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Draft Second Report on the State of the World's Plant CGRFA-12/09/Inf.7 Rev.1 September 2009 E Item 4.1 of the Provisional Agenda COMMISSION ON GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Twelfth Regular Session Rome, 19-23 October 2009 DRAFT SECOND REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE - FINAL VERSION This document is printed in limited numbers to minimize the environmental impact of FAO's processes and contribute to climate neutrality. Delegates and observers are kindly requested to bring their copies to meetings and to avoid asking for additional copies. Most FAO meeting documents are available on the Internet at www.fao.org W0000 Editorial Note This revised version of the Draft Second Report on the State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA-12/09/Inf.7 Rev.1) contains changes made in the following sections: • Data contained in Tables 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 were revised according to recent information sent to FAO by Member Countries; • In Section 5 of the Executive Summary, a change in the number of Country Reports received for both the first State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and the Second Report on the State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture was made to be consistent with the text found in the respective chapters; • In Section 3.4.2, changes were made in the numbers and percentages of accessions of the major and minor crops; • In Section 3.4.2.1, the number of accessions of the total world holdings of potato accessions was changed; • In Section 5.4.3.1 changes were made to the list of countries having adopted or drafted plant variety protection legislation to match changes made in Appendix 1; • In Annex 1, the distribution of countries by region was revised; • Appendix 1 was updated based on recent information received by FAO; • Changes were made in Appendix 2 to the names of genus, and the percentages/ numbers of accessions; • Previously missing Appendixes 3 and 4 have been added; and • Changes were made to the List of Acronyms and Abbreviations, with some acronyms deleted and others added. DRAFT SECOND REPORT ON THE WORLD’S PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE COMMISSION ON GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2009 The conclusions given in this report are considered appropriate at the time of its preparation. They may be modified in the light of further knowledge gained at subsequent stages. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Chief, Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Communication Division FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: [email protected] © FAO 2009 iii Foreword iv The second State of the World’s PGRFA report Contents Foreword iii List of Figures xi List of Boxes xii List of Tables xiii Acknowledgements xiv Preface xv Executive summary xvii 1. The state of diversity 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Diversity within and between plant species 1 1.2.1 Changes in the status of on farm managed diversity 2 1.2.2 Changes in the status of diversity in ex situ collections 3 1.2.3 Changes in the status of crop wild relatives 8 1.2.4.1 Molecular technologies 10 1.2.4.2 Geographic Information Systems 11 1.2.4.3 Information and Communications Technologies 11 1.3 Genetic vulnerability and erosion 12 1.3.1 Trends in genetic vulnerability and erosion 12 1.3.2 Indicators of genetic erosion and vulnerability 14 1.4. Interdependence 15 1.5 Changes since the first SoW report was published 17 1.6 Gaps and needs 17 2. The state of in situ management 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Conservation and management of PGRFA in wild ecosystems 27 2.2.1 Inventory and state of knowledge 28 2.2.2 In situ conservation of crop wild relatives in protected areas 29 2.2.3 In situ conservation of PGRFA outside protected areas 31 2.2.4 Global system for in situ conservation areas 32 Contents v 2.3 On farm management of PGRFA in agricultural production systems 36 2.3.1 Amount and distribution of crop genetic diversity in production systems 36 2.3.2 Management practices for diversity maintenance 37 2.3.3 Farmers as custodians of diversity 39 2.3.4 Options to support the conservation of diversity in agricultural production systems 39 2.3.4.1 Adding value through characterizing local materials 40 2.3.4.2 Improving local materials through breeding and seed processing 40 2.3.4.3 Increasing consumer demand through market incentives and public awareness 40 2.3.4.4 Improved access to information and materials 40 2.3.4.5 Supportive policies, legislation and incentives 41 2.4 Global challenges to in situ conservation and management of PGRFA 41 2.4.1 Climate change 41 2.4.2 Habitat change 42 2.4.3 Invasive alien species 42 2.4.4 Replacement of traditional with modern varieties 42 2.5 Changes since the first SoW report was published 42 2.6 Gaps and needs 43 3. The state of ex situ conservation 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Overview of genebanks 51 3.3 Collecting 53 3.3.1 Situation in the regions 54 3.4 Types and status of collections 57 3.4.1 International and national genebanks 57 3.4.2 Crop species coverage 59 3.4.2.1 Major crops 59 3.4.2.2 Minor crops and wild relatives 62 3.4.3 Types of material stored 63 3.4.4 Source of material in genebanks 64 3.4.5 Gaps in collection coverage 65 3.4.6 Conservation of DNA samples and nucleotide sequence information 66 3.5 Storage facilities 67 3.6 Security of stored material 71 3.7 Regeneration 73 3.8 Documentation and characterization 74 3.8.1 Documentation 74 3.8.2 Characterization 78 vi The second State of the World’s PGRFA report 3.9 Germplasm movement 81 3.10 Botanical gardens 83 3.10.1 Conservation facilities, statistics and examples 85 3.10.2 Documentation and germplasm exchange 85 3.11 Changes since the first SoW report was published 86 3.12 Gaps and needs 87 4. The state of use 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Germplasm distribution and use 91 4.3 Characterization and evaluation of PGRFA 92 4.4 Plant breeding capacity 94 4.5 Crops and traits 99 4.6 Breeding approaches for use of PGRFA 100 4.6.1 Pre-breeding and base broadening 101 4.6.2 Farmers’ participation and farmer breeding 101 4.7 Constraints to improved use of PGRFA 103 4.7.1 Human resources 103 4.7.2 Funding 104 4.7.3 Facilities 104 4.7.4 Cooperation and linkages 104 4.7.5 Information access and management 105 4.8 Production of seeds and planting material 105 4.9 Emerging challenges and opportunities 109 4.9.1 Use of PGRFA for sustainable agriculture and ecosystem services 109 4.9.2 Under-utilized species 110 4.9.3 Biofuel crops 111 4.9.4 Health and dietary diversity 112 4.9.5 Climate change 113 4.10 Cultural aspects of PGRFA 114 4.11 Changes since the first SoW report was published 114 4.12 Gaps and needs 115 5. The state of national programmes, training needs, and legislation 121 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 State of national programmes 121 5.2.1 Purpose and functions of national programmes 121 5.2.2 Types of national programmes 122 5.2.3 Status of development of national programmes 122 5.2.4 National programme funding 123 Contents vii 5.2.5 Role of the private sector, NGOs, and educational institutions 124 5.2.5.1 Private sector 124 5.2.5.2 NGOs 125 5.2.5.3 Universities 125 5.3 Training and education 126 5.4 National policy and legislation 129 5.4.1 Phytosanitary regulations 129 5.4.2 Seed regulations 129 5.4.3 Intellectual property rights 131 5.4.3.1 Plant breeders’ rights 131 5.4.3.2 Patents 132 5.4.4 Farmers’ rights 133 5.4.5 Biosafety 135 5.5 Changes since the first SoW report was published 136 5.6 Gaps and needs 137 6.
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