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The Prehistory of the Lolo and Bitterroot National Forests : an Overview

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The Prehistory of the Lolo and Bitterroot National Forests : an Overview The Prehistory of the Lolo and Bitterroot National Forests : an Overview TEEPEES AT NEZ PERCE PASS 1899' USDA F9_rest Service, Northern Region Lalo and Bitterroot National Forests 19-86 - C. Milo McLeod ---7 Zone Archeologist i Douglas Melton Archeologicaf Technician THE PREHISTORY OF THE LOLO AND BITTERROOT NATIONAL FORESTS (AN OVERVIEW) OR "MAKING IT IN A MARGINAL ENVIROM-1ENT THE PAST 10,000 YEARS!" JANUARY 1986 C. Milo McLeod Zone Archeologist Lolo/Bitterroot National Forests Douglas Melton Archeological Technician Lolo National Forest ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Anyone who has undertaken the task of researching and writing an "overview" is aware of the magnitude of the job. The authors have spent well over a year researching, writing, editing, and of course reediting drafts of this document. The project, however, could never have been completed without the support of many people both within and outside the Forest Service who either worked on or, from a management or supervisory capacity, strongly supported the project. Special thanks is extended to Dr. Ernestine Green, Regional Archeologist, who recognized the need for an overview of the Lolo and Bitterroot National Forests and acquired the necessary funds to accomplish the job. Special thanks is also extended to Orville Daniels, Forest Supervisor, Lolo National Forest, who has consistently supported the Cultural Resource Management Program since its inception. Thanks to Chuck Spoon, Program Officer for Resources, Lolo National Forest, and Dave Colclough and Chuck Troxel, Bitterroot National Forest, for supporting the project whenever required from beginning to end. Thanks to Marcella Scherfy, Alan Stanfill, and Dave Schwab at the ~bntana State Historic Preservation Office for reading and commenting on chapter drafts and providing encouragement as well as constructive criticism. Thanks to Tom Green at the Idaho State Historic Preservation Office and to Dfok Malouf, Forest .Archeologist, Mark Twain National Forest, for reading and commenting on this document before publication. They too provided encouragement as well as constructive criticism. Thanks to everyone who supported us in our document search and willingly provided copies of other overviews or related articles necessary for researching a project of this type. These people include but are not limited to: John Taylor, Bureau of Land Management; Cort Sims, Idaho Panhandle National Forests; Karl Roenke, Clearwater National Forest; David Rice, Army Corps of Engineer~; Leo Flynn, University of Idaho Department of Anthropology; Dr. Dee C. Taylor and Dr. Thomas Foor, University of Montana Department of Anthropology; Dr. Sally T. Grieser, Historical Research Associates; Linda Ward-Williams and Larry Robson, Bureau of Reclamation; and Joe Gallagher, USDA Forest Service, Idaho Zone Archeologist. Appreciation is also extended to Timothy Light, Ben Munger, and Kirby Matthew. Under the direction of Tim Light, these people conducted the cultural resource compliance workload of project survey and site testing as well as report preparation during the 1984 field season for both the Lolo and Bitterroot National Forests. Without their ability to work harrroniously together and competently tackle a sizable workload, the 1984 field season would have been a chaotic disaster and this document not completed as scheduled. i Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge those support people who have contributed their technical services and skills to make this as high quality a document as possible: Harriet Lang, Lolo National Forest, and Janene Caywood, Historical Research Associates, who edited drafts and also provided constructive criticism on the contents; Bob Bond, Region One photcgrapher, who reproduced the photographs for publication; Chris Fluri, Lolo National Forest, who constructed the maps, charts, and provided the illustrations of Pleistocene mammals and site types; and Lorna McNay, Carolyn Flynn, and Laurie Hamers, Lolo National Forest, who came to know this document so well from typing, editing, and revising chapter after chapter. A hearty thanks is extended to everyone who support~ or in fact worked on this undertaking. Without your help, it would not have been completed. Finally, the ultimate responsibility for any errors, misrepresentations, or inaccuracies within this overview lies directly with the authors, C. Milo McLeod, Zone Archeologist, and Douglas Melton, Archeological Technician. ii Acknowledgments ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• i List of Figures .••.•................•••....•••••.••......•.•...•..•.....•• vii T" o J ,,... r"01 J I • LlS~ or t'no-c.ograpns •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••.••.•••• 1x About the Authors •.•.•••.•••••.•...••••.••••.•••••••.••••••••.•..•.•••..•... x I. INTRODUCTION •••••••••.•••.•.•••••.•.•••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••• I-1 A. Goals .•.•••••..•.............•.•.....•....••...•...•......•.•...•. I-1 B. Methods ......•..••.•••.......••.••••••••.....•••..•••.....•..•...• I-2 C. Limitations .....•................................................ I-3 II. ENVIRONMENTAL SETI'ING PA.BL_I..:._THE P~ESENI_ ............................ II-1 A. Geology/Physiography ••.. o ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• o •••••••••• II-2 B. Climate •.....•................. ., ...•.•.......................•...II-3 C. Vegetation ..•.•.•.......•........................................ II-3 D. Fire Ecology ....•..•......•••...••.....•••.•......... o ............II-4 E. Fauna and Flora ...•••.•..•..•..•.•..•••..•...•.•...•....••••.•... II-5 F. Geothermal Areas (Hot Springs) •...••.•...•..•.•..••.•..•.••..•... II-6 III. ENVIRONMENTAL SnnNG PART ll.;_LAIE. PLEISTQCENE-MID-HOLOC_ENE . ..•....III-1 A. Sediment/Pollen Studies Conducted Within or Adjacent •.••.•.•••.• III-1 to the Study Area B. Paleo-Fauna that Existed Within or Near the Study Area •...••...•III-4 C. Volcanic Ash Studies Conducted Within or Near the Study Area ...• III-9 D. Glacial Geology of Western Montana ...•.••••.••....•••.••.•••... III-10 E. Glacial Lake Missoula; Its Distribution and Time Span ...••••...III-13 F. Summary ••.•..•............•...•........•.....•..••.•...........III-15 IV. PREVIOUS ARCHEOLOG.ICAL_LNYES_IIGATIONS IN :wESIEfilUKLNIANA . ............ IV-1 AND EAST-CENTRAL IDAlID A. Academic Archeological Research Conducted Within Westem ...•••.•• IV-1 Montana and East-Central Idaho B. Consultant Archeological Work (Contract Archeology) ....•..••...•. IV-2 Conducted Within the Study Area C. Forest Service Archeological Projects •••..•.•.•••.•.••.....•...•. IV-3 iii v. mHISIQBIC_QYERYIEH . ........ • • • • • • a e • e • • e • • e e • a e a a a O e • • 0 0 • a e 4 e • • II 8 I .V-1 A. Man Enters tr1e New World .....•.........•.•......•........•...•....V-1 tl i., • Cultural Chronological Frameivork . .•...............................V-2 1. Mulloy 1952, 1958 ...........................................V-4 2. Malouf 1956 ................................................ .,.V-6 3. Reeves 1969 . ..... " $ o • ~ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••V-7 4. Leonhardy and Rice 1970 .•....••.•..••...••..••••• ,.. , •...••.. V-8 5. Reeves 1972 • • e a e e e O O O 11 e • & IJ e 6 ti- C ~ c, e e e e a O • e e e e e • e O e e O e e • • e e e e .V-10 6. Flint 1982 ............•..................•... " .....•....... V-12 7 . Roll 19 82 ..................................................V-13 c. Summary ••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••• f, ••••••••••••••••••• " •• , •••• V-15 D. Prehistoric and Early Historic Life Ways ••••.••••••.•.•••.••.••..V-16 1 . Early Prehistoric (10000-5500 B.C.) ..•....•..•....•••...•.. V-16 2. Middle Period (5500 B.C. - A.D. 500) .......................V-20 3. Late Prehistoric Period (A.D. 500-1700) ......•.•..•••.••••.V-24 4. Proto-Historic Period (A.D. 1700-1800) ....•...•..........•.V-27 5, Early Historic Period (A.D. 1800-1855). , .•.........•••.•...V-27 VI. .VI-1 A. Pit Houses - Village Sites •.••..••.•.••.••.••.•••••••••...••••••.VI-1 B. Can1p Sites . ......................................... ,. o ...........VI-2 C. Quarry Sites/Lithic Procurement Areas ••.••...•••••••••••..•••••••VI-2 D. Lj_thic Scatters .. ................................................VI-5 E. Rock Art . ........................ , ..................................VI-6 F. Scarred Trees . ................................................ 6 •• VI-8 G. Trails .......... "f! ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••VI-10 H. Stone Cairns . .......................................... e • o •••••• VI-10 I. Burials .......... "' .. " .................. " ................... o •• o • e 5 ••• VI-1 1 J. Religious Sites ........................................ e •••••••• VI-12 K. Roasting Pi ts . ...... CJ O "~ '" • C, ••••• C, •••••• fl ••• I • e ••••••••••••••••• ..vI-13 iv l'Ae.LKJ)E..J;.OlU.OOS. (Continued> Ea~ VII. filli.N.00-RA.fBY.;_UE.EWAY_s_J)E_&TIVE GROJJE1LDlJlUN.G.JI:I.E_ P.ROIOBlS1'DBIC . ..• VII-1 AND...EABLY_fil.SIQRlC_P.EfilQDS A. Kootenai o ••••••••• " ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • VII-2 B. Flathead and Pend d'Oreille •..•.•••.•.•••••.•.•••••••••••.•••.• VII-7 C . Nez Pe re e . '°' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • " • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • VI I-1 3 D. Northern Shoshone .. ...........................................VII-18 VIII . D.IS!lJJ.C.T._AR.Cli..EQLQG.1.CAL .. AB.EMLOJLI.lffi_LDLCLA..NILfilTTERROOT ..•.......•VI I I-1 NAII.O.NAJ,__ fQ.RE.STS A. Reasons for the Stratification of Areas •..•....•.•••..•.••.•••VIII-2 B. Section I - Salmon and Selway Rivers (Idaho) •••••.•.•.••••••••
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