The Trends , 1^ ^ .
Guide to the Internetjt
3 http://www.elsevier.com/locate/trendsguide
1996 ~ NEW from R&D Systems
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Net Jargon ... the key terms explained
Basic Internet Facilities
Cover design by Nigel Hynes. . . . e-mail, list servers, newsgroups, ftp, Telnet and gopher
Guest Editor Jem Rashbass Editor Louise Walsh Webwatching 8 Production Designer Margaret Newell ... getting to grips with the Illustration Craig Santus World Wide Web Publisher Peter Desmond
S o ftw a re The Internet - the global communication system that connects ... for Mac, PC and Unix platforms millions of users - is becoming hard to ignore. How important is the Information Superhighway? Well, it seems likely that the effect of this technological revolution on our lives will be as significant as television, telephone or radio. Soon we will be How to Connect 10 able to do our shopping in virtual reality supermarkets; read . . . a few easy steps books and journals in virtual libraries; and attend conferences in cyberspace. These facilities will be widespread and taken for granted, both in the workplace and at home. Net Publishing 12 However, with this enthusiasm and excitement come concerns: ... new frontiers in communicating how will the infrastructure of the Internet cope with the spiralling information demand? At the present rate of increase, the number of people connected to the Internet will equal the current world population by the year 2002. Ironically, the Internet’s limitless capacity for providing information can be frustrating rather than enlightening; Destinations 14 as the Internet grows, so must the means for searching, sorting . . . a selection of sites to visit and displaying its wares if you are going to find what you want. However, these are exciting times, and as we move towards the 21st century, it is becoming increasingly clear that you can’t afford not to be connected. Bookshelf 14 But where do you start if you are relatively new to this . . . where to go next for help technology? How do you find out what it can offer? How do you connect? Which software should you use? Don't panic! This guide will lead you through those all-important first steps to help For information about the Trends journals, please you access the wealth of resources available. We have provided contact one of the following addresses: a glossary of key terms and, throughout the text, we highlight these acronyms or terms as they appear in each section. Editorial and Advertising enquiries Elsevier Trends Journals, 68 Hills Road, Cambridge, UK CB2 1LA. Furthermore, you will find all the URLs listed in this guide, as well Tel: +44 1223 315961 as links to the Elsevier Science home page, at our Web site: Fax: +44 1223 321410 http://www.elsevier.com/locate/trendsguide Subscription enquiries UK and Rest of World: The Americas: Elsevier Science Ltd, Elsevier Science Inc., Jem Rashbass Louise Walsh Journals Circulation Department, 660 White Plains Road. Dept of Histopathology Elsevier Trends Journals PO Box 800, Kidlington, Tarrytown, Oxford, UK 0X5 1DX. NY 10591-5153, USA. University of Cambridge 68 Hills Road Tel: +44 1865 843300 Tel: +1 914 524 9200 Cambridge Cambridge Fax: +44 1865 843940 Fax: +1 914 333 2444 UK CB2 2QQ UK CB2 1LA e-mail: [email protected] http://www.elsevier.nl ([email protected]) ([email protected]) http://www.elsevier.com
Copyright Information: ©1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. This supplement and the individual contributions contained in it are protected by the copyright of Elsevier Science Ltd. See page IV or the Diary section in the accompanying Trends journal for further terms and conditions that apply to ELSEVIER Elsevier Trends Journals would the copyright. Except as outlined in the terms and conditions, no part of this like to thank Beckman for their publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted TRENDS support In sponsoring this in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording I öl «Mils supplement. BECKMAN or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Publisher.
3 Evolution of the Net
he Internet grew out of an began to spring up in Europe, including EARN a much larger science research community, experimental network, called the (European Academic Research Network) and and eventually superseded the ARPAnet as TARPAnet, built for the US JANET (Joint Academic Network). the framework for the Internet; ARPAnet was Department of Defense in 1969 by the officially decommissioned in 1990. The Advanced Research Project Agency current NSFnet backbone transmits at (ARPA). This was based on a so-called 45 million bits per second (Mbps) and Sender ‘packet-switching network’ whereby data, upgrades to 155 Mbps and beyond are such as an e-mail message, is broken up into planned. packets. These packets are forwarded individually by adjacent computers on the Grasping the Net network, acting as routers, and are What now comprises the Internet is hard to reassembled in their original form at their define. John Quarterman of the Matrix destination. Packet switching allows Information and Directory Services (MIDS) multiple users to send information across coined the term ‘the Matrix’ to encompass the network both efficiently and ‘all computers and networks able to simultaneously, saving time and costs over communicate with each other’, although phone lines, and satellite and radio many of these computers only provide e-mail.
connections. And, because packets can take - Technically, the ‘Internet’ constitutes only alternative routes through the network, interconnected IP networks and networks data transmission is easily maintained if parts Data transmitted via the Internet is broken Into that are moving to a new standard called OSI packets, forwarded by routers and reassembled of the network are damaged or not (Open System Interconnection) protocol. functioning efficiently. Using this technology, Today, approximately half of the Internet military communications could be Correct protocol networks are commercial and one third are maintained in the event that nuclear war or In 1983, ARPA changed the original Network associated with educational and research sabotage were to interfere with Control Protocol, which governed how the institutions. There are about 40 000 registered communication lines. However, even from electronic message is broken up and computer networks containing over five early on, the use of the network for peaceful reassembled across the network, to the million host computers and an estimated scientific research and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP ). The 20-3 5 million users worldwide. Why is the communication dominated any widespread use of TCP together with IP Internet so popular? This technology has potential military uses. allowed many networks to become revolutionized the way we communicate and interconnected with ARPAnet through devices obtain information: never before have so Going global called gateways. Connecting networks, many resources been available to so many By December 1969, technically known as ‘internetworking’, gave people. Of these facilities, the World Wide four American rise to the term the ‘Internet’ for this Web (WWW ) is the newest available, and has universities were ARPAnet-centred network of networks. spawned tremendous growth of Internet connected, forming services. Developed in 1992 by the first distributed Tim Berners-Lee at the European high energy packet-switching physics laboratory, CERN, it permits the network. Over the display of data as pages of multimedia 1970s and early JANET « 1 network -y objects that can include text, graphics, audio
1980s, the Internet Router/ and video. These pages are linked together ’ Protocol (IP) - the Gateway with hypertext pointers so that data stored ARPAnet decommissioned procedure that on computers in vastly different locations can determines the be pulled in over the network onto your INTERNET addressing and computer. Currently, there are estimated to appropriate routing BITNET be approximately 200 000 WWW sites. of data packets over As you might expect from something the network - was originally set up by computer experts implemented on many Commercial Internet -'U working for the military, the jargon abounds. different kinds of provider But things have changed, and the WWW in computers. ARPAnet particular has made it relatively easy for continued to grow and, anyone, no matter how inexperienced, to by August 1983, there The Internet Is a collection of many networks gain access to all kinds of information. were 562 networked host communicating with each other using TCP/IP What’s more, you don’t need to know the computers. Other first thing about packets and protocols to independent networks were Three years later, the US National Science take advantage of what’s out there. So, after also being created at the Foundation (NSF) established a national a quick tour of the key terms, and a browse of same time. USENET network based on ARPA TCP/IP protocols to the basic Internet facilities and software, it’s (UNIX Users Group Network) connect five supercomputer hubs with a high just a few steps further to getting connected. started in 1979, and CSNET speed network backbone (56 000 bits per (Computer and Science second - a snail’s pace compared with Network) and BITNET today’s rates) using commercial phone lines. Stephen Pastan Number of networked (‘Because It’s There’ or Regional, local and campus networks could ([email protected]) is at the Dept of Medicine, i/host computers (data ‘Because It’s Time’) in compiled by Network connect to the NSFnet via the closest hub. Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta, wizards, http://nw.com) 1981. Networks also The NSFnet brought computer networking to GA 30308, USA. I Net Jargon
active map/imagemap A picture in which clicking on different areas provides links to different URLs add-ons Programs that provide extra facilities for a WWW browser e.g. sound, video (see helper application) anonymous ftp A means of retrieving files from the host computer as an unnamed guest with limited privileges Archie An indexing tool that helps you to find files that are available by anonymous ftp ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange; basically a document without any formatting codes BBS Bulletin Board Service browser A program that accesses the WWW and reads hypertext (see client) bulletin board The Internet equivalent of a notice board, where messages can be posted and read by anyone CGI Common Gateway Interface; a programming mechanism for servers client A computer (or, more specifically, a software application, e.g. a browser) that uses the resources provided by another computer (the server) domain The naming hierarchy of the Internet is based on domains (e.g. a University department), within which each computer has a unique name domain name server (DNS) DNS converts between a machine name (e.g. [email protected]) and a numerical IP Internet address e-mail Electronic mail; a means of exchanging messages, which may include enclosed files and graphics, depending on the sophistication of the system FAQ Frequently Asked Questions; many USENET newsgroups have a list of FAQs fill-in form A document on a WWW page in which you can enter information firewall A combination of software and hardware that limits access to a WWW site and provides a degree of security ftp File Transfer Protocol; a mechanism for transferring files across a network gateway A computer system that joins and translates between two otherwise incompatible networks or applications I GIF Graphics Interchange Format; an algorithm for image compression developed for the commercial Internet provider CompuServe gopher A menu-driven system of disseminating and accessing information on the Internet (see Veronica) graphical browser A browser capable of displaying pictures (e.g. Mosaic and Netscape) helper application Another name for add-ons, usually applied to Macintosh computers home page The starting page for access to the WWW or, alternatively, a personal page of information host A computer on the network HTML HyperText Markup Language; the coding syntax used to write WWW pages, which are read by browsers HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol; the WWW protocol that performs the request and retrieve functions of a server hypertext The basic concept behind the WWW, whereby one resource can be linked to any other information elsewhere on the WWW Internet The worldwide distributed network of computers connected using TCP/IP, or similar protocols IP number The unique number for a machine on the Internet (see domain name server) JPEG Joint Photographic Expert Group; an algorithm for image compression U N Local Area Network; a network that serves a small area list server A program that sends mailing lists to subscribers by e-mail MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension; an e-mail extension allowing inclusion of nontextual information (e.g. graphics, video), and also used to indicate different types of WWW documents modem Modulator/Demodulator; hardware that translates digital computer signals into sounds that can be transmitted down a telephone line MOO Multi-User Dimension Object Orientated; an enhanced MUD with an object-based environment (e.g. BioMOO) MPEG Moving Picture Expert Group; a standard for digital encoding of video k MUD Multi-User Dimension; a virtual reality site on the Internet where multiple users can interact multimedia A document or program that integrates text, graphics, audio and video NCSA National Centre for Supercomputing Applications; the birth place of NCSA Mosaic and NCSA Telnet OSI Open Systems Interconnection; a technical specification of communication protocols packet The basic unit of data transmitted over the Internet; packets are transmitted independently and then reassembled at their destination POP Post Office Protocol; a program that allows mail to be stored and retrieved by remote computer PoP Point of Presence; an access point to the Internet provided by your service provider PPP Point to Point Protocol; a protocol that allows a computer to transmit packets by TCP/IP using a standard telephone line and a m odem (similar to SLIP) protocol A means by which different types of computers communicate with each other (see TCP/IP) router Hardware connecting two networks that use the same protocols, allowing transfer of data between them server A computer, or a program on the computer, acting as an Internet site whose data is available to the client service provider A commercial company that sells Internet connection facilities site A collective term covering all the Internet facilities offered by one organization SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol; similar to PPP and now being superseded by it TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol; the communications program common to most connected Internet computers Telnet A program that allows users to login to other computers on the Internet via TCP/IP URL Uniform Resource Locator; an address that specifies the location of a file on the Internet (e.g. http://www.elsevier.com/locate/trendsguide), usually used for the WWW USENET A system for disseminating news among cooperating computers Veronica Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerized Archives; an indexing tool that helps you find gopher files viewer A program that allows graphics or video files to be viewed by a WWW browser WWW World Wide Web (or just the Web); a hypertext-based Internet service providing information and resources
5 Internet List server Facilities copies e-mail
Communication, discussion, news S en t to o th e r gathering, information transfer: th e tip subscribers by e -m a il of the Internet iceberg. This section Subscriber gives you a taster of the basic sends e-mail facilities on offer.
e-m ail List servers Newsgroups are arranged in a e-mail is the electronic equivalent of A list server/mail server is a hierarchical tree, beginning with broad postal mail or ‘snail-maiF, and discussion group created to share ideas categories, with the topics becoming is probably the most widely used and knowledge on a subject; more specific as you move along the facility on the Internet. It is much LISTSERV is the most common list branches. Newsreader software | faster than conventional postal server program. A message sent to a allows you to post an article to any services: messages can reach list is copied and then forwarded by group for others to read; the title is transatlantic destinations in seconds. e-mail to every person who subscribes what others will see listed in their to the list, thereby providing an newsreaders, so it pays to make it « Recipient» «Subject* 0 s excellent resource for distributing informative. If you wish to add a ✓ ✓9K To usar idldoaian cowitry information to a group with a shared comment to messages that have Fro* jeeSeo I « bio c a ac i* Subjact What it« about interest. Any subscriber can contribute already been posted, you add it to the Cc Carbon Copy (avwryona «Isa knows who has racaivad it) Bec Blind Carbon Copy (no-on* knows uho «'sa has racaiuad it) actively to the list by posting messages, ‘thread’ of the article so that it appears A ttadwnts Doo—nts. pro^w s. videos or graphics or can simply read the ones that others grouped along with other comments. S ia p ty fill in yocr- taxt aassaqa hara and prass sand! post when they arrive by e-mail. Although the quality of information in Information froa a ligatura f i la' can ba added automatical ly to any aassaga Discussion groups are usually newsgroups is very variable, they can created and monitored by someone be an invaluable way of trying to find with an interest in that subject and are an answer to a specific question. The mail is transferred between open to anyone. You join the list machines on the Internet, which act as simply by sending an appropriately post boxes that store the mail, so that worded e-mail request to the list. The N ew sread er there’s no need to leave your own program automatically reads your softw are Address suffixes computer switched on. Although e-mail message, extracts your address .ac academic e-mail programs vary, most allow you and adds you to the circulation list. institution (UK) to save, print or reply to a message, Usually, the first message that you .com commercial and some allow you to attach receive lets you know that you have U ser's co m p u ter organization word-processing documents, programs, successfully subscribed to the list and .edu educational videos or graphics. also tells you how to leave the list - facility (USA) An e-mail address has three basic don’t lose it! •gov government components: the user name, an @ sign .mil military and the user’s location or ‘domain’ USENET/newsgroups (according to a hierarchical structure). .net network Unlike list servers, which disseminate resource Some programs allow you to add a so- information on a specific topic from called ‘signature’ to the end of every one person to many, newsgroup •org other message - this might give your snail- organizations servers (e.g. USENET) provide access mail address, telephone and fax number. to thousands of topic-based discussion group services that are Newsgroup nomenclature open to everyone. Using alt various topics; not carried by all sites specific newsreader bionet research biology software (see Software), biz business access is provided comp computers through a local host or news server machine, mise discussions that don’t fit anywhere else often run by an Internet news news about USENET service provider. rec hobbies, games and recreation However, not all sei science providers give access to soc 'social' groups all newsgroups talk politics and related topics available. 6 ftp Connect using ftp host name or IP number Login with username or anonymously The placing and retrieving of files over Enter Password (e.g. e-mail address) the Internet by ftp is one of the most Identify directory (changing directory if necessary) on server useful facilities: it allows you to download software, product upgrades, information and so on. To connect to a remote computer, you must first know the address, have a user ID and a password. However, many computers are now set up as ‘anonymous ftp servers’; these allow any user to download files or programs. Some even provide ‘upload’ space. When you use anonymous ftp, the convention is to give the user identity as ‘anonymous’ and enter your e-mail computer. Providing you have Internet information has been retrieved, it can address as the password. An indexing access from your computer, you can be displayed directly on your computer. tool named Archie will help you find use Telnet to contact a host machine specific files among the many available simply by typing in the host name or WWW by anonymous ftp. Many ftp servers IP number.You will then be asked for The Web has rapidly become the I supply a small amount of text a login identity and your password. graphical user interface of the Internet, information when you login. Read it Often buried within Telnet is a version and is so popular and well used that carefully since it often gives the answers of ftp, so you can transfer files from we have devoted a separate section to to specific features found on that ftp the TCP/IP host to your own computer. this facility (see Webwatching). site. Using ftp takes a bit of practice, but you can get help at the ftp prompt Emoticons by typing ‘help’ or ‘?’. To get more - a series of letters that sketch out a facial expression when you information on each topic, type ‘help’ look at them sideways; widely used in e-mail and newsgroups to followed by the topic. Files that are not indicate an emotion; also known as ‘smileys’. Here are just a few. text (e.g. programs, images or video) Gopher The basic smileys... :-) happy ;-) winking :-(sad must be transferred to binary format in Gopher was created by the University Smileys for the more advanced... the ftp program. One thing to bear in of Minnesota Microcomputer 8- ) wearing sunglasses :- ))) rather overweight mind: although it doesn’t matter what Workstation Networks Center, and was (:- ) follicularly disadvantaged :* ) one drink too many type of computer you have, the one of the first ‘user-friendly’ ways to :- )' tendency to dribble #- ( badly hungover connection to the Internet does affect find information on the Internet. It is a ftp-a dial-in (SUP/PPP) or direct menu-driven program that allows you connection allows files to download to click your way around the network What next? directly, but a dial-up connection via a of information servers or ‘gopher holes’ service provider will involve a on the Internet. Each gopher hole is Now you’ve an idea of the sort of two-step and lengthier download. hierarchical and you move up and down the tree using arrow keys, clicking on facilities the Internet offers, what individual entries to retrieve the information. The information might choices govern your next steps? include text, sound and images. The gopher system is impressive owing to You need to know which software its simplicity, as well as to the volume gives you access to the facilities you Telnet and variety of information available. want for the machine you use, and Telnet is a simple program created by To help you retrieve this information, you’ll need to know if you can the NCSA that uses the communication an indexing tool called Veronica download it from the Internet free of protocol of the Internet (TCP/IP) to searches all gopher servers for a set of charge. You’ll also need to know what provide a connection onto another keywords that you provide. Once the sort of connection to the Internet is best for you. Its worth checking with Netiquette an Internet provider what is the most - a term coined to describe the unwritten rules of conduct when communicating over cost-effective connection depending on the Internet, particularly when using USENET. These can be summarized as follows: the facilities you want - if you only want to send and receive e-mail, there’s • Don’t SHOUT! Typing in capitals is regarded as shouting. no need to have a connection that • Don’t spam. ‘Spamming1 is posting adverts or flooding newsgroups with allows you to publish and administer repeated information. Web pages. The subsequent sections • Quote at minimum from previous messages - users can always refer back. should help you with these choices... • Be relevant. Don't post in the wrong newsgroup. • Check the FAQs before you ask the same old questions. Basically, so long as you respect others and don't resort to rudeness, time-wasting, Michele Hales or infringement of netiquette, then you should avoid being flamed - receiving heated, ([email protected]) is at the Dept of Laboratory Medicine and and usually insulting, replies to your message. Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T66 2R7. Webwatching
or many people, the WWW has become This sounds simple; in fact, the Web is very user of the Web can install their own collection synonymous with the Internet. In fact, simple to use and to find one’s way around. of helper applications to deal with the sorts Fthe Web is just one Internet application, The hypertextual nature of Web documents of data they plan to use (see Software). The a way of using this vast interconnnected Web browser calls the appropriate ___ The image stored at network to find and view information from this Web site can helper when needed. For example, around the world. be rotated in space users of Microsoft Windows can by the user. get a program to let them play Hypertext Apple QuickTime movies. The main use of the Web is for information retrieval, whereby multimedia documents are Find and seek copied over the Internet for local viewing. For the casual or random user, the The Web is in fact a multimedia hypertext- Web appears as a multilingual, any sort of digital data can be distributed multimedia bazaar, with inside a Web document, and each document thousands of sites offering untold contains links to other documents, as shown and unstructured riches. However, by highlighted or underlined text. Simply the lack of any overall control on click on the word and you can travel to the what is published on the Web does document in question. not mean that finding things is a Web documents are written using a random process. There are two markup language called HTM L The codes I m n o m m a m O K O M a n M main tools for those using the may specify attributes such as paragraphs, http://chem.leeds.ac.uk/Project/MIME.html Web in a directed fashion. First, I bold text and so on, or they can refer to makes navigation straightforward, and many there are Web catalogues; the best known of image files that are to be incorporated into documents provide indexes to other places of these is Yahoo, which organizes Web sites by the document, or they can be cross-references interest on the Web. subject classification. Alternatively, there are to other documents anywhere on the Web. The choice of browser is central to the way the Web databases, where the contents of in which you use the Web. All browsers work Web pages are indexed and searchable; Lycos Location to Internet standards and, until relatively and InfoSeek are the best examples of these. Every Web document has a title, called the recently, all Web documents Uniform Resource Locator ( URL).The URL could be viewed by all ______■ netsc.ge: L i) i« v Ii k Home Page ______consists of the name of the computer on browsers. However, the recent o> jI ______JI Hum»ö | I ® t I ^ | I Op«'~ ( Print - | FiMlÄ f ______{I fa A M which the document is stored and a file name. commercialization of the Fortunately, when browsing the Web, most Internet and the Web has meant c SEARCH HELP i REFERENCE URLs will be embedded in other documents that companies see a commercial & NEWS i ADO/DELETE UHL so you do not need to type them. advantage in adding new £ HOT LISTS 4 > I^C O S INC features to their browsers. The THE CA1W.0GOFTHE INTERNET ( , POINT REVIEWS ( . POINT NOW Just browsing best example of this is Netscape: Vahoo m m i browser The key to the Web is the program, the Netscape Navigator, >1 a i ft I Back j Hom» 1R«lo*d 1 p™. j Find ( which is used to retrieve and display Web a browser from Netscape • il c \ a l i i 3 documents. The browser is an Internet- Communications Corp. compatible program that runs on your local in the USA. Netscape computer, whether it is a Mac, PC or Unix have added to the Web’s workstation, and does three things for Web HTML standard to documents: provide features like • it uses the Internet to retrieve documents formatted tables, from other computers, called servers? coloured backgrounds • it displays these documents on your screen, and so on. Although using formatting specified in the document; these are attractive • it makes the displayed documents active, features, they are not so that pointing and clicking on a cross- standard and many other referenced item in a document will take browsers do not work properly when they The Web is large and growing rapidly. The you to the reference. meet them. Nevertheless, the number of people Lycos database indexes over eight million designing for Netscape means that it Web documents, and there are probably ___Netscme: Welcome to sr+tcmy I H & I s I s I a I ft I T~Ë i has succeeded in becoming the de facto many more unindexed sites. Finding your ten» I I imagu | Qpf< | Print | Pin* | | j HH standard for browsers, and you should way around the Web can therefore seem w— *n«/s c o » r I look for a browser that supports the impossible. But, with the help of a good ‘Netscape extensions’ to HTML. search tool, things will suddenly seem less daunting. Many software files can be Camera, lights, action! downloaded free of charge from the Internet, Although the Web is multimedia, a as described in the next section... browser does not automatically know how to deal with every possible type of digital data. With so many different Bill Thompson and competing formats for sound, ([email protected]) is head of The Guardian New video and images around, it would be Media Lab (Tel: +44 171 713 4461: Fax: +44 171 impossible to keep up. Instead, each 713 4475). 8 Software
Software We all know about commercial software: you buy it, register it, and get a manual and the disks to go with it. With freeware, the program is completely free, there may or may not be a manual and, depending upon the developer, there may be some support, often by e-mail. Many of these free programs are outstanding, but there may be the occasional incompatibility, so make sure you look at the 'readme' file. Some freeware is only free if you are a member of the academic community. Shareware sits on the fence between commercial and freeware: you can copy it, distribute it and try it out and, if you decide to keep it, then there is a small cost to pay to the developer, who will often let you know about upgrades to the program. With PostcardWare, you send the developer a postcard, preferably with a picture on the front. Name Platform* Free/Share/ Site Mac PC/Win Comm" version version E-mail Eudora Mac/PC Free/Comm ftp://ftp.qualcomm.com/quest/ 1.51 1.44 Pegasus Win Free/Share/ ftp://risc.ua.edu/pub/network/pegasus/winpm*.zip 1.22 Comm ftp://tyr.let.rug.nl/pub/pmail/winpm*.zip Browsers Netscape Navigator Mac/Win/Unix FreeAc/Comm http://home.netscape.com/comprod/mirror/index.html 2.0 2.0 NCSA Mosaic Mac/Win/Unix Free ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/ 2.01 2.0 MacWeb Mac Free ftp://ftp.einet.net/einet/mac/macweb/macweb.latest.sea.hqx 1.1 Newsreaders Newswatcher Mac Free ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/mac- umich/util/comm/usenet/newswatcher2.0.sit.hqx 2.0 WinVN Win Share gopher://micros.hensa.ac.uk:70/00/micros/ibmpc/win/e/e584/ 0.99-4 Gophers W SGopher Win Free ftp://dewey.tis.inel.gov/pub/wsgopher 1.1 lyG op h e r Win Free ftp://oak.oakland.edu/SimTel/win3/winsock/wgpher.zip 2.2 "urboGopher Mac Free ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/mac- umich/util/comm/gopher/turbogopher2.0.1.sit.hqx 2.01 FTP software WS_FTP Win Free ftp://oak.oakland.edu/SimTel/win3/winsock/ws_ftp.zip 1.0 Fetch Mac Free ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/mac-umich/util/comm/fetch2.12.sit.hqx 3.0 Telnet NCSA Telnet Mac Free ftp://ftp.utexas.edu/pub/mac/tcpip/ncsa-telnet-26.hqx 2.6 Trumpet Win Free ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/micro/msdos/win3/winsock/trmptel.zip Combined software Cham eleon“ Win Comm http://www.netmanage.com/ •Free, freeware (FreeAc, free to academic community): Comm, commercial ware: Share, shareware; Win, Windows. “Provides Web browser, newsreader, gopher, e-mail, etc.
Mirror sites With terabytes of free software out there, finding what you want is not difficult, but it does pay in time and phone bills to find an ftp site near you to download from.There are large and well-known collections all over the globe - many of these 'mirror sites’ update on a regular basis. Below are just a few. UK ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/ USA List of Info Mac mirrors http://www-forum.stanford.edu/info-mac-mirrors.html Europe ftp://ftp.euro.net/ Lists of University of http://www.ibpc.fr:8080/umich.html Australia http://www.unimelb.edu.au/public/aumirrors.html Michigan Archive mirrors http://144.174.149. 2/umich-sites.html
Helper applications or viewers Compression While some Web browsers have the built-in ability to show you pictures, there are other Most files are stored in compressed format. This serves Web resources, such as video or audio, that need additional programs. These are helper two purposes: it reduces the file size and it allows »plications for the Mac or viewers for the PC. You need to set up the browser to recognize whole groups of files and folders to be collected together e type of file that is usually specified by the suffix after the full stop (the MIME type). Below so that they can be transferred as one object. Different •are a few common file types and some of the programs you might use. computers use different programs and the key to which compression program has been used is the suffix. Program File type Platform Type of software Images Suffix Compression program Platform GraphicConverter .gif, .jpg, .tiff, .pict and more Mac Shareware .hqx BinHex Mac JPEGView .gif, .jpg and more Mac PostcardWare .sit Stufflt Archive Mac LViewPro .gif, .jpg, .tiff and more Win Shareware sea Self-expanding archive Mac Adobe Acrobat PDF Mac/Win/Unix Viewer is free .zip PKzip PC .Z com press PC/Unix Sound ■ ZOO zoo210 PC Media Player .avi, .wav, midi Win Operating system ■gz ■gzip PC Sound Machine .snd, aiff Mac Freeware .tar tar Unix Wplany .voc, .wav, .au, .snd Win Freeware Some compression and decompression programs come Video as one integrated package, while others are two sep QuickTime .qt, .mov Mac/Win Operating system arate programs. The most commonly used compression Sparkle •qt, .mpg Mac Freeware programs for the Mac are the shareware programs from Mpegplay .mpg, .mpe, .mpeg Wind Shareware Aladdin Systems called Stufflt and Stufflt Expander. Telnet PKZip and PKunzip are similar programs for the PC. NCSA Telnet TCP/IP terminal connection Mac Freeware Better still, there are some programs that can encode Trumpet TCP/IP terminal connection Win Freeware a file on one machine type and allow it to be expanded For further information, Netscape and Mosaic list helper applications and support docu on another. For example, UUencode is available for Unix, mentation on the following Web sites: PC and Mac and will convert binary files (e.g. pictures Netscape: http://home.mcom.com/assist/helper_apps/index.html or programs) to ASCII (text) files. They may then be posted by mail or to newsgroups and read by any user, Mosaic: http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/ even if they have a different machine type. DropStuff With Expander Enhancer, again a Mac shareware pro No need to type the URLs listed above - all are included on our Web page at: gram from Aladdin Systems, will open nearly all types http://www.elsevier.com/locate/trendsguide of file compressed on any other machine type. How to
Connect buy more equipment or rent a faster What hardware will you line to cope with increasing demand. need? If your own organization is not Almost every computer has some form The Internet is a set of connected, it might be possible to of port on the back for external arrange to share a line with a communications. With a modem to INTERCONNECTED NETWORKS, and yOU neighbouring institution. If your connect this to a telephone line, and organization has no connection, then simple communications software, you have to find a point on one of you can set one up in the ways will be able to send and receive at least these networks to which you discussed below. text-based e-mail messages. If you have a connection at work, If your computer is not a PC (IBM can connect. you may be allowed to dial in to access compatible), Apple or Unix machine, it from home. Your systems manager check with your service provider will tell you what hardware and whether Internet software is available software you need, and might even for it. To use graphical programs for provide it for you. the WWW on a PC, it is best to have at least a 486 DX 33 MHz processor, You may already be Choosing a service with 8 Mb memory and an SVGA connected provider display; other types of machine need If your computer at work is on a local If don’t have access to an institutional similar power. You will also need at area network (LAN),you may already connection, you have to buy access least 10 Mb of space free on your hard have access to an external connection from an Internet service provider. disk, and you will soon find that you^fe - ask your systems manager. Almost These companies allow you to connect need more once you start downloading all universities, and many other large to their computers, which are in turn WWW pages and saving e-mail organizations, have permanent connected to the Internet. Some have a messages. The minimum reasonable connections between their internal flat charge per month, while others speed for a modem to handle graphics systems and the Internet. They charge extra for the time you spend is 14.4 kb/s, but as it does not cost probably pay an annual rental of connected or for the amount of data much more to buy one twice as fast, several thousand pounds or dollars for you send or receive. There are many you should go for 28.8 kb/s (V.34 Start the line, but no extra charge for usage. such companies, some providing standard) if buying one now. There is no direct cost for adding connection points in many countries additional users, unless they need to and others just in their own local areas. What software will you T Some have special services, such as need? discussion groups and databases, which Software for applications is discussed are restricted to their own subscribers, elsewhere in this guide, but you will possibly at an extra charge. need some basic software before you
Questions to ask when choosing an Internet provider Can I connect by a local telephone call, or will I have to pay long-distance telephone charges? Some services have connection points all over the country; others have just one Can I connect and read my e-mail from someone else's Internet connection, or d l V I have to dial in to your service by telephone? Do you need to access the same mailbox from work and from home? Can I have more than one user name for a single subscription? if so, several people can share a machine and keep their e-mail separate. Will I have full access to the Internet, so that I can run a WWW browser on my own machine? Can I download e-mail and news rapidly from your machine, and then read it and compose replies off-line? No point in paying charges for your reading and thinking time. Can you provide, or tell me how to obtain, a full range of software for mail, news, ftp and the WWW, which works reliably with your system and my type of computer? You will not be stuck with their software for ever, but you need a reliable set of programs to get you started. Do you provide full instructions for setting up and use, or an installation program? What do you charge: (a) as a setting up fee; (b) as a monthly or annual fee irrespective of use; (c) per hour of usage, after any free time included in (b); (d) for amount of data sent or received? If there is a charge for receiving e-mail, you may be signing a blank cheque. Can I cancel at any time without losing more than a month's charges? What connection do I need if I just want to use e-mail? Can I set up my own WWW pages on your machine for other people to access? What does this cost? During what hours is your help desk available? 10 can get started. You can obtain Terminal, Kermit or Procomm, you package and terminal emulator, but everything from the Internet itself, may be able to download it from a for a full Internet connection you must either free or as low-cost shareware, bulletin board.There are also have software to make your computer but this doesn’t help if you haven’t yet complete packages of Internet use the Internet protocol, T C P / IP . If got a connection! Either make friends software that can be bought your connection is through a modem, with someone who is already commercially, and you may find the this software will probably use either connected, or ask your service convenience of one of these worth the PPP or SLIP. Don’t worry about the provider to send you software on a cost. difference between these - ask your disk. If you have simple For a dial-up ‘shell’ service, all you service provider which they communications software such as need is a simple communication recommend.
LAN connection - your computer is connected to your organization’s local area network (LAN), which has a connection to the Internet. Facilities depend on the software and connection type your LAN provides.
______Service Your computer LAN server Provider's computer or your organization's own Internet interface
Dial-up ‘shell’ connection - your computer is a terminal attached to your service provider's computer. Internet software is on the service provider's computer, and you can Y o u r use only what is installed modem there. Service Your computer provider’s modem
Dial-up full connection - your computer is Internet protocol connected to the Internet (TCP/IP) through your service communications link The Internet provider's computer. Internet software is on your computer, and you can use any software you Y our like. modem L Service Service provider's computer Your computer provider's modem
Joining the Internet might seem Security - a note for the paranoid Most Internet users are responsible people but, unfortunately, there is a small group more of an art than a science. of malicious users, the hackers, who are out to cause trouble. If you have a dial-up connection, don't worry too much about hackers logging in to your system from the It’s not difficult, but you may have a lot Internet: you wouldn't normally configure a personal system to allow remote logins to learn if you are going to take and, even if you did, an intruder would have to know when you were online, thus advantage of all the facilities. If you have making your machine accessible. Corporate users with permanent connections often any problems, you can always discuss use a ‘firewall’ computer, which filters traffic between their network and the Internet them via an appropriate newsgroup. and which may restrict inward and outward access to certain addresses. It is worthwhile using a good virus-checking program before using any programs you have downloaded from the Internet, and consider using encryption if sending confidential e-mail. If you Leonard Will have doubts about the security of your Internet site, keep confidential material locked ([email protected]) is a consultant in information management in a filing cabinet. (Tel: +44 181 372 0092; Fax: +44 181372 0094). H Publishing What do users expect Other journals now available online from online journals? include Vaccine Online and Journal o f To justify the price of subscription, the Biological Chemistry Online. Contents Commercial use of the Internet is user wants something more than just lists and graphical abstracts for the growing fast and, although not in the scanned images of the journal pages: Tetrahedron group of five organic and users expect ‘functionality’. The medicinal chemistry journals are vanguard of online-information features that most easily define such available prepublication via functionality can be broken down as Tetrahedron Alert, the first phase of the providers, publishing companies are follows: Tetrahedron Information System, and • access to the abstract, complete text one of the five journals will be online starting to make their presence felt. and graphics of any article; by the end of 1996. GENE-COMB1S • sophisticated search facilities, with is an online section of the journal titles, authors and subject-oriented Gene and deals with computing keywords individually defined and problems that arise in molecular he simplest publishing exercises searchable; biology. GENE-COMBIS has much of on the Internet are the listing of • provision of an extensive archive of the functionality mentioned above but journal contents, which provide material, providing comprehensive also has integrated links to the EMBL aT useful resource by allowing users to coverage, rather than just the latest Nucleotide database and the SWISS- scan for articles of interest. For example, issue; PROT Protein Sequence database.
n w iin fciKnce I • automatic updates, whereby a user Authors can deposit nucleotide or _ can specify a profile of keywords protein sequences with the EMBL o r ^ B I « [ a 1 f t 1 s i a Bach II C»rv/«r-t| Horn* 1 *•10*1 1 (m*»| Cto, I . 5 I Æ I 1 11 and be alerted whenever relevant SWISS-PROT databases directly Location : |htt|j : Mfwum rttovwr niaa/o*« II information is uploaded; through a link with the European ^£s_CoorJj II nfSnrcti • links to related information held by Bioinformatics Institute. Welcome « R3TOC, the E tevœ r Samira TWHeyaf Ctmwns EUS-EVIIES SCEE3JCE other databases, such as the abstracts This servira is updated veeklv and gives The tables of contents o f approximately 900 Elsevier primary »mt xevtarr of papers cited in reference lists. Hard copy: the online journals The number of full-text journals paradox s i This veek's uploadflHaorotflBr 13, r995) that match up to these specifications is The value of online journals lies in the growing, but still comprise only a tiny fact they afford users the ability to -à Abouttttt IHaeva r Science Tables i f Contents T o fc fraction of the available print versions. navigate through large chunks of Service What's rift/BWTMirnhiMngfw unit ajfflttpg One of these, Immunology Today information until they find what they à E&fim ofCimtmtt or> HffTEflWET Online, started in January 1995 and want. But the process of reading a provides monthly uploads and a large amount of information on a j Alphabetical feting (or ell fields J Engineering searchable archive that includes all computer screen is not the easiest of •J Life and Medical Sciences articles since January 1994. > J Materials Science MulUdiscipline Furthermore, articles with related 'J Physical and Environmental Sciences - Social I Behavioral Sciences and HqmamOes information are electronically grouped and accessible via a ‘See Also’ command, and references quoted in Immunology the Elsevier Science Table of Contents Today Online are (ESTOC) gives a weekly update of the linked by hypertext content of approximately 900 Elsevier to an EMBASE™ Science primary and review journals. abstract of the cited Similarly, Science, Nature and many paper. ooocflEa»--^ other periodicals update their home pages with every new issue. uVMuii» lumuuw neip pm. i ^ II nns- » I I The earliest commercial online P i i S L i 1 r n e m m i i * n ! services were the abstract and indexing ocnuoMon: mteqranan a f «qnals »am •it»... I services such as JUsost TM11 mAvmuue loufntlo I of ngalx fïom. 't* «algen r*e*por those provided by JKiJAçjr Ib ä u r IB, 3CIM1D EMBASE™, Chem OLOGY review Abs and Medline. online These gave quick DAY and easy access to specific T-cell activation: integration of information, selected on the basis of keywords from a vast potential archive signals from the antigen receptor of material. Enthusiastic reception of these facilities led to a genuine and costimulatory molecules expectation that online abstracts HHem Riofcxey i annidt Jammes P. A M m m ; ffig tlrifr jgw m m H rflth m ilg f titlig-'Ik lB ill rww»^ttniT(r|H‘fr)i m w - nmfrgiiffiimimt* ftrrr foil: awtHimtMnrr nrt^T ' would quickly be followed by online drill'. Arirtit1rmri.;«llym TTirm»flimiff» nrarfltmiilrttTny-qifpnrifl ^ m i^ iin irf ftmr ïTtftwtimbmi?' fllT -2ft full-text journals, and these at a j)imdVurtunn-giTTriiftMWliiin, mrfirHflBwmiii» fraction of the cost of the paper CTDZ2 cm.tilg TT drill anriSffianiitttg-anttipmygTwmtiingnirili (08PC)) aggssrttii piDvniH thw major equivalent. Obviously, these drattmulnimy signai*. amt nmmCwiirif h » flTTTrunforftTi;pnffn»nti gunrfr ag aiyiaL tmnirtnnticn.by/’ZEZg f o w w : it is new kmrcm.tbar'IDZS and: 0 7 bntit.baking tn expectations are as yet unfulfilled. IflUjgr tatmiiBS ■ with..arleast'one additional, member Thrfkmi; T- providing additional I Select current issues lo i ^ ■ a selection of journals, meet up information in a format m Tetrahedron with your colleagues, check the • Tetrahedron Letters that is easy to browse. • Tetrahedron Asymmetry message boards? A variety of • B »organic & Medicinal Chemistry The unique role of • B »orgaruc &. Medicinal Chemistry Letters Web sites (see online journals provides m Search «muas -te Journals Pleas* m û Search Facilities lore Destinations) give a something of a flavour of where we are paradox: having heading in this world of Select one of the tournais as above ' worked hard to create a Cornants listing--click on "the page n interactive information fully functional gathering. These Multi User Dimension (MUD ) programs, or the Object Orientated versions Tetrahedron (MOO )s, allow many users to interact; for Inform ation System instance, BioMOO at the JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY online version ideal to have Weizmann Institute in Israel is a your computer virtual reality meeting place for P n tiisb ed by memory biologists, where you can wander Moit-i-r i « » ' chock-full of through different rooms, attend customized seminars and chat to colleagues in the ' electronic rmnmrT te Hgh-wire Pieaaitag] programs of tea room. Conferences are now held this sort. A on the Web, where the daily solution has proceedings accompanied by pictures electronic on-screen masterpiece, you been provided by the development of are posted within hours. With the have to make it look good when users the Portable Document Format (PDF) introduction of RealAudio print it out. One solution is to provide file. This allows text and graphic files (http://www.realaudio.com/), minutes the user with a custom-built client to be viewed through standard of sound can be encoded in a few interface such as Guidon, which was Internet browsers and then printed off kilobytes. What was once virtual developed by the Online Computer through a separate noncustomized reality is becoming reality. Library Center (OCLC) and is used by software package, such as Adobe Immunology Today Online and Acrobat, to provide an exact replica of Æ faccine Online. This program sits on the original typeset page in the print These are interesting times and it is ^ ^ u r hard disk and interprets the journal. Thus, all the features of the electronic files when you access them online journals can be provided on the difficult to predict how things will over the Internet, providing a WWW without any need for journal- sophisticated search engine and specific interfaces. It is not evolve. typeset-quality print. unreasonable to predict that such However, as the number of online standardization of electronic delivery When the telegraph was invented, who journals increases, it’s not necessarily will provide the impetus for the could forsee the impact of the telephone on the way we Who can publish on the Internet? communicate? As Anthony Rutowski, Anyone can - turning text and graphic images into online pages is surprisingly simple. executive director of the Internet Programming commands in HTML can be performed by easy-to-use editing programs Society, says: ‘A hundred years from (available from the sites listed below) in the same way that you might format text using now, history may well record the the features of a common word-processing package. Creation of the hypertext links emergence and implementation of the between related elements of a document or series of documents is straightforward, Internet protocol as a profound as is the inclusion of graphic components and even e-mail windows through which turning point in the evolution of users can correspond. Thus, a basic home page can be created rapidly and viewed human communication - of much immediately on your screen using an Internet browser. Rent some space on a server, greater significance then the creation load it up for all to see and you're an Internet publisher. For once, the only limit may of the printing press.’ [New Scientist truly be your own imagination. (1995) 148,26], A few useful sites: Introduction to HTML http://www.cwru.edu/help/introHTML/toc.html HTML: Hypertext Mark-up Language http://www.loc.gov/global/html.html Robert Brines Tips for Webspinners http://gagme.wwa.com/~boba/tipsl.html ([email protected]) is at Elsevier Trends Journals, Cambridge, Publishing on the Web http://www.webcom.com/html/ UK CB2 1LA. Destinations With millions of sites to choose from, where do you start? The selected sites listed below will give you a flavour of what is out there. General Virtual Library http://www.w3.org/hypertext/DataSources/bySubject/Overview.html Virtual Tourist http://wings.buffalo.edu/world/vt2/ Summary of World Wide Web Servers http://www.w3.org/hypertext/DataSources/bySubject/Overview.html Search tools/catalogues Lycos http://lycos.cs.cmu.edu/ Yahoo http://www.yahoo.com/ Web Crawler http://webcrawler.com/ World Wide WebWorm http://www.cs.colorado.edu/home/mcbryan/WWWW.html Einet Galaxy http://www.einet.net/ All in One Search Page http://www.albany.net/~wcross/alllsrch.html What's New Netscape What’s New http://home.netscape.com/home/whats-new.html NCSA Mosaic What’s New http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Docs/whats-new.html Molecular biology/ National CBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ medicine European Bioinformatics Institute http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ Human Genome Mapping Project (UK) http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/ BioMedNet http://www.cursci.co.uk/BioMedNet/biomed.html Pedro’s Biomolecular Research Tools http://www.fmi.ch/biology/research_tools.html Online Journals, conferences etc http://golgi.harvard.edu/journals.html Medical Matrix http://www.kumc.edu:80/mmatrix/ Virtual Hospital http://indy.radiology.uiowa.edu/VirtualHospital.html National Library of Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/ MOOs/MUDs General guide to MOOs and MUDs http://central.itp.berkeley.edu/-thorne/MOO.html Lambda MOO telnet://lambda.parc.xerox.com:8888 BioMOO http://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il:8888 ^ Officialdom UK http://www.open.gov.uk/ The White House http://www.whitehouse.gov/ World Health Organization http://www.who.ch/ Internet providers UK http://www.limitless.co.uk/inetuk/providers.html USA/International http://thelist.com Self-help on the Internet Yahoos Guide to Internet Resources http://www.yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/Internet/Guides_and_Publications Big Dummys Guide to the Internet (UK site) http://info.man.ac.uk/BigDummy/bdgtti.html World Wide Web FAQ http://sunsite.unc.edu/boutell/faq/www_faq.html Bookshelf Which book do you choose to give you further information on the Internet? Here, we compare six general books and two WWW- specific books to help you decide where to go next for help. * •’The * * Internet I !iE '< & I n t e r n e t Title Teach Yourself Mastering the The Essential Using the The Complete The Whole The World The World the Internet Internet Internet Internet - the Idiot’s Guide Internet Users Wide Web Wide Web ^ Information User-Friendly to the Internet Guide and Unleashed Complete ^ Guide Manager Reference Catalogue Reference Author Randall, N. Cady, G.H. & Manger, J.J. Eager, B. Kent, P. Krol, E. December, J. Stout, R. et al. McGregor, P. & Randall, N. Year (edition) 1995 (2nd) 1995 1995 1994 (2nd) 1994 (2nd) 1996 (2nd) 1995 (2nd) 1996 Publisher sam s.net Sybex McGraw-Hill Que Alpha Books O'Reilly & sam s.net Osborne Associates McGraw-Hill ISBN 0672307359 0782116450 0077079051 0789700964 156761535X 1565920635 0672307375 0078821428 Level B asic-Int8 Basic-Adv Basic Basic Basic Basic-Int Basic-Adv Int-Adv e-mail +++ +++ ++ +++ ++++ ++++ Newsgroup +++ +++ ++ +++ ++++ ++++ Gopher +++ ++ + +++ +++ ++++ ftp +++ +++ + +++ ++++ ++++ WWW +++ +++ + +++ ++ +++ +++++ +++++ Technical ++ + ++ + ++ +++ ++++ Disk No Yes No Yes Yes No No No Pages 622 1258 515 369 367 538 1346 593 Price £22.95 £39.99 £22.95 £18.99 £18.95 £18.50 £30.95 £21.95 $25.00 $27.95 $19.99 $19.95 $39.99 $29.95 Overall ++++ +++++ + +++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ‘ Int, inter 1 Think ofImmunology Today, add fast, desktop access, add more essential information, new ways to find the articles you need IMMUNO 1MMUNOU then you’ll get the picture Immunology Today Online gives you topical news and reviews; powerful search, retrieval and print facilities; abstracts of cited papers (from EMBASE '); online correspondence and debate; and an electronic product finder with product news and company information. http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/ito Please send me more information about Post, fax or ’phone your enquiry to: Immunology Today Online UK & ROW: The Americas: Name ELSEVIER TRENDS ELSEVIER TRENDS TI5A11 JOURNALS, JOURNALS, Address _ Oxford Fulfilment Centre Elsevier Science Inc. P.O. Box 800, Kidlington, 660 White Plains Road, Oxon, UK, Tarrytown, NY 10591-5153 OXS1DX USA _Zip/Postcode. Tel: (+44) (0)1865 843 300 Tel: (+1)914 524 9200 Fax: (+44) (0)1865 843 940 Fax: (+1) 914 333 2444 Tel. ______F ax__ E-mail enquiries: [email protected] E-mail Internet and dial access (OCLC and CompuServe networks). Available via OCLC Electronic Journals Online. BECKMAN WORLD WIDE WEB INFORMATION SERVICE Beckman On-Line http:/Av\v\v.beckman.coni h e r * é ù é m ; &1MÊL 4ÉÊÊÊ^^ÊiPiUÊâ • I L . 1. ■ § w 1 0 $ # * i l * - i f i l *■*<► - i 5