18 to 33 percent Elevation range: 3,600 to 5,800 feet Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Bk1 horizon Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Value: 6 to 8 dry Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Texture: Loam, silt loam, or clay loam Clay content: 15 to 30 percent Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Content of rock fragments: 5 to 15 percent frigid Typic Haplustolls pebbles Typical Pedon Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 Quigley loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area of cropland, 1,150 feet north and 100 feet east of the Bk2 horizon southwest corner of sec. 26, T. 11 N., R. 13 W. Value: 7 or 8 dry; 5 to 7 moist Chroma: 1 to 4 A—0 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, Texture: Loam, silt loam, or clay loam very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Clay content: 15 to 30 percent moderate fine granular structure; soft, very Content of rock fragments: 5 to 15 percent friable, moderately sticky, slightly plastic; many pebbles very fine roots; many fine and very fine irregular Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Reaction: pH 8.5 to 9.0 Bw—7 to 21 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many 60B—Quigley loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes very fine roots; many fine and very fine irregular pores; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Setting Bk1—21 to 34 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 8/4) silt loam, light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) moist; Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Position on landform: Toeslopes hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Slope: 0 to 4 percent common very fine roots; many fine and very fine Elevation: 3,600 to 5,800 feet irregular pores; 5 percent pebbles; common fine Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches masses of lime; violently effervescent; strongly Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Bk2—34 to 60 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) silt Composition loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Major Components moderately sticky, slightly plastic; common very Quigley and similar soils: 85 percent fine roots; many fine and very fine irregular pores; Minor Components 10 percent pebbles; common fine masses of lime; Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent violently effervescent; strongly alkaline. Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Range in Characteristics Soil temperature: 40 to 46 degrees F Major Component Description Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 15 inches Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) A horizon Drainage class: Well drained Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Dominant parent material: Alluvium Chroma: 2 or 3 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Clay content: 20 to 27 percent Flooding: None Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Available water capacity: Mainly 7.8 inches 194 Soil Survey
A typical soil description with range in Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days in this section. Composition Management Major Components For management information about this map unit, Quigley and similar soils: 85 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 60C—Quigley loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Loam Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 4 to 8 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 3,600 to 5,800 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 7.8 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Quigley and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. Minor Components Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Loam Redchief Series Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Alluvium Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Permeability: Slow Flooding: None Landform: Mountains Available water capacity: Mainly 7.8 inches Parent material: Colluvium derived from igneous bedrock A typical soil description with range in Slope range: 4 to 60 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elevation range: 5,800 to 7,000 feet in this section. Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Annual air temperature: 34 to 39 degrees F Management Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Taxonomic Class: Clayey-skeletal, smectitic Ustic Argicryolls 60D—Quigley loam, 8 to 15 percent Typical Pedon slopes Redchief cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland, 200 feet north and 700 feet west Setting of the southeast corner of sec. 12, T. 7 N., R. 15 W. Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces A1—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes 3/2) cobbly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) Slope: 8 to 15 percent moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Elevation: 3,600 to 5,800 feet soft, very friable, nonsticky, slightly plastic; many Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 195
very fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; Clay content: 20 to 27 percent 15 percent cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; Content of rock fragments: 40 to 60 percent— neutral; clear smooth boundary. 15 to 30 percent cobbles; 25 to 30 percent A2—6 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly pebbles loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Reaction: pH 5.1 to 7.3 moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Bt horizons slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, moderately Hue: 10YR to 5YR plastic; many very fine roots; common very fine Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist tubular pores; 15 percent cobbles and 30 percent Chroma: 3 to 8 pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Texture: Clay loam or clay Bt1—10 to 17 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) very cobbly Clay content: 35 to 60 percent clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; Content of rock fragments: 40 to 60 percent— moderate fine subangular blocky structure; very 15 to 30 percent cobbles; 25 to 30 percent hard, firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; pebbles many very fine roots; many very fine tubular Reaction: pH 5.1 to 7.3 pores; many faint clay films on faces of peds; 25 percent cobbles and 25 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. 45D—Redchief cobbly loam, 4 to 15 Bt2—17 to 28 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very percent slopes cobbly clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; very Setting hard, friable, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; common very fine roots; few very fine Landform: Mountains tubular pores; common faint clay films on faces of Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes peds; 25 percent cobbles and 25 percent Slope: 4 to 15 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Bt3—28 to 60 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) very cobbly Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches clay loam; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days moderate fine subangular blocky structure; very Composition hard, firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few very fine roots; common faint clay films on Major Components faces of peds; 30 percent cobbles and 25 percent Redchief and similar soils: 85 percent pebbles; neutral. Minor Components Mollet and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Range in Characteristics Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Soil temperature: 36 to 45 degrees F Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Major Component Description Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 16 inches Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam A1 horizon Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Drainage class: Well drained Value: 2 to 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Native plant cover type: Rangeland Chroma: 2 or 3 Flooding: None Clay content: 20 to 27 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.4 inches Content of rock fragments: 15 to 30 percent— 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 5 to 10 percent A typical soil description with range in pebbles characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Reaction: pH 5.1 to 7.3 in this section. A2 horizon Management Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Value: 2 to 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist For management information about this map unit, Chroma: 2 or 3 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 196 Soil Survey
45E—Redchief cobbly loam, 15 to 35 Minor Components percent slopes Mollet and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Slope: 15 to 35 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Dominant parent material: Igneous colluvium Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 5.4 inches Major Components Redchief and similar soils: 85 percent A typical soil description with range in Minor Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Mollet and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Management Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained 145C—Redchief-Mollet complex, 4 to 8 Dominant parent material: Igneous colluvium percent slopes Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Setting Available water capacity: Mainly 5.4 inches Landform: • Redchief—Mountains A typical soil description with range in • Mollet—Mountains characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Position on landform: in this section. • Redchief—Toeslopes Management • Mollet—Toeslopes Slope: For management information about this map unit, • Redchief—4 to 8 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Mollet—4 to 8 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet 45F—Redchief cobbly loam, 35 to 60 Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches percent slopes Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Composition Setting Major Components Landform: Mountains Redchief and similar soils: 50 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Mollet and similar soils: 35 percent Slope: 35 to 60 percent Minor Components Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Maciver and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Major Component Description Composition Redchief Major Components Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Redchief and similar soils: 85 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 197
Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Igneous colluvium Dominant parent material: Igneous colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Mollet Mollet Surface layer texture: Loam Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches A typical soil description with range in A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 145E—Redchief-Mollet complex, 15 to 35 145D—Redchief-Mollet complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes percent slopes Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Redchief—Mountains • Redchief—Mountains • Mollet—Mountains • Mollet—Mountains Position on landform: Position on landform: • Redchief—Backslopes and footslopes • Redchief—Footslopes and toeslopes • Mollet—Backslopes and footslopes • Mollet—Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: Slope: • Redchief—15 to 35 percent • Redchief—8 to 15 percent • Mollet—15 to 35 percent • Mollet—8 to 15 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Redchief and similar soils: 50 percent Redchief and similar soils: 50 percent Mollet and similar soils: 35 percent Mollet and similar soils: 35 percent Minor Components Minor Components Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Maciver and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Maciver and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Redchief Redchief Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Igneous colluvium 198 Soil Survey
Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Igneous colluvium Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches Mollet Surface layer texture: Loam Mollet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, A typical soil description with range in in this section. characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
145F—Redchief-Mollet complex, 35 to 60 Relyea Series percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Landform: Landform: Mountains • Redchief—Mountains Parent material: Colluvium derived from limestone • Mollet—Mountains Slope range: 8 to 60 percent Position on landform: Elevation range: 4,600 to 7,500 feet • Redchief—Backslopes and shoulders Annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches • Mollet—Backslopes and shoulders Annual air temperature: 35 to 38 degrees F Slope: Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days • Redchief—35 to 60 percent • Mollet—35 to 60 percent Taxonomic Class: Clayey-skeletal, mixed, Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet superactive Eutric Glossocryalfs Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Typical Pedon Composition Relyea gravelly loam, in an area of Relyea-Helmville complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of Major Components woodland, 1,200 feet north and 600 feet west of the Redchief and similar soils: 50 percent southeast corner of sec. 28, T. 12 N., R. 13 W. Mollet and similar soils: 35 percent Minor Components Oi—1 inch to 0; decomposed forest litter. Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent E—0 to 5 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) gravelly Maciver and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, Major Component Description slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; Redchief common very fine tubular pores; 15 percent Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bt/E—5 to 8 inches; B part (85 percent), is brown Drainage class: Well drained (10YR 5/3) gravelly clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 199
moist, E part (15 percent) is very pale brown E horizon (10YR 7/3) gravelly loam, dark yellowish brown Value: 6 or 7 dry; 3 to 5 moist (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine subangular Chroma: 2 or 3 blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, moderately Clay content: 20 to 27 percent sticky, moderately plastic; many very fine and fine Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to roots; many very fine tubular pores; 5 percent 10 stones and cobbles; 15 to 25 percent cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; neutral; clear pebbles smooth boundary. Reaction: 6.1 to 7.3 Bt1—8 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Bt/E horizon gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR Value: B part—4 or 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist; E part— 4/4) moist; strong medium subangular blocky 5 to 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist structure; very hard, firm, moderately sticky, Chroma: B part—2 to 6; E part—2 or 3 moderately plastic; many very fine roots; common Texture: Clay loam or silty clay loam (mixed) very fine tubular pores; many faint clay films on Clay content: 27 to 35 percent (mixed) faces of peds; 10 percent cobbles and 30 percent Content of rock fragments: 15 to 45 percent—5 to pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. 15 percent stones and cobbles; 10 to 30 Bt2—15 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) percent pebbles very gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown Reaction: 6.1 to 7.3 (10YR 4/6) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, moderately Bt1 horizon sticky, moderately plastic; many very fine roots; Hue: 10YR to 2.5YR common very fine tubular pores; many faint clay Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist films on faces of peds; 15 percent cobbles and Chroma: 2 to 6 30 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth Texture: Clay or clay loam boundary. Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Bt3—26 to 40 inches; red (2.5YR 5/6) very gravelly Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—5 to clay loam, reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) moist; 20 percent stones and cobbles; 30 to 40 moderate fine subangular blocky structure; very percent pebbles hard, firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; Reaction: 6.1 to 7.3 many very fine roots; common very fine tubular Bt2 horizon pores; many faint clay films on faces of peds; Hue: 10YR to 5YR 20 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist neutral; clear smooth boundary. Chroma: 2 to 6 Btk—40 to 45 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) very Texture: Clay or clay loam cobbly clay loam, reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) Clay content: 35 to 50 percent moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—5 to very hard, firm, slightly sticky, moderately plastic; 20 percent stones and cobbles; 30 to 40 many very fine roots; common very fine tubular percent pebbles pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; Reaction: 6.1 to 7.3 20 percent cobbles and 25 percent pebbles; few fine masses of lime; slightly effervescent; slightly Bt3 horizon alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Hue: 10YR to 2.5YR Bk—45 to 60 inches; light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist very cobbly loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/3) Chroma: 2 to 6 moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Texture: Clay or clay loam hard, friable, slightly sticky, moderately plastic; Clay content: 35 to 50 percent common very fine roots; few very fine interstitial Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—5 to pores; 25 percent cobbles and 25 percent 20 percent stones and cobbles; 30 to 40 pebbles; few fine masses of lime; strongly percent pebbles effervescent; slightly alkaline. Reaction: 6.1 to 7.3 Btk horizon Range in Characteristics Hue: 10YR to 2.5YR Soil temperature: 37 to 40 degrees F Value: 4 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Chroma: 2 to 6 200 Soil Survey
Texture: Clay or clay loam Flooding: None Clay content: 27 to 45 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent— 10 to 20 percent stones and cobbles; 25 to Helmville 40 percent pebbles Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Reaction: 7.4 to 8.4 Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Bk horizon Native plant cover type: Forest land Hue: 10YR or 5YR Flooding: None Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches Chroma: 2 to 6 Texture: Loam or clay loam A typical soil description with range in Clay content: 18 to 30 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Content of rock fragments: 40 to 70 percent— in this section. 15 to 30 percent stones and cobbles; 25 to 40 percent pebbles Management Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent For management information about this map unit, Reaction: 7.4 to 8.4 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
185D—Relyea-Helmville complex, 8 to 15 185E—Relyea-Helmville complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes percent slopes
Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Relyea—Mountains • Relyea—Mountains • Helmville—Mountains • Helmville—Mountains Position on landform: Position on landform: • Relyea—Footslopes and toeslopes • Relyea—Backslopes and footslopes • Helmville—Footslopes and toeslopes • Helmville—Backslopes and footslopes Slope: Slope: • Relyea—8 to 15 percent • Relyea—15 to 35 percent • Helmville—8 to 15 percent • Helmville—15 to 35 percent Elevation: 4,600 to 7,500 feet Elevation: 4,600 to 7,500 feet Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Relyea and similar soils: 55 percent Relyea and similar soils: 55 percent Helmville and similar soils: 30 percent Helmville and similar soils: 30 percent Minor Components Minor Components Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Relyea Relyea Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 201
Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches
Helmville Helmville Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches
A typical soil description with range in A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
185F—Relyea-Helmville complex, 15 to 35 485D—Relyea-Helmville complex, moist, percent slopes 8 to 15 percent slopes
Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Relyea—Mountains • Relyea—Mountains • Helmville—Mountains • Helmville—Mountains Position on landform: Position on landform: • Relyea—Backslopes and footslopes • Relyea—Footslopes and toeslopes • Helmville—Backslopes and footslopes • Helmville—Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: Slope: • Relyea—35 to 60 percent • Relyea—8 to 15 percent • Helmville—35 to 60 percent • Helmville—8 to 15 percent Elevation: 4,600 to 7,500 feet Elevation: 4,600 to 7,500 feet Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Relyea and similar soils: 55 percent Relyea and similar soils: 55 percent Helmville and similar soils: 30 percent Helmville and similar soils: 30 percent Minor Components Minor Components Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Relyea Relyea Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land 202 Soil Survey
Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches
Helmville Helmville Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.6 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 5.6 inches
A typical soil description with range in A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
485E—Relyea-Helmville complex, moist, 485F—Relyea-Helmville complex, moist, 15 to 35 percent slopes 35 to 60 percent slopes
Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Relyea—Mountains • Relyea—Mountains • Helmville—Mountains • Helmville—Mountains Position on landform: Position on landform: • Relyea—Backslopes and footslopes • Relyea—Backslopes and shoulders • Helmville—Backslopes and footslopes • Helmville—Backslopes and shoulders Slope: Slope: • Relyea—15 to 35 percent • Relyea—35 to 60 percent • Helmville—15 to 35 percent • Helmville—35 to 60 percent Elevation: 4,600 to 7,500 feet Elevation: 4,600 to 7,500 feet Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Relyea and similar soils: 55 percent Relyea and similar soils: 55 percent Helmville and similar soils: 30 percent Helmville and similar soils: 30 percent Minor Components Minor Components Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Worock and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Relyea Relyea Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 203
Flooding: None fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches nonsticky, nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; few very fine irregular pores; 20 percent Helmville stones, 20 percent cobbles and 15 percent Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam pebbles; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual wavy boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) C2—18 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) very stony Drainage class: Well drained loamy coarse sand, gray (10YR 5/1) moist; Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; Native plant cover type: Forest land many very fine roots; few very fine irregular Flooding: None pores; 20 percent stones, 20 percent cobbles and Available water capacity: Mainly 5.6 inches 15 percent pebbles; neutral (pH 7.0). Range in Characteristics A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Soil temperature: 40 to 47 degrees F in this section. Moisture control section: Between 12 and 35 inches Management A horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y For management information about this map unit, Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Chroma: 1 to 3 Texture: Sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, or loamy sand Rochester Series Clay content: 0 to 10 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent— Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 10 to 20 stones; 5 to 10 percent cobbles; 20 to Drainage class: Excessively drained 30 percent pebbles Permeability: Rapid Reaction: 6.6 to 7.3 Landform: Mountains Parent material: Material weathered from intrusive C1 horizon igneous rocks Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Slope range: 4 to 80 percent Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Chroma: 1 to 3 Annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Texture: Loamy coarse sand, sand, or coarse Annual air temperature: 38 to 42 degrees F sandy loam Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Clay content: 0 to 10 percent Content of rock fragments: 40 to 70 percent—5 to Taxonomic Class: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic 20 percent stones; 20 to 30 percent cobbles; Ustorthents 15 to 20 percent pebbles Reaction: 6.6 to 7.3 Typical Pedon C2 horizon Rochester very stony loamy sand, in an area of Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Ambrant-Rochester complex, 15 to 35 percent Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist slopes, in an area of woodland, 200 feet south and Chroma: 1 to 3 1,300 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 1, Texture: Loamy coarse sand or sand T. 12 N., R. 14 W. Clay content: 0 to 10 percent Oi—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed forest litter. Content of rock fragments: 40 to 70 percent—5 to A—0 to 3 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) very stony loamy 20 percent stones, 20 to 30 percent cobbles; sand, dark gray (10YR 4/1) moist; moderate 15 to 20 percent pebbles medium granular structure; soft, very friable, Reaction: 6.6 to 7.8 nonsticky, nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; few very fine irregular pores; 20 percent stones, 5 percent cobbles and 20 percent Rothiemay Series pebbles; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual wavy boundary. C1—3 to 18 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) very stony loamy Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) coarse sand, dark gray (10YR 4/1) moist; weak Drainage class: Well drained 204 Soil Survey
Permeability: Moderately slow Range in Characteristics Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Soil temperature: 42 to 47 degrees F Parent material: Calcareous alluvium Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 10 inches Elevation range: 3,600 to 5,200 feet Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches A1 horizon Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Value: 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 1 or 2 Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Clay content: 15 to 27 percent frigid Aridic Calciustolls Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Typical Pedon Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Rothiemay loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of A2 horizon rangeland, 1,700 feet south and 1,250 feet east of the Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y northwest corner of sec. 12, T. 9 N., R. 13 W. Value: 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 1 or 2 A1—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, Clay content: 18 to 27 percent very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to moderate fine granular structure; soft, very 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent fine, fine, and medium roots; slightly alkaline; Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 clear smooth boundary. A2—4 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, Bw horizon very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y moderate medium subangular blocky structure Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist parting to moderate fine granular; soft, very Chroma: 2 or 3 friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very Texture: Loam or clay loam fine, fine, and medium roots; many very fine Clay content: 20 to 35 percent tubular pores; strongly effervescent; slightly Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to alkaline; clear wavy boundary. 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Bw—6 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, dark Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, Bk1 horizon slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y and medium roots; common very fine and fine Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist tubular pores; violently effervescent; slightly Chroma: 2 or 3 alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Texture: Loam or clay loam Bk1—9 to 20 inches; white (10YR 8/2) loam, very Clay content: 20 to 35 percent pale brown (10YR 7/4) moist; weak coarse Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles sticky, slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, and Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 20 percent medium roots; common fine masses of lime; Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Bk2 horizon Bk2—20 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) moist; weak Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Chroma: 2 or 3 slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few fine and very Texture: Loam or clay loam fine roots; 5 percent pebbles; common fine Clay content: 18 to 35 percent masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately Content of rock fragments: 5 to 30 percent—0 to alkaline. 5 percent cobbles; 5 to 25 percent pebbles Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 205
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 60 percent Composition Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 Major Components Rothiemay and similar soils: 85 percent 33B—Rothiemay loam, 2 to 4 percent Minor Components slopes Con and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Anaconda and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Straw and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Position on landform: Toeslopes Surface layer texture: Loam Slope: 2 to 4 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Elevation: 3,600 to 5,200 feet Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 9.2 inches Major Components Rothiemay and similar soils: 85 percent A typical soil description with range in Minor Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Con and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent in this section. Anaconda and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Straw and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained 33D—Rothiemay loam, 8 to 15 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium slopes Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Setting Available water capacity: Mainly 9.2 inches Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes A typical soil description with range in Slope: 8 to 15 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elevation: 3,600 to 5,200 feet in this section. Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Management Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days For management information about this map unit, Composition see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components 33C—Rothiemay loam, 4 to 8 percent Rothiemay and similar soils: 85 percent slopes Minor Components Con and similar soils: 0 to 9 percent Anaconda and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Setting Straw and similar soils: 0 to 2 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Major Component Description Position on landform: Toeslopes Slope: 4 to 8 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Elevation: 3,600 to 5,200 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Dominant parent material: Alluvium 206 Soil Survey
Native plant cover type: Rangeland channers and 5 percent flagstones; few medium Flooding: None masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately Available water capacity: Mainly 9.2 inches alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Bk2—25 to 38 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) A typical soil description with range in stony clay loam; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, moist; moderate medium subangular blocky in this section. structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; common very fine and few Management fine roots; 10 percent channers, 10 percent For management information about this map unit, flagstones, and 10 percent stones; few fine see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Cr—38 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Roundor Series weakly consolidated sedimentary beds that crush to clay loam. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Soil temperature: 41 to 47 degrees F Landform: Hills and sedimentary plains Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Parent material: Material derived from interbedded Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 10 inches sandstone and siltstone Depth to the Bk horizon: 6 to 10 inches Slope range: 2 to 35 percent A horizon Elevation range: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Annual air temperature: 38 to 44 degrees F Chroma: 2 or 3 Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, channers frigid Typic Calciustolls Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent Typical Pedon Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Roundor loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an area Bw horizon of rangeland, 1,900 feet south and 1,300 feet west Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y of the northeast corner of sec. 13, T. 9 N., R. 13 W. Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 A—0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Texture: Loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; loam weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to Clay content: 20 to 35 percent moderate fine granular; soft, very friable, slightly Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, and 5 percent flagstones; 0 to 10 percent channers medium roots; 10 percent channers; slightly Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent effervescent; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Bw—6 to 12 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; moderate medium Bk1 horizon subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common very fine Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist and few fine roots; 10 percent channers; strongly Chroma: 2 or 3 effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth Texture: Loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, or clay boundary. loam Bk1—12 to 25 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Clay content: 20 to 35 percent channery loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to moderate medium subangular blocky structure; 5 percent flagstones; 0 to 10 percent channers slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent common very fine and few fine roots; 10 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 207
Bk2 horizon 44C—Roundor loam, 4 to 8 percent Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y slopes Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist Chroma: 2 to 4 Setting Texture: Loam, silt loam, or clay loam Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Landform: Hills Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to Position on landform: Toeslopes 15 percent channers; 0 to 10 percent Slope: 4 to 8 percent flagstones; 0 to 10 percent stones Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition 44B—Roundor loam, 2 to 4 percent Major Components slopes Roundor and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Setting Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Boxwell and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Sedimentary plains Rothiemay and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Position on landform: Toeslopes Slope: 2 to 4 percent Major Component Description Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Surface layer texture: Loam Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Drainage class: Well drained Composition Dominant parent material: Interbedded siltstone and sandstone residuum Major Components Native plant cover type: Rangeland Roundor and similar soils: 85 percent Flooding: None Minor Components Available water capacity: Mainly 6.5 inches Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Rothiemay and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Boxwell and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Major Component Description in this section. Surface layer texture: Loam Management Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) For management information about this map unit, Drainage class: Well drained see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Dominant parent material: Interbedded siltstone and sandstone residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland 44D—Roundor loam, 8 to 15 percent Flooding: None slopes Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches Setting A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Landform: Hills in this section. Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: 8 to 15 percent Management Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet For management information about this map unit, Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days 208 Soil Survey
Composition Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 6.5 inches Major Components Roundor and similar soils: 85 percent A typical soil description with range in Minor Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Rothiemay and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Boxwell and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Management Major Component Description For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained 440D—Roundor-Lap complex, 8 to 15 Dominant parent material: Interbedded siltstone and percent slopes sandstone residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Setting Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 6.5 inches Landform: • Roundor—Hills A typical soil description with range in • Lap—Hills characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Position on landform: in this section. • Roundor—Footslopes and toeslopes • Lap—Footslopes and toeslopes Management Slope: For management information about this map unit, • Roundor—8 to 15 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Lap—8 to 15 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches 44E—Roundor loam, 15 to 35 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days slopes Composition Major Components Setting Roundor and similar soils: 55 percent Landform: Hills Lap and similar soils: 30 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Minor Components Slope: 15 to 35 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Boxwell and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Rothiemay and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Major Component Description Composition Roundor Major Components Surface layer texture: Loam Roundor and similar soils: 85 percent Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Minor Components Drainage class: Well drained Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Interbedded siltstone and Rothiemay and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent sandstone residuum Boxwell and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Major Component Description Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Lap Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Dominant parent material: Interbedded siltstone and Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) sandstone residuum Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 209
Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, A typical soil description with range in in this section. characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 440E—Roundor-Lap complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes Roy Series
Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Permeability: Moderately slow • Roundor—Hills Landform: Mountains, hills, alluvial fans, and stream • Lap—Hills terraces Position on landform: Parent material: Alluvium and material derived from • Roundor—Backslopes and footslopes extrusive igneous rocks • Lap—Backslopes and footslopes Slope range: 0 to 60 percent Slope: Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet • Roundor—15 to 35 percent Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Lap—15 to 35 percent Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Taxonomic Class: Clayey-skeletal, mixed, Composition superactive, frigid Typic Argiustolls Major Components Typical Pedon Roundor and similar soils: 55 percent Roy loam, in an area of Roy-Tolbert-Danvers Lap and similar soils: 30 percent complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of Minor Components rangeland, 2,400 feet south and 400 feet west of the Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent northeast corner of sec. 5, T. 10 N., R. 13 W. Boxwell and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Rothiemay and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A—0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Major Component Description moderate medium subangular blocky structure Roundor parting to moderate fine granular; soft, very Surface layer texture: Loam friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) fine and fine roots; common very fine tubular Drainage class: Well drained pores; 10 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth Dominant parent material: Interbedded siltstone and boundary. sandstone residuum Bt1—9 to 14 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Native plant cover type: Rangeland very cobbly clay loam, very dark grayish brown Flooding: None (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate fine and medium Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, very sticky, moderately plastic; many very fine and Lap fine and few medium roots; common very fine Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) peds; 20 percent cobbles and 25 percent Drainage class: Well drained pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. 210 Soil Survey
Bt2—14 to 23 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly Clay content: 35 to 50 percent clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; strong Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent— medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, 20 to 50 percent cobbles; 15 to 30 percent very firm, very sticky, moderately plastic; common pebbles fine and very fine roots; common very fine tubular Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds; BCk horizon 20 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y neutral; clear wavy boundary. Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Bt3—23 to 38 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 clay; dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; strong coarse Texture: Clay loam or sandy clay loam subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, Clay content: 27 to 40 percent very sticky, moderately plastic; few fine and very Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent— fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; few faint 20 to 50 percent cobbles; 15 to 30 percent clay films on faces of peds; 20 percent cobbles pebbles and 35 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent boundary. Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 BCk—38 to 60 inches; white (10YR 8/2) very cobbly clay loam; light gray (10YR 7/1) moist; massive; hard, firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few fine and very fine roots; many very fine and 17E—Roy-Carett-Elflint complex, 15 to 35 common fine tubular pores; 20 percent cobbles percent slopes and 30 percent pebbles; few fine masses and seams of lime; violently effervescent; moderately Setting alkaline. Landform: Range in Characteristics • Roy—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Carett—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Soil temperature: 40 to 47 degrees F • Elflint—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Position on landform: Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 14 inches • Roy—Backslopes and footslopes Depth to the BCk horizon: 20 to 40 inches • Carett—Backslopes and footslopes A horizon • Elflint—Backslopes and footslopes Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Slope: Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist • Roy—15 to 35 percent Chroma: 2 or 3 • Carett—15 to 35 percent Clay content: 15 to 27 percent • Elflint—15 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet 10 percent cobbles; 5 to 25 percent pebbles Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Bt1 horizon Composition Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Major Components Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Roy and similar soils: 35 percent Chroma: 2 to 4 Carett and similar soils: 25 percent Texture: Clay loam or clay Elflint and similar soils: 25 percent Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Minor Components Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent— Donald and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent 20 to 50 percent cobbles; 15 to 30 percent Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Major Component Description Bt2 and Bt3 horizons Roy Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Chroma: 2 to 4 Drainage class: Well drained Texture: Clay loam or clay Dominant parent material: Alluvium Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 211
Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Alluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Carett Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches Surface layer texture: Very cobbly clay Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) A typical soil description with range in Drainage class: Well drained characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Dominant parent material: Tuff residuum in this section. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Management Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 2.8 inches For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Elflint Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) 46C—Roy loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Tuff residuum Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Available water capacity: Mainly 5.9 inches Position on landform: Toeslopes Slope: 4 to 8 percent A typical soil description with range in Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches in this section. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components Roy and similar soils: 85 percent 46B—Roy loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Minor Components Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Fergus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Position on landform: Toeslopes Major Component Description Slope: 0 to 4 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Surface layer texture: Loam Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Composition Native plant cover type: Rangeland Major Components Flooding: None Roy and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches Minor Components Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Fergus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 212 Soil Survey
46D—Roy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes extrusive igneous rocks Slope: 8 to 15 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Major Components in this section. Roy and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Management Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Fergus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description 46F—Roy loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Native plant cover type: Rangeland Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Flooding: None Slope: 35 to 60 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches A typical soil description with range in Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Composition in this section. Major Components Management Roy and similar soils: 85 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Fergus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 46E—Roy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Drainage class: Well drained Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Slope: 15 to 35 percent extrusive igneous rocks Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Roy and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. Minor Components Management Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Fergus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 213
146B—Roy cobbly loam, 2 to 4 percent Minor Components slopes Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Position on landform: Toeslopes Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Slope: 2 to 4 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Major Components Roy and similar soils: 85 percent A typical soil description with range in Minor Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 146D—Roy cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent Drainage class: Well drained slopes Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Setting Flooding: None Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: 8 to 15 percent A typical soil description with range in Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches in this section. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Roy and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 146C—Roy cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent slopes Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 4 to 8 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Roy and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. 214 Soil Survey
Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Roy and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent 146E—Roy cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent slopes Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Stony loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Drainage class: Well drained Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Slope: 15 to 35 percent extrusive igneous rocks Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 4.4 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Roy and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. Minor Components Management Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam 246E—Roy stony loam, 15 to 35 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) slopes Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Landform: Mountains Flooding: None Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Slope: 15 to 35 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet A typical soil description with range in Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days in this section. Composition Management Major Components For management information about this map unit, Roy and similar soils: 85 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent 246D—Roy stony loam, 8 to 15 percent Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent slopes Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Stony loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Mountains Drainage class: Well drained Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Slope: 8 to 15 percent extrusive igneous rocks Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 4.4 inches Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 215
A typical soil description with range in Dominant parent material: Alluvium characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Native plant cover type: Rangeland in this section. Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Management For management information about this map unit, Danvers see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained 351D—Roy-Shawmut-Danvers complex, Dominant parent material: Alluvium 8 to 15 percent slopes Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches Setting Landform: A typical soil description with range in • Roy—Alluvial fans and stream terraces characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, • Shawmut—Alluvial fans and stream terraces in this section. • Danvers—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Management Position on landform: • Roy—Footslopes and toeslopes For management information about this map unit, • Shawmut—Footslopes and toeslopes see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Danvers—Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: • Roy—8 to 15 percent 351E—Roy-Shawmut-Danvers complex, • Shawmut—8 to 15 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes • Danvers—8 to 15 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Setting Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Landform: Composition • Roy—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Shawmut—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Major Components • Danvers—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Roy and similar soils: 35 percent Position on landform: Shawmut and similar soils: 25 percent • Roy—Backslopes and footslopes Danvers and similar soils: 25 percent • Shawmut—Backslopes and footslopes Minor Components • Danvers—Backslopes and footslopes Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Slope: Braziel and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent • Roy—15 to 35 percent Fergus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent • Shawmut—15 to 35 percent Major Component Description • Danvers—15 to 35 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Roy Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Composition Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Major Components Flooding: None Roy and similar soils: 35 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches Shawmut and similar soils: 25 percent Danvers and similar soils: 25 percent Shawmut Minor Components Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Fergus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Well drained Braziel and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 216 Soil Survey
Major Component Description Slope: • Roy—35 to 60 percent Roy • Shawmut—35 to 60 percent Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam • Danvers—35 to 45 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Native plant cover type: Rangeland Composition Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches Major Components Roy and similar soils: 35 percent Shawmut Shawmut and similar soils: 25 percent Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Danvers and similar soils: 25 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Minor Components Drainage class: Well drained Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Fergus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Braziel and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: None Major Component Description Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Roy Danvers Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches Shawmut A typical soil description with range in Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) in this section. Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Management Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None For management information about this map unit, Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Danvers Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam 351F—Roy-Shawmut-Danvers cobbly Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) loams, 35 to 60 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Setting Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches Landform: • Roy—Alluvial fans and stream terraces A typical soil description with range in • Shawmut—Alluvial fans and stream terraces characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, • Danvers—Alluvial fans and stream terraces in this section. Position on landform: Management • Roy—Backslopes and shoulders • Shawmut—Backslopes and shoulders For management information about this map unit, • Danvers—Backslopes and shoulders see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 217
646D—Roy-Tolbert-Danvers complex, Dominant parent material: Alluvium 8 to 15 percent slopes Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches Setting Landform: A typical soil description with range in • Roy—Mountains characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, • Tolbert—Mountains in this section. • Danvers—Mountains Management Position on landform: • Roy—Footslopes and toeslopes For management information about this map unit, • Tolbert—Footslopes and toeslopes see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Slope: • Roy—8 to 15 percent • Tolbert—10 to 15 percent 646E—Roy-Tolbert-Danvers complex, • Danvers—8 to 15 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Setting Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Landform: Composition • Roy—Mountains Major Components • Tolbert—Mountains Roy and similar soils: 35 percent • Danvers—Mountains Tolbert and similar soils: 25 percent Position on landform: Danvers and similar soils: 25 percent • Roy—Backslopes and footslopes Minor Components • Tolbert—Backslopes and footslopes Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 8 percent • Danvers—Backslopes and footslopes Braziel and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Slope: • Roy—15 to 35 percent Major Component Description • Tolbert—15 to 35 percent Roy • Danvers—15 to 35 percent Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Composition extrusive igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Rangeland Major Components Flooding: None Roy and similar soils: 35 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Tolbert and similar soils: 25 percent Danvers and similar soils: 25 percent Tolbert Minor Components Surface layer texture: Channery loam Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Braziel and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Well drained Major Component Description Dominant parent material: Material weathered from igneous rocks Roy Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 2.4 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Danvers extrusive igneous rocks Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches 218 Soil Survey
Tolbert Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Channery loam Roy Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Drainage class: Well drained igneous rocks Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Native plant cover type: Rangeland extrusive igneous rocks Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 2.4 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Danvers Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Fergus Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Alluvium Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Alluvium Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 9.1 inches A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, A typical soil description with range in in this section. characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Management in this section. For management information about this map unit, Management see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 746C—Roy-Fergus complex, 4 to 8 percent slopes 746D—Roy-Fergus complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Roy—Mountains • Roy—Mountains • Fergus—Mountains • Fergus—Mountains Position on landform: Position on landform: • Roy—Toeslopes • Roy—Footslopes and toeslopes • Fergus—Toeslopes • Fergus—Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: Slope: • Roy—4 to 8 percent • Roy—8 to 15 percent • Fergus—4 to 8 percent • Fergus—8 to 15 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Roy and similar soils: 50 percent Roy and similar soils: 50 percent Fergus and similar soils: 35 percent Fergus and similar soils: 35 percent Minor Components Minor Components Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Braziel and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Braziel and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 219
Major Component Description Major Component Description Roy Roy Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Dominant parent material: Material weathered from extrusive igneous rocks extrusive igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches
Fergus Fergus Surface layer texture: Loam Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 9.1 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 9.1 inches
A typical soil description with range in A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
746E—Roy-Fergus complex, 746F—Roy-Fergus complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes 35 to 60 percent slopes
Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Roy—Mountains • Roy—Mountains • Fergus—Mountains • Fergus—Mountains Position on landform: Position on landform: • Roy—Backslopes and footslopes • Roy—Backslopes and shoulders • Fergus—Backslopes and footslopes • Fergus—Backslopes and shoulders Slope: Slope: • Roy—15 to 35 percent • Roy—35 to 60 percent • Fergus—15 to 35 percent • Fergus—35 to 60 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Roy and similar soils: 50 percent Roy and similar soils: 50 percent Fergus and similar soils: 35 percent Fergus and similar soils: 35 percent Minor Components Minor Components Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Braziel and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Braziel and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent 220 Soil Survey
Major Component Description Slope range: 8 to 35 percent Elevation range: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Roy Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Annual air temperature: 34 to 39 degrees F Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, extrusive igneous rocks superactive Andic Eutrocryepts Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Typical Pedon Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Rumsey gravelly silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, Fergus in an area of woodland, 1,600 feet south and Surface layer texture: Loam 1,550 feet west of the northeast corner of Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) sec. 12, T. 5 N., R. 14 W. Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Oi—3 to 1 inches; partially decomposed forest litter. extrusive igneous rocks Oe—1 to 0 inches; decomposed forest litter. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Bs—0 to 8 inches; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) gravelly silt Flooding: None loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; moderate Available water capacity: Mainly 9.1 inches fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine and fine A typical soil description with range in roots; 20 percent pebbles; moderately acid; clear characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, wavy boundary. in this section. 2Bw—8 to 16 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) very gravelly loam, yellowish brown (10YR Management 5/4) moist; weak fine granular structure; soft, For management information about this map unit, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. fine and fine and few medium and coarse roots; 10 percent cobbles and 45 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. 100—Rubble land-Rock outcrop complex 2Bk1—16 to 29 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) extremely gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Composition slightly hard, friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; many Major Components very fine and fine and common medium roots; Rubble land: 55 percent 10 percent cobbles and 55 percent pebbles; few Rock outcrop: 30 percent faint lime casts on all sides of coarse fragments; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy Major Component Description boundary. Rubble land 2Bk2—29 to 38 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Definition: Areas that have more than 90 percent of 6/4) extremely gravely loam, yellowish brown the surface covered by stones or boulders (10YR 5/4) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky, Rock outcrop nonplastic; many very fine and fine and few Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock medium roots; 20 percent cobbles and 50 percent pebbles; common distinct lime casts on all sides of coarse fragments; disseminated lime; strongly Rumsey Series effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 2Bk3—38 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Drainage class: Well drained 6/4) extremely gravelly loam, yellowish brown Permeability: Moderate (10YR 5/4) moist; weak medium subangular Landform: Mountains blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky, Parent material: Colluvium derived from limestone nonplastic; many very fine and fine and few Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 221
medium roots; 20 percent cobbles and 55 percent Minor Components pebbles; many prominent lime casts on all sides Bata and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent of coarse fragments; disseminated lime; strongly Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent effervescent; slightly alkaline. Elve and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Range in Characteristics Major Component Description Soil temperature: 36 to 41 degrees F Surface layer texture: Gravelly silt loam Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth to the 2Bk horizon: 9 to 24 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Bs horizon Native plant cover type: Forest land Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Flooding: None Chroma: 4 or 6 Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to A typical soil description with range in 10 cobbles; 15 to 25 percent pebbles characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Moist bulk density: 1.0 g/cm3 or less in this section. Reaction: 5.6 to 7.8 Management 2Bw horizon Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist For management information about this map unit, Chroma: 3 or 4 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent— 10 to 15 percent cobbles; 25 to 45 percent 78E—Rumsey gravelly silt loam, pebbles 15 to 35 percent slopes Reaction: 6.1 to 7.8 Setting 2Bk horizons Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Landform: Mountains Chroma: 3 or 4 Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Texture: Loam or sandy loam Slope: 15 to 35 percent Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent— Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 25 to 60 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days pebbles Composition Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Reaction: 7.4 to 8.4 Major Components Rumsey and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components 78D—Rumsey gravelly silt loam, Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 8 to 15 percent slopes Bata and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Elve and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Gravelly silt loam Landform: Mountains Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 8 to 15 percent Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Native plant cover type: Forest land Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Rumsey and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. 222 Soil Survey
Management fine roots; 15 percent cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; neutral. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Range in Characteristics Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Sarbo Series Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 16 to 23 inches Depth to very gravelly material: 20 to 40 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Ap horizon Permeability: Moderate in the Bw horizons, rapid Chroma: 2 or 3 below Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to Parent material: Alluvium 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Slope range: 2 to 4 percent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Bw1 horizon Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Value: 4 or 5 dry Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Chroma: 2 or 3 Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Texture: Loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy- Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Pachic 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Haplustolls Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Typical Pedon Bw2 horizon Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Sarbo loam, in an area of Sarbo-Lone Rock complex, Chroma: 2 or 3 2 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of irrigated grass Texture: Sandy clay loam, loam, or sandy loam hay, 1,500 feet north and 700 feet west of the Clay content: 15 to 27 percent southeast corner of sec. 6, T. 6 N., R. 15 W. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to Ap—0 to 12 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 moderate medium granular structure; soft, very 2C horizon friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y fine, fine, and medium roots; common very fine Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist and fine pores; 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear Chroma: 2 to 4 smooth boundary. Texture: Loamy sand or sand Bw1—12 to 23 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, very Clay content: 0 to 10 percent dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—0 to medium subangular blocky structure; slightly 5 percent stones; 15 to 30 percent cobbles; hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few 20 to 45 percent pebbles worm casts; many very fine and fine and common Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 medium roots; common fine and medium and many very fine tubular pores; 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. 224B—Sarbo-Lone Rock complex, Bw2—23 to 33 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy 2 to 4 percent slopes clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Setting moderately sticky, slightly plastic; common fine and medium and many very fine roots; common Landform: fine and very fine tubular pores; 5 percent • Sarbo—Alluvial fans and stream terraces pebbles; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. • Lone Rock—Alluvial fans and stream terraces 2C—33 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Position on landform: gravelly sand, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; single • Sarbo—Treads grain; loose, nonsticky, nonplastic; common very • Lone Rock—Treads Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 223
Slope: Annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches • Sarbo—2 to 4 percent Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F • Lone Rock—2 to 4 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days frigid Aquic Calciustolls Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Sarbo and similar soils: 50 percent Saypo loam, cool, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area Lone Rock and similar soils: 35 percent of pasture, 2,100 feet south and 1,500 feet west of Minor Components the northeast corner of sec. 23, T. 7 N., R. 14 W. Perma and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Oe—2 inches to 0; partially decomposed organic Straw and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent matter. Major Component Description A—0 to 12 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate fine granular Sarbo structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly Surface layer texture: Loam plastic; many very fine roots; common very fine Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) interstitial pores; violently effervescent; Drainage class: Well drained moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Dominant parent material: Alluvium Bk1—12 to 18 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Native plant cover type: Rangeland loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak Flooding: None medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very Available water capacity: Mainly 6.3 inches friable, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; many very fine roots; few very fine interstitial Lone Rock pores; disseminated lime; few fine masses of Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam lime; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) clear smooth boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bk2—18 to 26 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, pale Dominant parent material: Alluvium brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium subangular Native plant cover type: Rangeland blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Flooding: None sticky, moderately plastic; many very fine roots; Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches 10 percent pebbles; disseminated lime; few fine masses of lime; strongly effervescent; moderately A typical soil description with range in alkaline; clear smooth boundary. characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Bk3—26 to 41 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) in this section. gravelly loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Management dry; common fine distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) redox concentrations; weak fine subangular For management information about this map unit, blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. moderately plastic; common very fine roots; 5 percent cobbles and 25 percent pebbles; Saypo Series disseminated lime; few fine masses of lime; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) smooth boundary. Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained C—41 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Permeability: Moderately slow gravelly sandy loam; light yellowish brown (10YR Landform: Alluvial fans, stream terraces, and flood 6/4) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; plains slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Parent material: Alluvium common very fine roots; 10 percent cobbles and Slope range: 0 to 4 percent 30 percent pebbles; disseminated lime; slightly Elevation range: 3,800 to 5,000 feet effervescent; slightly alkaline. 224 Soil Survey
Range in Characteristics 435B—Saypo silt loam, cool, 0 to 4 Soil temperature: 42 to 46 degrees F percent slopes, rarely flooded Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 16 inches Depth to the seasonal high water table: 24 to Setting 42 inches Landform: Flood plains A horizon Position on landform: Treads Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Slope: 0 to 4 percent Value: 2 or 3 moist; 3 or 4 dry Elevation: 3,800 to 5,000 feet Chroma: 1 or 2 Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Texture: Loam or silt loam Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Clay content: 22 to 27 percent Composition Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Major Components Saypo and similar soils: 85 percent Bk1 horizon Minor Components Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Tetonview and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Value: 4 to 6 moist; 5 to 7 dry Kleinschmidt and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Chroma: 2 or 3 Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Texture: Loam or clay loam Nythar and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Clay content: 22 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles Major Component Description Calcium carbonate equivalent: 20 to 25 percent Surface layer texture: Silt loam Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bk2 horizon Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Dominant parent material: Alluvium Value: 4 to 6 moist; 5 to 7 dry Native plant cover type: Rangeland Chroma: 2 to 4 Flooding: Rare Texture: Loam or clay loam Water table: Apparent Clay content: 22 to 35 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 8.0 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 30 percent pebbles A typical soil description with range in Calcium carbonate equivalent: 30 to 35 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 in this section. Bk3 horizon Management Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y For management information about this map unit, Value: 4 to 6 moist; 5 to 7 dry see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: Loam or clay loam Clay content: 22 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to 445B—Saypo silt loam, 0 to 4 percent 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 30 percent pebbles slopes, rarely flooded Calcium carbonate equivalent: 30 to 35 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Setting C horizon Landform: Flood plains Hue: 10YR to 5Y Position on landform: Treads Value: 4 or 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry Slope: 0 to 4 percent Chroma: 2 to 4 Elevation: 3,800 to 5,000 feet Texture: Loam or sandy loam Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Content of rock fragments: 5 to 50 percent—0 to Composition 10 percent cobbles; 5 to 40 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 30 to 35 percent Major Components Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Saypo and similar soils: 85 percent Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 225
Minor Components A typical soil description with range in Tetonview and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Con and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent in this section. Kleinschmidt and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Management Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained 545B—Saypo silt loam, 0 to 4 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium slopes Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Rare Setting Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 8.0 inches Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Position on landform: Treads A typical soil description with range in Slope: 0 to 4 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elevation: 3,800 to 5,000 feet in this section. Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components Saypo and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components 535B—Saypo loam, cool, 0 to 4 percent Tetonview and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent slopes Con and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Mcmanus and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Surface layer texture: Silt loam Position on landform: Treads Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 0 to 4 percent Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Elevation: 3,800 to 5,000 feet Dominant parent material: Alluvium Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Flooding: None Composition Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 8.0 inches Major Components Saypo and similar soils: 85 percent A typical soil description with range in Minor Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Tetonview and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Mcmanus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Quigley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Major Component Description For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Shanley Series Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Water table: Apparent Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Mainly 8.0 inches Landform: Stream terraces and mountains 226 Soil Survey
Parent material: Alluvium, colluvium and material A horizon weathered from extrusive igneous rocks Value: 3 to 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Slope range: 4 to 60 percent Chroma: 1 or 2 Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F 5 percent stones; 5 to 10 percent cobbles; Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days 10 to 20 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Taxonomic Class: Clayey-skeletal, mixed, Bt horizons superactive, frigid Typic Argiustolls Hue: 10YR to 5YR Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist Typical Pedon Chroma: 2 to 6 Shanley gravelly loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an Texture: Clay or clay loam area of rangeland, 2,600 feet south and 2,300 feet Clay content: 35 to 60 percent west of the northeast corner of sec. 22, T. 7 N., Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent— R. 15 W. 10 to 25 percent cobbles; 25 to 35 percent pebbles A—0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular 19C—Shanley gravelly loam, pores; 5 percent cobbles, 20 percent pebbles; 4 to 8 percent slopes neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bt1—6 to 15 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/3) very Setting gravelly clay loam, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Landform: Mountains very hard, firm, moderately sticky, moderately Position on landform: Toeslopes plastic; many very fine and fine roots; common Slope: 4 to 8 percent very fine tubular pores; common faint clay films Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet on faces of peds; 10 percent cobbles, 30 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches pebbles; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Bt2—15 to 28 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/4) very Composition gravelly clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Major Components extremely hard, firm, moderately sticky, Shanley and similar soils: 85 percent moderately plastic; many very fine and fine roots; Minor Components few very fine tubular pores; common faint clay Fergus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent films on faces of peds; 10 percent cobbles, Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 35 percent pebbles; moderately alkaline; gradual Shanley, greater slope: 0 to 5 percent wavy boundary. Bt3—28 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/4) very Major Component Description gravelly clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam extremely hard, firm, moderately sticky, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) moderately plastic; common very fine roots; few Drainage class: Well drained very fine tubular pores; few faint clay films on Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium faces of peds; 10 percent cobbles, 35 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland pebbles; slightly alkaline. Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Range in Characteristics Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F A typical soil description with range in Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 15 inches in this section. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 227
Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Shanley and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Fergus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 19D—Shanley gravelly loam, Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 8 to 15 percent slopes Shanley, lesser slope: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Landform: Mountains Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 8 to 15 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Shanley and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. Minor Components Management Fergus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Shanley, greater slope: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam 119E—Shanley stony loam, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 15 to 35 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Landform: Mountains Flooding: None Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Slope: 15 to 35 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet A typical soil description with range in Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days in this section. Composition Management Major Components For management information about this map unit, Shanley and similar soils: 85 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Fergus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 19E—Shanley gravelly loam, Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes Shanley, lesser slope: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Stony loam Landform: Mountains Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 15 to 35 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Elevation: 3,800 to 6,200 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches 228 Soil Survey
A typical soil description with range in Native plant cover type: Rangeland characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Flooding: None in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Management Water For management information about this map unit, Definition: Areas of open water see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, 142E—Shanley-Braziel-Water complex, in this section. 8 to 25 percent slopes Management Setting For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Landform: • Shanley—Stream terraces • Braziel—Stream terraces Position on landform: 846C—Shanley-Tolbert complex, • Shanley—Backslopes and footslopes 4 to 8 percent slopes • Braziel—Backslopes and footslopes Slope: Setting • Shanley—8 to 25 percent • Braziel—8 to 25 percent Landform: Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet • Shanley—Mountains Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Tolbert—Mountains Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Position on landform: • Shanley—Toeslopes Composition • Tolbert—Toeslopes Major Components Slope: Shanley and similar soils: 55 percent • Shanley—4 to 8 percent Braziel and similar soils: 20 percent • Tolbert—4 to 8 percent Water: 10 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Minor Components Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Straw and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Composition Quigley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Components Major Component Description Shanley and similar soils: 70 percent Shanley Tolbert and similar soils: 20 percent Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Minor Components Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 4 percent Drainage class: Well drained Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 2 percent extrusive igneous rocks Major Component Description Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Shanley Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Braziel Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) extrusive igneous rocks Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Flooding: None extrusive igneous rocks Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 229
Tolbert Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Very stony loam Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Tolbert Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Surface layer texture: Very stony loam igneous rocks Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Available water capacity: Mainly 1.4 inches igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Rangeland A typical soil description with range in Flooding: None characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Available water capacity: Mainly 1.4 inches in this section. A typical soil description with range in Management characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, For management information about this map unit, in this section. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, 846D—Shanley-Tolbert complex, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 8 to 15 percent slopes
Setting 846E—Shanley-Tolbert complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes Landform: • Shanley—Mountains Setting • Tolbert—Mountains Position on landform: Landform: • Shanley—Footslopes and toeslopes • Shanley—Mountains • Tolbert—Footslopes and toeslopes • Tolbert—Mountains Slope: Position on landform: • Shanley—8 to 15 percent • Shanley—Backslopes and footslopes • Tolbert—8 to 15 percent • Tolbert—Backslopes and footslopes Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Slope: Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Shanley—15 to 35 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days • Tolbert—15 to 35 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Composition Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Major Components Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Shanley and similar soils: 65 percent Composition Tolbert and similar soils: 20 percent Minor Components Major Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Shanley and similar soils: 65 percent Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Tolbert and similar soils: 20 percent Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Minor Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent Major Component Description Rubble land: 0 to 3 percent Shanley Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Component Description Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Shanley extrusive igneous rocks Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 230 Soil Survey
Drainage class: Well drained Major Component Description Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Shanley extrusive igneous rocks Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches Dominant parent material: Material weathered from extrusive igneous rocks Tolbert Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Stony loam Flooding: None Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Tolbert igneous rocks Surface layer texture: Stony loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 1.4 inches Dominant parent material: Material weathered from igneous rocks A typical soil description with range in Native plant cover type: Rangeland characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Flooding: None in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 1.4 inches Management A typical soil description with range in For management information about this map unit, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. in this section. Management 846F—Shanley-Tolbert complex, For management information about this map unit, 35 to 60 percent slopes see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
Setting Shawmut Series Landform: • Shanley—Mountains Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Tolbert—Mountains Drainage class: Well drained Position on landform: Permeability: Moderate • Shanley—Backslopes and shoulders Landform: Mountains, alluvial fans, and stream • Tolbert—Backslopes and shoulders terraces Slope: Parent material: Alluvium • Shanley—35 to 60 percent Slope range: 0 to 60 percent • Tolbert—35 to 50 percent Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Major Components superactive, frigid Typic Argiustolls Shanley and similar soils: 70 percent Typical Pedon Tolbert and similar soils: 20 percent Minor Components Shawmut cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent area of rangeland, 400 feet south and 500 feet west Rubble land: 0 to 5 percent of the northeast corner of sec. 20, T. 10 N., R. 13 W. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 231
A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) hard, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; cobbly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; few fine and very fine roots; 10 percent cobbles moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, and 60 percent pebbles; disseminated lime; few very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; very fine, fine, and medium roots; 10 percent moderately alkaline. cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Range in Characteristics Bt1—4 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) gravelly clay loam, very dark grayish brown Soil temperature: 41 to 47 degrees F (10YR 3/2) moist; weak medium prismatic Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches structure parting to moderate fine subangular Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 16 inches blocky; hard, very friable, moderately sticky, A horizon moderately plastic; many very fine and fine and Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR common medium roots; common fine pores; Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist many faint clay films on faces of peds and coarse Chroma: 2 or 3 fragments; 5 percent cobbles and 30 percent Clay content: 15 to 27 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Content of rock fragments: 15 to 60 percent—0 to Bt2—8 to 16 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) very gravelly 20 percent cobbles; 15 to 40 percent pebbles clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; weak Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; hard, very friable, Bt horizons moderately sticky, moderately plastic; common Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR very fine and fine and few medium roots; Value: 3 to 5 dry; 2 to 4 moist common fine pores; many distinct clay films on Chroma: 2 to 4 faces of peds and coarse fragments; 5 percent Texture: Clay loam or sandy clay loam cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; neutral; clear Clay content: 20 to 35 percent wavy boundary. Content of rock fragments: 35 to 45 percent—5 to Btk—16 to 25 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) very gravelly 10 percent cobbles; 30 to 35 percent pebbles clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Btk horizon hard, very friable, moderately sticky, moderately Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR plastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; Value: 3 to 6 dry; 2 to 5 moist common fine pores; many faint clay films on faces Chroma: 2 to 4 of peds; 5 percent cobbles and 40 percent Texture: Loam or clay loam pebbles; many distinct lime casts on undersides Clay content: 15 to 30 percent of coarse fragments; strongly effervescent; Content of rock fragments: 40 to 55 percent—0 to moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. 5 percent cobbles; 40 to 50 percent pebbles Bk1—25 to 38 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent gravelly clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few Bk horizons fine and medium roots; common very fine pores; Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y 5 percent cobbles and 50 percent pebbles; many Value: 5 to 8 dry; 4 to 7 moist distinct lime casts on underside and sides of Chroma: 2 or 3 coarse fragments; common medium masses and Texture: Loam, sandy loam, or clay loam seams of lime; violently effervescent; moderately Clay content: 10 to 30 percent alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Content of rock fragments: 55 to 70 percent—5 to Bk2—38 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) 10 percent cobbles; 50 to 60 percent pebbles extremely gravelly loam; brown (10YR 5/3) moist; Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 30 percent weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 232 Soil Survey
51B—Shawmut gravelly loam, Minor Components 0 to 4 percent slopes Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Quigley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Position on landform: Toeslopes Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Slope: 0 to 4 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 4.2 inches Major Components Shawmut and similar soils: 85 percent A typical soil description with range in Minor Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Quigley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 51D—Shawmut gravelly loam, Drainage class: Well drained 8 to 15 percent slopes Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Setting Flooding: None Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Available water capacity: Mainly 4.2 inches Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: 8 to 15 percent A typical soil description with range in Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches in this section. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Shawmut and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Quigley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 51C—Shawmut gravelly loam, Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 4 to 8 percent slopes Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 4 to 8 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 4.2 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Shawmut and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 233
Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Shawmut and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 51E—Shawmut gravelly loam, Quigley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Drainage class: Well drained Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Dominant parent material: Alluvium Slope: 15 to 35 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 4.2 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Major Components in this section. Shawmut and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Management Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Quigley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam 151C—Shawmut cobbly loam, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 4 to 8 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Flooding: None Position on landform: Toeslopes Available water capacity: Mainly 4.2 inches Slope: 4 to 8 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet A typical soil description with range in Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days in this section. Composition Management Major Components For management information about this map unit, Shawmut and similar soils: 85 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 51F—Shawmut gravelly loam, Roy and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 35 to 60 percent slopes Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Landform: Mountains Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 35 to 60 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 4.2 inches 234 Soil Survey
A typical soil description with range in Slope: 15 to 35 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet in this section. Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components Shawmut and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components 151D—Shawmut cobbly loam, Roy and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 8 to 15 percent slopes Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 8 to 15 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 4.2 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Shawmut and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. Minor Components Roy and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam 151F—Shawmut cobbly loam, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 35 to 60 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Available water capacity: Mainly 4.2 inches Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Slope: 35 to 60 percent A typical soil description with range in Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches in this section. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Management Composition Major Components For management information about this map unit, Shawmut and similar soils: 85 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Roy and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 151E—Shawmut cobbly loam, Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Drainage class: Well drained Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 235
Dominant parent material: Alluvium 451C—Shawmut very bouldery loam, Native plant cover type: Rangeland 0 to 8 percent slopes Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.2 inches Setting A typical soil description with range in Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Position on landform: Toeslopes in this section. Slope: 0 to 8 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Management Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches For management information about this map unit, Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Composition Major Components 251E—Shawmut very stony loam, Shawmut and similar soils: 85 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes Minor Components Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Quigley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Danvers and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Mountains Major Component Description Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Slope: 15 to 35 percent Surface layer texture: Very bouldery loam Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Composition Flooding: None Major Components Available water capacity: Mainly 5.1 inches Shawmut and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components A typical soil description with range in Roy and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent in this section. Management Major Component Description For management information about this map unit, Surface layer texture: Very stony loam see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Silverchief Series Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 3.9 inches Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow A typical soil description with range in Landform: Mountains characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Parent material: Colluvium derived from limestone in this section. Slope range: 8 to 60 percent Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Management Annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches For management information about this map unit, Annual air temperature: 38 to 42 degrees F see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days 236 Soil Survey
Taxonomic Class: Fine, mixed, superactive, frigid E horizon Calcic Haplustalfs Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Value: 6 or 7 dry; 5 or 6 moist Typical Pedon Chroma: 2 to 4 Silverchief loam, in an area of Silverchief-Trapps Clay content: 20 to 27 percent complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an area of Content of rock fragments: 0 to 30 percent—0 to woodland, 300 feet north and 3,400 feet east of the 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles southwest corner of sec. 24, T. 5 N., R. 16 W. Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Oi—2 inches to 0; undecomposed and slightly Bt horizons decomposed forest litter. Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y E—0 to 3 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; moderate Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 thin platy structure; slightly hard, very friable, Texture: Clay loam or clay slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine, Clay content: 35 to 60 percent fine, and medium roots; few fine interstitial pores; Content of rock fragments: 10 to 30 percent—0 to 5 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear wavy 10 percent cobbles; 10 to 20 percent pebbles boundary. Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Bt1—3 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, Bk horizon dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist moderately sticky, moderately plastic; many very Chroma: 2 to 4 fine and fine, common medium and few coarse Texture: Loam or clay loam roots; common fine interstitial pores; few faint clay Clay content: 20 to 30 percent films on faces of peds; 10 percent pebbles; Content of rock fragments: 20 to 50 percent—5 to slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. 15 percent cobbles; 15 to 35 percent pebbles Bt2—12 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Reaction: pH 7.4 to 9.0 moist; moderate medium angular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky, very plastic; many very fine and fine, common medium and few coarse roots; common fine tubular pores; 599D—Silverchief-Trapps complex, few faint clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent 8 to 15 percent slopes pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bt3—20 to 38 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Setting clay, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; strong medium angular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, Landform: very sticky, very plastic; common very fine and • Silverchief—Mountains fine and few medium and coarse roots; common • Trapps—Mountains fine and many very fine tubular pores; few faint Position on landform: clay films on faces of peds; 15 percent pebbles; • Silverchief—Footslopes and toeslopes neutral; gradual smooth boundary. • Trapps—Footslopes and toeslopes Bk—38 to 60 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) gravelly Slope: clay loam; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) moist; • Silverchief—8 to 15 percent, northeast aspect weak fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, • Trapps—8 to 15 percent moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few fine Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches 5 percent cobbles; 25 percent pebbles; common Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. Composition Range in Characteristics Major Components Soil temperature: 40 to 44 degrees F Silverchief and similar soils: 45 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Trapps and similar soils: 40 percent Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 237
Minor Components Minor Components Whitecow and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Whitecow and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Crow and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Crow and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Silverchief Silverchief Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 7.6 inches
Trapps Trapps Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches
A typical soil description with range in A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
599E—Silverchief-Trapps complex, 599F—Silverchief-Trapps complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes 35 to 60 percent slopes
Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Silverchief—Mountains • Silverchief—Mountains • Trapps—Mountains • Trapps—Mountains Position on landform: Position on landform: • Silverchief—Backslopes and footslopes • Silverchief—Backslopes and shoulders • Trapps—Backslopes and footslopes • Trapps—Backslopes and shoulders Slope: Slope: • Silverchief—15 to 35 percent, northeast aspect • Silverchief—35 to 60 percent, northeast aspect • Trapps—15 to 35 percent • Trapps—35 to 60 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Silverchief and similar soils: 45 percent Silverchief and similar soils: 45 percent Trapps and similar soils: 40 percent Trapps and similar soils: 40 percent 238 Soil Survey
Minor Components A—0 to 5 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) cobbly Whitecow and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Crow and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine and few medium roots; many very fine interstitial Major Component Description pores; 15 percent cobbles and 20 percent Silverchief pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Surface layer texture: Loam Bw—5 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Drainage class: Well drained 3/2) moist; weak fine granular structure; soft, Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many Native plant cover type: Forest land very fine and few medium roots; many very Flooding: None fine interstitial pores; 10 percent cobbles and Available water capacity: Mainly 7.6 inches 20 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Trapps Bk1—9 to 14 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Drainage class: Well drained slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many fine and Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium common medium roots; common very fine tubular Native plant cover type: Forest land pores; 10 percent cobbles and 25 percent Flooding: None pebbles; disseminated lime; few fine masses of Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches lime; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. A typical soil description with range in 2Bk2—14 to 23 inches; white (10YR 8/1) very characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, gravelly loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) moist; in this section. weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky, moderately plastic; Management common fine and few medium roots; many For management information about this map unit, very fine tubular pores; 15 percent cobbles and see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 25 percent pebbles; disseminated lime; few fine masses and seams of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Sixbeacon Series 2Bk3—23 to 60 inches; white (10YR 8/2) very gravelly sandy loam; pale brown (10YR 6/3) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Drainage class: Well drained slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky, moderately Permeability: Moderate plastic; few fine and medium roots; few very fine Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces tubular pores; 10 percent cobbles and 45 percent Parent material: Alluvium pebbles; disseminated lime; few fine masses and Slope range: 0 to 60 percent seams of lime; violently effervescent; moderately Elevation range: 3,600 to 5,400 feet alkaline. Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Range in Characteristics Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches superactive, frigid Aridic Haplustolls Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 15 inches Typical Pedon Depth to the calcic horizon: 10 to 13 inches Sixbeacon cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an A horizon area of hayland, 2,600 feet north and 1,250 feet west Chroma: 2 or 3 of the southeast corner of sec. 13, T. 10 N., R. 12 W. Clay content: 20 to 27 percent Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 239
Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to Major Component Description 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bw horizon Drainage class: Well drained Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist Dominant parent material: Alluvium Chroma: 2 or 3 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Clay content: 20 to 27 percent Flooding: None Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to Available water capacity: Mainly 3.9 inches 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 25 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Bk1 and 2Bk2 horizons in this section. Value: 6 to 8 dry; 4 to 7 moist Chroma: 1 to 3 Management Clay content: 10 to 20 percent For management information about this map unit, Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent— see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 25 to 50 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 20 to 40 percent 137C—Sixbeacon cobbly loam, Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 4 to 8 percent slopes 2Bk3 horizon Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist Setting Chroma: 2 to 4 Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Clay content: 0 to 5 percent Position on landform: Toeslopes Content of rock fragments: 50 to 80 percent— Slope: 4 to 8 percent 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 40 to 60 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet pebbles Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Composition 137B—Sixbeacon cobbly loam, Major Components 0 to 4 percent slopes Sixbeacon and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Anaconda and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Rothiemay and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Con and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Position on landform: Toeslopes Major Component Description Slope: 0 to 4 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Composition Native plant cover type: Rangeland Major Components Flooding: None Sixbeacon and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 3.9 inches Minor Components Anaconda and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Rothiemay and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Con and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. 240 Soil Survey
Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Sixbeacon and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Anaconda and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 137D—Sixbeacon cobbly loam, Rothiemay and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 8 to 15 percent slopes Con and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 8 to 15 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Available water capacity: Mainly 3.9 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Sixbeacon and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. Minor Components Management Anaconda and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Con and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Rothiemay and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam 237C—Sixbeacon gravelly loam, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 4 to 8 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Flooding: None Position on landform: Toeslopes Available water capacity: Mainly 3.9 inches Slope: 4 to 8 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet A typical soil description with range in Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days in this section. Composition Management Major Components For management information about this map unit, Sixbeacon and similar soils: 85 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Anaconda and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 237B—Sixbeacon gravelly loam, Con and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 0 to 4 percent slopes Rothiemay and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 0 to 4 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Available water capacity: Mainly 3.9 inches Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 241
A typical soil description with range in discontinuous pores; 5 percent cobbles; slightly characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy in this section. boundary. Bw2—23 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay Management loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak For management information about this map unit, medium subangular blocky structure; slightly see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots; common very fine, fine and medium Straw Series discontinuous pores; 5 percent cobbles; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Range in Characteristics Permeability: Moderate Soil temperature: 42 to 47 degrees F Landform: Alluvial fans Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Parent material: Calcareous alluvium Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 16 to 25 inches Slope range: 0 to 8 percent Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Ap horizon Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent frigid Cumulic Haplustolls Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 Typical Pedon A horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Straw silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist area of irrigated cropland, 1,100 feet south and Chroma: 2 or 3 1,700 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 36, Texture: Loam or clay loam T. 10 N., R. 13 W. Clay content: 22 to 32 percent Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent silty clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 3/2) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Bw horizons structure parting to moderate medium granular; Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, moderately Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist plastic; many very fine and fine and common Chroma: 2 to 4 medium roots; few very fine tubular and many Texture: Loam or clay loam discontinuous pores; 5 percent cobbles; slightly Clay content: 22 to 35 percent alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent A—6 to 16 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 10 percent clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Reaction: pH 7.8 to 8.4 moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate medium granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, moderately 25B—Straw silty clay loam, plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium 0 to 4 percent slopes roots; few very fine tubular and many discontinuous pores; 5 percent cobbles; slightly Setting alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Bw1—16 to 23 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Landform: Alluvial fans loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Position on landform: Microlows moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Slope: 0 to 4 percent slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet common very fine, fine, and medium roots; Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches common very fine and fine and many Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days 242 Soil Survey
Composition A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Major Components in this section. Straw and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Management Quigley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Tanna Series Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Permeability: Slow Native plant cover type: Rangeland Landform: Sedimentary plains and hills Flooding: None Parent material: Material derived from Available water capacity: Mainly 10.5 inches semiconsolidated sedimentary beds Slope range: 0 to 15 percent A typical soil description with range in Elevation range: 3,600 to 5,400 feet characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches in this section. Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Management For management information about this map unit, Taxonomic Class: Fine, smectitic, frigid Aridic see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Argiustolls Typical Pedon 25C—Straw silty clay loam, Tanna loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of 4 to 8 percent slopes rangeland, 3,200 feet north and 1,400 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 1, T. 10 N., R. 14 W. Setting A—0 to 5 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) loam, very Landform: Alluvial fans dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) moist; moderate Position on landform: Microlows fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, Slope: 4 to 8 percent slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet roots; many fine and very fine interstitial pores; Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches neutral; clear smooth boundary. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Bt1—5 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; strong Composition medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Major Components moderately sticky, moderately plastic; many very Straw and similar soils: 85 percent fine roots; many fine and very fine interstitial Minor Components pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; Quigley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Bt2—12 to 21 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silty Martinsdale and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, Major Component Description firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; many Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam very fine roots; many fine and very fine interstitial Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; Drainage class: Well drained moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Dominant parent material: Alluvium Bk—21 to 30 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) silty clay Native plant cover type: Rangeland loam, light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) moist; Flooding: None moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Available water capacity: Mainly 10.5 inches very hard, firm, moderately sticky, moderately Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 243
plastic; many very fine roots; many fine and very Minor Components fine interstitial pores; few fine masses of lime; Dolus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent smooth boundary. Boxwell and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Cr—30 to 60 inches; semiconsolidated shale that Major Component Description crushes to silty clay loam. Surface layer texture: Loam Range in Characteristics Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Soil temperature: 40 to 47 degrees F Drainage class: Well drained Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 12 inches sedimentary beds Depth to the Cr horizon: 20 to 40 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None A horizon Available water capacity: Mainly 3.8 inches Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 2 or 3 moist A typical soil description with range in Chroma: 2 or 3 characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Clay content: 20 to 27 percent in this section. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Management Bt horizons Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y For management information about this map unit, Value: 3 or 4 moist see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Silty clay loam, clay loam, or clay Clay content: 35 to 50 percent 65D—Tanna loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 Setting Bk horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Landform: Hills Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Chroma: 2 to 4 Slope: 8 to 15 percent Texture: Loam or silty clay loam Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Clay content: 15 to 40 percent Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 4 Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Composition Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Major Components Tanna and similar soils: 85 percent 65C—Tanna loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes Minor Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Dolus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Boxwell and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Sedimentary plains Major Component Description Position on landform: Toeslopes Slope: 4 to 8 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated sedimentary beds Composition Native plant cover type: Rangeland Major Components Flooding: None Tanna and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 3.8 inches 244 Soil Survey
A typical soil description with range in Flooding: None characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches in this section. A typical soil description with range in Management characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, For management information about this map unit, in this section. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, 265B—Tanna-Boxwell loams, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 0 to 4 percent slopes
Setting 265C—Tanna-Boxwell loams, 4 to 8 percent slopes Landform: • Tanna—Sedimentary plains Setting • Boxwell—Sedimentary plains Position on landform: Landform: • Tanna—Toeslopes • Tanna—Sedimentary plains • Boxwell—Toeslopes • Boxwell—Sedimentary plains Slope: Position on landform: • Tanna—0 to 4 percent • Tanna—Toeslopes • Boxwell—0 to 4 percent • Boxwell—Toeslopes Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Slope: Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches • Tanna—4 to 8 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days • Boxwell—4 to 8 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Composition Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Major Components Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Tanna and similar soils: 65 percent Composition Boxwell and similar soils: 20 percent Minor Components Major Components Doney and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Tanna and similar soils: 65 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Boxwell and similar soils: 20 percent Dolus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Minor Components Doney and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Tanna Dolus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Major Component Description Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Tanna Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated Surface layer texture: Loam sedimentary beds Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated Available water capacity: Mainly 4.4 inches sedimentary beds Native plant cover type: Rangeland Boxwell Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Loam Available water capacity: Mainly 4.4 inches Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Boxwell Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated Surface layer texture: Loam sedimentary beds Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 245
Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated Boxwell sedimentary beds Surface layer texture: Loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated sedimentary beds A typical soil description with range in Native plant cover type: Rangeland characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Flooding: None in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches Management A typical soil description with range in For management information about this map unit, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. in this section. Management 265D—Tanna-Boxwell loams, For management information about this map unit, 8 to 15 percent slopes see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
Setting Landform: Tetonview Series • Tanna—Hills Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Boxwell—Hills Drainage class: Poorly drained Position on landform: Permeability: Moderately slow • Tanna—Footslopes and toeslopes Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Boxwell—Footslopes and toeslopes Parent material: Alluvium Slope: Slope range: 0 to 4 percent • Tanna—8 to 15 percent Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,000 feet • Boxwell—8 to 15 percent Annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Composition Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Aeric Calciaquolls Major Components Tanna and similar soils: 65 percent Typical Pedon Boxwell and similar soils: 20 percent Tetonview loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of Minor Components pasture, 1,500 feet north and 2,000 feet west of the Doney and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent southeast corner of sec. 13, T. 10 N., R. 13 W. Dolus and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent A—0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate Major Component Description fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly Tanna sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine and fine Surface layer texture: Loam roots; common very fine and fine pores; strongly Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth Drainage class: Well drained boundary. Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated Bkg1—7 to 13 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) sedimentary beds loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; Native plant cover type: Rangeland moderate fine subangular blocky structure; soft, Flooding: None friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common Available water capacity: Mainly 4.4 inches very fine and fine roots; few very fine pores; 246 Soil Survey
disseminated lime; few fine masses of lime; Texture: Loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Clay content: 20 to 30 percent smooth boundary. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 30 percent—0 to Bkg2—13 to 32 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles 4/2) loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; weak Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 medium subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, Cg2 horizon slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few very fine roots; Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y few very fine pores; many medium and coarse Value: 4 or 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately Texture: Loam or sandy loam alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Cg1—32 to 49 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam; light Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; many medium 10 percent cobbles; 15 to 25 percent pebbles prominent brown (7.5YR 5/4) redox Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 concentrations; massive; soft, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few very fine roots; few very fine pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. 635B—Tetonview loam, 0 to 4 percent Cg2—49 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) slopes very gravelly sandy loam; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky, Setting nonplastic; few very fine roots; few very fine pores; 10 percent cobbles, 25 percent pebbles; Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces neutral. Position on landform: Treads Slope: 0 to 4 percent Range in Characteristics Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches Soil temperature: 41 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 16 inches Composition Depth to the calcic horizon: 7 to 13 inches Major Components Depth to the seasonal high water table: 12 to Tetonview and similar soils: 85 percent 24 inches Minor Components A horizon Nythar and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Poronto and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Value: 2 or 3 moist; 3 to 5 dry Mannixlee and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Chroma: 1 or 2 Saypo and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Clay content: 20 to 27 percent Major Component Description Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 1 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Poorly drained Bkg horizons Dominant parent material: Alluvium Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Native plant cover type: Rangeland Value: 3 to 6 moist; 5 to 7 dry Flooding: None Texture: Loam, clay loam, or silt loam Water table: Apparent Clay content: 20 to 30 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 9.4 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent pebbles A typical soil description with range in Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 in this section. Cg1 horizon Management Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry For management information about this map unit, Chroma: 2 to 4 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 247
Tewfel Series Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 15 inches Depth to the Cr horizon: 20 to 40 inches Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) A horizons Drainage class: Well drained Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Permeability: Moderate Chroma: 1 or 2 Landform: Sedimentary plains and hills Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Parent material: Material derived from Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 semiconsolidated shale Slope range: 4 to 35 percent Bw1 horizon Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Chroma: 2 or 3 Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 2Bw2 horizon Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist frigid Typic Haplustolls Chroma: 2 or 3 Typical Pedon Texture: Silty clay, clay loam, or loam Clay content: 25 to 45 percent Tewfel clay loam, in an area of Tewfel-Hackney Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of channers rangeland, 1,850 feet north and 1,900 feet east of Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 the southwest corner of sec. 34, T. 11 N., R. 12 W. Ap—0 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; 59D—Tewfel-Hackney complex, moderate medium granular structure; hard, very 4 to 15 percent slopes friable, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; many very fine and fine roots; many very fine and Setting fine tubular pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Landform: A—7 to 12 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay • Tewfel—Sedimentary plains and hills loam, very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) moist; • Hackney—Sedimentary plains and hills weak medium subangular blocky structure; hard, Position on landform: very friable, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; • Tewfel—Footslopes and toeslopes many very fine and fine roots; many very fine and • Hackney—Footslopes and toeslopes fine tubular pores; neutral; clear smooth Slope: boundary. • Tewfel—4 to 15 percent Bw1—12 to 21 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay • Hackney—4 to 15 percent loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches very hard, friable, moderately sticky, moderately Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days plastic; many very fine and fine roots; common Composition very fine tubular pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Major Components 2Bw2—21 to 30 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty Tewfel and similar soils: 50 percent clay, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; weak Hackney and similar soils: 35 percent fine subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, Minor Components moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few very Tewfel, greater slope: 0 to 5 percent fine and fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent neutral; clear smooth boundary. Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Cr—30 to 60 inches; semiconsolidated shale. Major Component Description Range in Characteristics Tewfel Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Surface layer texture: Clay loam Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) 248 Soil Survey
Drainage class: Well drained Major Component Description Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated shale residuum Tewfel Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Clay loam Flooding: None Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 5.1 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated shale Hackney residuum Surface layer texture: Loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 5.1 inches Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated shale residuum Hackney Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Loam Flooding: None Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 2.2 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated shale A typical soil description with range in residuum characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Native plant cover type: Rangeland in this section. Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 2.2 inches Management For management information about this map unit, A typical soil description with range in see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 59E—Tewfel-Hackney complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes Management For management information about this map unit, Setting see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Landform: • Tewfel—Hills • Hackney—Hills 859E—Tewfel-Hackney-Shale outcrop Position on landform: complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes • Tewfel—Backslopes and footslopes • Hackney—Backslopes and footslopes Slope: Setting • Tewfel—15 to 35 percent • Hackney—15 to 35 percent Landform: Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet • Tewfel—Hills Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Hackney—Hills Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days • Shale outcrop—Sedimentary plains Position on landform: Composition • Tewfel—Backslopes and footslopes Major Components • Hackney—Backslopes and footslopes Tewfel and similar soils: 50 percent Slope: Hackney and similar soils: 35 percent • Tewfel—15 to 35 percent Minor Components • Hackney—8 to 15 percent Tewfel, greater slope: 0 to 5 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 249
Composition Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive Calcic Haplocryolls Major Components Tewfel and similar soils: 40 percent Typical Pedon Hackney and similar soils: 25 percent Shale outcrop: 20 percent Tibson gravelly loam, in an area of Tibson-Levengood Minor Components gravelly loams, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an area of Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent rangeland, 1,000 feet south and 1,900 feet west of Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent the northeast corner of sec. 35, T. 6 N., R. 15 W. Windham and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description A—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) gravelly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Tewfel weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to Surface layer texture: Clay loam weak fine granular; soft, friable, nonsticky, slightly Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) plastic; many very fine and fine roots; few fine Drainage class: Well drained interstitial pores; 5 percent cobbles, 25 percent Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated shale pebbles; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. residuum Bw—6 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Native plant cover type: Rangeland clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; Flooding: None moderate fine subangular blocky structure; soft, Available water capacity: Mainly 5.1 inches friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; common very fine tubular Hackney pores; 10 percent cobbles, 40 percent pebbles; Surface layer texture: Loam neutral; clear wavy boundary. Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Bk1—12 to 18 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Drainage class: Well drained 6/4) very gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated shale (10YR 5/4) moist; moderate fine subangular residuum blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Native plant cover type: Rangeland sticky, slightly plastic; common very fine and fine Flooding: None roots; common very fine tubular pores; 10 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 2.2 inches cobbles, 40 percent pebbles; disseminated lime, few fine masses of lime; common distinct lime Shale outcrop casts on underside of coarse fragments; violently Definition: Areas of shale bedrock outcrop exposed effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. A typical soil description with range in Bk2—18 to 24 inches; yellow (10YR 8/6) gravelly characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) moist; weak in this section. fine subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, Management slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few very fine roots; few very fine interstitial pores; 10 percent For management information about this map unit, cobbles, 25 percent pebbles; disseminated lime, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. few fine masses of lime, common distinct lime casts on underside of coarse fragments; violently Tibson Series effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bk3—24 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Drainage class: Well drained very gravelly loam, light yellowish brown (10YR Permeability: Moderately slow 6/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Landform: Mountains soft, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Parent material: Colluvium or residuum few very fine roots; few very fine interstitial pores; Slope range: 2 to 60 percent 15 percent cobbles, 25 percent pebbles; Elevation range: 5,800 to 7,200 feet disseminated lime, few fine soft masses of lime; Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches common distinct lime casts on underside of Annual air temperature: 34 to 39 degrees F coarse fragments; violently effervescent; Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days moderately alkaline. 250 Soil Survey
Range in Characteristics Major Component Description Soil temperature: 37 to 45 degrees F Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 12 inches Drainage class: Well drained Depth to the calcic horizon: 10 to 12 inches Dominant parent material: Colluvium or residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland A horizon Flooding: None Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Chroma: 1 or 2 Clay content: 18 to 27 percent A typical soil description with range in Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, 10 percent cobbles; 15 to 25 percent pebbles in this section. Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Management Bw horizon Value: 3 to 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist For management information about this map unit, Chroma: 2 or 3 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 40 to 60 percent—5 to 15 percent cobbles; 35 to 45 percent pebbles 76D—Tibson gravelly loam, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 4 to 15 percent slopes Bk horizons Setting Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 5 to 8 dry; 4 to 6 moist Landform: Mountains Chroma: 2 to 6 Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Texture: Clay loam, loam, or sandy clay loam Slope: 4 to 15 percent, southeast aspect Clay content: 18 to 30 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,200 feet Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent— Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 25 to 40 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days pebbles Composition Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Major Components Tibson and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components 76B—Tibson gravelly loam, Maciver and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 2 to 4 percent slopes Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Levengood and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Landform: Mountains Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 2 to 4 percent, southeast aspect Dominant parent material: Colluvium or residuum Elevation: 5,800 to 7,200 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Tibson and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. Minor Components Management Levengood and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Maciver and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 251
76E—Tibson gravelly loam, Minor Components 15 to 35 percent slopes Levengood and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Maciver and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Slope: 15 to 35 percent, southeast aspect Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Elevation: 5,800 to 7,200 feet Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Dominant parent material: Colluvium or residuum Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Major Components Tibson and similar soils: 85 percent A typical soil description with range in Minor Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Maciver and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Levengood and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 176C—Tibson-Levengood gravelly loams, Drainage class: Well drained 4 to 8 percent slopes Dominant parent material: Colluvium or residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Setting Flooding: None Landform: Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches • Tibson—Mountains • Levengood—Mountains A typical soil description with range in Position on landform: characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, • Tibson—Toeslopes in this section. • Levengood—Toeslopes Management Slope: • Tibson—4 to 8 percent, southeast aspect For management information about this map unit, • Levengood—4 to 8 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days 76F—Tibson gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes Composition Major Components Tibson and similar soils: 55 percent Setting Levengood and similar soils: 30 percent Landform: Mountains Minor Components Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Slope: 35 to 60 percent, southeast aspect Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,200 feet Maciver and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Major Component Description Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Tibson Composition Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Major Components Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Tibson and similar soils: 85 percent Drainage class: Well drained 252 Soil Survey
Dominant parent material: Colluvium or residuum Dominant parent material: Colluvium or residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches
Levengood Levengood Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Colluvium or residuum Dominant parent material: Colluvium or residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches
A typical soil description with range in A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
176D—Tibson-Levengood gravelly loams, 176E—Tibson-Levengood gravelly loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes 15 to 35 percent slopes
Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Tibson—Mountains • Tibson—Mountains • Levengood—Mountains • Levengood—Mountains Position on landform: Position on landform: • Tibson—Footslopes and toeslopes • Tibson—Backslopes and footslopes • Levengood—Footslopes and toeslopes • Levengood—Backslopes and footslopes Slope: Slope: • Tibson—8 to 15 percent, southeast aspect • Tibson—15 to 35 percent, southeast aspect • Levengood—8 to 15 percent • Levengood—15 to 35 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Tibson and similar soils: 55 percent Tibson and similar soils: 55 percent Levengood and similar soils: 30 percent Levengood and similar soils: 30 percent Minor Components Minor Components Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Maciver and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Maciver and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent
Major Component Description Major Component Description Tibson Tibson Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 253
Dominant parent material: Colluvium or residuum Dominant parent material: Colluvium or residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches
Levengood Levengood Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Colluvium or residuum Dominant parent material: Colluvium or residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches
A typical soil description with range in A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
176F—Tibson-Levengood gravelly loams, Tolbert Series 35 to 60 percent slopes Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderate Landform: Mountains Landform: Parent material: Material derived from fine grained • Tibson—Mountains igneous rocks • Levengood—Mountains Slope range: 4 to 60 percent Position on landform: Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet • Tibson—Backslopes and shoulders Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Levengood—Backslopes and shoulders Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Slope: Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days • Tibson—35 to 60 percent, southeast aspect • Levengood—35 to 60 percent Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet superactive, frigid Lithic Argiustolls Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Typical Pedon Composition Tolbert gravelly loam, in an area of Braziel-Tolbert gravelly loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of Major Components rangeland, 600 feet south and 1,700 feet east of the Tibson and similar soils: 55 percent northwest corner of sec. 7, T. 10 N., R. 13 W. Levengood and similar soils: 30 percent Minor Components A—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Libeg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent 3/2) moist; moderate fine and medium granular Maciver and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots; Major Component Description many very fine and fine irregular pores; 5 percent Tibson cobbles and 25 percent pebbles; neutral; clear Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam wavy boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bt—5 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Drainage class: Well drained clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate 254 Soil Survey
medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Composition hard, friable, slightly sticky, moderately plastic; Major Components many very fine, fine, and medium roots; many Tolbert and similar soils: 50 percent very fine and fine tubular pores; few faint Braziel and similar soils: 35 percent clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; Minor Components 10 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; Whitlash and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent neutral. Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent R—12 inches; rhyolite bedrock. Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Range in Characteristics Major Component Description Soil temperature: 40 to 44 degrees F Tolbert Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 10 inches Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Drainage class: Well drained A horizon Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y igneous rocks Value: 4 or 5 dry Native plant cover type: Rangeland Chroma: 2 or 3 Flooding: None Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 1.1 inches Content of rock fragments: 25 to 60 percent—0 to 10 percent stones; 5 to 20 percent cobbles; Braziel 20 to 30 percent pebbles Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Bt horizon Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y extrusive igneous rocks Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Native plant cover type: Rangeland Chroma: 2 to 4 Flooding: None Texture: Loam or clay loam Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 65 percent— A typical soil description with range in 10 to 30 percent cobbles; 25 to 35 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, pebbles in this section. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Management For management information about this map unit, 543D—Tolbert-Braziel gravelly loams, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 8 to 15 percent slopes 543E—Tolbert-Braziel gravelly loams, Setting 15 to 35 percent slopes Landform: • Tolbert—Mountains Setting • Braziel—Mountains Landform: Position on landform: • Tolbert—Mountains • Tolbert—Footslopes and toeslopes • Braziel—Mountains • Braziel—Footslopes and toeslopes Position on landform: Slope: • Tolbert—Backslopes and footslopes • Tolbert—8 to 15 percent • Braziel—Backslopes and footslopes • Braziel—8 to 15 percent Slope: Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet • Tolbert—15 to 35 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Braziel—15 to 35 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 255
Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Slope: Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Tolbert—35 to 60 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days • Braziel—35 to 60 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Composition Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Major Components Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Tolbert and similar soils: 50 percent Composition Braziel and similar soils: 35 percent Minor Components Major Components Whitlash and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Tolbert and similar soils: 50 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Braziel and similar soils: 35 percent Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Minor Components Whitlash and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Major Component Description Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent Tolbert Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Major Component Description Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Tolbert Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam extrusive igneous rocks Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Available water capacity: Mainly 1.2 inches extrusive igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Rangeland Braziel Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Available water capacity: Mainly 1.2 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Braziel Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam extrusive igneous rocks Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches extrusive igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Rangeland A typical soil description with range in Flooding: None characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches in this section. A typical soil description with range in Management characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, For management information about this map unit, in this section. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, 543F—Tolbert-Braziel gravelly loams, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 35 to 60 percent slopes 643E—Tolbert-Braziel-Rock outcrop Setting complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes Landform: Setting • Tolbert—Mountains • Braziel—Mountains Landform: Position on landform: • Tolbert—Mountains • Tolbert—Backslopes and shoulders • Braziel—Mountains • Braziel—Backslopes and shoulders • Rock outcrop—Mountains 256 Soil Survey
Position on landform: 643F—Tolbert-Braziel-Rock outcrop • Tolbert—Backslopes and footslopes complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes • Braziel—Backslopes and footslopes Slope: Setting • Tolbert—15 to 35 percent • Braziel—15 to 35 percent Landform: Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet • Tolbert—Mountains Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Braziel—Mountains Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days • Rock outcrop—Mountains Position on landform: Composition • Tolbert—Backslopes and shoulders Major Components • Braziel—Backslopes and shoulders Tolbert and similar soils: 40 percent Slope: Braziel and similar soils: 30 percent • Tolbert—35 to 60 percent Rock outcrop: 15 percent • Braziel—35 to 60 percent Minor Components Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Perma and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition Major Component Description Major Components Tolbert Tolbert and similar soils: 40 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Braziel and similar soils: 30 percent Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Rock outcrop: 15 percent Drainage class: Well drained Minor Components Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Perma and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent extrusive igneous rocks Shanley and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Major Component Description Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.2 inches Tolbert Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Braziel Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Drainage class: Well drained igneous rocks Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Native plant cover type: Rangeland extrusive igneous rocks Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 1.2 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Braziel Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Rock outcrop Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from A typical soil description with range in extrusive igneous rocks characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Native plant cover type: Rangeland in this section. Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Management For management information about this map unit, Rock outcrop see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 257
A typical soil description with range in effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, boundary. in this section. Bk2—42 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) extremely gravelly loam, light yellowish brown Management (10YR 6/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky For management information about this map unit, structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. few fine, medium, and coarse roots; common very fine pores; 20 percent cobbles and 40 percent pebbles; disseminated lime; few fine Trapps Series masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Soil temperature: 40 to 47 degrees F Landform: Mountains Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Parent material: Colluvium derived from limestone Depth to the Bk horizon: 15 to 35 inches Slope range: 4 to 80 percent E horizon Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Value: 6 or 7 dry; 5 or 6 moist Annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Chroma: 2 to 4 Annual air temperature: 38 to 42 degrees F Clay content: 10 to 15 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Content of rock fragments: 20 to 35 percent—5 to 10 percent cobbles and stones; 15 to 25 Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, percent pebbles superactive, frigid Typic Haplustalfs Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 Typical Pedon Bt horizon Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Trapps gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in an Value: 5 to 7 dry; 3 to 5 moist area of woodland, 1,700 feet north and 300 feet west Chroma: 2 to 6 of the southeast corner of sec. 4, T. 10 N., R. 14 W. Clay content: 27 to 35 percent E—0 to 8 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) gravelly loam, Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; weak fine and 10 percent cobbles; 35 to 50 percent pebbles medium granular structure; slightly hard, very Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; many fine, medium, Bk horizons and coarse roots; many very fine pores; 5 percent Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y cobbles and 20 percent pebbles; neutral; clear Value: 6 to 8 dry; 5 or 6 moist wavy boundary. Chroma: 2 to 8 Bt—8 to 29 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Clay content: 10 to 15 percent gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR Content of rock fragments: 40 to 70 percent— 4/4) moist; moderate fine and medium 15 to 30 percent cobbles; 25 to 40 percent subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, pebbles moderately sticky, moderately plastic; many fine, Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 40 percent medium, and coarse roots; many very fine pores; Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 few faint clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. 98D—Trapps gravelly loam, Bk1—29 to 42 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) 8 to 15 percent slopes very gravelly loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; moderate medium and coarse subangular Setting blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common fine, medium, and Landform: Mountains coarse roots; common very fine pores; 15 percent Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes cobbles and 40 percent pebbles; disseminated Slope: 8 to 15 percent, northeast aspect lime; few fine masses of lime; strongly Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet 258 Soil Survey
Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Composition Flooding: None Major Components Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches Trapps and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components A typical soil description with range in Lap and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent in this section. Silverchief and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Whitecow and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained 98F—Trapps gravelly loam, Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium 35 to 60 percent slopes Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches Setting Landform: Mountains A typical soil description with range in Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Slope: 35 to 60 percent, northeast aspect in this section. Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Management Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Composition Major Components 98E—Trapps gravelly loam, Trapps and similar soils: 85 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes Minor Components Silverchief and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Whitecow and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Setting Lap and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Landform: Mountains Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Slope: 15 to 35 percent, northeast aspect Major Component Description Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Drainage class: Well drained Composition Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Components Flooding: None Trapps and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches Minor Components Silverchief and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Whitecow and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent in this section. Lap and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Management Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 259
98G—Trapps gravelly loam, Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches 60 to 80 percent slopes Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition Setting Landform: Mountains Major Components Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Trapps and similar soils: 45 percent Slope: 60 to 80 percent, northeast aspect Yreka and similar soils: 40 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Minor Components Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Bignell and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Soils with a bouldery surface layer: 0 to 5 percent Soils with a calcareous surface layer: 0 to 5 Composition percent Major Components Major Component Description Trapps and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Trapps Whitecow and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Stony loam Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 4 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Silverchief and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Drainage class: Well drained Lap and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Component Description Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Available water capacity: Mainly 5.8 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Yreka Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Surface layer texture: Stony loam Native plant cover type: Forest land Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches Dominant parent material: Material weathered from igneous rocks A typical soil description with range in Native plant cover type: Forest land characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Flooding: None in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Management A typical soil description with range in For management information about this map unit, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. in this section. Management 198C—Trapps-Yreka complex, For management information about this map unit, 4 to 8 percent slopes see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
Setting 198E—Trapps-Yreka complex, Landform: 8 to 25 percent slopes • Trapps—Mountains • Yreka—Mountains Setting Position on landform: • Trapps—Toeslopes Landform: • Yreka—Toeslopes • Trapps—Mountains Slope: • Yreka—Mountains • Trapps—4 to 8 percent Position on landform: • Yreka—4 to 8 percent • Trapps—Backslopes and shoulders Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet • Yreka—Backslopes and footslopes 260 Soil Survey
Slope: Elevation range: 3,600 to 5,400 feet • Trapps—8 to 25 percent Annual precipitation: 12 to 14 inches • Yreka—8 to 25 percent Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Aquic Calciustolls Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Trapps and similar soils: 45 percent Truchot loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of Yreka and similar soils: 40 percent irrigated hayland, 4,400 feet north and 600 feet west Minor Components of the southeast corner of sec. 24, T. 10 N., R. 13 W. Bignell and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Oe—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed organic Soils with a bouldery surface layer: 0 to 5 percent matter. Soils with a calcareous surface layer: 0 to 5 A—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) percent loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Major Component Description moderate medium granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Trapps many very fine and fine and few medium roots; Surface layer texture: Stony loam common very fine tubular pores; slightly Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy Drainage class: Well drained boundary. Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Bk1—7 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, brown Native plant cover type: Forest land (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine subangular blocky Flooding: None structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, Available water capacity: Mainly 5.8 inches slightly plastic; common very fine roots; common fine and medium tubular pores; disseminated Yreka lime; few fine masses of lime; slightly Surface layer texture: Stony loam effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bk2—15 to 26 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Dominant parent material: Material weathered from gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine igneous rocks subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Native plant cover type: Forest land friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common Flooding: None very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches 10 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; disseminated lime; few fine masses of lime; A typical soil description with range in violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, smooth boundary. in this section. Bk3—26 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) very Management gravelly loam; pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; few fine distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) redox For management information about this map unit, concentrations; weak fine subangular blocky see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few very fine roots; few fine tubular Truchot Series pores; 15 percent cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; few fine masses of lime; violently Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) effervescent; moderately alkaline. Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Range in Characteristics Permeability: Moderately slow Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Parent material: Calcareous alluvium Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Slope range: 0 to 4 percent Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 10 inches Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 261
Depth to the Bk horizon: 5 to 15 inches Elevation: 3,600 to 5,400 feet Depth to the seasonal high water table: 24 to 42 Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 14 inches inches Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days A horizon Composition Value: 2 or 3 moist; 3 or 4 dry Major Components Chroma: 1 or 2 Truchot and similar soils: 85 percent Clay content: 20 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to Minor Components 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Poronto and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent Kleinschmidt and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Sixbeacon and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Bk1 horizon Major Component Description Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Surface layer texture: Loam Value: 3 or 4 moist; 5 or 6 dry Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Chroma: 1 to 3 Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Texture: Loam or clay loam Dominant parent material: Alluvium Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to Flooding: None 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 30 percent pebbles Water table: Apparent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 35 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Bk2 horizon A typical soil description with range in Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Value: 4 to 7 moist; 6 to 8 dry in this section. Chroma: 1 to 3 Management Texture: Loam or clay loam Clay content: 20 to 35 percent For management information about this map unit, Content of rock fragments: 35 to 50 percent—5 to see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 10 percent cobbles; 30 to 40 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Turrah Series Bk3 horizon Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Drainage class: Poorly drained Value: 4 to 6 moist; 6 to 8 dry Permeability: Slow Chroma: 1 to 3 Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Texture: Loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam Parent material: Alluvium Clay content: 15 to 30 percent Slope range: 0 to 4 percent Content of rock fragments: 40 to 60 percent— Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,000 feet 10 to 15 percent cobbles; 30 to 45 percent Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches pebbles Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 30 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Taxonomic Class: Fine, mixed, superactive, frigid Cumulic Endoaquolls 537B—Truchot loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Typical Pedon Turrah silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an Setting area of pasture, 2,250 feet north and 750 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 24, T. 11 N., R. 15 W. Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Position on landform: Treads A1—0 to 5 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silty clay loam, Slope: 0 to 4 percent very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; strong medium 262 Soil Survey
granular structure; slightly hard, firm, moderately Bg horizons sticky, moderately plastic; many very fine and fine Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y roots; few very fine tubular pores; neutral; clear Value: 2 or 3 moist; 4 or 5 dry smooth boundary. Chroma: 1 or 2 A2—5 to 15 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silty clay, very Redox concentrations: 5YR 5/6 and 5YR 6/6 dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; common fine distinct Texture: Silty clay loam, clay loam, or clay yellowish red (5YR 5/6) and reddish yellow (5YR Clay content: 35 to 60 percent 6/6) dry redox concentrations; moderate medium Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, 2Cg horizon moderately sticky, moderately plastic; many very Hue: 5Y or 2.5Y fine and fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; Value: 4 or 5 moist; 4 to 6 dry neutral; clear smooth boundary. Chroma: 1 or 2 Bg1—15 to 25 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty Redox concentrations: 5YR 5/6 and 5YR 6/6 clay loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; common Texture: Sandy clay loam, clay loam, or sandy medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/6) and loam reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) dry redox Clay content: 20 to 40 percent concentrations; moderate fine subangular blocky Content of rock fragments: 35 to 85 percent— structure; very hard, firm, moderately sticky, 15 to 35 percent cobbles; 20 to 50 percent moderately plastic; common very fine and fine pebbles roots; few very fine tubular pores; neutral; gradual Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 wavy boundary. Bg2—25 to 47 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; many very fine 649B—Turrah silty clay loam, and fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) and 0 to 4 percent slopes reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) dry redox concentrations; weak medium subangular blocky Setting structure; very hard, firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few very fine and fine roots; Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces few fine tubular pores; neutral; gradual wavy Position on landform: Treads boundary. Slope: 0 to 4 percent 2Cg—47 to 60 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) very Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet gravelly sandy clay loam, gray (5Y 5/1) dry; many Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches very fine and fine prominent yellowish red (5YR Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days 5/6) and reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) dry redox Composition concentrations; massive; very hard, very firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few very Major Components fine and fine roots; few fine tubular pores; Turrah and similar soils: 85 percent 15 percent cobbles and 25 percent pebbles; Minor Components neutral. Poronto and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Nythar and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Range in Characteristics Marcott and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Soil temperature: 41 to 47 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 24 to 48 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth to the seasonal high water table: 12 to Drainage class: Poorly drained 24 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland A horizons Flooding: None Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Water table: Apparent Value: 2 or 3 moist; 2 or 3 dry Available water capacity: Mainly 8.4 inches Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: Silty clay loam or silty clay A typical soil description with range in Clay content: 27 to 60 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 in this section. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 263
Management masses of lime; violently effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. For management information about this map unit, BC—34 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine and very fine roots; Varney Series many fine and very fine interstitial pores; disseminated lime; violently effervescent; slightly Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) alkaline. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Range in Characteristics Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Soil temperature: 40 to 47 degrees F Parent material: Alluvium Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Slope range: 0 to 35 percent Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 16 inches Elevation range: 4,000 to 6,400 feet Depth to the Bk horizon: 9 to 20 inches Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Ap horizon Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Chroma: 2 or 3 frigid Calcidic Argiustolls Texture: Loam or clay loam Clay content: 18 to 30 percent Typical Pedon Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent Varney loam, in an area of Varney-Con loams, 0 to pebbles 4 percent slopes, in an area of hayland, 75 feet south Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 and 200 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 29, Bt horizon T. 10 N., R. 13 W. Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Ap—0 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak Chroma: 2 to 4 fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, Clay content: 27 to 35 percent slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many fine and very Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent fine roots; many fine and very fine interstitial pebbles pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Bt—7 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay Bk horizons loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y weak medium prismatic structure; hard, firm, Value: 5 to 8 dry; 4 to 7 moist slightly sticky, moderately plastic; many fine and Chroma: 2 to 4 very fine roots; many very fine and fine interstitial Texture: Clay loam or loam pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; Clay content: 10 to 30 percent neutral; clear smooth boundary. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent Bk1—14 to 22 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) pebbles loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine granular Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky, slightly Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 plastic; many fine and very fine roots; many fine and very fine interstitial pores; few fine masses of BC horizon lime; violently effervescent; slightly alkaline; Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y gradual wavy boundary. Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist Bk2—22 to 34 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Chroma: 2 to 4 loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Clay content: 5 to 15 percent weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent friable, slightly sticky, moderately plastic; few fine pebbles and very fine roots; many fine and very fine Calcium carbonate equivalent: 1 to 15 percent interstitial pores; disseminated lime; few fine Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 264 Soil Survey
31B—Varney clay loam, 0 to 4 percent Minor Components slopes Anaconda and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Con and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Sixbeacon and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Position on landform: Toeslopes Surface layer texture: Clay loam Slope: 0 to 4 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Elevation: 4,000 to 6,000 feet Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 6.9 inches Major Components Varney and similar soils: 85 percent A typical soil description with range in Minor Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Anaconda and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Con and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Sixbeacon and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 31D—Varney clay loam, 8 to 15 percent Drainage class: Well drained slopes Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Setting Flooding: None Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Available water capacity: Mainly 6.9 inches Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: 8 to 15 percent A typical soil description with range in Elevation: 4,000 to 6,000 feet characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches in this section. Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Varney and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Anaconda and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 31C—Varney clay loam, 4 to 8 percent Con and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent slopes Sixbeacon and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Clay loam Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 4 to 8 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 4,000 to 6,000 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Available water capacity: Mainly 6.9 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Varney and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 265
Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
36B—Varney-Con loams, 0 to 4 percent 36C—Varney-Con loams, 4 to 8 percent slopes slopes
Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Varney—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Varney—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Con—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Con—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Position on landform: Position on landform: • Varney—Toeslopes • Varney—Toeslopes • Con—Toeslopes • Con—Toeslopes Slope: Slope: • Varney—0 to 4 percent • Varney—4 to 8 percent • Con—0 to 4 percent • Con—4 to 8 percent Elevation: 4,000 to 6,000 feet Elevation: 4,000 to 6,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Varney and similar soils: 60 percent Varney and similar soils: 60 percent Con and similar soils: 25 percent Con and similar soils: 25 percent Minor Components Minor Components Soils that are clayey throughout: 0 to 5 percent Soils that are clayey throughout: 0 to 5 percent Sixbeacon and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Sixbeacon and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Anaconda and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Anaconda and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Rothiemay and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Rothiemay and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Varney Varney Surface layer texture: Loam Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 7.1 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 7.1 inches
Con Con Surface layer texture: Loam Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches
A typical soil description with range in A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. in this section. 266 Soil Survey
Management A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, For management information about this map unit, in this section. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management 36D—Varney-Con loams, 8 to 15 percent For management information about this map unit, slopes see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
Setting 36E—Varney-Con loams, 15 to 35 percent Landform: slopes • Varney—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Con—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Setting Position on landform: Landform: • Varney—Footslopes and toeslopes • Varney—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Con—Footslopes and toeslopes • Con—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Slope: Position on landform: • Varney—8 to 15 percent • Varney—Backslopes and footslopes • Con—8 to 15 percent • Con—Backslopes and footslopes Elevation: 4,000 to 6,000 feet Slope: Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches • Varney—15 to 35 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days • Con—15 to 35 percent Composition Elevation: 4,000 to 6,400 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Major Components Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Varney and similar soils: 60 percent Con and similar soils: 25 percent Composition Minor Components Major Components Soils that are clayey throughout: 0 to 5 percent Varney and similar soils: 60 percent Sixbeacon and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Con and similar soils: 25 percent Anaconda and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Minor Components Rothiemay and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Soils that are clayey throughout: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Sixbeacon and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Anaconda and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Varney Rothiemay and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Component Description Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Varney Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 7.1 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Con Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 7.1 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Con Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches Drainage class: Well drained Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 267
Dominant parent material: Alluvium B part (20 percent) is brown (7.5YR 5/4) very 1 1 Native plant cover type: Rangeland cobbly fine sandy loam lamellae /8- to /4-inch Flooding: None thick (7.5YR 4/4) moist; weak medium subangular Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common very fine and few medium A typical soil description with range in and fine roots; common fine pores; 25 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, pebbles and 30 percent cobbles; slightly acid; in this section. clear wavy boundary. 2E and Bt2—31 to 60 inches; E part (90 percent) is Management light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) very cobbly sandy For management information about this map unit, loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; B part see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. (10 percent) is brown (7.5YR 5/4) very cobbly 1 1 sandy loam lamellae /4- to /2-inch thick, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; weak fine subangular Waldbillig Series blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) common fine pores; 25 percent pebbles and Drainage class: Well drained 30 percent cobbles; slightly acid. Permeability: Moderate Range in Characteristics Landform: Moraines Parent material: Glacial till Soil temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Slope range: 2 to 25 percent Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches Elevation range: 6,500 to 7,500 feet A horizon Annual precipitation: 30 to 40 inches Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Annual air temperature: 37 to 42 degrees F Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Chroma: 3 or 4 Clay content: 5 to 15 percent Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to superactive Andic Eutrocryepts 10 percent cobbles, stones, and boulders; Typical Pedon 15 to 25 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 Waldbillig gravelly loam, cool, 2 to 8 percent slopes, Moist bulk density: 0.95 g/cm3 or less in an area of forest land, 800 feet south and 400 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 9, T. 4 N., 2E horizon R. 13 W. (Deer Lodge County, Montana) Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed forest litter. Chroma: 2 or 3 A—0 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly Texture: Fine sandy loam or sandy loam loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Clay content: 7 to 18 percent weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—5 to friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common very fine, 10 percent cobbles, stones, and boulders; fine, and medium roots; many fine interstitial 30 to 50 percent pebbles pores; 15 percent pebbles and 5 percent cobbles; Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. 2E—8 to 19 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very 2E and Bt horizons cobbly sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Hue: E part—5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y; weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft, B part—5YR or 7.5YR very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common very Value: E part—5 to 7 dry, 4 to 6 moist; B part— fine and fine and few medium roots; common fine 5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist pores; 20 percent pebbles and 30 percent Chroma: E part—2 to 4; B part—2 to 4 cobbles; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Texture, mixed: Fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or 2E and Bt1—19 to 31 inches; E part (80 percent) is loam light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) very cobbly Clay content: 7 to 18 percent—lamellae has less sandy loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; than 3 percent clay increase 268 Soil Survey
Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent— Composition 10 to 30 percent cobbles, stones, and Major Components boulders; 25 to 30 percent pebbles Waldbillig and similar soils: 85 percent Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Minor Components Worock and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent 497C—Waldbillig gravelly loam, cool, Helmville and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent 2 to 8 percent slopes Rumsey and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Elve and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Mountains Slope: 2 to 8 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Elevation: 6,500 to 7,500 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 30 to 40 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Dominant parent material: Alpine till or glacial drift Native plant cover type: Forest land Composition Flooding: None Major Components Available water capacity: Mainly 5.7 inches Waldbillig and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components A typical soil description with range in Worock and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Helmville and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent in this section. Rumsey and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Management Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Elve and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) W—Water Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alpine till or glacial drift Composition Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Components Flooding: None Water: 100 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.7 inches Major Component Description A typical soil description with range in Definition: Areas of open water characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management 915—Welded tuff For management information about this map unit, Composition see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components Welded tuff: 100 percent 497E—Waldbillig gravelly loam, cool, 8 to 25 percent slopes Major Component Description Definition: Areas of exposed consolidated pumice Setting Landform: Mountains Whitecow Series Slope: 8 to 25 percent Elevation: 6,500 to 7,500 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 30 to 40 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Permeability: Moderate Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 269
Landform: Mountains A horizon Parent material: Colluvium derived from limestone Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Slope range: 15 to 80 percent Chroma: 2 or 3 Elevation range: 4,400 to 6,200 feet Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to Annual air temperature: 38 to 42 degrees F 10 percent cobbles; 15 to 25 percent pebbles Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Bk1 horizon Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, frigid Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Typic Calciustepts Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 2 to 4 Typical Pedon Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Whitecow gravelly loam, cool, 35 to 60 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to slopes, in an area of woodland, 1,200 feet north and 10 percent cobbles; 35 to 50 percent pebbles 1,500 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 15, Calcium carbonate equivalent: 40 to 50 percent T. 11 N., R. 12 W. Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Bk2 horizon gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y 3/2) moist; moderate fine granular structure; soft, Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many Chroma: 2 to 4 very fine and fine and common medium and Clay content: 18 to 27 percent coarse roots; many very fine and fine irregular Content of rock fragments: 45 to 65 percent— pores; 20 percent pebbles; strongly effervescent; 10 to 15 percent cobbles; 35 to 50 percent moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. pebbles Bk1—4 to 9 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Calcium carbonate equivalent: 40 to 50 percent gravelly loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine Reaction: pH 7.4 to 9.0 subangular blocky structure parting to moderate Bk3 horizon medium granular; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y slightly plastic; many very fine and fine and Value: 6 to 8 dry; 4 to 7 moist common medium and coarse roots; 10 percent Chroma: 2 to 6 cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; few fine masses Clay content: 18 to 27 percent of lime; violently effervescent; moderately Content of rock fragments: 60 to 80 percent—5 to alkaline; clear smooth boundary. 15 percent cobbles; 55 to 65 percent pebbles Bk2—9 to 34 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) very Calcium carbonate equivalent: 40 to 50 percent gravelly loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine Reaction: pH 7.4 to 9.0 subangular blocky structure; hard, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; 10 percent cobbles and 40 percent pebbles; disseminated lime; few fine masses of 88E—Whitecow gravelly loam, lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; 15 to 35 percent slopes gradual wavy boundary. Bk3—34 to 60 inches; white (10YR 8/2) extremely Setting gravelly loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; hard, very Landform: Mountains friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes very fine and fine roots; 10 percent cobbles and Slope: 15 to 35 percent, southwest aspect 60 percent pebbles; disseminated lime; few fine Elevation: 4,400 to 6,200 feet masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches alkaline. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days
Range in Characteristics Composition Soil temperature: 38 to 42 degrees F Major Components Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Whitecow and similar soils: 85 percent 270 Soil Survey
Minor Components A typical soil description with range in Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Major Component Description For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained 88G—Whitecow gravelly loam, Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium 60 to 80 percent slopes Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Setting Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders A typical soil description with range in Slope: 60 to 80 percent, southwest aspect characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elevation: 4,400 to 6,200 feet in this section. Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Management Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days For management information about this map unit, Composition see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components Whitecow and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components 88F—Whitecow gravelly loam, Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 7 percent 35 to 60 percent slopes Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Mountains Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 35 to 60 percent, southwest aspect Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 4,400 to 6,200 feet Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Native plant cover type: Forest land Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Composition Major Components A typical soil description with range in Whitecow and similar soils: 85 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Minor Components in this section. Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Management Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description
Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam 488E—Whitecow gravelly loam, cool, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 15 to 35 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Landform: Mountains Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 271
Slope: 15 to 35 percent, northeast aspect Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 4,400 to 6,200 feet Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Native plant cover type: Forest land Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Composition Major Components A typical soil description with range in Whitecow and similar soils: 85 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Minor Components in this section. Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 488G—Whitecow gravelly loam, cool, Drainage class: Well drained 60 to 80 percent slopes Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Setting Available water capacity: Mainly 4.3 inches Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders A typical soil description with range in Slope: 60 to 80 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elevation: 4,400 to 6,200 feet in this section. Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Management Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days For management information about this map unit, Composition see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components 488F—Whitecow gravelly loam, cool, Whitecow and similar soils: 85 percent 35 to 60 percent slopes Minor Components Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 7 percent Setting Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Major Component Description Slope: 35 to 60 percent, northeast aspect Elevation: 4,400 to 6,200 feet Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Composition Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Components Flooding: None Whitecow and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.3 inches Minor Components Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 272 Soil Survey
788E—Whitecow, cool-Rock outcrop Slope: 35 to 60 percent, northeast aspect complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes Elevation: 4,400 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Setting Composition Landform: • Whitecow—Mountains Major Components • Rock outcrop—Mountains Whitecow and similar soils: 65 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Rock outcrop: 20 percent Slope: 15 to 35 percent Minor Components Elevation: 4,400 to 6,200 feet Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Composition Major Component Description Major Components Whitecow Whitecow and similar soils: 65 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Rock outcrop: 20 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Minor Components Drainage class: Well drained Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Major Component Description Whitecow Rock outcrop Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained A typical soil description with range in Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Native plant cover type: Forest land in this section. Flooding: None Management Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches For management information about this map unit, Rock outcrop see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock
A typical soil description with range in 788G—Whitecow, cool-Rock outcrop characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, complex, 60 to 80 percent slopes in this section. Setting Management Landform: For management information about this map unit, • Whitecow—Mountains see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Rock outcrop—Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders 788F—Whitecow, cool-Rock outcrop Slope: 60 to 80 percent complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes Elevation: 4,400 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Setting Composition Landform: • Whitecow—Mountains Major Components • Rock outcrop—Mountains Whitecow and similar soils: 65 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Rock outcrop: 20 percent Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 273
Minor Components Drainage class: Well drained Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Major Component Description Whitecow Rock outcrop Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained A typical soil description with range in Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Native plant cover type: Forest land in this section. Flooding: None Management Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches For management information about this map unit, Rock outcrop see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock
A typical soil description with range in 988F—Whitecow-Rock outcrop complex, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, 35 to 60 percent slopes in this section. Management Setting For management information about this map unit, Landform: see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Whitecow—Mountains • Rock outcrop—Mountains 988E—Whitecow-Rock outcrop complex, Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders 15 to 35 percent slopes Slope: 35 to 60 percent, southwest aspect Elevation: 4,400 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Setting Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Landform: Composition • Whitecow—Mountains • Rock outcrop—Mountains Major Components Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Whitecow and similar soils: 55 percent Slope: 15 to 35 percent Rock outcrop: 30 percent Elevation: 4,400 to 6,200 feet Minor Components Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Lap and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Composition Windham and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Major Components Major Component Description Whitecow and similar soils: 55 percent Rock outcrop: 30 percent Whitecow Minor Components Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Trapps and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Drainage class: Well drained Lap and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Windham and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Major Component Description Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Whitecow Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Rock outcrop Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock 274 Soil Survey
A typical soil description with range in Whitlash Series characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Management Permeability: Moderate For management information about this map unit, Landform: Mountains see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Parent material: Quartzite residuum Slope range: 15 to 60 percent Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet 988G—Whitecow-Rock outcrop complex, Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches 60 to 80 percent slopes Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Setting Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Landform: superactive, frigid Lithic Haplustolls • Whitecow—Mountains • Rock outcrop—Mountains Typical Pedon Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Slope: 60 to 80 percent, southwest aspect Whitlash very stony loam, in an area of Perma- Elevation: 4,400 to 6,200 feet Whitlash complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes, in an area Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches of rangeland, 2,150 feet south and 900 feet east of Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days the northwest corner of sec. 17, T. 10 N., R. 13 W. Composition A—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) very stony loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) Major Components moist; moderate fine granular structure; soft, very Whitecow and similar soils: 55 percent friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very Rock outcrop: 30 percent fine, fine, and medium roots; many fine interstitial Minor Components pores; 20 percent stones, 10 percent cobbles and Windham and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent 10 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Bw—5 to 14 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Rubble land: 0 to 4 percent 3/2) very stony loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) Lap and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Major Component Description slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common fine Whitecow interstitial pores; 20 percent stones, 10 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam cobbles and 20 percent pebbles; neutral. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) R—14 inches; quartzite bedrock. Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Range in Characteristics Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Soil temperature: 41 to 47 degrees F Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 15 inches Rock outcrop Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock A horizon A typical soil description with range in Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Chroma: 1 to 3 in this section. Clay content: 10 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent— Management 10 to 30 percent stones; 5 to 15 percent For management information about this map unit, cobbles; 5 to 15 percent pebbles see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 275
Bw horizon Bk1—14 to 29 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist very gravelly loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) Chroma: 2 or 3 moist; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; Clay content: 10 to 27 percent hard, firm, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent— very fine and fine roots; common fine tubular 15 to 25 percent stones; 0 to 10 percent pores; 15 percent cobbles and 35 percent cobbles; 20 to 25 percent pebbles pebbles; common distinct lime casts on all sides Reaction: pH 7.4 to 7.8 of coarse fragments; disseminated lime; violently effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Whitore Series Bk2—29 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) very gravelly loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) moist; weak coarse prismatic structure; slightly Drainage class: Well drained hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Permeability: Moderate few fine roots; common fine interstitial pores; Landform: Mountains 15 percent cobbles and 45 percent pebbles; Parent material: Colluvium derived from limestone many prominent lime casts on all sides of coarse Slope range: 8 to 80 percent fragments; disseminated lime; violently Elevation range: 5,800 to 7,500 feet effervescent; slightly alkaline. Annual precipitation: 20 to 40 inches Annual air temperature: 35 to 38 degrees F Range in Characteristics Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Soil temperature: 38 to 42 degrees F Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic Typic Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Eutrocryepts Depth to the Bk horizon: 5 to 15 inches Typical Pedon A horizon Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Whitore gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes, in an Chroma: 1 to 3 area of woodland, 500 feet north and 1,300 feet west Texture: Loam or clay loam of the southeast corner of sec. 22, T. 12 N., R. 14 W. Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Oi—2 inches to 0; partially decomposed forest litter. Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to A—0 to 2 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly 10 cobbles; 15 to 25 percent pebbles loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Reaction: 6.6 to 7.8 moderate medium granular structure; soft, friable, Bw horizons slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many fine, medium, Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist and coarse roots; 15 percent pebbles; neutral; Chroma: 2 to 4 clear smooth boundary. Texture: Loam or clay loam Bw1—2 to 8 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Clay content: 20 to 30 percent gravelly clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Content of rock fragments: 30 to 55 percent— moist; moderate medium subangular blocky 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 20 to 35 percent structure; hard, very firm, moderately sticky, pebbles moderately plastic; many fine, medium, and Reaction: 7.4 to 7.8 coarse roots; many fine and medium tubular pores; 10 percent cobbles and 20 percent Bk horizons pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Hue: 2.5Y or 10YR Bw2—8 to 14 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) very Value: 6 to 8 dry; 4 to 7 moist gravelly clay loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) Chroma: 2 to 4 moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Texture: Loam or clay loam hard, very firm, moderately sticky, moderately Clay content: 20 to 35 percent plastic; common fine, medium, and coarse roots; Content of rock fragments: 50 to 75 percent— common fine tubular pores; 10 percent cobbles 15 to 30 percent cobbles; 35 to 45 percent and 35 percent pebbles; few faint lime casts on all pebbles sides of coarse fragments; slightly effervescent; Calcium carbonate equivalent: 40 to 50 percent slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Reaction: 7.4 to 9.0 276 Soil Survey
92D—Whitore gravelly loam, Minor Components 8 to 15 percent slopes Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Helmville and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Slope: 8 to 15 percent, northeast aspect Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 40 inches Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Major Components Whitore and similar soils: 85 percent A typical soil description with range in Minor Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Helmville and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent in this section. Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 92F—Whitore gravelly loam, Drainage class: Well drained 35 to 60 percent slopes Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Setting Flooding: None Landform: Mountains Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Slope: 35 to 60 percent, northeast aspect A typical soil description with range in Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 40 inches in this section. Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Whitore and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent 92E—Whitore gravelly loam, Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes Helmville and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Landform: Mountains Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 15 to 35 percent, northeast aspect Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Native plant cover type: Forest land Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 40 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Whitore and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 277
Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Whitore and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 8 percent 92G—Whitore gravelly loam, Helmville and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent 60 to 80 percent slopes Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Gravelly clay loam Landform: Mountains Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 60 to 80 percent Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Native plant cover type: Forest land Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 40 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Available water capacity: Mainly 4.2 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Whitore and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. Minor Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Management Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Helmville and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 192F—Whitore gravelly clay loam, Drainage class: Well drained 35 to 60 percent slopes Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Setting Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders A typical soil description with range in Slope: 35 to 60 percent, northeast aspect characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet in this section. Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 40 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components Whitore and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components 192E—Whitore gravelly clay loam, Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 8 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes Helmville and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Gravelly clay loam Landform: Mountains Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 15 to 35 percent, northeast aspect Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Native plant cover type: Forest land Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 40 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Available water capacity: Mainly 4.2 inches 278 Soil Survey
A typical soil description with range in 992F—Whitore-Rock outcrop complex, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, 35 to 60 percent slopes in this section. Management Setting For management information about this map unit, Landform: see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Whitore—Mountains • Rock outcrop—Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders 992E—Whitore-Rock outcrop complex, Slope: 35 to 60 percent, northeast aspect 15 to 35 percent slopes Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 40 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Setting Composition Landform: Major Components • Whitore—Mountains Whitore and similar soils: 45 percent • Rock outcrop—Mountains Rock outcrop: 40 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Minor Components Slope: 15 to 35 percent Moderately deep soils: 0 to 4 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Whitecow and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 40 inches Helmville and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Elve and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Composition Major Component Description Major Components Whitore Whitore and similar soils: 45 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Rock outcrop: 40 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Minor Components Drainage class: Well drained Moderately deep soils: 0 to 4 percent Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Whitecow and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Helmville and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Flooding: None Elve and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Major Component Description Rock outcrop Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock Whitore Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam A typical soil description with range in Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Drainage class: Well drained in this section. Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Management Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Rock outcrop Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock 992G—Whitore-Rock outcrop complex, A typical soil description with range in 60 to 80 percent slopes characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Setting Management Landform: For management information about this map unit, • Whitore—Mountains see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Rock outcrop—Mountains Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 279
Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Typical Pedon Slope: 60 to 80 percent, northeast aspect Wimper gravelly loam, in an area of Wimper- Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Winspect complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes, in an Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 40 inches area of rangeland, 2,250 feet south and 1,150 feet Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days east of the northwest corner of sec. 15, T. 7 N., Composition R. 15 W. Major Components A—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Whitore and similar soils: 45 percent gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Rock outcrop: 40 percent 3/2) moist; moderate fine granular structure; soft, Minor Components very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many Elve and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent very fine and fine roots; many very fine irregular Helmville and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent pores; 15 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth Worock and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent boundary. Rubble land: 0 to 3 percent Bw1—5 to 8 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Major Component Description 3/2) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky Whitore structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) common very fine tubular pores; 15 percent Drainage class: Well drained pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Bw2—8 to 13 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Flooding: None gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; moderate Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very Rock outcrop fine and common fine roots; common very fine Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock tubular pores; 40 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. A typical soil description with range in Bk1—13 to 23 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, very gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; in this section. weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Management common very fine roots; common fine tubular For management information about this map unit, pores; 5 percent cobbles and 45 percent pebbles; see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. common fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Wimper Series Bk2—23 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) very gravely loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Drainage class: Well drained hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Permeability: Moderate 15 percent cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; Landform: Mountains moderately alkaline. Parent material: Colluvium derived from calcareous argillite Range in Characteristics Slope range: 2 to 60 percent Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Elevation range: 3,800 to 6,000 feet Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 15 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Depth to the Bk horizon: 10 to 15 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days A horizon Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR superactive, frigid Typic Haplustolls Value: 3 to 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist 280 Soil Survey
Chroma: 1 to 3 A typical soil description with range in Clay content: 15 to 27 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to in this section. 10 percent cobbles; 5 to 25 percent pebbles Management Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 For management information about this map unit, Bw horizons see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4 to 6 dry; 3 to 5 moist Chroma: 2 to 4 29C—Wimper loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 15 to 50 percent—0 to Setting 5 percent cobbles; 15 to 40 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Toeslopes Bk horizons Slope: 4 to 8 percent Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Elevation: 3,800 to 6,000 feet Value: 5 to 8 dry; 4 to 6 moist Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Chroma: 2 or 3 Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to Composition 15 percent cobbles; 35 to 45 percent pebbles Major Components Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Wimper and similar soils: 85 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 Minor Components Wimper, greater slope: 0 to 5 percent Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 29B—Wimper loam, 2 to 4 percent slopes Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Loam Landform: Mountains Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 2 to 4 percent Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Elevation: 3,800 to 6,000 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 5.6 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Wimper and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. Minor Components Wimper, greater slope: 0 to 5 percent Management Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description 29D—Wimper loam, 8 to 15 percent Surface layer texture: Loam slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Landform: Mountains Flooding: None Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Available water capacity: Mainly 5.6 inches Slope: 8 to 15 percent Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 281
Elevation: 3,800 to 6,000 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches Composition A typical soil description with range in Major Components characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Wimper and similar soils: 85 percent in this section. Minor Components Management Wimper, greater slope: 0 to 5 percent Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Loam 129D—Wimper-Winspect complex, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 8 to 15 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Landform: Flooding: None • Wimper—Mountains Available water capacity: Mainly 5.6 inches • Winspect—Mountains Position on landform: A typical soil description with range in • Wimper—Footslopes and toeslopes characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, • Winspect—Footslopes and toeslopes in this section. Slope: Management • Wimper—8 to 15 percent • Winspect—8 to 15 percent For management information about this map unit, Elevation: 3,800 to 6,000 feet see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days 29E—Wimper gravelly loam, Composition 15 to 35 percent slopes Major Components Wimper and similar soils: 50 percent Setting Winspect and similar soils: 35 percent Landform: Mountains Minor Components Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Slope: 15 to 35 percent Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Elevation: 3,800 to 6,000 feet Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Major Component Description Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Wimper Composition Surface layer texture: Loam Major Components Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Wimper and similar soils: 85 percent Drainage class: Well drained Minor Components Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Wimper, greater slope: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: None Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.7 inches Major Component Description Winspect Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium 282 Soil Survey
Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches
A typical soil description with range in A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
129E—Wimper-Winspect complex, 129F—Wimper-Winspect complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes 35 to 60 percent slopes
Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Wimper—Mountains • Wimper—Mountains • Winspect—Mountains • Winspect—Mountains Position on landform: Position on landform: • Wimper—Backslopes and footslopes • Wimper—Backslopes and shoulders • Winspect—Backslopes and footslopes • Winspect—Backslopes and shoulders Slope: Slope: • Wimper—15 to 35 percent • Wimper—35 to 60 percent • Winspect—15 to 35 percent • Winspect—35 to 60 percent Elevation: 3,800 to 6,000 feet Elevation: 3,800 to 6,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Wimper and similar soils: 50 percent Wimper and similar soils: 50 percent Winspect and similar soils: 35 percent Winspect and similar soils: 35 percent Minor Components Minor Components Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Perma and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Wimper Wimper Surface layer texture: Loam Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.6 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 5.7 inches
Winspect Winspect Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 283
Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches A typical soil description with range in A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
229E—Wimper-Winspect cobbly loams, Windham Series 15 to 35 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderate Landform: Mountains Landform: Parent material: Colluvium derived from limestone • Wimper—Mountains Slope range: 8 to 60 percent • Winspect—Mountains Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Position on landform: Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Wimper—Backslopes and footslopes Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F • Winspect—Backslopes and footslopes Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Slope: • Wimper—15 to 35 percent Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, frigid • Winspect—15 to 35 percent Typic Calciustolls Elevation: 3,800 to 6,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Typical Pedon Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Windham gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in Composition an area of rangeland, 1,700 feet north and 1,600 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 11, T. 11 N., Major Components R. 14 W. Wimper and similar soils: 50 percent Winspect and similar soils: 35 percent A—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Minor Components gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Lap and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent 3/2) moist; strong medium granular structure; soft, Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 7 percent very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine interstitial Major Component Description pores; 5 percent cobbles and 25 percent pebbles; Wimper strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam gradual wavy boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bk1—7 to 21 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Drainage class: Well drained very gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium (10YR 3/2) moist; weak fine subangular blocky Native plant cover type: Rangeland structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky, slightly Flooding: None plastic; many very fine and fine roots; many fine Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches and very fine interstitial pores; 15 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; disseminated lime; few Winspect fine masses and seams of lime; violently Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bk2—21 to 32 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak Native plant cover type: Rangeland fine and medium subangular blocky structure; 284 Soil Survey
soft, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common Composition very fine and few fine and medium roots; Major Components many fine and very fine discontinuous pores; Windham and similar soils: 85 percent 15 percent cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; Minor Components common fine masses and seams of lime; violently Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent boundary. Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Bk3—32 to 60 inches; yellow (10YR 7/6) very gravelly loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) moist; weak Major Component Description fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few very Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine Drainage class: Well drained interstitial pores; 15 percent cobbles and Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium 35 percent pebbles; disseminated lime; few fine Native plant cover type: Rangeland masses of lime; violently effervescent; strongly Flooding: None alkaline. Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Range in Characteristics A typical soil description with range in Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches in this section. Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 16 inches Depth to the calcic horizon: 7 to 10 inches Management A horizon For management information about this map unit, Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Chroma: 1 to 3 Clay content: 18 to 27 percent 42E—Windham gravelly loam, Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to 15 to 35 percent slopes 5 percent cobbles; 15 to 30 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Setting Bk horizons Landform: Mountains Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Value: 4 to 8 dry; 3 to 7 moist Slope: 15 to 35 percent Chroma: 2 to 8 Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Texture: Loam or clay loam Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Content of rock fragments: 45 to 70 percent— 15 to 20 percent cobbles; 30 to 50 percent Composition pebbles Major Components Calcium carbonate equivalent: 35 to 60 percent Windham and similar soils: 85 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Minor Components Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 42D—Windham gravelly loam, Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent 8 to 15 percent slopes Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Landform: Mountains Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 8 to 15 percent Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 285
A typical soil description with range in Position on landform: characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, • Windham—Footslopes and toeslopes in this section. • Lap—Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: Management • Windham—8 to 15 percent For management information about this map unit, • Lap—8 to 15 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Elevation: 3,600 to 5,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days 42F—Windham gravelly loam, Composition 35 to 60 percent slopes Major Components Windham and similar soils: 45 percent Setting Lap and similar soils: 30 percent Rock outcrop: 10 percent Landform: Mountains Minor Components Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Wimper and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Slope: 35 to 60 percent Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Major Component Description Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Windham Composition Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Components Drainage class: Well drained Windham and similar soils: 85 percent Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Minor Components Native plant cover type: Rangeland Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: None Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Lap Surface layer texture: Loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 2.0 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches A typical soil description with range in A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
839E—Windham-Lap-Rock outcrop 839D—Windham-Lap-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Windham—Mountains • Windham—Mountains • Lap—Mountains • Lap—Mountains • Rock outcrop—Mountains 286 Soil Survey
Position on landform: 839F—Windham-Lap-Rock outcrop • Windham—Backslopes and footslopes complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes • Lap—Backslopes and footslopes Slope: Setting • Windham—15 to 35 percent • Lap—15 to 35 percent Landform: Elevation: 3,600 to 5,000 feet • Windham—Mountains Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Lap—Mountains Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days • Rock outcrop—Mountains Position on landform: Composition • Windham—Backslopes and shoulders Major Components • Lap—Backslopes and shoulders Windham and similar soils: 45 percent Slope: Lap and similar soils: 30 percent • Windham—35 to 60 percent Rock outcrop: 10 percent • Lap—35 to 60 percent Minor Components Elevation: 3,600 to 5,000 feet Wimper and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition Major Component Description Major Components Windham Windham and similar soils: 45 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Lap and similar soils: 30 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Rock outcrop: 10 percent Drainage class: Well drained Minor Components Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Wimper and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Winspect and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent Flooding: None Major Component Description Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Windham Lap Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 2.0 inches Lap Rock outcrop Surface layer texture: Loam Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained A typical soil description with range in Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Native plant cover type: Rangeland in this section. Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 2.0 inches Management For management information about this map unit, Rock outcrop see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 287
A typical soil description with range in 2C2—19 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, gravelly sand, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; few fine in this section. distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) moist redox concentrations; Management single grain; loose, nonsticky, nonplastic; For management information about this map unit, common very fine and fine roots; 20 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; neutral.
Range in Characteristics Windlass Series Soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 15 inches Permeability: Moderate above the 2C horizons, rapid Depth to the seasonal high water table: 24 to in the 2C horizons 42 inches Landform: Alluvial fans, flood plains, and stream Depth to the sandy-skeletal material: 12 to 20 inches terraces Parent material: Loamy alluvium over sand and gravel Ap horizon Slope range: 0 to 4 percent Value: 2 or 3 moist Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Chroma: 1 or 2 Annual precipitation: 12 to 19 inches Clay content: 15 to 25 percent Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to Frost-free period: 70 to 105 days 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy- Bw horizon skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Oxyaquic Value: 3 or 4 moist; 4 to 6 dry Haplustolls Chroma: 2 or 3 Typical Pedon Texture: Loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Windlass loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, rarely flooded, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to in an area of pasture, 1,400 feet south and 1,200 feet 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles west of the northeast corner of sec. 24, T. 5 N., Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 R. 16 W. 2C1 horizon Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Value: 4 or 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Chroma: 2 to 4 moderate fine granular structure; soft, very Texture: Sandy loam, loamy sand, or loam friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very Clay content: 5 to 18 percent fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent— pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 25 to 40 percent Bw—10 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy pebbles loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 3 percent fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; common fine and medium and many 2C2 horizon very fine tubular pores; neutral; clear wavy Value: 4 to 6 moist; 5 to 7 dry boundary. Chroma: 2 or 3 2C1—14 to 19 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Texture: Loamy sand or sand loamy sand, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Clay content: 2 to 10 percent moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Content of rock fragments: 40 to 70 percent— soft, friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; many very fine 15 to 25 percent cobbles; 25 to 45 percent and fine roots; common fine and very fine tubular pebbles pores; 10 percent cobbles and 25 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 3 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 288 Soil Survey
13B—Windlass-Nirling complex, 113B—Windlass-Nirling complex, 0 to 4 0 to 4 percent slopes percent slopes, rarely flooded
Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Windlass—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Windlass—Flood plains • Nirling—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Nirling—Flood plains Position on landform: Position on landform: • Windlass—Treads • Windlass—Treads • Nirling—Treads • Nirling—Treads Slope: Slope: • Windlass—0 to 4 percent • Windlass—0 to 4 percent • Nirling—0 to 4 percent • Nirling—0 to 4 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 14 inches Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Frost-free period: 90 to 105 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Windlass and similar soils: 65 percent Windlass and similar soils: 65 percent Nirling and similar soils: 20 percent Nirling and similar soils: 20 percent Minor Components Minor Components Windlass and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Bandy and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Cetrack and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Blossberg and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Windlass Windlass Surface layer texture: Loam Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: Rare Water table: Apparent Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 3.6 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 3.6 inches
Nirling Nirling Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: Rare Water table: Apparent Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 2.6 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 2.6 inches
A typical soil description with range in A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 289
413B—Windlass loam, 0 to 4 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches slopes, rarely flooded Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition Setting Major Components Landform: Flood plains Windlass and similar soils: 65 percent Position on landform: Treads Nirling and similar soils: 20 percent Slope: 0 to 4 percent Minor Components Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Gregson and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Bandy and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Kleinschmidt and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Cetrack and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Composition Major Component Description Major Components Windlass and similar soils: 85 percent Windlass Minor Components Surface layer texture: Loam Cetrack and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Soils with lime below 8 inches: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Bandy and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Major Component Description Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Loam Water table: Apparent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 3.6 inches Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Nirling Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Flooding: Rare Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Water table: Apparent Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Available water capacity: Mainly 3.6 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland A typical soil description with range in Flooding: None characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Water table: Apparent in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 2.6 inches Management A typical soil description with range in For management information about this map unit, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. in this section. Management 513B—Windlass-Nirling complex, cool, For management information about this map unit, 0 to 4 percent slopes see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
Setting Winkler Series Landform: Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Windlass—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Nirling—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Permeability: Moderately rapid Position on landform: Landform: Mountains • Windlass—Treads Parent material: Colluvium derived from quartzite • Nirling—Treads Slope range: 8 to 80 percent Slope: Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,400 feet • Windlass—0 to 4 percent Annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches • Nirling—0 to 4 percent Annual air temperature: 38 to 42 degrees F Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days 290 Soil Survey
Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Range in Characteristics superactive, frigid Lamellic Haplustepts Soil temperature: 42 to 47 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches Typical Pedon A horizon Winkler gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes, in Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR an area of woodland, 1,700 feet south and 3,200 feet Value: 3 or 4 moist east of the northwest corner of sec. 17, T. 7 N., Chroma: 2 or 3 R. 16 W. Clay content: 7 to 15 percent Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to Oi—2 inches to 0; undecomposed and slightly 5 percent cobbles; 15 to 30 percent pebbles decomposed forest litter. Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 A—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly E1 horizon loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, Value: 6 to 8 dry; 5 to 7 moist slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine Chroma: 2 to 4 and fine roots; common fine interstitial pores; Clay content: 5 to 15 percent 5 percent cobbles and 20 percent pebbles; Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to neutral; clear smooth boundary. 5 percent cobbles; 15 to 30 percent pebbles E1—3 to 9 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium granular structure; soft, very E2 horizon friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; many very fine and Hue: 2.5Y to 7.5YR fine roots; many fine interstitial pores; 5 percent Value: 6 to 8 dry; 5 to 7 moist cobbles and 25 percent pebbles; moderately acid; Chroma: 2 to 4 clear smooth boundary. Clay content: 5 to 15 percent E2—9 to 28 inches; pink (7.5YR 8/4) very gravelly Content of rock fragments: 35 to 55 percent— sandy loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) moist; weak 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 25 to 35 percent fine and medium subangular blocky structure; pebbles soft, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 very fine and fine roots; many fine and very E and Bt horizon fine interstitial pores; 10 percent cobbles and Hue: E part—2.5Y to 7.5YR; B part—2.5Y to 5YR 35 percent pebbles; moderately acid; gradual Value: E part—6 to 8 dry, 5 to 7 moist; B part— wavy boundary. 4 to 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist E and Bt—28 to 43 inches; E part (75 percent) is Chroma: E part—2 to 4; B part—3 or 4 pinkish white (7.5YR 8/2) extremely gravelly Texture: Loam or sandy loam loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; B part (25 Clay content: 5 to 15 percent percent) is brown (7.5YR 5/4) fine sandy loam 1 1 Content of rock fragments: 60 to 85 percent— lamellae /8- to /4-inch thick, dark brown (7.5YR 10 to 25 percent cobbles; 50 to 60 percent 4/4) moist; weak medium subangular blocky pebbles structure; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky, Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 nonplastic; few fine and very fine roots; common very fine and fine interstitial pores; 20 percent C horizon cobbles and 55 percent pebbles; moderately acid; Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR clear smooth boundary. Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist C—43 to 60 inches; pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) Chroma: 2 or 3 extremely gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR Clay content: 5 to 15 percent 5/2) moist; massive; slightly hard, very friable, Content of rock fragments: 60 to 85 percent— nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine roots; few fine 10 to 25 percent cobbles; 50 to 60 percent pores; 20 percent cobbles and 55 percent pebbles pebbles; moderately acid. Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 291
86E—Winkler gravelly loam, Minor Components 15 to 35 percent slopes Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Whitlash and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Slope: 15 to 35 percent, southwest aspect Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 3.0 inches Major Components Winkler and similar soils: 85 percent A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Minor Components in this section. Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Whitlash and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained 86G—Winkler gravelly loam, Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium 60 to 80 percent slopes Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Setting Available water capacity: Mainly 3.0 inches Landform: Mountains A typical soil description with range in Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Slope: 60 to 80 percent, southwest aspect in this section. Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Management Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days For management information about this map unit, Composition see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components Winkler and similar soils: 85 percent 86F—Winkler gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes Minor Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 7 percent Whitlash and similar soils: 0 to 6 percent Setting Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 2 percent Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Major Component Description Slope: 35 to 60 percent, southwest aspect Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium Composition Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Components Flooding: None Winkler and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 3.0 inches 292 Soil Survey
A typical soil description with range in Slope: 15 to 35 percent, northeast aspect characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet in this section. Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components Winkler and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components 786D—Winkler gravelly loam, cool, Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent 8 to 15 percent slopes Whitlash and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Mountains Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 8 to 15 percent, northeast aspect Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Native plant cover type: Forest land Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 3.0 inches Major Components A typical soil description with range in Winkler and similar soils: 85 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Minor Components in this section. Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Whitlash and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 786F—Winkler gravelly loam, cool, Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained 35 to 60 percent slopes Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Setting Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 3.0 inches Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders A typical soil description with range in Slope: 35 to 60 percent, northeast aspect characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet in this section. Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components Winkler and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components 786E—Winkler gravelly loam, cool, Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes Whitlash and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Mountains Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 293
Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained 886E—Winkler-Rubble land-Rock outcrop Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Setting Available water capacity: Mainly 3.0 inches Landform: A typical soil description with range in • Winkler—Mountains characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, • Rubble land—Mountains in this section. • Rock outcrop—Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Management Slope: 15 to 35 percent, southwest aspect For management information about this map unit, Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days
786G—Winkler gravelly loam, cool, Composition 60 to 80 percent slopes Major Components Winkler and similar soils: 50 percent Setting Rubble land: 20 percent Landform: Mountains Rock outcrop: 15 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Minor Components Slope: 60 to 80 percent, northeast aspect Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Whitecow and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Whitlash and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Major Component Description Composition Major Components Winkler Winkler and similar soils: 85 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Minor Components Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Whitlash and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Major Component Description Available water capacity: Mainly 3.0 inches Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Rubble land Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Definition: Areas that have more than 90 percent of Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium the surface covered by stones or boulders Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Rock outcrop Available water capacity: Mainly 3.0 inches Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock
A typical soil description with range in A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 294 Soil Survey
886F—Winkler-Rubble land-Rock outcrop Permeability: Moderately slow complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes Landform: Mountains Parent material: Colluvium derived from limestone Slope range: 4 to 70 percent Setting Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Landform: Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Winkler—Mountains Annual air temperature: 39 to 44 degrees F • Rubble land—Mountains Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days • Rock outcrop—Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Slope: 35 to 60 percent, southwest aspect superactive, frigid Typic Calciustolls Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 25 inches Typical Pedon Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Winspect gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, in Composition an area of rangeland, 600 feet north and 450 feet Major Components east of the southwest corner of sec. 2, T. 7 N., Winkler and similar soils: 50 percent R. 14 W. Rubble land: 20 percent A—0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Rock outcrop: 15 percent gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Minor Components 3/2) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure Yreka and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent parting to weak fine granular; soft, very friable, Whitlash and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many fine and very Whitecow and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent fine and common medium roots; many very Major Component Description fine interstitial pores; 5 percent cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; slightly effervescent; slightly Winkler alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Ak—6 to 11 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, Dominant parent material: Quartzite colluvium slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many fine and very Native plant cover type: Forest land fine and common medium roots; many very Flooding: None fine interstitial pores; 5 percent cobbles and Available water capacity: Mainly 3.0 inches 25 percent pebbles; disseminated lime; few fine masses of lime; strongly effervescent; slightly Rubble land alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Definition: Areas that have more than 90 percent of Bk1—11 to 20 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) the surface covered by stones or boulders very gravelly loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Rock outcrop slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock common very fine and fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; 10 percent cobbles and A typical soil description with range in 30 percent pebbles; disseminated lime; common characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, distinct lime casts on underside of coarse in this section. fragments; violently effervescent; strongly Management alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bk2—20 to 28 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR For management information about this map unit, 6/4) very gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. (10YR 5/4) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately Winspect Series sticky, slightly plastic; few very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; 10 percent cobbles and Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 30 percent pebbles; disseminated lime; common Drainage class: Well drained distinct lime casts on underside of coarse Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 295
fragments; violently effervescent; strongly Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 BC—28 to 60 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) very gravelly loam, light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) moist; weak coarse prismatic structure; slightly 39C—Winspect gravelly loam, hard, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; 4 to 8 percent slopes few very fine roots; common very fine interstitial pores; 10 percent cobbles and 35 percent Setting pebbles; violently effervescent; strongly alkaline. Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Toeslopes Range in Characteristics Slope: 4 to 8 percent Soil temperature: 41 to 47 degrees F Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days A horizon Composition Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Major Components Chroma: 1 or 2 Winspect and similar soils: 85 percent Clay content: 20 to 25 percent Minor Components Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—5 to Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 10 percent cobbles; 15 to 25 percent pebbles Wimper and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Judell and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Ak horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Major Component Description Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Chroma: 2 or 3 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Texture: Loam or clay loam Drainage class: Well drained Clay content: 20 to 30 percent Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Content of rock fragments: 20 to 35 percent—5 to Native plant cover type: Rangeland 10 percent cobbles; 15 to 25 percent pebbles Flooding: None Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 40 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Bk horizons A typical soil description with range in Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist in this section. Chroma: 2 to 4 Management Texture: Loam or clay loam Clay content: 20 to 35 percent For management information about this map unit, Content of rock fragments: 35 to 50 percent— see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 25 to 30 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent 39D—Winspect gravelly loam, Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 8 to 15 percent slopes BC horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Setting Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist Chroma: 2 to 4 Landform: Mountains Texture: Loam or clay loam Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Slope: 8 to 15 percent Content of rock fragments: 40 to 55 percent— Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 30 to 35 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches pebbles Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days 296 Soil Survey
Composition Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Major Components Flooding: None Winspect and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches Minor Components Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent A typical soil description with range in Wimper and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent in this section. Judell and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Management Major Component Description For management information about this map unit, Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland 39F—Winspect gravelly loam, Flooding: None 35 to 60 percent slopes Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches Setting A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Landform: Mountains in this section. Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Slope: 35 to 60 percent Management Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet For management information about this map unit, Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition 39E—Winspect gravelly loam, Major Components 15 to 35 percent slopes Winspect and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Setting Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Wimper and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Landform: Mountains Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Judell and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Slope: 15 to 35 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Major Component Description Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Composition Drainage class: Well drained Major Components Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Winspect and similar soils: 85 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Minor Components Flooding: None Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches Wimper and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent A typical soil description with range in Judell and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) For management information about this map unit, Drainage class: Well drained see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 297
139E—Winspect-Lap gravelly loams, 139F—Winspect-Lap gravelly loams, 15 to 35 percent slopes 35 to 60 percent slopes
Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Winspect—Mountains • Winspect—Mountains • Lap—Mountains • Lap—Mountains Position on landform: Position on landform: • Winspect—Backslopes and footslopes • Winspect—Backslopes and shoulders • Lap—Backslopes and footslopes • Lap—Backslopes and shoulders Slope: Slope: • Winspect—15 to 35 percent • Winspect—35 to 60 percent • Lap—15 to 35 percent • Lap—35 to 60 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Elevation: 3,600 to 6,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Winspect and similar soils: 55 percent Winspect and similar soils: 55 percent Lap and similar soils: 30 percent Lap and similar soils: 30 percent Minor Components Minor Components Wimper and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Wimper and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Windham and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Windham and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Winspect Winspect Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches
Lap Lap Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches
A typical soil description with range in A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 298 Soil Survey
239C—Winspect cobbly loam, Composition 4 to 8 percent slopes Major Components Winspect and similar soils: 55 percent Setting Rock outcrop: 30 percent Minor Components Landform: Mountains Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Position on landform: Toeslopes Wimper and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Slope: 4 to 8 percent Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Major Component Description Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Winspect Composition Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Components Drainage class: Well drained Winspect and similar soils: 85 percent Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Minor Components Native plant cover type: Rangeland Judell and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: None Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches Wimper and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Rock outcrop Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam A typical soil description with range in Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Drainage class: Well drained in this section. Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Management Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None For management information about this map unit, Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, 439F—Winspect-Rock outcrop complex, in this section. 35 to 60 percent slopes Management Setting For management information about this map unit, Landform: see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Winspect—Mountains • Rock outcrop—Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders 439E—Winspect-Rock outcrop complex, Slope: 35 to 60 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Setting Composition Landform: • Winspect—Mountains Major Components • Rock outcrop—Mountains Winspect and similar soils: 55 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Rock outcrop: 30 percent Slope: 15 to 35 percent Minor Components Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet Shawmut and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Wimper and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Lap and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 299
Major Component Description Rock outcrop Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock Winspect Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam A typical soil description with range in Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Drainage class: Well drained in this section. Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Management Flooding: None For management information about this map unit, Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Rock outcrop Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock Worock Series A typical soil description with range in Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Drainage class: Well drained in this section. Permeability: Moderately slow Management Landform: Mountains Parent material: Material weathered from igneous For management information about this map unit, rock see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Slope range: 8 to 60 percent Elevation range: 4,600 to 7,500 feet 439G—Winspect-Rock outcrop complex, Annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches 60 to 80 percent slopes Annual air temperature: 35 to 38 degrees F Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Setting Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Landform: superactive Eutric Haplocryalfs • Winspect—Mountains • Rock outcrop—Mountains Typical Pedon Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Worock gravelly loam, cool, 8 to 15 percent slopes, Slope: 60 to 70 percent in an area of woodland, 1,300 feet north and Elevation: 3,600 to 6,200 feet 1,600 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 30, Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches T. 5 N., R. 14 W. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days E—0 to 6 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Composition loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine granular Major Components structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, Winspect and similar soils: 55 percent slightly plastic; many very fine and fine and Rock outcrop: 30 percent common medium roots; many very fine irregular Minor Components pores; 5 percent cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; Lap and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Wimper and similar soils: 0 to 7 percent E/Bt—6 to 17 inches; E part (85 percent) is light brown (7.5YR 6/4) gravelly loam, brown (7.5YR Major Component Description 5/4) moist; B part (15 percent) is brown (7.5YR Winspect 5/4) gravelly clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; Drainage class: Well drained common medium and coarse roots; many very Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum fine and fine and common medium tubular Native plant cover type: Rangeland random pores; few faint clay films on faces of Flooding: None peds; 10 percent cobbles and 20 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches pebbles; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. 300 Soil Survey
Bt—17 to 34 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) very C horizon gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 to 6 moist structure; hard, firm, moderately sticky, Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 moderately plastic; many very fine and fine and Texture: Sandy clay loam, loam, or clay loam common medium and coarse roots; many very Clay content: 18 to 30 percent fine and common fine tubular random pores; few Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to faint clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent 5 percent stones; 10 to 15 percent cobbles; cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; slightly acid; 25 to 35 percent pebbles clear smooth boundary. Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 C—34 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) very gravelly sandy clay loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) moist; massive; hard, firm, moderately 96D—Worock gravelly loam, cool, sticky, moderately plastic; common fine and 8 to 15 percent slopes medium roots; many very fine and common fine tubular random pores; 10 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; slightly acid. Setting Range in Characteristics Landform: Mountains Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Soil temperature: 37 to 45 degrees F Slope: 8 to 15 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet E horizon Mean annual precipitation: 24 to 30 inches Value: 6 or 7 dry; 3 to 5 moist Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Chroma: 2 to 4 Composition Clay content: 15 to 25 percent Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to Major Components 5 percent cobbles; 15 to 30 percent pebbles Worock and similar soils: 85 percent Reaction: pH 5.1 to 6.5 Minor Components Loberg and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent E/Bt horizon Elve and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Value: E part—6 or 7 dry, 3 to 5 moist; B part— Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent 5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist Chroma: E part—2 to 6; B part—4 or 6 Major Component Description Texture: Loam, sandy loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Clay content: 18 to 30 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Content of rock fragments: 20 to 35 percent— Drainage class: Well drained 10 to 15 percent cobbles; 10 to 20 percent Dominant parent material: Material weathered from pebbles igneous rocks Reaction: pH 5.1 to 6.5 Native plant cover type: Forest land Bt horizon Flooding: None Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 4 or 6 A typical soil description with range in Texture: Sandy clay loam or clay loam characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Clay content: 25 to 35 percent in this section. Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to Management 5 percent stones; 10 to 15 percent cobbles; 30 to 40 percent pebbles For management information about this map unit, Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 301
96E—Worock gravelly loam, cool, Composition 15 to 35 percent slopes Major Components Worock and similar soils: 85 percent Setting Minor Components Elve and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Mountains Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Loberg and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Slope: 15 to 35 percent Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Mean annual precipitation: 24 to 30 inches Major Component Description Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Composition Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Components Drainage class: Well drained Worock and similar soils: 85 percent Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Minor Components igneous rocks Elve and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Loberg and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Flooding: None Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent A typical soil description with range in Major Component Description characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam in this section. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Management Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from For management information about this map unit, igneous rocks see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches 196E—Worock-Loberg, moist complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Setting Management Landform: • Worock—Mountains For management information about this map unit, • Loberg—Mountains see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Position on landform: • Worock—Backslopes and footslopes • Loberg—Backslopes and footslopes 96F—Worock gravelly loam, cool, Slope: 35 to 60 percent slopes • Worock—15 to 35 percent • Loberg—15 to 35 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Setting Mean annual precipitation: 24 to 30 inches Landform: Mountains Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Composition Slope: 35 to 60 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Major Components Mean annual precipitation: 24 to 30 inches Worock and similar soils: 50 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Loberg and similar soils: 35 percent 302 Soil Survey
Minor Components Major Component Description Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Ovando and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Elkner and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Well drained Major Component Description Dominant parent material: Material weathered from igneous rocks Worock Native plant cover type: Forest land Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 5.6 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from A typical soil description with range in igneous rocks characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Native plant cover type: Forest land in this section. Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Management For management information about this map unit, Loberg see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from 596D—Worock-Loberg complex, extrusive igneous rocks 8 to 15 percent slopes Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Setting Available water capacity: Mainly 5.1 inches Landform: • Worock—Mountains A typical soil description with range in • Loberg—Mountains characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Position on landform: in this section. • Worock—Footslopes and toeslopes Management • Loberg—Footslopes and toeslopes Slope: For management information about this map unit, • Worock—8 to 15 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Loberg—8 to 15 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet 396E—Worock gravelly loam, Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches 15 to 35 percent slopes Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Composition Setting Major Components Landform: Mountains Worock and similar soils: 50 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Loberg and similar soils: 35 percent Slope: 15 to 35 percent Minor Components Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Elve and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Mean annual precipitation: 24 to 30 inches Foolhen and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Composition Major Component Description Major Components Worock Worock and similar soils: 85 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Minor Components Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent Drainage class: Well drained Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Loberg and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent igneous rocks Elve and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 303
Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Dominant parent material: Material weathered from igneous rocks Loberg Native plant cover type: Forest land Surface layer texture: Clay loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Loberg extrusive igneous rocks Surface layer texture: Clay loam Native plant cover type: Forest land Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 5.1 inches Dominant parent material: Material weathered from extrusive igneous rocks A typical soil description with range in Native plant cover type: Forest land characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Flooding: None in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 5.1 inches Management A typical soil description with range in For management information about this map unit, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. in this section. Management 596E—Worock-Loberg complex, For management information about this map unit, 15 to 35 percent slopes see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
Setting Landform: 596F—Worock-Loberg gravelly loams, • Worock—Mountains 35 to 60 percent slopes • Loberg—Mountains Position on landform: Setting • Worock—Backslopes and footslopes • Loberg—Backslopes and footslopes Landform: Slope: • Worock—Mountains • Worock—15 to 35 percent • Loberg—Mountains • Loberg—15 to 35 percent Position on landform: Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet • Worock—Backslopes and shoulders Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches • Loberg—Backslopes and shoulders Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Slope: • Worock—35 to 60 percent Composition • Loberg—35 to 60 percent Major Components Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Worock and similar soils: 50 percent Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Loberg and similar soils: 35 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Minor Components Elve and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Composition Foolhen and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Major Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent Worock and similar soils: 50 percent Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Loberg and similar soils: 35 percent Major Component Description Minor Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 4 percent Worock Worock and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Elve and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Foolhen and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent 304 Soil Survey
Major Component Description Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Worock igneous rocks Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Native plant cover type: Forest land Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Dominant parent material: Material weathered from igneous rocks A typical soil description with range in Native plant cover type: Forest land characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Flooding: None in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Management Loberg For management information about this map unit, Surface layer texture: Clay loam see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from extrusive igneous rocks 696F—Worock gravelly loam, dry, Native plant cover type: Forest land 35 to 60 percent slopes Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.1 inches Setting Landform: Mountains A typical soil description with range in Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Slope: 35 to 60 percent in this section. Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Management Mean annual precipitation: 24 to 30 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Composition Major Components 696E—Worock gravelly loam, dry, Worock and similar soils: 85 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes Minor Components Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 4 percent Loberg and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Setting Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Landform: Mountains Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Major Component Description Slope: 15 to 35 percent Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Mean annual precipitation: 24 to 30 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Composition igneous rocks Major Components Native plant cover type: Forest land Worock and similar soils: 85 percent Flooding: None Minor Components Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Areas of rock outcrop: 0 to 4 percent Loberg and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent A typical soil description with range in Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 305
996E—Worock, cool-Rock outcrop 996F—Worock-Rock outcrop complex, complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes 35 to 60 percent slopes
Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Worock—Mountains • Worock—Mountains • Rock outcrop—Mountains • Rock outcrop—Mountains Position on landform: Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders • Worock—Backslopes and footslopes Slope: 35 to 60 percent • Rock outcrop—Backslopes and footslopes Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Slope: 15 to 35 percent Mean annual precipitation: 24 to 30 inches Elevation: 5,800 to 7,500 feet Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Mean annual precipitation: 24 to 30 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Composition Composition Major Components Worock and similar soils: 50 percent Major Components Rock outcrop: 35 percent Worock and similar soils: 50 percent Rock outcrop: 35 percent Minor Components Minor Components Elve and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Danaher and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Elve and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Loberg and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Evaro and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Rubble land: 0 to 3 percent Loberg and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Worock Worock Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Dominant parent material: Material weathered from igneous rocks igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.6 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches
Rock outcrop Rock outcrop Definition: Areas of exposed igneous bedrock Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock
A typical soil description with range in A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 306 Soil Survey
Yreka Series clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent cobbles and 40 percent pebbles; slightly acid; gradual Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) wavy boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bt2—32 to 60 inches; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) very Permeability: Moderately slow cobbly clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; Landform: Mountains moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard, Parent material: Material weathered from igneous firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few rock very fine roots; few very fine interstitial pores; Slope range: 4 to 60 percent common distinct clay films on faces of peds; Elevation range: 3,600 to 6,400 feet 20 percent cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; Annual precipitation: 18 to 26 inches slightly acid. Annual air temperature: 38 to 42 degrees F Range in Characteristics Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Soil temperature: 40 to 44 degrees F Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches superactive, frigid Typic Haplustalfs E horizons Typical Pedon Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Value: 5 to 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Yreka gravelly loam, in an area of Bignell-Yreka Chroma: 2 or 3 gravelly loams, 35 to 60 percent slopes, in an area Clay content: 7 to 20 percent of woodland, 100 feet south and 2,300 feet east of Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—5 to the northwest corner of sec. 17, T. 9 N., R. 14 W. 10 percent cobbles and stones; 10 to Oi—2 inches to 0; undecomposed and partially 25 percent pebbles decomposed twigs and needles. Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 E1—0 to 3 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) E/Bt horizon gravelly loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR moist; weak thin platy structure; soft, very friable, Value: E part—6 or 7 dry, 5 or 6 moist; B part— slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many fine and 5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist very fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; Chroma: 2 to 4 5 percent cobbles and 20 percent pebbles; Texture: Loam or clay loam neutral; clear wavy boundary. Clay content: 10 to 25 percent (mixed) E2—3 to 9 inches; pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) very Content of rock fragments: 20 to 40 percent—0 to gravelly loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) moist; weak fine 10 percent cobbles; 20 to 30 percent pebbles subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many fine and very fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; Bt horizons 10 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist E/Bt—9 to 17 inches; E part (80 percent) is pinkish Chroma: 2 to 4 gray (5YR 6/2) very gravelly clay loam, reddish Texture: Clay loam or sandy clay loam brown (5YR 5/3) moist; B part (20 percent) is light Clay content: 20 to 35 percent reddish brown (5YR 6/3) very gravelly clay loam, Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent— reddish brown (5YR 4/4) moist; weak fine 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 25 to 40 percent subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, pebbles slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine and Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 fine roots; common very fine interstitial pores; 10 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. 95D—Yreka gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent Bt1—17 to 32 inches; light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) slopes very gravelly sandy clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky Setting structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common fine and very fine and few coarse roots; Landform: Mountains common very fine interstitial pores; common faint Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 307
Slope: 8 to 15 percent, southwest aspect Major Component Description Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Drainage class: Well drained Composition Dominant parent material: Material weathered from igneous rocks Major Components Native plant cover type: Forest land Yreka and similar soils: 85 percent Flooding: None Minor Components Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Bignell and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Winkler and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent A typical soil description with range in Whitlash and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Crow and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent in this section. Major Component Description Management Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from igneous rocks 95F—Yreka gravelly loam, 35 to 60 Native plant cover type: Forest land percent slopes Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Setting A typical soil description with range in Landform: Mountains characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders in this section. Slope: 35 to 60 percent, southwest aspect Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Management Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches For management information about this map unit, Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Composition Major Components 95E—Yreka gravelly loam, 15 to 35 Yreka and similar soils: 85 percent percent slopes Minor Components Bignell and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Winkler and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Setting Whitlash and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Landform: Mountains Crow and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Major Component Description Slope: 15 to 35 percent, southwest aspect Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Composition igneous rocks Major Components Native plant cover type: Forest land Yreka and similar soils: 85 percent Flooding: None Minor Components Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Bignell and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Winkler and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent A typical soil description with range in Whitlash and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Crow and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent in this section. 308 Soil Survey
Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Yreka and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Crow and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 195D—Yreka gravelly loam, cool, Bignell and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 8 to 15 percent slopes Winkler and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Landform: Mountains Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Position on landform: Footslopes and toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 8 to 15 percent Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet igneous rocks Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches Native plant cover type: Forest land Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Major Components A typical soil description with range in Yreka and similar soils: 85 percent characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Minor Components in this section. Crow and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Bignell and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Management Winkler and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained 195F—Yreka gravelly loam, cool, Dominant parent material: Material weathered from 35 to 60 percent slopes igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Forest land Setting Flooding: None Landform: Mountains Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Slope: 35 to 60 percent, northeast aspect A typical soil description with range in Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches in this section. Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Yreka and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components 195E—Yreka gravelly loam, cool, Crow and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes Bignell and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Winkler and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Mountains Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 15 to 35 percent, northeast aspect Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches igneous rocks Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Native plant cover type: Forest land Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 309
Flooding: None Management Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 995F—Yreka-Rock outcrop complex, Management 35 to 60 percent slopes For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Setting Landform: 995E—Yreka-Rock outcrop complex, • Yreka—Mountains 15 to 35 percent slopes • Rock outcrop—Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and shoulders Setting Slope: 35 to 60 percent, southwest aspect Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Landform: Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches • Yreka—Mountains Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days • Rock outcrop—Mountains Position on landform: Backslopes and footslopes Composition Slope: 15 to 35 percent, southwest aspect Elevation: 3,600 to 6,400 feet Major Components Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 25 inches Yreka and similar soils: 55 percent Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days Rock outcrop: 30 percent Minor Components Composition Winkler and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Major Components Whitecow and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Yreka and similar soils: 55 percent Mocmont and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Rock outcrop: 30 percent Bignell and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Minor Components Winkler and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Major Component Description Whitecow and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Mocmont and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent Yreka Bignell and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Component Description Drainage class: Well drained Yreka Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam igneous rocks Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Forest land Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Material weathered from Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches igneous rocks Native plant cover type: Forest land Rock outcrop Flooding: None Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches A typical soil description with range in Rock outcrop characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock in this section. Management A typical soil description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, For management information about this map unit, in this section. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.
311
References
Alexander, R.R., 1966. Site indexes for lodgepole pine with corrections for stand density; instructions for field use. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Research Paper, RP-24.
Alexander, R.R., 1967. Site indexes for Engelmann spruce. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Research Paper, RP-32.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 1986. Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and testing. 14th edition, 2 volumes.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 1993. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D 2487-00.
Baker, F.S. 1925. Aspen in the Central Rocky Mountain Region. United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin 1291.
Brickell, J.E. 1968. A method for constructing site index curves from measurements of tree age and height—Its application to inland Douglas-fir. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station Research Paper INT-RP-47.
Brown, P.L., and G.R. Carlson. 1990. Grain yields related to stored soil water and growing season rainfall. Montana Agricultural Experiment Station Special Report Number 35.
Cummings, L.J. 1937. Larch-Douglas-fir board foot yield tables. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Applied Forestry Note 78.
Dahms, W.G. 1964. Gross and net yield tables for lodgepole pine. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, OR, Research Paper PNW-8.
Meyer, W.H. 1938. Yield of even-aged stands of ponderosa pine. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 630. Washington, DC.
Myers, C.A. 1967. Yield tables for managed stands of lodgepole pine in Colorado and Wyoming. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Research Paper RM-RP-26.
Pardee, J.T. 1918. Ore deposits of the northwestern part of the Garnet Range, Montana. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 660-F. 312
Pfister, R.D., B.L. Kovalchik, S.F. Arno, and R.C. Presby. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station General Technical Report INT-GTR-34.
Rowan, L.C., C.M. Trautwein, and T.L. Purdy. 1991. Maps showing the association of linear features with metallic mines and prospects in the Butte 1 degree x 2 degrees quadrangle, Montana. U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2050-B, scale 1:250000.
Smith, D. 1983. Guidebook of the fold and thrust belt, west-central Montana. Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, Montana School of Mines Special Publication 86.
Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18.
Soil Survey Staff. 1998. Keys to soil taxonomy. 8th edition. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Natural Resources Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436.
Tysdal, R.G., W.F. Hanna, and D.O. Capstick. 1988. Mineral resources of the Quigg West Wilderness Study Area, Granite County, Montana. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1724-D.
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Montana Field Office Technical Guide, Section II.
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1976. National range handbook.
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land capability classification. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 210.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. In progress. Beaverhead-Deer Lodge National Forest—North Section (MT635) soil survey.
Weidman, R.M. 1988. The Greater Missoula Area - Guidebook for the 13th Annual Tobacco Root Geological Society Field Conference, Missoula, MT. 313
Glossary
Ablation till. Loose, permeable till deposited during Available water capacity (available moisture the final downwasting of glacial ice. Lenses of capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water crudely sorted sand and gravel are common. available for use by most plants. It is commonly Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air defined as the difference between the amount of from the atmosphere. The air in a well-aerated soil water at field moisture capacity and the soil is similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed a poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen. in inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single is expressed as: mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as Very low ...... 0 to 3.75 granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Low ...... 3.75 to 5.0 Clods are aggregates produced by tillage or Moderate ...... 5.0 to 7.5 logging. High ...... more than 7.5 Alkali (sodic) soil. (See Sodic (alkali) soil.) Alluvial fan. A body of alluvium, with overflow of Avalanche chute. The track or path formed by an water and debris flow deposits, whose surface avalanche. forms a segment of a cone that radiates Backslope. The geomorphic component that forms downslope from the point where the stream the steepest inclined surface and principal emerges from a narrow valley onto a less sloping element of many hillslopes. Backslopes in profile surface. Source uplands range in relief and areal are commonly steep and linear and descend to a extent from mountains to gullied terrains on footslope. In terms of gradational process, hillslopes. backslopes are erosional forms produced mainly Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, by mass wasting and running water. deposited on land by streams. Badland. Steep or very steep, commonly nonstony, Alpha,alpha-dipyridyl. A dye that when dissolved in barren land dissected by many intermittent 1N ammonium acetate is used to detect the drainage channels. Badland is most common in presence of reduced iron (Fe II) in the soil. A semiarid and arid regions where streams are positive reaction indicates a type of redox feature. entrenched in soft geologic material. Local relief Animal-unit-month (AUM). The amount of forage generally ranges from 25 to 500 feet. Runoff required by one mature cow of approximately potential is very high, and geologic erosion is 1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for active. 1 month. Basal area. The area of a cross section of a tree, Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness generally referring to the section at breast height characterized by saturation, reduction, and redox and measured outside the bark. It is a measure of features. stand density, commonly expressed in square Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim feet. after the removal of soil for construction and other Basal till. Compact glacial till deposited beneath the uses. Revegetation and erosion control are ice. extremely difficult. Base saturation. The degree to which material Argillite. Weakly metamorphosed mudstone or shale. having cation-exchange properties is saturated Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces. with exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, Association, soil. A group of soils or miscellaneous and K), expressed as a percentage of the total areas geographically associated in a cation-exchange capacity. characteristic repeating pattern and defined and Base slope. A geomorphic component of hills delineated as a single map unit. consisting of the concave to linear (perpendicular 314 Soil Survey
to the contour) slope that, regardless of the Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a lateral shape, forms an apron or wedge at the nearby central area for transport to a processing bottom of a hillside dominated by colluvium and facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of slope-wash sediments (for example, slope a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an alluvium). arrangement similar to that of a rod and reel used Bedding planes. Fine strata, less than 5-millimeters for fishing. To reduce friction and soil disturbance, thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian, felled trees generally are reeled in while one end lacustrine, or marine sediment. is lifted or the entire log is suspended. Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium other unconsolidated material or that is exposed carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium at the surface. carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with Bedrock-floored plain. An extensive nearly level to cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. gently rolling or moderately sloping area that is Caliche. A more or less cemented deposit of calcium underlain by hard bedrock and has a slope of 0 to carbonate in soils of warm-temperate, subhumid 8 percent. to arid areas. Caliche occurs as soft, thin layers in Bench terrace. A raised, level or nearly level strip of the soil or as hard, thick beds directly beneath earth constructed on or nearly on a contour, the solum, or it is exposed at the surface by supported by a barrier of rocks or similar erosion. material, and designed to make the soil suitable California bearing ratio (CBR). The load-supporting for tillage and to prevent accelerated erosion. capacity of a soil as compared to that of standard Blowout. A shallow depression from which all or crushed limestone, expressed as a ratio. First most of the soil material has been removed by standardized in California. A soil having a CBR of the wind. A blowout has a flat or irregular floor 16 supports 16 percent of the load that would be formed by a resistant layer or by an supported by standard crushed limestone, per accumulation of cobbles or gravel. In some unit area, with the same degree of distortion. blowouts, the water table is exposed. Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See Board foot. A unit of measure of the wood in lumber, Crown.) logs, or trees. The amount of wood in a board Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil 1 foot wide, 1 foot long, and 1 inch thick before particles and in tiny spaces between particles. finishing. Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream, capillary water in the soil. subject to flooding. Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet electricity. The common soil cations are calcium, (60 centimeters) in diameter. potassium, magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. Bouldery. Refers to a soil with .01 to 0.1 percent of Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of the surface covered with boulders. exchangeable cations that can be held by the Bouldery soil material. Soil that is 15 to 35 percent, soil, expressed in terms of milliequivalents per by volume, rock fragments that are dominated by 100 grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some fragments larger than 24 inches (60 centimeters) other stated pH value. The term, as applied to in diameter. soils, is synonymous with base-exchange Breaks. The steep and very steep broken land at the capacity but is more precise in meaning. border of an upland summit that is dissected by Channeled. Refers to a drainage area in which ravines. natural meandering or repeated branching and Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above convergence of a streambed have created deeply the ground surface; the point on a tree where incised cuts, either active or abandoned, in diameter measurements are ordinarily taken. alluvial material. Brush management. Use of mechanical, chemical, Channery soil material. A soil that is, by volume, or biological methods to reduce or eliminate more than 15 percent thin, flat fragments of competition from woody vegetation and thus to sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as allow understory grasses and forbs to recover or much as 6 inches along the longest axis. A single to make conditions favorable for reseeding. Brush piece is called a channer. management increases forage production and Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation thus reduces the hazard of erosion. It can through the use of chemicals. improve the habitat for some species of wildlife. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 315
Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning more soil-penetrating points that shatter or or establishing terraces, diversions, and other loosen hard, compacted layers to a depth below water-control structures on a complex slope is normal plow depth. difficult. Cirque. A semicircular, concave, bowl-like area that Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of has steep faces primarily resulting from erosive soil or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate activity of a mountain glacier. pattern or so small in area that it is not practical Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles to map them separately at the selected scale of less than 0.002 millimeters in diameter. As a soil mapping. The pattern and proportion of the soils textural class, soil material that is 40 percent or or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in more clay, less than 45 percent sand, and less all areas. than 40 percent silt. Concretions. Grains, pellets, or nodules of various Clayey soil. Silty clay, sandy clay, or clay. sizes, shapes, and colors consisting of Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the concentrated compounds or cemented soil surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root grains. The composition of most concretions is channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. unlike that of the surrounding soil. Calcium Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that carbonate and iron oxide are common contains much more clay than the horizons above compounds in concretions. it. A claypan is commonly hard when dry and Conglomerate. A coarse-grained, clastic rock plastic or stiff when wet. composed of rounded or subangular rock Clearcut. A method of forest harvesting that removes fragments more than 2 millimeters in diameter. It the entire stand of trees in one cutting. commonly has a matrix of sand and finer-textured Reproduction is achieved artificially or by natural material. Conglomerate is the consolidated seeding from the adjacent stands. equivalent of gravel. Climax plant community. The stabilized plant Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in community on a particular site. The plant cover combination with needed cultural and reproduces itself and does not change so long as management practices. In a good conservation the environment remains the same. cropping system, the soil-improving crops and Closed depression. A low area completely practices more than offset the effects of the soil- surrounded by higher ground and having no depleting crops and practices. Cropping systems natural outlet. are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. practices in a conservation cropping system Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly include the use of rotations that contain grasses rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to and legumes and the return of crop residue to the 25 centimeters) in diameter. soil. Other practices include the use of green Cobbly soil material. Material that has 15 to manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper 35 percent, by volume, rounded or partially tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest rounded rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to control. 25 centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil Conservation tillage. Any tillage and planting material has 35 to 60 percent of these rock system in which a cover of crop residue is fragments, and extremely cobbly soil material maintained on at least 30 percent of the soil has more than 60 percent. surface after planting in order to reduce the Codominant trees. Trees whose crowns form the hazard of water erosion. In areas where soil general level of the forest canopy and that blowing is the primary concern, a system that receive full light from above but comparatively maintains a cover of at least 1,000 pounds of flat little from the sides. residue of small grain or the equivalent during the COLE (coefficient of linear extensibility). (See critical erosion period. Linear extensibility.) Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both, and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to moved by creep, slide, or local wash and deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes deposited at the base of steep slopes. resistance of soil material to rupture and to Commercial forest. Forestland capable of producing penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness 20 cubic feet or more per acre per year at the of puddled soil material; and the manner in which culmination of mean annual increment. the soil material behaves when subject to 316 Soil Survey
compression. Terms describing consistence are Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations defined in the “Soil Survey Manual” (Soil Survey tend to cave in or slough. Division Staff, 1993). Decreasers. The most heavily grazed climax range Consolidated sandstone. Sandstone that disperses plants. Because they are the most palatable, they within a few hours when fragments are placed in are the first to be destroyed by overgrazing. water. The fragments are extremely hard or very Deep soil. A soil that is 40 to 60 inches deep over hard when dry, are not easily crushed, and bedrock or to other material that restricts the cannot be textured by the usual field method. penetration of plant roots. Consolidated shale. Shale that disperses within a Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting few hours when fragments are placed in water. grazing land for a prescribed period. The fragments are extremely hard or very hard Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over when dry and are not easily crushed. bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches Contour stripcropping (or contour farming). deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches; Growing crops in strips that follow the contour. moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to Strips of grass or close-growing crops are 20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches. alternated with strips of clean-tilled crops or Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the summer fallow. surface for the specified use. Control section. The part of the soil on which Dip slope. A slope of the land surface, roughly classification is based. The thickness varies determined by and approximately conforming to among different kinds of soil, but for many it is the dip of the underlying bedrock. that part of the soil profile between depths of Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, 10 inches and 40 or 80 inches. generally a terrace, built to protect downslope Coprogenous earth (sedimentary peat). Fecal areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. material deposited in water by aquatic organisms. Divided-slope farming. A form of field stripcropping Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical in which crops are grown in a systematic action that dissolves or weakens concrete or arrangement of two strips, or bands, across the uncoated steel. slope to reduce the hazard of water erosion. One Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to strip is in a close-growing crop that provides improve and protect the soil between periods of protection from erosion, and the other strip is in a regular crop production, or a crop grown between crop that provides less protection from erosion. trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. This practice is used where slopes are not long Crop residue management. Returning crop residue enough to permit a full stripcropping pattern to be to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, used. organic matter content, and fertility and helps to Dominant trees. Trees whose crowns form the control erosion. general level of the forest canopy and that Cropping system. Growing crops according to a receive full light from above and from the sides. planned system of rotation and management Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency practices. and duration of periods of saturation or partial Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting saturation during soil formation, as opposed to farming operations on sloping farmland in such a altered drainage, which is commonly the result of way that tillage is across the general slope. artificial drainage or irrigation but may be caused Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including by the sudden deepening of channels or the the living branches and their foliage. blocking of drainage outlets. Seven classes of Culmination of the mean annual increment natural soil drainage are recognized: (CMAI). The average annual increase per acre in Excessively drained.—These soils have very high the volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the and high hydraulic conductivity and a low water- total volume of the stand by its age. As the stand holding capacity. They are not suited to crop increases in age, the mean annual increment production unless irrigated. continues to increase until mortality begins to Somewhat excessively drained.—These soils reduce the rate of increase. The point where the have high hydraulic conductivity and a low water- stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth holding capacity. Without irrigation, only a narrow is called the culmination of the mean annual range of crops can be grown, and yields are low. increment. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 317
Well drained.—These soils have an intermediate Dune. A mound, ridge, or hill of loose, windblown water-holding capacity. They retain optimum granular material (generally sand), either bare or amounts of moisture, but they are not wet close covered with vegetation. enough to the surface or long enough during the Ecological site. An area where climate, soil, and growing season to adversely affect yields. relief are sufficiently uniform to produce a distinct Moderately well drained.—These soils are wet natural plant community. An ecological site is the close enough to the surface or long enough that product of all the environmental factors planting or harvesting operations or yields of responsible for its development. It is typified by an some field crops are adversely affected unless a association of species that differ from those on drainage system is installed. Moderately well- other ecological sites in kind and/or proportion of drained soils commonly have a layer with low species or in total production. hydraulic conductivity, a wet layer relatively high Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution in the profile, additions of water by seepage, or or colloidal suspension from one place to another some combination of these. within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost Somewhat poorly drained.—These soils are wet material through eluviation are eluvial; those that close enough to the surface or long enough that have received material are illuvial. planting or harvesting operations or crop growth Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in is markedly restricted unless a drainage system which all horizons between the upper boundary is installed. Somewhat poorly drained soils of saturation and a depth of 2 meters are commonly have a layer with low hydraulic saturated. conductivity, a wet layer high in the profile, Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material additions of water through seepage, or a accumulated through wind action; commonly combination of these. refers to sandy material in dunes or to loess in Poorly drained.—These soils commonly are so blankets on the surface. wet, at or near the surface, during a considerable Ephemeral stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, part of the year that field crops cannot be grown that flows only in direct response to precipitation. under natural conditions. Poorly drained It receives no long-continued supply from melting conditions are caused by a saturated zone, a snow or other source, and its channel is above layer with low hydraulic conductivity, seepage, or the water table at all times. a combination of these. Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a Very poorly drained.—These soils are wet to the perched water table in a soil in which saturated surface most of the time. The wetness prevents layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated the growth of important crops (except rice) unless layers within 2 meters of the surface. a drainage system is installed. Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by from an area. such processes as gravitational creep. Drainageway. An area of ground at a lower elevation Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic than the surrounding ground and in which water processes acting over long geologic periods and collects and is drained to a closed depression or resulting in the wearing away of mountains and lake or to a drainageway at a lower elevation. A the building up of such landscape features as drainageway may or may not have distinctly flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural incised channels at its upper reaches or erosion. throughout its course. Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid Drumlin. A low, smooth, elongated oval hill, mound, than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of or ridge of compact glacial till. The longer axis is human or animal activities or of a catastrophe in parallel to the path of the glacier and commonly nature, such as fire, that exposes the surface. has a blunt nose pointing in the direction from Erosion pavement. A layer of gravel or stones that which the ice approached. remains on the surface after fine particles are Duff. A generally firm organic layer on the surface of removed by sheet or rill erosion. mineral soils. It consists of fallen plant material Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope that is in the process of decomposition and or cliff breaking the general continuity of more includes everything from the litter on the surface gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from to underlying pure humus. erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp. 318 Soil Survey
Esker. A long, narrow, sinuous, steep-sided ridge material has 35 to 60 percent flagstones, and composed of irregularly stratified sand and gravel extremely flaggy soil material has more than that were deposited by a subsurface stream 60 percent flagstones. flowing between ice walls or through ice tunnels Flagstone. A thin fragment of sandstone, limestone, of a retreating glacier and that were left behind slate, shale, or (rarely) schist 6 to 15 inches when the ice melted. Eskers range from less than (15 to 38 centimeters) long. a mile to more than 100 miles in length and from Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders 10 to 100 feet in height. a stream and is subject to flooding unless Even aged. Refers to a stand of trees in which only protected artificially. small differences in age occur between individual Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river trees. A range of 20 years is allowed. action, as a fluvial plain. Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the Foothill. A steeply sloping upland that has relief of as soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel much as 1,000 feet (300 meters) and fringes a or sand for construction purposes. mountain range or high-plateau escarpment. Excess salt (in tables). Excess water-soluble salts in Footslope. The geomorphic component that forms the soil that restrict the growth of most plants. the inner, gently inclined surface at the base of a Extrusive rock. Igneous rock derived from deep- hillslope. The surface profile is dominantly seated molten matter (magma) emplaced on the concave. In terms of gradational processes, a earth’s surface. footslope is a transitional zone between an Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore upslope site of erosion (backslope) and a productivity through accumulation of moisture. downslope site of deposition (toeslope). Summer fallow is common in regions of limited Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. rainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants tilled for at least one growing season for weed (underbrush) covering the ground in a forest. control and decomposition of plant residue. Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to and development because of given physical and provide plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and biological factors by which it may be differentiated in proper balance, for the growth of specified from other stands. plants when light, moisture, temperature, tilth, Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in and other growth factors are favorable. porosity and content of organic matter and low or Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand. all organic soil material. Peat contains a large A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots. amount of well-preserved fiber that is readily When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat has bulk density than the horizon or horizons above. the lowest bulk density and the highest water When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly under content at saturation of all organic soil material. pressure rather than to deform slowly. Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry moisture. Frost action can damage roads, weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has buildings and other structures, and plant roots. drained away; the field moisture content 2 or Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers 3 days after a soaking rain; also called normal especially to the processes or soil-forming factors field capacity, normal moisture capacity, or responsible for the formation of the solum, or true capillary capacity. soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. Giant ripple mark. The undulating surface sculpture Firebreak. Area cleared of flammable material to produced in noncoherent granular materials by stop or help control creeping or running fires. It currents of water and by the agitation of water in also serves as a line from which to work and to wave action during the draining of large glacial facilitate the movement of firefighters and lakes, such as Glacial Lake Missoula. equipment. Designated roads also serve as Glacial drift. Pulverized and other rock material firebreaks. transported by glacial ice and then deposited. First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream, Also, the sorted and unsorted material deposited subject to frequent or occasional flooding. by streams flowing from glaciers. Flaggy soil material. Material that has, by volume, Glacial outwash. Gravel, sand, and silt, commonly 15 to 35 percent flagstones. Very flaggy soil stratified, deposited by glacial meltwater. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 319
Glacial till. Unsorted, nonstratified glacial drift Habitat type. An aggregation of all land areas consisting of clay, silt, sand, and boulders capable of producing similar climax plant transported and deposited by glacial ice. communities. Glaciated uplands. Land areas that were previously Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated covered by continental or alpine glaciers and that except by blasting or by the use of special are at a higher elevation than the flood plain. equipment that is not commonly used in Glaciofluvial deposits. Material moved by glaciers construction. and subsequently sorted and deposited by Hardpan. A hardened or cemented soil horizon, or streams flowing from the melting ice. The layer. The soil material is sandy, loamy, or clayey deposits are stratified and occur as kames, and is cemented by iron oxide, silica, calcium eskers, deltas, and outwash plains. carbonate, or other substance. Glaciolacustrine deposits. Material ranging from Head out. To form a flower head. fine clay to sand derived from glaciers and Heavy metal. Inorganic substances that are solid at deposited in glacial lakes mainly by glacial ordinary temperatures and are not soluble in meltwater. Many deposits are interbedded or water. They form oxides and hydroxides that are laminated. basic. Examples are copper, iron, cadmium, zinc, Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, manganese, lead, and arsenic. resulting in the reduction of iron and other Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil elements in the profile and in gray colors. material intermediate in degree of decomposition Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed between the less decomposed fibric material and waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to the more decomposed sapric material. grass as protection against erosion. Conducts High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and surface water away from cropland. corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock from these crops can be used to control erosion as much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to until the next crop in the rotation is established. 7.6 centimeters) in diameter. An individual These crops return large amounts of organic piece is a pebble. matter to the soil. Gravelly soil material. Soil that is 15 to 35 percent, Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as by volume, rounded or angular rock fragments up much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, to 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Very commonly of limited summit area and having a gravelly soil is 35 to 60 percent gravel, and well-defined outline; hillsides generally have extremely gravelly soil is more than 60 percent slopes of more than 8 percent. The distinction gravel by volume. between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is Grazeable forestland. Land capable of sustaining dependent on local usage. livestock grazing by producing forage of sufficient Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to quantity during one or more stages of secondary the surface, having distinct characteristics forest succession. produced by soil-forming processes. In the Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage represents the major horizons. Numbers or of maturity or soon after maturity. lowercase letters that follow represent Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of subdivisions of the major horizons. An the material below the water table. explanation of the subdivisions is given in the Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by “Soil Survey Manual” (Soil Survey Division Staff, running water and through which water ordinarily 1993). The major horizons of mineral soil are as runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a follows: gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to decaying plant residue. be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary surface in which an accumulation of humified tillage. organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. Gypsum. A mineral consisting of hydrous calcium Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which sulfate. was originally part of a B horizon. 320 Soil Survey
E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one main feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, aluminum, or some combination of these. material is removed from an upper horizon and B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A or deposited in a lower horizon. E horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or transition from the overlying A to the underlying roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is C horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive absolutely impervious to air and water all the characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay, time. sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; Increasers. Species in the climax vegetation that (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or increase in amount as the more desirable plants browner colors than those in the A horizon; or are reduced by close grazing. Increasers (4) a combination of these. commonly are the shorter plants and the less C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, palatable to livestock. excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the by soil-forming processes and does not have the immediate surface of soil or other material, as properties typical of the overlying soil material. contrasted with percolation, which is movement The material of a C horizon may be either like or of water through soil layers or material. unlike that in which the solum formed. If the Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which material is known to differ from that in the solum, water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the conditions. letter C. Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates Cr horizon.—Sedimentary beds of consolidated the surface of the soil at any given instant, sandstone and semiconsolidated and usually expressed in inches per hour. The rate consolidated shale. Generally, roots can can be limited by the infiltration capacity of the penetrate this horizon only along fracture planes. soil or the rate at which water is applied at the R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. surface. The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the but it can be directly below an A or a B horizon. soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial Humus. The well-decomposed, more or less stable rate; the rate decreases with application time. part of the organic matter in mineral soils. Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped a constant but is a variable depending on the net according to their runoff-producing irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in characteristics. The chief consideration is the inches per hour, is expressed as follows: inherent capacity of soil bare of vegetation to Less than 0.2 ...... very low permit infiltration. The slope and the kind of plant 0.2 to 0.4 ...... low cover are not considered but are separate factors 0.4 to 0.75 ...... moderately low in predicting runoff. Soils are assigned to four 0.75 to 1.25 ...... moderate groups. In group A are soils having a high 1.25 to 1.75 ...... moderately high infiltration rate when thoroughly wet and having a 1.75 to 2.5 ...... high low runoff potential. They are mainly deep, well More than 2.5 ...... very high drained, and sandy or gravelly. In group D, at the other extreme, are soils having a very slow Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, infiltration rate and thus a high runoff potential. that flows for prolonged periods only when it They have a claypan or clay layer at or near the receives ground-water discharge or long, surface, have a permanent high water table, or continued contributions from melting snow or are shallow over nearly impervious bedrock or other surface and shallow subsurface sources. other material. A soil is assigned to two Invaders. On range, plants that encroach into an hydrologic groups if part of the acreage is area and grow after the climax vegetation has artificially drained and part is undrained. been reduced by grazing. Generally, plants Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a invade following disturbance of the surface. molten or partially molten state. Major varieties Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are production of crops. Methods of irrigation are: andesite, basalt, and granite. Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 321
Basin.—Water is applied rapidly to nearly level is composed chiefly of rock fragments derived plains surrounded by levees or dikes. from the valley walls by glacial abrasion and Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a plucking or by mass wasting. strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil by small earth ridges called border dikes, or or other material by percolating water. borders. Linear extensibility. Refers to the change in length Controlled flooding.—Water is released at of an unconfined clod as moisture content is intervals from closely spaced field ditches and decreased from a moist to a dry state. Linear distributed uniformly over the field. extensibility is used to determine the shrink-swell Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely potential of soils. It is an expression of the volume spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close- change between the water content of the clod at 1 1 growing crops or in orchards so that it flows in /3- or /10-bar tension (33kPa or 10kPa tension) only one direction. and oven dryness. Volume change is influenced Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and by the amount and type of clay minerals in the under low pressure to the surface of the soil or soil. The volume change is the percent change for into the soil through such applicators as emitters, the whole soil. If it is expressed as a fraction, the porous tubing, or perforated pipe. resulting value is COLE, coefficient of linear Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made extensibility. by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil tree and row crops. passes from a plastic to a liquid state. Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system. particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches than 52 percent sand particles. or tile lines until the water table is raised enough Loamy soil. Coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, fine to wet the soil. sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, silt Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is loam, silt, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or silty clay allowed to flow onto an area without controlled loam. distribution. Loess. Fine-grained material, dominantly of silt-sized
Ksat. Saturated hydraulic conductivity. (See particles, deposited by wind. Permeability.) Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for Kame. A moundlike hill of glacial drift, composed silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from chiefly of stratified sand and gravel. these crops is not adequate to control erosion Kame terrace. A terracelike ridge consisting of until the next crop in the rotation is established. stratified sand and gravel that were deposited by These crops return little organic matter to the soil. a meltwater stream flowing between a melting Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to glacier and a higher valley wall or lateral moraine support loads. and that remained after the disappearance of the Marl. An earthy, unconsolidated deposit consisting ice. It is commonly pitted with kettles and has an chiefly of calcium carbonate mixed with clay in irregular ice-contact slope. approximately equal amounts. Lacustrine deposit. Material deposited in lake water Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil and exposed when the water level is lowered or matrix that do not have a clearly defined the elevation of the land is raised. boundary with the surrounding soil material and Lake plain. A surface marking the floor of an extinct cannot be removed as a discrete unit. Common lake, filled in by well-sorted, stratified sediments. compounds making up masses are calcium Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass carbonate, gypsum or other soluble salts, iron of soil and loose rock, generally when wet or oxide, and manganese oxide. Masses consisting saturated. The speed and distance of movement, of iron oxide or manganese oxide generally are as well as the amount of soil and rock material, considered a type of redox concentration. vary greatly. Mean annual increment (MAI). The average annual Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches increase in volume of a tree during its entire life. (7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical adversely affect the specified use of the soil. equipment for seeding, brush management, and Lateral moraine. A ridgelike moraine carried on and other management practices. deposited at the side margin of a valley glacier. It 322 Soil Survey
Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, sides. A mountain can occur as a single, isolated silt loam, or silt. mass or in a group forming a chain or range. Merchantable trees. Trees that are of sufficient size Muck. Dark, finely divided, well-decomposed organic to be economically processed into wood soil material. (See Sapric soil material.) products. Mudstone. Sedimentary rock formed by induration of Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in silt and clay in approximately equal amounts. mineralogical composition, chemical composition, Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees or structure by heat, pressure, and movement. of three simple variables—hue, value, and Nearly all such rocks are crystalline. chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is Microhigh. An area that is 2 to 12 inches higher than a color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma the adjacent microlow. of 4. Microlow. An area that is 2 to 12 inches lower than Naturalized pasture. Forestland that is used the adjacent microhigh. primarily for the production of forage for grazing Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and by livestock rather than for the production of low in organic material. Its bulk density is more wood products. Overstory trees are removed or than that of organic soil. managed to promote the native and introduced Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop understory vegetation occurring on the site. This production and prevention of soil damage. vegetation is managed for its forage value Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no through the use of grazing management natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. principles. Miscellaneous water. A sewage lagoon, an Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3. industrial waste pit, a fish hatchery, or a similar (See Reaction, soil.) water area. Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, Moderately deep soil. A soil that is 20 to 40 inches magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, deep over bedrock or to other material that boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and restricts the penetration of plant roots. carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay air and water. loam, or silty clay loam. Observed rooting depth. Depth to which roots have Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface been observed to penetrate. horizon (or horizons) that has high base Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil saturation and pedogenic soil structure. It may in various stages of decomposition. The content include the upper part of the subsoil. of organic matter in the surface layer is described Moraine. An accumulation of glacial drift in a as follows: topographic landform of its own, resulting chiefly Very low ...... less than 0.5 percent from the direct action of glacial ice. Some types Low ...... 0.5 to 1.0 percent are lateral, recessional, and terminal. Moderately low ...... 1.0 to 2.0 percent Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, Moderate ...... 2.0 to 4.0 percent including the texture, structure, porosity, High ...... 4.0 to 8.0 percent consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, Very high ...... more than 8.0 percent and biological properties of the various horizons, and the thickness and arrangement of those Outwash plain. An extensive area of glaciofluvial horizons in the soil profile. material that was deposited by meltwater Mottling, soil. Areas of color that differ from the streams. matrix color. These colors are commonly Overstory. The trees in a forest that form the upper attributes retained from the geologic parent crown cover. material. (See Redox features for indications of Oxbow. The horseshoe-shaped channel of a former poor aeration and impeded drainage.) meander, remaining after the stream formed a Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface, cutoff across a narrow meander neck. rising more than 1,000 feet above surrounding Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area the movement of water and the growth of roots. (relative to a plateau) and generally having steep Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 323
For example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil plowpan, and traffic pan. directly below the plowed layer. Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed mineral material in which soil forms. depressions. Unless the soils are artificially Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely drained, the water can be removed only by undecomposed organic matter, that has percolation or evapotranspiration. accumulated under excess moisture. (See Fibric Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid permeability soil material.) or an impermeable layer near the surface, the soil Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a may not adequately filter effluent from a waste granule, a prism, or a block. disposal system. Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse-grained soil or soil “a soil.” A pedon is three dimensional and large material consisting mainly of particles of nearly enough to permit study of all horizons. Its the same size. Because there is little difference in area ranges from about 10 to 100 square feet size of the particles, density can be increased (1 square meter to 10 square meters), depending only slightly by compaction. on the variability of the soil. Potential natural community (PNC). The biotic Percolation. The movement of water through the soil. community that would become established on an Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of ecological site if all successional sequences were water through the soil, adversely affecting the completed without interferences by man under specified use. the present environmental conditions. Natural Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables disturbances are inherent in its development. The water or air to move downward through the PNC may include acclimatized or naturalized profile. nonnative species. Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth). Terms describing permeability are: Depth to which roots could penetrate if the Very slow ...... less than 0.06 inch content of moisture in the soil were adequate. Slow ...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch The soil has no properties restricting the Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch penetration of roots to this depth. Moderate ...... 0.6 to 2.0 inches Prescribed burning. The application of fire to land Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches under such conditions of weather, soil moisture, Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches and time of day as presumably will result in the Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches intensity of heat and spread required to accomplish specific forest management, wildlife, pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and grazing, or fire hazard reduction purposes. alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on producing a specified plant or sequence of plants features that affect its use and management, under specific management. such as slope, stoniness, and flooding. Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels through all its horizons and into the parent or pipelike cavities by water moving through the material. soil. Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil maintains enough cover to protect the soil and changes from semisolid to plastic. maintain or improve the quantity and quality of Plasticity index. The numerical difference between the desirable vegetation. This practice increases the liquid limit and the plastic limit. The range of the vigor and reproduction capacity of the key moisture content within which the soil remains plants and promotes the accumulation of litter plastic. and mulch necessary to conserve soil and water. Playa. The generally dry and nearly level lake plain Quartzite, metamorphic. Rock consisting mainly of that occupies the lowest parts of closed quartz that formed through recrystallization of depressional areas, such as those on quartz-rich sandstone or chert. intermontane basin floors. Temporary flooding Quartzite, sedimentary. Very hard but occurs primarily in response to precipitation and unmetamorphosed sandstone consisting chiefly runoff. of quartz grains. 324 Soil Survey
Range condition. The present composition of the The chemical reduction results from nearly plant community on a range site in relation to the continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a potential natural plant community for that site. change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after (See Similarity index.) exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A Range site. (See Ecological site.) type of redox feature. Rangeland. Land on which the potential natural Regeneration. The new growth of a natural plant vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike community, developing from seed. plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered browsing. It includes natural grasslands, rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the savannas, many wetlands, some deserts, loose earth material above the solid rock. tundras, and areas that support certain forb and Relict stream terrace. One of a series of platforms shrub communities. in or adjacent to a stream valley that formed prior Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a to the current stream system. soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land pH 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in surface, considered collectively. reaction because it is neither acid nor alkaline. Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, The degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as weathered or partly weathered mineral material pH values, are: that accumulated as consolidated rock Ultra acid ...... less than 3.5 disintegrated in place. Extremely acid ...... 3.5 to 4.4 Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm Moderately acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 machinery. Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 Riser. The relatively short, steeply sloping area below Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 a terrace tread that grades to a lower terrace Slightly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 tread or base level. Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 Riverwash. Unstable areas of sandy, silty, clayey, or Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 gravelly sediments. These areas are flooded, Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher washed, and reworked by rivers so frequently that they support little or no vegetation. Recessional moraine. A moraine formed during a Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical temporary but significant halt in the retreat of a means during road construction. It is commonly glacier. on the uphill side of the road. Red beds. Sedimentary strata that are mainly red Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having and are made up largely of sandstone and shale. a diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, Redox concentrations. Nodules, concretions, soft boulders, stones, cobbles, and gravel. masses, pore linings, and other features resulting Rock outcrop. Exposures of bare bedrock other than from the accumulation of iron or manganese lava flows and rock-lined pits. oxide. An indication of chemical reduction and Root zone. The part of the soil that can be oxidation resulting from saturation. penetrated by plant roots. Redox depletions. Low-chroma zones from which Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The iron and manganese oxide or a combination of soil is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts iron and manganese oxide and clay has been roots. removed. These zones are indications of the Rubble land. Areas that have more than 90 percent chemical reduction of iron resulting from of the surface covered by stones or boulders. saturation. Voids contain no soil material and virtually no Redox features. Redox concentrations, redox vegetation other than lichens. The areas depletions, reduced matrices, a positive reaction commonly are at the base of mountain slopes, to alpha,alpha-dipyridyl, and other features but some are on mountain slopes as deposits of indicating the chemical reduction and oxidation of cobbles, stones, and boulders left by Pleistocene iron and manganese compounds resulting from glaciation or by periglacial phenomena. saturation. Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in channels from an area. The water that flows off situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II). the surface of the land without sinking into the Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 325
soil is called surface runoff. Water that enters the Sedimentary uplands. Land areas of bedrock soil before reaching surface streams is called formed from water- or wind-deposited sediments. ground-water runoff or seepage flow from ground They are higher on the landscape than the flood water. plain. Saline soil. A soil containing soluble salts in an Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through amount that impairs growth of plants. A saline soil soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified use. does not contain excess exchangeable sodium. Semiconsolidated sedimentary beds. Soft geologic Salinity. The electrical conductivity of a saline soil. It sediments that disperse when fragments are is expressed, in millimhos per centimeter, as placed in water. The fragments are hard or very follows: hard when dry. Determining the texture by the Nonsaline ...... 0 to 4 usual field method is difficult. Slightly saline ...... 4 to 8 Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon Moderately saline ...... 8 to 16 and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Strongly saline ...... more than 16 Eluviation.) Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral are almost alike, except for differences in texture fragments from 0.05 to 2.0 millimeters in of the surface layer or of the underlying material. diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As All the soils of a series have horizons that are a soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or similar in composition, thickness, and more sand and not more than 10 percent clay. arrangement. Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of sand-sized particles. a clay deposit. Sandy soil. Sand or loamy sand. Shallow soil. A soil that is 10 to 20 inches deep over Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly bedrock or to other material that restricts the decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck penetration of plant roots. has the least amount of plant fiber, the highest Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer bulk density, and the lowest water content at of soil material from the land surface by the saturation of all organic soil material. action of rainfall and surface runoff. Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or Shelterwood system. A forest management system positive pressure of the soil water. Under requiring the removal of a stand in a series of conditions of saturation, the water will flow from cuts so that regeneration occurs under a partial the soil matrix into an unlined auger hole. canopy. After regeneration, a final cut removes Sawlogs. Logs of suitable size and quality for the the shelterwood and allows the stand to develop production of lumber. in the open as an even-aged stand. The system is Scarification. The act of abrading, scratching, well suited to sites where shelter is needed for loosening, crushing, or modifying the surface to regeneration, and it can aid regeneration of the increase water absorption or to provide a more more intolerant tree species in a stand. tillable soil. Shoulder. The uppermost inclined surface at the top Scribner’s log rule. A method of estimating the of a hillside. It is the transitional zone from the number of board feet that can be cut from a log of backslope to the summit of a hill or mountain. The a given diameter and length. surface is dominantly convex in profile and Sedimentary plain. An extensive nearly level to erosional in origin. gently rolling or moderately sloping area that is Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when underlain by sedimentary bedrock and that has a dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and slope of 0 to 8 percent. swelling can damage roads, dams, building Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles foundations, and other structures. It can also deposited from suspension in water. The chief damage plant roots. kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, Side slope. A geomorphic component of hills formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from consisting of a laterally planar area of a hillside. sand; shale, formed from clay; and limestone, The overland waterflow is predominantly parallel. formed from soft masses of calcium carbonate. Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The There are many intermediate types. Some wind- mineral form is called quartz. deposited sand is consolidated into sandstone. 326 Soil Survey
Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfaces that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay produced by one mass sliding past another. In (0.002 millimeters) to the lower limit of very fine soils, slickensides may occur at the bases of slip sand (0.05 millimeters). As a soil textural class, surfaces on the steeper slopes; on faces of soil that is 80 percent or more silt and less than blocks, prisms, and columns; and in swelling 12 percent clay. clayey soils, where there is marked change in Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly moisture content. silt-sized particles. Slickspot. A small area of soil having a puddled, Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic crusted, or smooth surface and an excess of criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, exchangeable sodium. The soil generally is loamy and have similar conservation needs or or clayey, is slippery when wet, and is low in management requirements for the major land productivity. uses in the survey area. Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the Similarity index. A similarity index is the percentage horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical of a specific vegetation state plant community distance divided by horizontal distance, then that is presently on the site. multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is Sinkhole. A depression in the landscape where a drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal limestone has been dissolved. distance. In this survey the following slope Site class. A grouping of site indexes into five to classes are recognized: seven production capability levels. Each level can Nearly level ...... 0 to 2 percent be represented by a site curve. Gently sloping ...... 2 to 4 percent Site curve (50-year). A set of related curves on a Moderately sloping ...... 4 to 8 percent graph that shows the average height of dominant Strongly sloping ...... 8 to 15 percent or dominant and codominant trees for the range Moderately steep ...... 15 to 25 percent of ages on soils that differ in productivity. Each Steep ...... 25 to 45 percent level is represented by a curve. The basis of the Very steep ...... more than 45 percent curves is the height of dominant or dominant and codominant trees that are 50 years old or are Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special 50 years old at breast height. practices are required to ensure satisfactory Site curve (100-year). A set of related curves on a performance of the soil for a specific use. graph that shows the average height of dominant Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds, or dominant and codominant trees for a range of resulting from restricted permeability in the soil. ages on soils that differ in productivity. Each level Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than is represented by a curve. The basis of the curves 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small is the height of dominant or dominant and stones adversely affect the specified use of the codominant trees that are 100 years old or are soil. 100 years old at breast height. Sodic (alkali) soil. A soil having so high a degree Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site of alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a based on the height of the dominant stand at an percentage of exchangeable sodium (15 percent arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the or more of the total exchangeable bases), or average height attained by dominant or dominant both, that plant growth is restricted. and codominant trees in a fully stocked stand at Sodicity. The degree to which a soil is affected by the age of 50 years is 75 feet, the site index is 75. exchangeable sodium. Sodicity is expressed as a Skid trails. Pathways along which logs are dragged sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of a saturation to a common site for loading onto a logging truck. extract, or the ratio of Na+ to Ca++ + Mg++. The Slash. The branches, bark, treetops, reject logs, and degrees of sodicity and their respective ratios broken or uprooted trees left on the ground after are: logging. Slight ...... less than 13:1 Slickens. Accumulations of fine textured material, Moderate ...... 13-30:1 such as material separated in placer-mine and Strong ...... more than 30:1 ore-mill operations. Slickens from ore mills commonly consist of freshly ground rock that has Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). A measure of the undergone chemical treatment during the milling amount of sodium (Na) relative to calcium (Ca) process. and magnesium (Mg) in the water extract from Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 327
saturated soil paste. It is the ratio of the Na Strath terrace. A surface cut formed by the erosion concentration divided by the square root of one- of hard or semiconsolidated bedrock and thinly half of the Ca + Mg concentration. mantled with stream deposits. Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with Stream channel. The hollow bed where a natural trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and stream of surface water flows or may flow; the other equipment commonly used in construction. deepest or central part of the bed, formed by the Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s main current and covered more or less surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has continuously by water. properties resulting from the integrated effect of Stream terrace. One of a series of platforms in a climate and living matter acting on earthy parent stream valley, flanking and more or less parallel material, as conditioned by relief over periods of to the stream channel. It originally formed near time. the level of the stream and is the dissected Soil separates. Mineral particles less than remnants of an abandoned flood plain, 2 millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging streambed, or valley floor that were produced between specified size limits. The names and during a former stage of erosion or deposition. sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic the United States are as follows: arrangement of strips or bands that provide Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 vegetative barriers to soil blowing and water Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 erosion. Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.10 particles into compound particles or aggregates. Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 The principal forms of soil structure are platy Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates Clay ...... less than 0.002 longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the and granular. Structureless soils are either single C horizon, in which the processes of soil grain (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or formation are active. The solum in soil consists massive (the particles adhering without any of the A, E, and B horizons. Generally, the regular cleavage, as in many hardpans). characteristics of the material in these horizons Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on are unlike those of the material below the solum. the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects The living roots and plant and animal activities the soil from wind erosion and water erosion after are largely confined to the solum. harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the Species. A single, distinct kind of plant or animal next crop, and during the early growing period of having certain distinguishing characteristics. the new crop. Stone line. A concentration of coarse fragments in a Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part soil. Generally, it is indicative of an old weathered of the solum below plow depth. surface. In a cross section, the line may be one Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth, fragment or more thick. It generally overlies ordinarily to shatter or loosen a layer that is material that weathered in place and is overlain restrictive to roots. by recent sediment of variable thickness. Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB, 60 centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to or EB) below the surface layer. 24 inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat. Summer fallow. The tillage of uncropped land during Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers the summer to control weeds and allow storage that interfere with tillage, or stones cover .01 to of moisture in the soil for the growth of a later 0.1 percent of the surface. Very stony means crop. A practice common in semiarid regions, that 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the surface is covered where annual precipitation is not enough to with stones. Extremely stony means that 3 to produce a crop every year. Summer fallow is 15 percent of the surface is covered with stones. frequently practiced before planting winter grain. Stony soil material. Soil that is 15 to 35 percent, by Summit. A general term for the top, or highest level, volume, rock fragments that are dominated by of an upland feature, such as a hill or mountain. It fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 centimeters) commonly refers to a higher area that has a in diameter. gentle slope and is flanked by steeper slopes. 328 Soil Survey
Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or consists of till and that has a slope of 0 to its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in 8 percent. depth from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the related to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling “Ap horizon.” emergence, and root penetration. Tailwater. The water directly downstream of a Toeslope. The outermost inclined surface at the base structure. of a hill. Toeslopes are commonly gentle and Talus. Rock fragments of any size or shape, linear in profile. commonly coarse and angular, derived from and Too arid (in tables). The soil is dry most of the time, lying at the base of a cliff or very steep rock and vegetation is difficult to establish. slope. The accumulated mass of such loose, Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most broken rock formed chiefly by falling, rolling, or favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily sliding. rich in organic matter and is used to topdress Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. series recognized in the classification system. Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example, Such soils are named for a series they strongly zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to soils in extremely small amounts. They are that series because they differ in ways too small essential to plant growth. to be of consequence in interpreting their use Trafficability. The degree to which a soil is capable and behavior. of supporting vehicular traffic across a wide Terminal moraine. A belt of thick glacial drift that range in soil moisture conditions. generally marks the termination of important Tread. The relatively flat terrace surface that was cut glacial advances. or built by stream or wave action. Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed Tuff. A compacted deposit that is 50 percent or more across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight volcanic ash and dust. angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts Understory. Any plants in a forest community that surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or grow to a height of less than 5 feet. flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than field generally is built so that the field can be the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage the lowlands along streams. has a deep channel that is maintained in Valley. An elongated depressional area primarily permanent sod. developed by stream action. Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily Valley fill. In glaciated regions, material deposited in flat or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the stream valleys by glacial meltwater. In sea. nonglaciated regions, alluvium deposited by Terracette. Small, irregular step-like forms on steep heavily loaded streams. hillslopes, especially in pasture, formed by creep Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors or erosion of surficial materials that may or may assumed to be inherited from the parent material not be induced by trampling of livestock such as rather than to be the result of poor drainage. sheep or cattle. Varve. A sedimentary layer or a lamina or sequence Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, of laminae deposited in a body of still water within and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic a year. Specifically, a thin pair of graded textural classes, in order of increasing proportion glaciolacustrine layers seasonally deposited, of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy usually by meltwater streams, in a glacial lake or loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay other body of still water in front of a glacier. loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and Very deep soil. A soil that is more than 60 inches clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam deep over bedrock or to other material that classes may be further divided by specifying restricts the penetration of plant roots. “coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.” Very shallow soil. A soil that is less than 10 inches Thin layer (in tables). A layer of otherwise suitable deep over bedrock or to other material that soil material that is too thin for the specified use. restricts the penetration of plant roots. Till plain. An extensive, nearly level to gently rolling Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional or moderately sloping area that is underlain by or areas that are excavated at an angle across a Granite County Area, Montana—Part I 329
sloping road. They are used to reduce the Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of downward velocity of water and divert it off and coarse-grained particles that are well distributed away from the road surface. Water bars can over wide range in size or diameter. Such soil easily be driven over if constructed properly. normally can be easily increased in density and Water-spreading. Diverting runoff from natural bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with channels by means of a system of dams, dikes, poorly graded soil. or ditches and spreading it over relatively flat Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The surfaces. moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at Weathering. All physical and chemical changes which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the much that it does not recover when placed in a earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These humid, dark chamber. changes result in disintegration and Windthrow. The action of uprooting and tipping over decomposition of the material. trees by the wind. Accessibility Statement
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