Effects of Dietary Cyanobacteria of Two Different Sources on Growth and Recovery of Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus O

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Effects of Dietary Cyanobacteria of Two Different Sources on Growth and Recovery of Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus � O Toxicon 54 (2009) 208–216 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Toxicon journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/toxicon Effects of dietary cyanobacteria of two different sources on growth and recovery of hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus  O. aureus) Guifang Dong a,b, Xiaoming Zhu a,*, Dong Han a, Yunxia Yang a, Lirong Song a, Shouqi Xie a,c a State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China b Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China c Aquaculture Divisions, E-Institute of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai, China article info abstract Article history: A 115 days feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary cyanobacteria on Received 22 December 2008 growth, microcystins (MCs) accumulation in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus  O. Received in revised form 28 March 2009 aureus) and the recovery when the fish were free of cyanobacteria. Three experimental Accepted 30 March 2009 diets were formulated: the control (cyanobacteria free diet); one test diet with cyano- Available online 15 April 2009 bacteria from Lake Taihu (AMt, 80.0 mg MCs gÀ1 diet) and one with cyanobacteria from Lake Dianchi (AMd, 410.0 mg MCs gÀ1 diet). Each diet was fed to fish for 60 days and then Keywords: all fish were free of cyanobacteria for another 55 days. Cyanobacteria Growth A significant increase in feeding rate (FR) was observed in fish fed AMd diet after a first st Recovery 30-day exposure (1 EP), and in fish fed both AMt diet and AMd diet after a second 30-day nd Hybrid tilapia exposure (2 EP). Specific growth rates (SGR) of fish fed AMt diet and AMd diet were both obviously affected after the first 30-day exposure, but SGR was only significantly affected in fish fed AMt diet after the second 30-day exposure. After a 55-day recovery, there were no significant differences among diets in the indices mentioned above. Much higher concentrations of MCs were accumulated in tissues of all fish exposed to cyanobacteria. After the 55-day recovery, MC concentrations in fish tissues were significantly lower than those on day 60. Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction serious cyanobacterial blooms have occurred frequently in many freshwater lakes (e.g. Lake Dianchi, Lake Taihu, Lake Eutrophication in freshwater has induced the occurrence Chaohu, etc.) and most blooms produced MCs at high of dense cyanobacterial blooms (Carmichael, 1994). Some concentrations (Li et al., 2001; Song et al., 1998). Previous cyanobacteria including Anabaena, Aphanocapsa, Hapalosi- studies indicate that MCs accumulated in tissues of aquatic phon, Nostoc, Pseudanabaena, Planktothrix and Microcystis animals such as snails (Bellamya aeruginosa), shrimps could produce cyclic peptide toxins – microcystins (MCs) (de (Palaemon modestus and Macrobrachium nipponensis), and Figueiredo et al., 2004; Izaguirre et al., 2007) – which can fishes in those freshwater lakes (Chen and Xie, 2005; Chen cause liver failure in animals, livestock and aquatic life et al., 2005; Xie et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2007). (Carmichael,1994; Sivonen and Jones,1999), and even cause The acute effects of cyanobacteria or MCs on fish species human diseases or death (Azevedo et al., 2002). have been well investigated (Bury et al., 1995; Li et al., Fish deaths have been reported to be related to severe 2005). Generally, aquatic animals might be exposed to MCs cyanobacterial blooms (Rodger et al., 1994). In China, via the consumption of toxic cyanobacteria (Soares et al., 2004) or through gills (Zimba et al., 2001). Cyanobacteria could also be an important dietary component for many * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ86 27 68780060; fax: þ86 27 68780667. fish species including tilapia (Zurawell et al., 2005). E-mail address: [email protected] (X. Zhu). However, there is still a lack of studies on the chronic toxic 0041-0101/$ – see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.03.031 G. Dong et al. / Toxicon 54 (2009) 208–216 209 effects of dietary cyanobacteria on fishes (Zhao et al., 2005, Table 1 À1 2006a). It is also unclear if or how much the fish could Formulation and chemical composition of experimental diets (g 100 g in dry matter). recover when they are free of cyanobacteria. MCs not only affect the growth of fish, but also accu- Control AMt AMd mulate in their tissues (Magalha˜es et al., 2003; Mohamed Ingredients et al., 2003; Soares et al., 2004; Deblois et al., 2008). MCs Algae meal 0.0 43.6 50.8 contaminated fish may be a risk to human health from the White fishmeal (USA) 20.0 20.0 20.0 Soybean meal (oil-extracted) 49.9 0.0 0.0 food chain. To reduce potential risks, a tolerable daily Corn starch 10.2 10.2 10.2 À1 intake (TDI) of 0.04 mgkg total MCs per kilogram body Fish oil 5.3 5.8 6.0 weight per day as fish meat was used as a provisional a-Starch 6.0 6.0 6.0 a guideline (Chorus and Bartram, 1999). Mineral premix 0.4 0.4 0.4 Vitamin premixb 5.0 5.0 5.0 Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated that Choline chloride 0.1 0.1 0.1 chronic exposure to lower levels of dietary cyanobacteria Cr2O3 0.5 0.5 0.5 increased the growth rate of Nile tilapia without impact on Cellulose 2.7 8.4 1.0 food conversion efficiency but high toxins were found to Chemical composition (g 100 gÀ1 in dry matter) accumulate in fish muscle and liver (Zhao et al., 2006). The Crude protein (%) 41.4 43.1 44.0 toxin level reported by Zhao et al. (2006) was even higher Crude lipid (%) 7.8 7.9 7.9 than the tolerable daily intake. If these contaminated fish Crude ash (%) 10.7 10.2 11.0 Gross energy (kJ gÀ1) 19.7 20.8 20.6 could recover when they were free of toxins is very Microcystins (mggÀ1) 0.0 80.0 410.0 important for food safety. a À1 $ The purpose of the present study was to investigate the Mineral premix (mg kg diet, H440): NaCl, 500; MgSO4 7H2O, 7500; NaH PO $2H O, 12,500; KH PO , 16,000; Ca(H PO ) $2H O,10,000; FeSO , chronic effects of dietary cyanobacteria on hybrid tilapia 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 1250; C6H10CaO6$5H2O, 1750; ZnSO4$7H2O,176.5; MnSO4.$4H2O, 81; and if or how much the fish could recover when they were CuSO4.$5H2O, 15.5; CoSO4$6H2O, 0.5; KI, 1.5; starch, 225. free of cyanobacteria in their diet. b Vitamin premix (mg kgÀ1 diet, NRC, 1993): Thiamin, 20; riboflavin, 20; pyridoxine, 20; cyanocobalamine, 2; folic acid, 5; calcium patotheniate, 50; inositol, 100; niacin, 100; biotin, 5; starch, 3226; vitamin A (ROVIMIX 2. Materials and methods A-1000), 110; vitamin D3, 20; vitamin E, 100; vitamin K3, 10. 2.1. Fish, cyanobacteria and experimental diets transferred from the rearing tank to the flow-through Hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus  O. aureus)were system for acclimation. At the beginning of the trial, fish obtained from the tilapia hatchery farm in Puqi, Hubei, were fasted for 1 day to empty the gut. Fifty fish of similar China and acclimated in two cylindrical fiberglass tanks size (initial body weight 2.2 g) were randomly selected, (diameter 150 cm  height 120 cm, water volume 1500 L) weighed and stocked in each tank. Six tanks were randomly for 20 days prior to the experiment. During the acclimation assigned to each diet. During the experiment, aeration was period, fish were fed to satiation twice daily (09:00 and provided to each tank to maintain dissolved oxygen level 15:00) with the control diet. above 7 mg LÀ1; the photoperiod was 12 h light:12 h dark Two batches of fresh cyanobacteria were collected from with the light period from 08:00 to 20:00. Light intensity at Lake Taihu in Jiangsu and Lake Dianchi in Yunnan, China. the water surface was around 200 lx. Water temperature The cyanobacteria from Lake Taihu were composed of 50% was recorded daily and was maintained at 26 Æ 2 C, pH Microcystis aeruginosa and 50% Microcystis wesenbegii was about 7.0. Ammonia-N was monitored once a week and whereas the cyanobacteria from Lake Dianchi mainly con- was less than 0.5 mg LÀ1 and residual chloride was less sisted of Microcystis aeruginosa (95%). The fresh cyanobac- than 0.01 mg LÀ1. Fish were hand-fed to apparent satiation teria were air-dried before use. twice daily (09:00 and 15:00). The daily food supplied was Three experimental diets were formulated to be recorded and uneaten diets were siphoned 1 h after approximately isonitrogenous (crude protein: 42%) and feeding, dried to constant weight at 70 C and reweighed. isocaloric (gross energy: 20 kJ gÀ1)(Table 1). In the control Leaching rates (potential loss of uneaten diet) of uneaten diet, 20% fishmeal and 49.9% soybean meal were used as the diets were estimated by placing weighed food in tanks protein source while 43.6% of cyanobacteria from Lake without fish for 1 h and then collecting, drying and Taihu were used to replace soybean meal to formulate AMt reweighing. Leaching rate was used to calibrate the and 50.8% of cyanobacteria from Lake Dianchi were used to uneaten diets. The accurate total food intake was calculated replace soybean meal to formulate AMd. The MCs concen- from the difference between food intake and the calibrated trations in the AMt and AMd diets were 80.0 mg MCs gÀ1 diet uneaten diet.
Recommended publications
  • Microcystis Sp. Co-Producing Microcystin and Saxitoxin from Songkhla Lake Basin, Thailand
    toxins Article Microcystis Sp. Co-Producing Microcystin and Saxitoxin from Songkhla Lake Basin, Thailand Ampapan Naknaen 1, Waraporn Ratsameepakai 2, Oramas Suttinun 1,3, Yaowapa Sukpondma 4, Eakalak Khan 5 and Rattanaruji Pomwised 6,* 1 Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand; [email protected] (A.N.); [email protected] (O.S.) 2 Office of Scientific Instrument and Testing, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand; [email protected] 3 Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok 10330, Thailand 4 Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand; [email protected] 5 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, USA; [email protected] 6 Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +66-74-288-325 Abstract: The Songkhla Lake Basin (SLB) located in Southern Thailand, has been increasingly polluted by urban and industrial wastewater, while the lake water has been intensively used. Here, we aimed to investigate cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in the SLB. Ten cyanobacteria isolates were identified as Microcystis genus based on16S rDNA analysis. All isolates harbored microcystin genes, while five of them carried saxitoxin genes. On day 15 of culturing, the specific growth rate and Chl-a content were 0.2–0.3 per day and 4 µg/mL. The total extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content was Citation: Naknaen, A.; 0.37–0.49 µg/mL.
    [Show full text]
  • State of the Science for Cyanobacterial Blooms (Microcystis Species) in Florida a Summary Document from the 2019 Harmful Algal Bloom State of the Science Symposium
    State of the Science for Cyanobacterial Blooms (Microcystis species) in Florida A summary document from the 2019 Harmful Algal Bloom State of the Science Symposium Image: Cyanobacterial bloom in Lake Okeechobee Credit: L. Krimsky, Florida Sea Grant Contents: Introduction In recent years, intense blooms of Karenia brevis red tide and Introduction.....................................................2 Microcystis aeruginosa cyanobacteria, known commonly as Current Understanding.....................................3 blue-green algae, have plagued Florida waterways, impacting the state’s economy, environment and public health. Though Bloom Initiation, Development notable in their duration and intensity, these harmful algal and Termination...............................................3 blooms, or HABs, are not uncommon. Florida experiences a variety of HABs in its marine and fresh waters. Public Health....................................................4 Bloom Prediction and Modeling .......................5 In 2019, Governor Ron DeSantis’ Executive Order 19-12 established the Blue-Green Algae Task Force and revived the Bloom Detection and Monitoring......................5 state’s Harmful Algal Bloom Task Force to provide technical expertise and recommendations to reduce the adverse Bloom Mitigation and Control...........................6 impacts of future blooms. Next Steps........................................................6 This fact sheet represents the latest science-based Conclusion.......................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Planktothrix Agardhii É a Mais Comum
    Accessing Planktothrix species diversity and associated toxins using quantitative real-time PCR in natural waters Catarina Isabel Prata Pereira Leitão Churro Doutoramento em Biologia Departamento Biologia 2015 Orientador Vitor Manuel de Oliveira e Vasconcelos, Professor Catedrático Faculdade de Ciências iv FCUP Accessing Planktothrix species diversity and associated toxins using quantitative real-time PCR in natural waters The research presented in this thesis was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, I.P.) national funds through the project PPCDT/AMB/67075/2006 and through the individual Ph.D. research grant SFRH/BD65706/2009 to Catarina Churro co-funded by the European Social Fund (Fundo Social Europeu, FSE), through Programa Operacional Potencial Humano – Quadro de Referência Estratégico Nacional (POPH – QREN) and Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). The research was performed in the host institutions: National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA, I.P.), Lisboa; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Porto and Centre for Microbial Resources (CREM - FCT/UNL), Caparica that provided the laboratories, materials, regents, equipment’s and logistics to perform the experiments. v FCUP Accessing Planktothrix species diversity and associated toxins using quantitative real-time PCR in natural waters vi FCUP Accessing Planktothrix species diversity and associated toxins using quantitative real-time PCR in natural waters ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Professor Vitor Vasconcelos for accepting to embark in this research and supervising this project and without whom this work would not be possible. I am also greatly thankful to my co-supervisor Elisabete Valério for the encouragement in pursuing a graduate program and for accompanying me all the way through it.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fate of Microcystins in the Environment and Challenges for Monitoring
    Toxins 2014, 6, 3354-3387; doi:10.3390/toxins6123354 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Review The Fate of Microcystins in the Environment and Challenges for Monitoring Justine R. Schmidt 1,*, Steven W. Wilhelm 2 and Gregory L. Boyer 1 1 Department of Chemistry, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-315-470-6844; Fax: +1-315-470-6856. External Editor: Lesley V. D'Anglada Received: 1 November 2014; in revised form: 29 November 2014 / Accepted: 5 December 2014 / Published: 12 December 2014 Abstract: Microcystins are secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria that act as hepatotoxins in higher organisms. These toxins can be altered through abiotic processes, such as photodegradation and adsorption, as well as through biological processes via metabolism and bacterial degradation. Some species of bacteria can degrade microcystins, and many other organisms metabolize microcystins into a series of conjugated products. There are toxicokinetic models used to examine microcystin uptake and elimination, which can be difficult to compare due to differences in compartmentalization and speciation. Metabolites of microcystins are formed as a detoxification mechanism, and little is known about how quickly these metabolites are formed. In summary, microcystins can undergo abiotic and biotic processes that alter the toxicity and structure of the microcystin molecule. The environmental impact and toxicity of these alterations and the metabolism of microcystins remains uncertain, making it difficult to establish guidelines for human health.
    [Show full text]
  • Harmful Cyanobacteria Blooms and Their Toxins In
    Harmful cyanobacteria blooms and their toxins in Clear Lake and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (California) 10-058-150 Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) Prepared for: Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board 11020 Sun Center Drive, Suite 200 Rancho Cordova, CA 95670 Prepared by: Cécile Mioni (Project Director) & Raphael Kudela (Project co-Director) University of California, Santa Cruz - Institute of Marine Sciences Dolores Baxa (Project co-Director) University of California, Davis – School of Veterinary Medicine Contract manager: Meghan Sullivan Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board _________________ With technical contributions by: Kendra Hayashi (Project manager), UCSC Thomas Smythe (Field Officer) and Chris White, Lake County Water Resources Scott Waller (Field Officer) and Brianne Sakata, EMP/DWR Tomo Kurobe (Molecular Biologist), UCD David Crane (Toxicology), DFG-WPCL Kim Ward, SWRCB/DWQ Lenny Grimaldo (Assistance for Statistic Analyses), Bureau of Reclamation Peter Raimondi (Assistance for Statistic Analyses), UCSC Karen Tait, Lake County Health Office Abstract Harmful cyanobacteria and their toxins are growing contaminants of concern. Noxious toxins produced by HC, collectively referred as cyanotoxins, reduce the water quality and may impact the supply of clean water for drinking as well as the water quality which directly impacts the livelihood of other species including several endangered species. USEPA recently (May 29, 2008) made the decision to add microcystin toxins as an additional cause of impairment for the Klamath River, CA. However, harmful cyanobacteria are some of the less studied causes of impairment in California water bodies and their distribution, abundance and dynamics, as well as the conditions promoting their proliferation and toxin production are not well characterized.
    [Show full text]
  • National Wetland DIRECTORY of Sri Lanka
    National Wetland DIRECTORY of Sri Lanka Central Environmental Authority National Wetland Directory of Sri Lanka This publication has been jointly prepared by the Central Environmental Authority (CEA), The World Conservation Union (IUCN) in Sri Lanka and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The preparation and printing of this document was carried out with the financial assistance of the Royal Netherlands Embassy in Sri Lanka. i The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the CEA, IUCN or IWMI concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the CEA, IUCN or IWMI. This publication has been jointly prepared by the Central Environmental Authority (CEA), The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Sri Lanka and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The preparation and publication of this directory was undertaken with financial assistance from the Royal Netherlands Government. Published by: The Central Environmental Authority (CEA), The World Conservation Union (IUCN) and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka. Copyright: © 2006, The Central Environmental Authority (CEA), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and the International Water Management Institute. Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder.
    [Show full text]
  • Practical Success of Biomanipulation Using Filter-Feeding Fish to Control
    Research Article TheScientificWorld (2001) 1, 337–356 ISSN 1532-2246; DOI 10.1100/tsw.2001.67 Practical Success of Biomanipulation using Filter-feeding Fish to Control Cyanobacteria Blooms A Synthesis of Decades of Research and Application in a Subtropical Hypereutrophic Lake Ping Xie* and Jiankang Liu Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, The State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Received June 11, 2001; Revised June 25, 2001; Accepted June 25, 2001; Published August 8, 2001 Lake Donghu is a 32-km2 shallow, subtropical lake near the Yangtze River (P.R. China) that has experienced dramatic changes in the past five decades. These changes include: (1) a trophic state change from mesotrophy to hypertrophy; (2) dense blooms of cyanobacteria during every summer from the 1970s to 1984; (3) a cessation of blooms starting in 1985, with no recurrence; and (4) an increase, coincident with bloom declines, in the production of silver and bighead carp (filter-feeders) by more than tenfold. There are several possible explanations for the disappearance of blooms, including changes in nutrient concentrations, increased zooplankton grazing, and increased grazing on algae by fish. The long- term data suggest that changes in nutrients or in zooplankton were not important, but that the remarkably increased fish densities might have played the key role. To test this hypothesis, in situ enclosure experiments were conducted in three years. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) an increased stocking of the lake with carp played a decisive role in the elimination of cyanobacteria blooms; (2) both silver and bighead carp can eliminate cyanobacteria blooms directly by grazing; (3) zooplankton cannot suppress the blooms; and (4) the lake still is vulnerable to the outbreak of blooms, should fish grazing decline.
    [Show full text]
  • Microcystis Aeruginosa: Source of Toxic Microcystins in Drinking Water
    African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 3 (3), pp. 159-168, March 2004 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2004 Academic Journals Review Microcystis aeruginosa: source of toxic microcystins in drinking water Oberholster PJ1, Botha A-M2* and Grobbelaar JU1 1Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, ZA9300 2Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agriculture Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria, ZA0002, South Africa Accepted 21 December 2003 Cyanobacteria are one of the earth’s most ancient life forms. Evidence of their existence on earth, derived from fossil records, encompasses a period of some 3.5 billion years in the late Precambrian era. Cyanobacteria are the dominant phytoplanton group in eutrophic freshwater bodies worldwide. They have caused animal poisoning in many parts of the world and may present risks to human health through drinking and recreational activity. Cyanobacteria produce two main groups of toxin namely neurotoxins and peptide hepatotoxins. They were first characterized from the unicellular species, Microcystis aeruginosa, which is the most common toxic cyanobacterium in eutrophic freshwater. The association of environmental parameters with cyanobacterial blooms and the toxicity of microcystin are discussed. Also, the synthesis of the microcystins, as well as the mode of action, control and analysis methods for quantitation of the toxin is reviewed. Key words: Cyanobacteria, microcystins, mcyB gene, PCR-RFLP. INTRODUCTION Cyanobacteria are the dominant phytoplankton group in other accessory pigments are grouped together in rods eutrophic freshwater bodies (Davidson, 1959; Negri et al., and discs that are called phycobilisomes that are 1995).
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitative Observations of Cyanobacteria and Dinoflagellata in Reservoirs of Sri Lanka
    Ceylon Journal of Science 46(4) 2017: 55-68 DOI: http://doi.org/10.4038/cjs.v46i4.7468 RESEARCH ARTICLE Quantitative observations of Cyanobacteria and Dinoflagellata in reservoirs of Sri Lanka P.A.A.P.K. Senanayake1, 2 and S.K. Yatigammana3* 1Medical Research Institute, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka 2Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 3Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Received: 14/06/2017; Accepted: 20/10/2017 Abstract:. Cyanobacterial and dinoflagellate blooms especially during the dry periods (Piyasiri, 1995; have a range of social, environmental and economic Pathmalal and Piyasiri 1995). When considering impacts due to their potential of toxin production the water resources of Sri Lanka, the country under extreme environmental conditions. Therefore, possesses over 10,000 operational reservoirs the present study aimed to understand the species where majority are important as irrigational and abundance, distribution and the relationship between species distribution and measured environmental recreational water bodies while a few are variables within the 45 reservoirs studied, covering important in hydroelectricity generation three major climatic regions of Sri Lanka (Wet, (Maddumabandara et al., 1995). Intermediate and Dry). Plankton samples were obtained using a 34µm plankton net. Both field and Cyanobacterial blooms have an array of laboratory analyses were conducted to obtain social, environmental and economic impacts limnological data of each reservoir. Multivariate (Chorus and Bartram, 1999). The production of statistical techniques were used to understand the toxic substances by a relatively small number of species distribution along measured environmental species that commonly occur in freshwater lakes gradients.
    [Show full text]
  • Accumulation and Depuration of Microcystin Produced by the Cyanobacterium Microcystis in a Freshwater Snail
    Limnology (2003) 4:131–138 © The Japanese Society of Limnology 2003 DOI 10.1007/s10201-003-0106-1 RESEARCH PAPER Kazuhiko Ozawa · Atsushi Yokoyama · Kanako Ishikawa Michio Kumagai · Mariyo F. Watanabe · Ho-Dong Park Accumulation and depuration of microcystin produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis in a freshwater snail Received: October 25, 2002 / Accepted: August 19, 2003 Abstract Seasonal changes in microcystin concentrations in Introduction a resident snail (Sinotaia histrica) and an edible clam (Cor- bicula sandai) in Lake Biwa were surveyed. To clarify both the accumulation and depuration of microcystins, experi- The occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic mental studies with microcystin were also carried out on the lakes, reservoirs, and recreational waters has become a snail. In the field investigation, microcystin was detected worldwide problem. In Japanese lakes, the toxic cyano- from the hepatopancreas and intestine of S. histrica (up to bacteria are mainly composed of Microcystis (Park et al. 3.2µggϪ1 dry weight and 19.5µggϪ1 dry weight, respec- 1998), which commonly produces microcystin. Microcystin tively); however, no microcystin was detected in the hepato- is known to be a potent hepatotoxin (Carmichael 1994) and pancreas of C. sandai. In the laboratory experiment, the tumor promoter (Nishiwaki-Matsushima et al. 1991, 1992). microcystin-LR concentration in the hepatopancreas of S. Microcystin is composed of seven amino acids, including a histrica reached a value of 436µggϪ1 dry weight on day 10 of unique amino acid called Adda [3-amino-9-methoxy-2, 6, 8- 15 days of uptake, and a high value persisted despite a trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4, 6-dienoic acid] (Botes et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Microcystis Aeruginosa in a Central Chilean (36° Lat
    Almanza et al. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural (2016) 89:8 Revista Chilena de DOI 10.1186/s40693-016-0057-7 Historia Natural RESEARCH Open Access Occurrence of toxic blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa in a central Chilean (36° Lat. S) urban lake Viviana Almanza1,2*, Oscar Parra1, Carlos E. De M. Bicudo4,CarolinaBaeza1, Johana Beltran1, Ricardo Figueroa1,3 and Roberto Urrutia1,3 Abstract Background: During the last decades the frequency and global distribution of toxic cyanobacteria blooms has increased globally, which has been attributed to the eutrophication and climate change. In Chile there have been reports on blooms in aquatic ecosystem in localities with high density population and on the presence of five congeners of microcystins but only two documented toxics blooms with hundreds fish kills. We investigated the presence of toxic cyanobacteria blooms in the Lo Galindo urban lake, Concepción city, and the environmental factors that influence the abundance of cyanobacteria and microcystins concentration. Lo Galindo Lake, is used for various recreational and eventually as a drinking water source. Results: Toxic blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa are developed in Lo Galindo lake, those that occur throughout the year in a wide range of environmental conditions, forming scums blooms during summer and dispersive blooms in all seasons. There are different microcystin congeners, the most frequent congener was MC-RR (21 %) and the highest concentration corresponded to 115.4 µg L-1 MC-LR. Conclusions: The dominance and development of the M. aeruginosa blooms in the lake is determined by various environmental factors such as temperature, nutrients, diversity of taxa and wind speed that affect the formation of disperse-type blooms and/or scums; the latter are developed only in summer, coinciding with the highest temperature and concentrations of total microcystins.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Guide to Algae and Other “Scums” in Ponds, Lakes, Streams and Rivers
    The Boone and Kenton County Conservation Districts, Burlington, KY The Campbell County Conservation District, Alexandria, KY Field guide to algae and other “scums” in ponds, lakes, streams and rivers Miriam Steinitz Kannan and Nicole Lenca Northern Kentucky University Field Guide to algae and other “scums” TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction Purpose of the guide—How to use the guide 3 Floating Macroscopic Plants Duckweeds (Lemna, Spirodella) 4 Watermeal (Wolffia) 4 Waterferns (Azolla) 4 Floating Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) Microcystis 5 Aphanizomenon 6 Anabaena 7 Floating or attached Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Phormidium, Plankthotrix 8 Attached Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) Nostoc 9 Euglena and other flagellated algae Euglena, Phacus, Dinobryon, Prymnesium and Dinoflagellates 10 Diatom Blooms 11 Filamentous Green Algae Spirogyra, Mougeotia and Zygnema 12 Cladophora and Hydrodictyon 13 Bacterial Scums Iron Bacteria -Sphaerotilus 14 Protozoan Scums 15 Zooplankton scums 16 Algae control methods 17 Recommended Web sites 18 Acknowledgements 19 2 Introduction Purpose of this Guide This guide is intended for individuals who work with farm ponds, for watershed groups, homeowners and anyone interested in quickly identifying an algal bloom or scum that appears in a freshwater system. Such blooms usually appear during the summer and fall in temperate regions. Most blooms are the result of nutrient enrichment of the waterway. Of significant concern are blue-green algal blooms (cyanobacteria). Some of these produce liver and/or brain toxins that can be lethal to most fish and livestock. Some of the toxins can also be carcinogenic. The macroscopic appearance of many different genera of algae can be similar and therefore field identification must be verified by using a compound microscope.
    [Show full text]