Floristic and Phytoecological Aspects

Vol.3, No.5, 370-381 (2013) Open Journal of Ecology http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oje.2013.35042

Note on the vegetation of the mounts of tlemcen (Western Algeria): Floristic and phytoecological aspects

Brahim Babali*, Abderrahmane Hasnaoui, Nadjat Medjati, Mohamed Bouazza

Laboratory of Ecology and Management of the Natural Ecosystems, Department of Ecology and Environment, Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen, Algeria; *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Received 5 February 2013; revised 8 May 2013; accepted 8 August 2013

Copyright © 2013 Brahim Babali et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

ABSTRACT The knowledge of this dynamic and this floristic inventory is an important research path for us. Analyses of Of the four national hunting reserves in Algeria, biodiversity lead in particular to show that the maximum the Mounts of Tlemcen Moutas reserve biodiversity is not in the primitive forest sensu stricto, http://reservebio-tlm.com, characterized by a large but in the moderately man altered spaces [1]. area, reliefs and a specific climate, implies sig- We will discuss this problem here from floristic in- nificant floristic and faunistic richness. Current- ventory formed by tree structures and their stages of ly, the coexistence of species, such as Quercus degradation as it is at this level that they can be analyzed. faginea subsp. tlemcenensis (DC.) M., Lonicera The vegetation of the national parks and natural re- implexa L., Ruscus aculeatus L., indicates a fo- serves in the Mediterranean basin have been studied by rest dominant ecological atmosphere, although many authors like Gruber and Sandoz [2]; Véla et al. [3]; the region has experienced repeated fires during Hill and Véla [4]; Ibn Tattouand & Fennane [5]... and the 90’s. In this research, a phytoecologicaland other works in Tlemcen region like those of Benabadji et syntaxonomical analysis is obvious. More than al. [6]; Mesli et al. [7]; Letreuch-Belarouci et al. [8]; 300 species have been inventoried and indexed Medjahdi et al. [9] and Bouazza et al. [10]. in more than 70 families and this shows the im- portance of phyto-diversity of the studiedregion. 2. METHODOLOGY In the analysis of the phyto-ecological parame- ters, we could notice a regression of the vegetal Location and structure of Tlemcen hunting reserve: cover in its diversity. The study area is located in the western part of North- west Algeria at about 46 km as the crow flies from the Keywords: Biodiversity; Floristic inventory; sea and 26 km south-west of the city of Tlemcen. The Phytoecological; Anthropozoological action; Climate; reserve, part of Hafir forest, occupies the highest and Moutas; Tlemcen most wooded area of the Mounts of Tlemcen. It is located about 34˚41' to 34˚49' north and 01˚25' to 01˚35' 1. INTRODUCTION west (Figure 1). It occupies an area of 2156 hain a 15 km perimeter; it The currently developed methods of biodiversity ex- is characterized by typically mountainous reliefs of the tinction have large uncertainties but all converge on ac- Tamaksalet massif with a remarkable difference in alti- celeration whatever would be the economic models. To tude. The altitude is between the extreme points from assess the loss of biodiversity, we worked on the disap- Ras Torriche 1303 m andthe region of Sidi Messaoud at pearance and fragmentation of plant life media (invent- 1017 m. tory of natural habitats). It is geographically limited: The reserve is particularly sensitive in terms of plant di- • To the east by the town of Aïn Ghoraba; versity, it underwent in the past human pressures and sig- • In the north-east by the municipality of Sabra; nificant fires. The ecological landscape includes different • To the west and northwest by the municipality of habitats moving to a scrub, with considerable variations. Bouhlou;

3.1. The Oak Forests Four major species of the genus Quercus were found in the reserve: Quercus ilex L., Quercus suber L., Quer- cus coccifera L. and Quercus faginea subsp. tlemcenensis (DC.) Maire and Weiller (=Quercus faginea subsp. Broteroi (Coutinho) A. Camus).

3.1.1. Evergreen Oak Forest Dominates almost all of the reserve and is characterized by the evergreen oak presence (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp) within a 942.4 hectares area. The major issues, well developed and characterized by a large trunk, are located at the edges of cultivated lands within the reserve where the soil is deep and very rich in

organic matter. These characters change as the altitude Figure 1. Location map. increases, the soil becomes shallower and bedrock ap- pears at the surface. In addition, North exposures have a • In the south and southwest by the city of Beni Bahdel. significant contribution to water compensation, allowing It receives about 500 m mannual rainfall and shows the taxa development in integrated settlements linked to average temperatures between 6.4˚C (January) and Quercetea ilicis [6,19]. 26.4˚C (July and August). It is classified in the cool win- The distribution of Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera ter’s sub-humid bioclimatic level with a dry season (5 subsp. coccifera L.) is very limited, and in the extreme months) which lasts from June to October. west and north-west of the reserve close to Tamaksalet The soils are varied depending on the topography of (Bouhlou municipamity) and some species are scattered the region. On the tops, they are not very deep where throughout the center of the reserve at Ras Mnakher, of-time the bed rock levels. Sometimes deep towards very deep on all along the principal river basins of the Mnakher and Souamaa. These areas are a warmer (xeric). hydrographic network. In the reserve, the main rocks source is sedimentary: 3.1.2. Zeen Oak Forest calcareous sandstone, sandy limestones, dolomites and The zeen oak (Quercus faginea Lamk) is a deciduous marl [11]. oak of meso-and supra-Mediterranean types [20-22], en- The complete list was made from the following works: demic to the western Mediterranean (Iberian Peninsula, Moutas Herbarium which is made up to now more Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia) [23]. It would be repre- than 220 species recorded by researchers from the labo- sented in the Mounts of Tlemcen by a sub-species: Quer- ratory of plant/botanical ecology from the University of cus faginea subsp. tlemcenensis (DC.) M. (Figure 2) Tlemcen, This oak occupies 1/5th of the reserve with an area of Field work during 2010, 2011 and 2012, we have com- 428 ha. It is found mainly in the southern and south- pleted 70 surveys using conventional techniques and methods of ecology (inventory, minimum area, transect, flora network...).The method of Braun-Blanquet [12], which is expressed by analytical characteristics: abundance, do- minance and sociability on a scale of 1 to 5 to help us to do a thorough analysis of the vegetation. The basic work used for the identification of taxa col- lected in the field is from the studies done by Quézel &Santa [13]; Battandier & Trabut [14]; Valdéset al. [15]; Blanca et al. [16]; Maire [17] and Dobignard [18]. Scientific Name: the word list adopted is that of: Index synonymique et bibliographique de la flore d’Afrique du Nord [18] and synonyms from: Nouvelle flore d’Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionales [13].

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Figure 2. Quercus faginea subsp. tlemcenensis formations at Ecological zoning of the main forest groupings. Tor- riche (Moutas). Photo. Babali B. September 2011.

Copyright © 2013 SciRes. OPEN ACCESS 372 B. BabalI et al. / Open Journal of Ecology 3 (2013) 370-381 western part of the reserve at Torriche, Ras Moutas, mauritianus Pau & Sennen. These plants prefer siliceous Mnakher, Chaâbat La’akhra and Aïn Ben. It is also found substrates. in the extreme north at Besghirand Boumedrer. The Tlemcen zeen oak, ranging in size between 5 and 3.2. Conifers 7 m, prefers deep soils and limestone-rich substratewith- They are softwood thermophilic with an extremely fresh degraded materials and rare silica. This species wide ecological spectrum. We have: Thuja: Tetraclinis exists and dominates the valleys and hollows of the re- articulata (Vahl) Masters (Figure 4). serve.We can consider that this species benefits from the Endemic to North Africa [28,29] it colonizes areas water compensation, despite drought and this can be ex- with low rainfall (300 - 500 mm) [30]. This species is plained by compensation edaphic-climatic phenomena slightly represented in the Moutas reserve. It occupies, [24]. It is practically non-existent or so on the summit especially the northwest portion of the reserve: south- where the soil depth is less thick, and even if it does, it is western slopes and the southern slopes of Boumedrer, most unusual and with a dwarf size that barely exceeds 2 Ras Mnakhert toward Bouhlou, Aïn Ben Soumaâ and m. Safel-Ali. It is associated with Pistacia lentiscus L., Among the accompanying taxa are: Cytisus arboreus Chamaerops humilis var. argentea Andrew Globularia a- subsp. Baeticus (Webb) Maire Cytisus villosus Pourret, lypum L., Macrochloa tenacissima L. (Kunth), Phyleria Hedera algeriensis Hibberd, Ruscus aculeatus L., Smi- angustifolia L., Asparagus albus L. lax aspera L., Viburnum tinus L., Lonicera implexa L., Pistacia terebinthus L., Asplenium ceterach L., Umbili- The Juniper: Juniperus oxycedrus Subsp. cus rupestris (Salisb.) Dandy, Phillyrea latifolia L. Am- Oxycedrus pelodesmos mauritanicus (Poiret) Durand & Schinz... It is widespread in the reserve with scattered blankets. 3.1.3. Cork Oak Forests This indicates the presence of degradation oak stands. • Other conifers are represented in the form of planta- Representedby the cork oak relics: Quercus suber L. tions in the rest area Torriche and near the forest house (Figure 3), in a very limited area, which does not exceed 20 ha, they are frequently found in Saf-el-Ali, Aïn Djedi Boumedrer as Aleppo pine Pinus halepensis Miller, stone and other relics in Torriche, Boumedrerand Ras Moutas pine (Pinus pinea L.) cedar (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) south side and finally a few stalks at Mnakher. Their Carrière) and cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) growth is generally less strong after fire. These species are typical of low-intensity fire regimes, but common in 3.3. Riverine the study area [25-27]. The reserve is surrounded by natural sources: Aïn- The vegetation associated with these cork oak is: La- Boumedrer the largest and most common, AïnE-Djedi, vandula stoechas L., Anagallis arvensis L., Erica arbo- Aïn Moutas and Aïn El-Ben. The vegetation, adjacent to rea L., Arbutus unedo L., Stauracanthus boivinii (Webb) these springs and streams, is riparian representing vege- Samp Ampelodesmos mauritanicus (Poiret) Durand & tation structure at least partly azonal [31], or indicators Schinz, Asparagus acutifolius L., Daphne gnidium L., of wetlands such as Rubus ulmifolius Schott, Dittrichia Cytisus villosus Pourret, Cistus clusii Dunal., Cistus viscosa (L.) Greuter, Typha latifolia L., Carex hispi- creticus L., Cistus salvifolius L., Cistus ladanifer subsp.

Figure 4. Degraded forest Tetraclinis articulata based at- Figure 3. Relic of cork oak. Sahb El Ababda (Moutas). Photo. Tameksalet-Moutas (south side). Photo. Babali B., October Babali B. October 2010. 2012.

Copyright © 2013 SciRes. OPEN ACCESS B. BabalI et al. / Open Journal of Ecology 3 (2013) 370-381 373 da Willd., Populus alba L., Salix pedicellata Desf., Jun- ligotrophic dry grasslands or rocks exposed to wind and cus maritimus Lam., Hypericum perforatum L., Mentha temperature extremes.” [32]. rotundifolia L., Ficus carica L., Calamintha nepeta (L.) They are spread over about 106 hectares and domi- Savi, Potentilla reptans L., Zannichellia peltata Bertol., nated by annual species (Therophytes) caused by high Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr., Apium nodiflorum (L.) anthropozoological action and further degradation (fire). Lag, Arundo donax L., Dactylorhiza durandii (Boiss. & This group belongs to the Thero-Brachypodietea in Reuter) M. Lainz, Ranunculus ficaria L., Ranunculus general, is on calcareous substrata; characterized by Rha- aquatilis L., Ranunculus spicatus Desf. Sonchus mari- ponticum coniferum (L.) Greuter, Bombycilaena discolor timus L., Nerium oleonder L. Trachelium caeruleum L., (Pers.) Lainz, Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth, Scorzonera Jasminum fruticans L., Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris laciniata L., Trifolium stellatum L., Ajuga iva var. pseudo- (D.C. Gmelin) Hegi. Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) iva subsp. Pseudoiva (DC.) Briq., Teucrium polium L., Hayek (= Nasturtium officinale R. Br.). Ophrys lutea subsp. lutea (Cav.) Gouan, Carex halleri- Riparian forests are dominant in this area; unfortu- ana Asso., Rumex bucephalophorus L., Briza maxima L. nately the foresters do not take this fact into account in Vulpia ciliate Dumort… their statistics. List of vascular taxa listed by family in Tlemcenhunt- ing reserve. 3.4. The Scrub The list includes 322 species belonging to 72 families: Over a large area of 680 ha, the scrubs are character- Compositae (Asteraceae), Leguminosae (Fabaceae), La- ized and dominated by more xeric coppices depleted in biatae (Lamiaceae), Gramineae (Poaceae) and Orchida- forest and pre-forest species that occupy the land like ceae (see palnches 1 - 2 in the annex). thechamaephytes or nanaophanerophytes which prefer  ALLIACEAE gradients and hot spots (southern slopes) belonging to Allium Cupani Raf. Pistacio-Rhamnetalia Alaterni represented by Chamae- Allium roseum L. rop shumilisvar. argentea Andrew Ampelodesmos mauri-  AMARYLLIDACEAE tanicus (Poiret) Durand & Schinz, Pistacia terebinthus L., Acis autumnalis (L.) Herb Thymus munbyanus Boiss. & Reuter, Fumana thymifolia =Leucojum autumnale L. (L.) Webb, Calicotome intermedia (Salzm.) C. Presl, Narcissus cantabricus DC. Rhamnus lycioïdes L. Narcissus serotinus L. Other taxa grow in an expansionary way after the fire Narcissus tazzeta L. e.g., Cistus ladanifer L., Cistus creticus L. and Cistus Narcissus tazzeta subsp. pachybolbus (Dur.) Baker salvifolius L. and taxa characterized by their high regen- Pancratium foetidum var. oranense Pomel eration such as thujaand evergreen oak that can partici-  ANACARDIACEAE pate in the formation of scrub landscapes [20]. Pistacia lentiscus L. Pistacia Terebinthus L. 3.5. Lawns (Figure 5)  APOCÉNACEAE Nerium oleander L. “in the short-cycle crops adapted to use a fleeting re-  ARACEAE source, tolerance and/or need of light (light-demanding Arisarum simorrhinum Durieu species) make them exclusive or preferential plants ofo- =Arisarum vulgare subsp simorrhinum (dur.) M.et W.

Biarum Bovei subsp. dispar (Schott.) Engler  ARALIACEAE Hedera helix L.  ARECACEAE = PALMACEAE Chamaerops humilis subsp. Argentea André.  ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia baetica L. Aristolochia paucinervis Pomel =Aristolochia longa subsp. paucinervis (Pomel) Batt.  ASPARAGACEAE Anthericum liliago L. subsp. algeriense Aphyllanthes monspeliensis L. Asparagus acutifolius L. Figure 5. Annual plant lawn with Anemone coronaria before Asparagus albus L. Moutas plain crops. Photo. Babali B., March 2011.  ASPHODELACEAE

Asphodelus ramosus L. Calendula arvensis L. =Asphodelus microcarpus Salzm et Viv Calendula suffruticosa Vahl  ASPLENIACEAE Carlina gummifera (L.) Less. Ceterach officinarum Lamk. Catananche caerulea L. =Asplenium ceterach L. Centaurea pullata L.  BORAGINACEAE Cichorium intybus L. Anchusa italica Retz. Cirsium echinatum (Desf.) DC. =Anchusa azurea Mill. Dittrichia viscose (L.) Greuter Borago officinalis L. =Inula viscose (L.) Ait. Cerinthe gymnandra Gasparr. Echinops strigosus L. =Cerinthe major subsp. gymnandra (Aspar.)M. Filago fuscescens Pomel Cynoglossum cheirifolium L. Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr. Echium vulgare L. =Chrysanthemum segetum L. Neatostema apulum (L.) I.M. Johnston Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench =Lithospermum apulum (L.) Vahl. =EIichrysum stoechas (L.) DC.  CAMPANULACEAE Inula montana L. Campanula dichotoma L. Mauranthemum paludosum (Poiret) Vogt & Ober- Campanula rapunculus L. prieler Trachelium caeruleum L. =Leucanthemum paludosum (Poiret) non Bar.  CAPRIPHOLIACEAE Pallenis maritima (L.) Greuter Lonicera implexa L. =Asteriscus maritimus (L.) Less. Viburnum tinus subsp. tinus L. Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass.  CARYOPHYLACEAE Phagnalon saxatile (L.) Cass. Dianthus cintranus Boiss. & Reuter Phagnalon sordidum (L.) Reichenb. =Dianthus gaditanus Boiss. Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth Dianthus serrulatus subsp. macranthus Maire Rhaponticum acaule (L.) DC. Paronychia argentea Lam. Rhaponticum coniferum (L.) Greuter Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke =Leuzea conifera (L.) DC. =Silene inflata (Salisb.)Sm. Scolymus grandiflorus Desf. Silene latifolia subsp. latifolia Poiret Scolymus hispanicus L. Silene ramosissima Desf. Scorzonera laciniata L. Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Scorzonera undulata Vahl.  CISTACEAE Senecio vulgaris L. Cistus clusiiDunal. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Cistus creticus L. Sonchus maritimus L. =Cistus villosusL. Staehelina dubia L. Cistus ladanifer subsp. mauritianus Pau & Sennen Taraxacum obovatum (Willd.) DC. =Cistus ladaniferusL.  CONVULVULACEAE Cistus salvifolius L. Convolvulus althaeoides L. Fumana thymifolia (L.) Webb Convolvulus arvensis L. Halimium umbellatum (L.) Spach Convolvulus cantabrica L. Helianthemum cinereum (Cav.) Pers. Convolvulus humilis Jacq. Helianthemum helianthemoides (Desf.) Grosser Convolvulus tricolor L. Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) Miller  CRASSULACEAE  COLCHICACEAE Pistorinia breviflora subsp. intermedia (Boiss. & Colchicum lusitanum Brot. Reuter) Greuter & Burdet =Colchicum autumnale L. =Cotyledon breviflora (Boiss.) M. Merendera filifolia Camb. Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Pau  COMPOSITAE = ASTERACEAE Sedum album L. Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Link Umbilicus rupestris (Salisb.) Dandy Atractylis cancellata L. =Cotyledon umbilicus-veneris subsp. Pendulina (DC.) Bellis sylvestris Cirillo Batt. Bombycilaena discolor (Pers.) Laínz  CRUCIFERAE = BRASSICACEAE =Micropus bombycinus subsp discolor Lag. Alyssum simplex Rudolphi

Biscutella didyma L. Anisantha madritensis (L.) Nevski Erysimum grandiflorum Desf. =Bromus matritensis L. =Erysimum bocconei (all.) Pers. Anisantha rubens (L.) Nevski Lepidium hirtum (L.) Sm. =Bromus rubens L. Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. Arundo donax L. Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Avena sativa L. = Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek Avena sterilis L. Raphanus raphanistrum L. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. B. Sinapis alba L. Briza maxima L. Sinapis arvensis L. Bromus hordeaceus L.  CUPRISSACEAE Cynosurus echinatus L. Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus Festuca coerulescens Desf. Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters Hordeum murinum L. Cupressus sempervirens L. Lagurus ovatus L. CYPERACEAE Macrochloa tenacissima (L.) Kunth Carex halleriana Asso =Stipa tenacissima L. Carex hispida Willd. Vulpia ciliata Dumort.  DIOSCOREACEAE  HYACINTHACEAE Diocorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin Drimia maritima (L.) Speta =Tamus communis L. =Urginea maritima var. pancration (Stein.) Baker.  DIPSACACEAE Drimia undulata Jacq. Cephalaria leucantha (L.) Roemer & Schultes =Urginea undulata (Desf.) Steinh. subsp typica M. Lomelosia stellata (L.) Raf. Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl. =Scabiosa stellata L. =Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. Sixalix atropurpurea (L.) Greuter & Burdet Muscari neglectum Guss. =Scabiosa atropurpurea L. Oncostema peruviana (L.) Speta  ERICACEAE =Scilla peruviana L. Arbutus unedo L. Ornithogalum algeriense Jord. & Fourr Erica arborea L. =Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Erica multiflora L. Ornithogalum narbonense L.  EUPHORBIACEAE =Ornithogalum pyramidalisauct. non L. Euphorbia helioscopia L. Prospero autumnalis (L.) Speta Euphorbia nicræensis AlI. =Scilla autumnalis L. Euphorbia squamigera Lois. Prospero obtusifolium (Poiret) Speta  FAGACEAE =Scilla obtusifolia Poiret Quercus coccifera L. subsp. coccifera Uropetalum serotinum (L.) Ker Gawl. Quercus faginea subsp. tlemcenensis (DC.) Maire et =Dipcadi serotinum (L.) Medik. Weiller  HYPERICACEAE =Quercus faginea subsp. broteroi (Coutinho) A. Ca- Hypericum perforatum L. mus Hypericum tomentosum subsp tomentosum L. Quercus Ilex subsp. Ballota (Desf.) A. DC.  IRIDACEAE Quercus suber L. Gladiolus italicus Mill  GENTIANACEAE =Gladiolus segetum Ker.-Gawl. Centaurium erythraea Raf. Iris planifolia (Mill.) Dur. et Sch. =Centaurium umbellatum (Gibb.) Beck. Iris xiphium L.  GÉRANIACEAE Moraea sisyrinchium (L.) Ker Gawl. Erodium moschatum (L.) L’Hér. =Gynandriris sisyrinchium (L.) Parl. Geranium malviflorum Boiss. & Reute Romulea bulbocodium (L.) Seb.et Maur.  GRAMINEAE = GRAMINACEAE = POACEES  JUNCACEAE Aegilops geniculata Roth Juncus maritimus Lamk. Aegilops triuncialis L. LABIATAE = LAMIACEAE Ampelodesmos mauritanicus (Poiret) Durand & Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreber Schinz =Ajuga chamaephitis Schreb. = Ampelodesma mauritanica (Poiret) Dur.et Sch. Ajuga iva subsp. iva (L.) Schreber

Ajuga iva subsp. pseudoiva (DC.) Briq. var. pseudo- Ononis biflora Desf. Iva Ononis pubescens L. Ballota hirsutaBentham Ononis spinosa L. Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi Scorpiurus muricatus L. =Satureja calamintha subsp. Nepeta correct Stauracanthus boivinii (Webb) Samp Lamium amplexicaule L. =Ulex Boivinii Webbvar. webbianus (Cosson) Maire Lavandula stoechas L. subsp. stoechas Trifolium angustifolium L. Marrubium vulgare L. Trifolium stellatum L. Mentha rotundifolia L. Trifolium tomentosum L. Nepeta multibracteata Desf. Vicia onobrychioides L. Nepeta tuberosa subsp. reticulata (Desf.) Maire Vicia sativa L. Origanum vulgare subsp. Glandulosum (Desf.) Iest-  LILIACEAE waart Fritillaria lusitanica subsp. Oranensis (Pomel) =Origanum glandulosum Desf. Valdés Phlomis crinita subsp. Mauritanica (Munby) Murb. =Fritillaria messanensis Raf. var. atlantica M. =Phlomis crinita cav. Gagea Durieui Pari. Phlomis herba-venti L. Gagea granatelli subsp. chaberti Terracc. Rosmarinus eriocalyx Jord. & Fourr. Tulipa sylvestris subsp. australis (Link.) Pamp. =Rosmarinus tournefortiide Noé  LINACEAE Salvia verbenaca L. Linum suffruticosum L. Stachys ocymastrum (L.) Briq. Linum tenue Desf. Teucrium fruticans L. Linum usitatissimum L. Teucrium polium L.  MALVACEAE Teucrium pseudochamaepitys L. Lavatera trimestris L. Thymus munbyanus subsp. coloratus (Boiss. & Malope malachoides L. Reuter) Greuter & Burdet Malva sylvestris L. =Thymus ciliatus subsp. coloratus (B. & R.) Batt.  MORACEAE  LEGUMINOSAE = FABACEAE Fucus carica L. Anthyllis polycephala Desf.  MYRSINACEAE = PRIMULACEES Anthyllis vulneraria L. Anagallis arvensis L. Argyrolobium zanonii (L.) Link Anagallis Anagallis monelli L. =Lotophyllus argenteus L.  OLEACEAE Astragalus caprinus subsp. caprinus. Jasminum fruticans L. =Astragalus caprinus subsp. Lanigerus (Desf.) M Olea europea L. subsp. europaea Astragalus epiglottis L. =Olea europea var. oleaster Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) Stirton Phillyrea angustifolia subsp. angustifolia M. =Psoralea bituminosa L. Phillyrea latifolia L. Calicotome intermedia (Salzm.) C. Presl =Phillyrea angustifolia subsp. latifolia (L.)M. =Calycotome villosa subsp. Intermedia (Salzm.) M.  ORCHIDACEAE Ceratonia siliqua L. (Césalpiniacées) Aceras pyramidalis (L.) Reichenb Coronilla scorpioides (L.) W.D.J. Koch Cytisus =Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) L.C. Rich. arboreus subsp. baeticus (Webb) Maire Anacamptis coriophora subsp. fragrans (Poll.) Bate- Cytisus villosus Pourret man, Pridgeon & Chase =Cytisus triflorus L’Herit = Orchis coriophora subsp. Fragrans (Poll.) G. Camus Erophaca baetica (L.) Boiss. Anacamptis morio subsp. tlemcenensis (Batt.) E.G. =Astragalus lusitanicus Lamk. Camus Genista ramosissima (Desf.) Poiret Anacamptis papilionacea (L.) Bateman, Pridgeon & =Genista cinerea subsp. ramosissima (Desf.) Maire Chase Genista tricuspidata subsp. Duriaei (Spach.) Batt. =Orchis papilionacea L. Lathyrus latifolius L. Dactylorhiza durandii (Boiss.& Reuter) M.Lainz Lotus hispidus DC. =Orchis elata subsp. Durandoi (B.et R.) Medicago italica subsp. Tornata (L.) Emb. et Maire Himantoglossum hircinum (L.) Sprengel Medicago polymorpha L. =Himanthoglossum hircinum (L.) Spreng. = Medicago hispida Gaertn. Himantoglossum robertianum (Loisel.) Delforge

= Himanthoglossum longibracteatum (Biv.) Sch. Rumex bucephalophorus L. Ophrys atlantica Munby  POTAMOGETONACEAE Ophrys lutea subsp. Lutea (Cav.) Gouan Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr. Ophrys speculum L. = Potamogeton densusL. Ophrys sphegifera Willd.  RAFFLESIACEAE = Ophrys scolopax Cav. subsp. Apiformis Cytinus hypocistis subsp. clusiiNyman Ophrys subfusca (Reichenb. fil.) Haussknecht = Cytinus hypocistis subsp. kermesianus (Guss.) =Ophrys lutea subsp. Subfusca (Rchb.) Batt. Wettst. Ophrys thenthredimifera Willd. subsp. Ficalhoana Cytinus hypocistis subsp. hypocistis L. Ophrys thenthredimifera Willd. subsp. Thenthredi- = Cytinus hypocistis subsp. ochraceus (Guss.) Wettst. mifera  RENONCULACEAE Orchis anthropophora (L.) All. Adonis aestivalisL. = Aceras anthropophorum (L.) Ait. Anemone coronaria L.var. cyanea (Risso) Ardoino Orchis italica Poiret Anemone palmata L. Orchis olbiensis Reuter. Clematis cirrhosa L. = Orchis maculata subsp. Obliensis (Reut.) Asch. et Clematis flammula L. var. parviflora Pomel Gr. Delphinium balansae Boiss. et Reut.  OROBANCHACEAE Ranunculus arvensis L. Bartsia trixago L. Ranunculus ficaria subsp. ficariiformis Rouy & = Bellardia trixago (L.) All. (Scrophiliacées) Fouc. Odontites purpureus subsp. purpureus (Desf.) G. Ranunculus gramineus L. Don fil. Ranunculus macrophyllus Desf. = Odontites bolligeri E.Rico, L. Delgado & Herrero in Ranunculus millefoliatus Vahl Rico et al. [33] Ranunculus paludosus Poiret = Odontites purpureasubsp purpurea (Scrophiliacées) Ranunculus spicatus Desf. Orobanche ramosa L. Ranunculus aquatilis L. Orobanche variegata Wallr  RESEDACEAE Parentucellia latifolia (L.) Caruel (Scrophiliacées) Reseda alba subsp alba L.  PAPAVERACEAE = Reseda alba subsp eu-alba L. Fumaria capreolata L. (Fumariacées) Reseda luteola L. Fumaria officinalis L. (Fumariacées) Reseda Phyteuma subsp. collina (Gay) Batt. Papaver hybridum L.  RHAMNACEAE Papaver rhoeas L. Rhamnus alaternus L. subsp. alaternus Roemeria hybrida (L.) DC. Rhamnus lycioides subsp. oleoides (L.) Jahand. &  PINACEAE Maire Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carrière  ROSACEAE =Cedrus libanotica Link Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Pinus halepensis Mill. = Crataegus Oxyacantha subsp. monogyna (Jacq.) Pinus pinea L. Rouy et Camus  PLANTAGINACEAE Potentilla reptans L. Anarrhinum fruticosum subsp. fruticosum Maire Rosa canina L. (Scrophiliacées) Rubus ulmifolius Schott Antirrhinum majus L. (Scrophiliacées) Sanguisorba minor Scop. Globularia Alypum subsp. alypum L. (Globularia-  RUBIACEAE cées) Rubia peregrina subsp. Peregrina L. Linaria arvensis L. Desf. (Scrophiliacées)  RUSCACEAE Linaria triphylla (L.) Miller (Scrophiliacées) Ruscus aculeatus L. Linaria tristis (L.) Miller (Scrophiliacées)  RUTACEAE Plantago mauritanica Boiss. et Reut. Ruta angustifolia Pers. Plantago lagopus L. = Ruta chalepensis subsp. angustifolia (Pers.) P. Cout Plantago serraria L.  SALICACEAE  POLYGALACEAE Populus alba L. Polygala monspeliaca L. Salix pedicellata Desf.  POLYGONACEAE  SANTALACEAE

Osyris quadripartita Decne sincethe hunting reserve has a wealth of landscapes and  SAXIFRAGACEAE acts as a refuge for sensitive and/or endangered species Saxifraga globulifera Desf. as Origanum, Ammoides e.g. = Saxifraga globulüera Desf. Today, we are moving towards a bank of botanical  SCROPHILIACEAE data to monitor this floristic cover which is close to the Scrofularia laevigataVahl ecological break (environmental stress). Scrophularia canina L. For about 30 years we have gone through this area, the Verbascum blattaria L. changes are significant and we see before our eyes that  SINOPTERIDACEAE the regressive evolution has begun. This observation is Cheilanthes acrostica (Balb.) Tod. linked to southern species which are moving to north of  SMILACACEAE Tlemcen Mounts. Smilax aspera L. var. Altissima Moris & De Not.

Smilax aspera L. var. genuina L.  THYMELAEACEAE REFERENCES Daphne gnidium L. [1] Blondel, J., (2002) Problématique de la forêt médi-  THYPHACEAE terranéenne. Hors Scin, 1. Typha angustifolia L. [2] Gruber, M. and Sandoz, H. (1995) Inventaire floristique  UMBELLIFERAE = APIACEAE et phytoécologique du parc du Jarret-la Ravelle (Mar- Ammoides pusilla (Brot.) Breistr. seille, Bouches-du-Rhône, France). Bulletin de la Société = A. verticillata (Desf.) Briq. Linnéenne de Provence, 46, 105-118. Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag [3] Véla, E., Hill B. and S. Della Casa (1999) Liste des = Helosciadium nodiflorumLag. plantes vasculaires du département des Bouches-du- Bupleurum rigidum L. Rhône (France). Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Pro- vence, 50, 115-201. Daucus carota L. Eryngium tricuspidatum L. [4] Hill, B. and véla, E. (2000) Mise à jour de la liste des plantes vasculaires du département des Bouches-du- Eryngium triquetrum Vahl Rhône. Bull. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Proven- Ferula communis L. ce, 51, 71-94. Thapsia garganica L. [5] Ibn Tattou, M. and Fennane, M. (1989) Aperçu historique  VALÉRIANACEAE et état actuel des connaissances sur la flore vasculaire du Fedia cornucopiae (L.) Gaertn Maroc. Bulletin Institut Scientifique de Rabat, 13, 85-94. Valeriana tuberosa L. [6] Bouazza, M., Mahboubi, A., Loisel, R. and Benabadji, N. Valerianella discoidea (L.) Loisel. (2001) Bilan de la flore de la region de Tlemcen (Oranie- = Valerianella coronata subsp. discoidea Lois. Algérie), forêt méditerranéen, 2, 130-136.  VERBENACEAE [7] Benabadji, N., Benmansour, D. and Bouazza, M. (2007) Verbena officinalis L. La flore des monts d’Ain Fezza dans l’Ouest algérien, VITACEAE = AMPELIDACEA biodiversité et dynamique. Sciences & Technologie, 26, Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris (C.C. Gmelin) Hegi 47-59.  ZANNICHELLIACEAE [8] Mesli, K., Bouazza, M. and Godron, M. (2008) Ecologi- Zannichellia peltata Bertol. cal characterization of the vegetable groupings of the mounts of Tlemcen and their facies of degradation 4. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES (west-Algeria). Environmental Research, 2, 271-277. [9] Letreuch-Belarouci, A., Medjahdi, B., Letreuch-Belarouci, One can not speak of plant diversity, of the Moutasre- N. and Benabdeli, Kh. (2009) Diversité floristique des serve, without taking the relative change in the climate of subéraies du parc national de Tlemcen. Acta Botanica the western part of Algeria into consideration. That’s Malacitana, 34, 77-89. how the phylogenetic potential began a regressive evolu- [10] Medjahdi, B., Ibn Tattou, M., Barkat, D. and Benabedli, tion. This latter is accentuated by an increasingly strong Kh. (2009) La flore vasculaire des monts des Traras. Acta anthropo zoological pressure.These ecosystems are frag- Botanica Malacitana, 34, 57-75. ile and complex and must be tackled in a comprehensive [11] Anonymous-Bulgarie (1988) Projet d’aménagement cy- manner. There are many achievements in phytoecology négétique de la réserve de chasse Moutas-wilaya de Tle- and plant systematics, but little information/data is avai- mcen. Lescomplekt-engineering, 4, 99. lable regarding in particular the western part of Algeri- [12] Braun-Blanquet, J. (1951) Les groupements végétaux de aendemic species. la France méditerranéenne., CRNS, Paris, 297. Faced with this alternative we insist on develop- [13] Quézel P. and Santa S. (1962-1963) Nouvelle flore ing/expanding plants (aromatic/medicinal and others) d’Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionales. CRNS,

Paris (FR), Tome I: 1-565, Tome II: 566-1170. terranea, 15, 15-32. [14] Battandier, A. and Trabut, L. (1888-1890) Flore d’Algérie [25] Prodon, R., Fons, R. and Peter, A.M. (1984) L’impact du (Dicotylédones). 860. feu sur la végétation, les oiseaux et les micromammifères [15] Valdés, B., Rejdali, M., Kadmiri, A.A.E., Jury, S.L. and dans diverses formations méditerranéennes des Pyrénées Montserrat, J.M. (2002) Catalogue des plantes vas- Orientales: Premiers résultats. Revue d’écologie, Terre et culaires du Nord du Maroc incluant des clés d’íden- Vie, 39, 128-158. tiﬁcation. Consejo Superior d’Investigaciones Cientíﬁcas, [26] Amandier, L. (2004) Le comportement du Chêne-liège Biblioteca de ciencias, Madrid, Vol. I and II, 1007. après l’incendie conséquences sur la régénération natur- [16] Blanca, G., Cabezudo, B., Cueto, M., Fernández López, C. elle des subéraies. Actes du coloque-VIVexpo 2004: Le and Morales Torres, C. (2009) Flora Vascular de An- chêne-liège face au feu, 1-18. dalucía Oriental, Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Junta de [27] Schaffhauser, A., Curt, T., Véla, E. and Tatoni, T. (2012) Andalucía, Sevilla. Feux récurrents et facteurs environnementaux façonnent [17] Maire, R. (1952-1987) Flore de l’Afrique du Nord (Ma- la végétation dans les boisements à Quercus suber L. Et roc, Algérie, Tunisie, Tripolitaine, Cyrénaïque et Sahara). les maquis, C.R. Biologies, 335, 424-434. Le Chevalier, Paris. Vol. 1-16, 5559. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2012.04.006 [18] Dobignard, A. (2008) Index, and synonymous bibliogra- [28] Hadjadj-Aoul, S. (1995) Les peuplements du Thuya de phic flora of North Africa, in Press. Berbérie (Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Master) en Algérie: phytoécologie, syntaxonomie et potentialités sylvicoles. [19] Dahmani-Megrerouche, M. (1996) Diversité biologique Thèse d’Etat, Université Aix-Marseille III, Aix-en-Pro- et phytogéographique des chênaies vertes d’Algérie, Eco- vence and Marseille, 250. logia Mediterranea, 22, 19-38. [29] Hadjadj-Aoul, S., Chouieb, M. and Loisel, R. (2009) [20] Quezel, P. and Medail, F. (2003) Ecologie et biogéogra- Effet des facteurs environnementaux sur les premiers phie des forêts du bassin méditerranéen. Elsevier, Paris, stades de la régénération naturelle de Tetraclinis articulata 592. en Oranie, Ecologia Mediterranea, 35, 19-30. [21] Laribi, M., Derridj, A. and Acherar, M. (2008) Phytoso- [30] Quézel, P. (2000) Réflexions sur l’évolution de la flore et ciologie de la forêt caducifoliée à chêne zéen (Quercus de la végétation au Maghreb méditerranéen. Ibis Press, canariensis willd.) Dans le massif d’Ath Ghobri-Akfadou Paris, 117. (grande Kabylie, Algérie). Fitosociologia, 45, 1-15. [31] Quezel, P. and Medail, F. (2003) Valeur phytoécologique [22] Messaoudène, M., Tafer, M., Loukkas, A. and Marchal, R. et biologique des ripisylves méditerranéennes. Forêt (2008) Propriétés physiques du bois de chêne zéen de la Méditerranéenne, 3, 231-248. forêt des Aït Ghobri (Algérie). Bois et Forêts des Tro- piques, 298, 37-48. [32] Véla, E. (2002) Biodiversité des milieux ouverts en région méditerranéenne. Le cas des pelouses sèches du [23] Zine El Abidine, A. (1988) Analyse de la diversité phyto- Luberon (Provence calcaire). Phd thesis. University Aix- écologique des forêts du chêne zeen (Quercus faginea marseille III, Aix-en-Provence and Marseille, 383. Lamk.) Au Maroc. Bulletin Institut Scientifique de Rabat, 12, 69-77. [33] Rico, E., Delgado, l. and Herrero, A. (2008) Reassessing the Odontites purpureus group (Orobanchaceae) from [24] Alcaraz, C. (1989) Contribution à l’étude des group- South-East Spain and North-West Africa. Botanical Jour- ements à Quercus ilex et Quercus faginea subsp. Tlem- nal of the Linnean Society, 158, 701-708. cenensis des monts de Tlemcen (Algérie). Ecologia Medi-

Appendix Planche 1. Board color (phot. B. Babali).

Anacamptis morio subsp. tlemcenensis Fritillaria lusitanica subsp. Oranensis (Batt.) E.G. Camus (Pomel) Valdés Biarum Bovei subsp. dispar (Schott.) Engler

Ophrys atlantica Munby Iris xiphium L. Carex hispida Willd.

Briza maxima L. Pancratium foetidum var. oranense Pomel Drimia undulata Jacq.

Planche 2. Board color (phot. B. Babali).

Ajuga iva subsp. pseudoiva (DC.) Briq. Anthyllis polycephala Desf. Euphorbia nicræensis AlI.

Cistus ladanifer subsp. Mauritianus Cytinus hypocistis subsp. clusii Nepeta tuberosa subsp. reticulata (Desf.) Pau &Sennen Nyman + Cistus villosus Pourret Maire

Odontites purpureus subsp. Quercus faginea subsp. tlemcenensis Stauracanthus boivinii purpureus (Desf.) G. Don fil. (OC.) Maire et Weiller (Webb) Samp