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Caractérisation Agromorpbologique Des Accessions De La Collection De Voandmn ( Vigna Subte"Anea (L.) Verde., Fabaceae] De L'université Nangui Abrogoua

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Caractérisation Agromorpbologique Des Accessions De La Collection De Voandmn ( Vigna Subte RÉPUBLIQUE DE CÔTE D'IVOIRE Année Uninrsitaire Union-Discipline-Travail 2015-2016 Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique UFR des Sciences de la Nature Master de GENETIQUE ET AMELIORATION DES BIORESSOURSES Option: Ressources végétales THÈME: Caractérisation agromorpbologique des accessions de la collection de voandmn ( Vigna subte"anea (L.) Verde., Fabaceae] de l'Université Nangui Abrogoua Présenté par : SORO Nalourougo Soutenu publiquement le 15 mars 20 l 7 devant le jury composé de : Mme ADEP() GOURENE Béatrice Professeur Titulaire Présidente M. ZORO BI Irié Arsène Professeur Titulaire Superviseur M. BONNY Beket Séverin Maître Assistant Encadreur M. KONE Moogomaké Professeur Titulaire Examinateur Table des matières , Dédicace ii Remerciements iii Liste des figures et tableaux iv Résumé v Abstract v Liste des abréviations vi Introduction 1 Première partie : Revue bibliographique 3 1.1. Origine et aire de distribution du voandzou 4 1.2. Importance nutritionnelle, médicinale, agronomique et socioéconomique du voandzou 4 1.3. Biologie du voandzou 5 1.3.1. Taxonomie du voandzou 5 1.3.2. Description du voandzou 6 1.4. Système de reproduction du voandzou 8 1.5. Ecologie du voandzou 8 1.6. Agronomie du voandzou 9 Deuxième partie : Etude expérimentale 11 2. Matériel et Méthodes 12 2.1. Site d'étude 12 2.2. Matériel biologique 13 2.3. Dispositif expérimental 13 2.4. Collecte des données 13 2.5. Traitements et analyses statistiques 16 Troisième partie : Résultats et discussion 20 3. Résultats 21 3.1. Caractérisation physique et pourcentage des variétés de graines constituants la collection de graine de voandzou de l'Université Nangui Abrogoua 21 3.2. Organisation de la diversité agromorphologique 25 3.2.1. Corrélation entre les variables mesurées 25 3.2.2. Structuration de la variabilité agromorphologique 27 3.3. Discussion 34 Conclusion et perspectives 36 Références bibliographiques : 37 Dédicace Ùe rlidie oe 11(é1Ho1~e a' IHM /'Ol"'e1rt.? : ;tt,(}I( ;e,';,,e cfO RO !tlatHfi a ;t/,a /~Mr/e, /Ife,~ cfl)RI) Tek;éj,aé ii 1 Remerciements Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire ont été effectués dans le cadre du stage de fin de cycle pour l'obtention du diplôme de MASTER en Génétique et Amélioration des Bioressourses, Ce mémoire a pu être réalisé aussi grâce aux soutiens et aux conseils de plusieurs personnes que je tiens à remercier sincèrement. Mes remerciements sont tout d'abord adressés au responsable du Master Génétique et Amélioration des Bioressourses (MGAB), le Professeur ADEPO Béatrice épouse GOURENE ainsi qu'à tous les Enseignants-Chercheurs dudit Master. J'exprime ici ma gratitude à l'endroit du Directeur adjoint du Pôle de Recherche Production Végétale, le Professeur ZORO Bi Irié Arsène pour avoir accepté d'être le Directeur scientifique de ce travail. Ensuite je tiens à remercier tous ceux qui ont contribué à l'aboutissement de ce travail. Mon encadreur, Docteur BONNY Beket Séverin à qui je dis grand merci pour avoir accepté de diriger ce travail. Je lui exprime ma plus profonde gratitude pour m'avoir accueillie à bras ouverts ; pour son enseignement, sa disponibilité, ses précieux conseils, son indulgence et la confiance qu'il m'a accordée tout au long de ces travaux. A tous les enseignants chercheurs, membres du jury de ce mémoire pour toutes les critiques et corrections apportées dans le but de le parfaire. Aux Docteurs KOFFI Kouamé Guillaume et KOUONON Léonie Clémence pour leur disponibilité, leurs sages conseils, leurs encouragements et leurs soutiens. Merci Docteurs ! Enfin, j'adresse mes remerciements à mon aînée, Mme GOBA Alice Esther épouse KOUDOUGNON, doctorante en génétique des populations, pour son assistance et ses conseils. A mes camarades de promotion de MASTER de génétique, à KOA UKOU N'Guessan Marcellin. MOBIO Anouma Desiré, DIOMANDE Issoumailla et à tous les étudiants de l'équipe de recherche. A monsieur SYLLA Kalilou pour son aide lors des travaux de nettoyage. A ma famille surtout à mon père SORO Navaga, ma mère SORO Tedjèh et à mes oncles SORO Kolo et SORO Alama pour leurs soutiens, leurs bénédictions et leurs sages conseils. iii Liste des figures et tableaux Figures Figure 1 : Aire de distribution du voandzou en Afiique (Brink & Bel a y, 2006) 4 Figure 2 : Pied de voandzou (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verde, a : port érigé; b: port rampant; c : fruit; d : graine. (Bonny 2012) 7 Figure 3 : Diagramme ombrothermique d'Abidjan pour la période 2016 12 Figure 4 : Plan détaillé du dispositif expérimental des sous parcelles bouquet et rampant 15 Figure 5: Différentes variétés de graine présentes dans les accessions de voandzou (Vigna subterranea) de la collection de voandzou de l'Université Nangui Abrogoua (Bonny, 2012) 22 Figure 6 : Projection des variables dans le plan factoriel 1-2 de l 'ACP 29 Figure 7 : Représentation des 32 accessions de voandzou dans le plan 1-2 de l 'ACP 29 .Figure 8 : Classification ascendante hiérarchique (CAH) des 32 accessions suivant la méthode d'agrégation de Ward et les groupes de diversité phénotypique observés suivant le niveau de ressemblance 9 30 Figure 9 : Représentation graphique, dans le plan 1-2 de l' AFD des quatre groupes formés par les 32 accessions de voandzou 32 Tableaux Tableau 1 : Caractères quantitatifs utilisés pour l'évaluation des variétés locales de voandzou [Vigna subterranea (L) Verde.] et les différentes méthodes de mesures effectuées 17 Tableau 2 : Proportion des variétés de graines dans les différentes accessions constituant la collection d graines de voandzou [Vigna subterranea (L) Verde.] de l'Université Nangui Abrogroua 23 Tableau 3: Matrice de corrélation entre les variables mesurées chez les accessions de voandzou (V. subterranea (L.) Verdc.) 26 Tableau 4: Valeurs propres, pourcentage de variation exprimé par les trois premiers axes de l'analyse des composantes principales et les corrélations (poids factoriels) entre les variables et les axes .. 27 Tableau S : Classification par ordre décroissant des caractères agromorphologiques discriminants le groupes de diversité phénotypiques d'accessions de voandzou suivant le test de lambda de Wilk résultant de I' AFD 31 Tableau 6: Pourcentage de variation des axes 1 et 2 de l'AFD et le poids factoriel des variables 31 Tableau 7 : Matrice des distances de Mahalanobis (D 2) séparant les quatre groupes de diversités phénotypiques résultant de la CAH et leur significativité 3 1 Tableau 8 : Valeurs moyennes et écart type Li) des caractères morphologiques enregistrés chez les quatre groupes de diversité phénotypique de voandzou (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verde.) découlant de la CAH et les résultats des tests de comparaison 33 iv Résumé L'objectif de la présente étude était de caractériser sur la base de marqueurs agromorphologiques, les nouvelles accessions de la collection de graines de voandzou de l'Université Nangui Abrogoua. Les caractères qualitatifs relatifs à la coloration des graines ont permis d'identifier 15 spécimens dans l'ensemble de la collection montrant une variabilité des graines présentes dans les accessions de voandzou. L'analyse de la diversité effectuée avec les caractères quantitatifs a mis en évidence de fortes corrélations (r) entre ces caractères et une importante variabilité entre les accessions. L'analyse en composantes principales (ACP) a révélé 60,40% de variabilité totale essentiellement exprimée par les variables végétatives (la hauteur de la plante, l'envergure de la plante, la longueur des entre-nœuds et le nombre de feuilles) et de rendement (les dimensions de la gousse, les dimensions de la graine). La classification ascendante hiérarchique (CAH) a structuré les accessions pour lesquelles des gousses ont été obtenues en quatre groupes de diversité phénotypiques distincts corroborés par l'analyse factorielle discriminante (AFD). Ces groupes se sont distingués par les variables végétatifs et de rendement. Par conséquent, ces corrélations entre les caractères et les groupes. de diversité phénotypiques observés peuvent être utilisés comme moyen d'amélioration variétale chez le voandzou. Mots-clés : Caractérisation, marqueurs agromorphologiques, accessions, voandzou, diversité phénotypique Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize on the basis of agromorphological markers the new accessions bambara groundnut in seed collection ofNangui Abrogoua University. The qualitative traits relating to the seeds color allowed to identify 15 specimens throughout the collection sbowing a variability of the seeds present in the accessions of bambara groundnut. The analysis of diversity using quantitative traits revealed strong correlations (r) between characters and high variability of accessions. Principal components analysis (PCA) revealed 60.40% of total variability essentially marked by vegetative variables (plant beight, plant spread, enternode length and number of leaves) and yield component (pods dimensions and seeds dimensions). Hierarcbical ascending classification (HAC) structured viable accessions into four distinct phenotypic diversity groups corroborated by discriminant factor analysis (AFD). These groups were distinguished by vegetative and yield variables. Therefore, these correlations between the phenotypic characteristics and phenotypic diversity groups observed can be used as a means of varietal improvement in bambara groundnut Key-words: Characterization, agromorphological markers, accessions, bambara groundnut, phenotypic diversity V Liste des abréviations ACP: Analyse en Composante Principale AFD: Analyse Factorielle Discriminante BAMNET:
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