BIJDRAGEN TOT DE KENNIS DER FAUNA VAN CURAÇAO.
1920. Resultaten eener Reis van Dr. C. J. VAN DER HORST in
Marine Molluscs of the Island of Curaçao
BY
Tera van Benthem Jutting
Zoological Museum, Amsterdam.
(With 5 text-figures).
molluscs which I will in the The account on West-Indian give following pages, was started as
of collected Dr. BOEKE in the course of Dr. HORST a consequence material, by J. 1905, by C. J. VAN DER
during April and May of 1920 and by engineer G. J. H. MOLENGRAAFF since 1921. Besides I will mention
species from Curaçao already present in the collections of the Zoological Museum at Amsterdam.
The majority of these species were collected alive and all of them belong to the littoral zone
stretching from high-water-mark to about one fathom.
and MOLENGRAAFF fill each other's so The researches by BOEKE, VAN DER HORST up gaps, that
of molluscs this combination has given us a fairly representative collection littoral of Curagao.
The results of their investigations were kindly presented to the Zoological Museum of the
Amsterdam University. Ï had the pleasure to study them there at the suggestion of its former Director,
Prof. Dr. M. WEBER, under the friendly supervision of the present Director, Dr. L. F. DE BEAUFORT, and frequently consulting the rich collections of the Museum and the valuable library of the Royal
remember the Zoological Society „Natura Artis Magistra" in Amsterdam. I gratefully advice given to me by Dr. VAN DER HORST on different occasions.
First of all follows an enumeration of the principal literature referring to the marine molluscan fauna of the island and the surrounding district in general. For information concerning special genera or species I quoted the different papers in the systematic part referring to the species considered.
Synonymy is limited to the original references and to those which served to identify the species,
generally TRYON-PILSBRY, Manuel of Conchology.
have been collected. The Of the class of Scaphopoda no specimens Amphineura, Cephalopoda as
have been or will be treated other in this well as the Gastropoda Opisthobranchia by specialists Journal.
For details about the different localities 1 may refer to Dr. VAN DER HORST'S „Narrative of the
and short of localities" tot de Dierkunde, Afl. XXIII, 1924, voyage description (Bijdragen pag. 1—12).
T. Director of Salm's Instrument Stores The photographs were kindly taken by Mr. WESTERDIJK,
Ltd. Amsterdam.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
AGASSIZ, A., Three cruises of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Steamer Blake 1877—1880. Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., Vol. 14, 1888 and Vol. 15, 1889.
F. A list of the BAKER, C., parial marine mollusca of San Salvador, The Nautilus, Vol. 17, 1903, pag. 57. betreffende BOEKE, J-, Rapport een voorloopig onderzoek naar den toestand van de visscherij en de industrie van
in de kolonie 1 —200. zeeproducten Curasao, 's Qravenhage, Deel 1, 1907, pag.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 2
BUSH, K. J., Additions to the shallow-water mollusca of Cape Hatteras N. C. dredged by the U. S. Fish Commission
Steamer Albatross in 1883 and 1884. Trans. Conn. Acad. Sciences, Vol. 6, part 2, 1885, pag. 453—480. 62—56 CLENCH, W. J., The marine shells of Sanibel, Florida. The Nautilus, Vol. 37, 1923, pag. with appendix, Ibid.,
93—95. Vol. 38, 1925, pag.
COCKERELL, T. D. A., A list of the Brachiopoda, Pelecypoda, Pteropoda and Nudibranchia of Jamaica, living and fossil.
Vol. 103—107 and 113—118. The Nautilus, 7, 1894, pag. pag. of Mexico — DALL, W. H., Reports ön the results of dredging under the supervision of A. Agassiz in the Gulf 1877 examination of 1878 by the U. S. Coast Survey Steamer Blake. General conclusions from a preliminary the
mollusca. Mus. Vol. 85 — 93. Bull. Comp. Zoology, 6, n°. 3, pag.
between List of marine mollusca comprising the quaternary fossils and recent forms from American localities
Cape Hatteras and Cape Roque, including the Bermudas. Bull. U. S. Geological Survey, n°. 24, 1885.
Coast Steamer Blake. the Mollusca. Bull. Mus. Reports on the results of dredging by the U. S. Survey Report on
171 —318 and Vol. 1—492. Comp. Zool. Vol. 12, 1886, pag. 18, 1889, pag.
—— A preliminary Catalogue of the shell-bearing marine Mollusks and Brachiopods of the south-eastern coast of the
Un. States. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. n°. 37, 1889.
Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross. VII. Preliminary report on
obtained 1887—1888. Proc. U. Nat. Mus. 1889 the collection of Mollusca and Brachiopoda in S. (1890), pag. 219—362.
On some marine Mollusca from the south coast of Brazil. The Nautilus, Vol. 5, 1891, pag. 42—44, with appendix
Ibid. Vol. 109—111. 6, pag.
of Alexander II. Cruise of the steam yacht Wild Ducks in the Bahamas, January—April 1893 in charge Agassiz.
Notes on the shells collected. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Vol. 25, 1894, pag. 113—124.
121 —123. — Dr. H. The Vol. 1897, — List of species collected at Bahia, Brazil, by von Ihering. Nautilus, 10, pag.
Vol. DALL, W. H. & C. T. SIMPSON, The Mollusca of Porto Rico. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 20,-1900, pag. 351—516.
Proc. DALL. W. H., Results of the Branner— Agassiz Expedition to Brazil. V. Mollusks from the vicinity of Pernambuco.
Wash. Acad. Vol. 139—147. Sei., 3, 1901, pag.
DALL, W. H. & P. BARTSCH, New species of shells from Bermuda. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 40, 1911, pag. 277 —288.
Mém. Soc. Zool. Vol. DAUTZENBERG, PH., Croisières du yacht Chazalie dans l'Atlantique, Mollusques. France, 13, 1900,
145—265. pag.
—230. Contribution ä la faune malacologique de l'Afrique occidentale. Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,Vol. 64,1910, pag. 47
marins. Ann. Instit. Monaco, Mission Qruvel sur la cöte occidentale de l'Afrique 1909—1910. Mollusques ocean.
1—111. Vol. 5, 1912, pag.
Bermuda Islands. The Nautilus, Vol. 17, 1904, 125 — 130. DAVIS, C. A., Notes on the mollusca of the pag. Bahamas and Cuba. The Nautilus, Vol. 1924, 56—62. EMERY, D. L., Collecting in southern Florida, the 38, pag. found the shores of Trinidad. Ann. GUPPY, R. J. LECHMERE, Notice of some marine shells on Mag. Nat. Hist. (4),
Vol. 15, 1875, pag. 50-52.
of the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, HEILPRIN, A., On some new species mollusca from Bermuda Islands. 1889,
141—142. pag.
Florida. The Vol. 59—60. HENDERSON, J. B., Marine shells from drift on upper Matecumbe Key, Nautilus, 27, 1913, pag. 129—145. JACOT, A. P., Some marine molluscan shells of Beaufort and vicinity. Journ. Elisha Mitchel Soc. Vol. 36,1921, pag.
The Vol. 59—61. Review of marine mollusca found about New York City. Nautilus, 36, 1922, pag.
KREBS, H., Remarks on some species of West-Indian marine shells in the cabinet of Amherst College, Mass. Ann. Lyc.
Nat. Hist. New Vol. York, 8, 1867, pag. 394-398.
Catalogue of marine mollusks collected in the Bahama Islands in November 1866. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York,
Vol. 427-431. 8, 1867, pag.
MöRCH, O. A. L., Synopsis molluscorum marinorum Indiarum Occidentalium (imprimis insularum danicarum). Malak.
Vol. 45-58 and Vol. 14- 66 and 93 • 123. Blatt. Vol. 22, 1875, pag. 142—184, 23, 1876, pag. 87—143, 24,1877, pag.
winters 1891 and 1892. The Vol. NYLANDER, O. O., Collecting shells on the east coast of Florida in the Nautilus, 34,
1921, pag. 119-124.
POULSEN, C. M., Catalogue of West-Indian shells in the collections of Dr. C. M. Poulsen of Copenhagen, 1878.
P. of I. The Vol. 118—121. REMINGTON, S., Rambles a midshipman Nautilus, 35, 1922, pag. St. Kitts, and at Pensacola, RUSH, W. H., List of species collected on the Islands of St. Thomas, Barbados, Jamaica
with The Vol. —70. Florida, prefatory notes. Nautilus, 5, 1891, pag. 65
W.-Indië, —482. SCHEPMAN, M. M., Mollusca van Nederlandsch West-Indië. Encycl. Ned. 1914, pag. 477
On the marine mollusca of Ascension Proc. Zool. Soc. —322. SMITH, E. A., Island. London, 1890, pag. 317
— Marine mollusca of St. Helena. Proc. Zool. Soc. 247—317 —: London, 1890, pag.
Soc. 483 —502. Mollusca in H. N. Ridley, Zoology of Fernando Noronha. Journ. Linn. London, Vol. 20, 1890, pag.
Further additions to the known marine molluscan fauna of St. Helena. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), Vol. 10, 1892,
pag. 129—135.
STUDER, TH., Beiträge zur Meeresfauna West-Afrikas. Zool. Anz., Vol. 5, 1882, pag. 333—336 and 351 —356. Vol. 11. 109—132. THIELE, J., Beitrag zur Molluskenfauna West-Indiens. Zool. Jahrb. Suppi., 1910, pag.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 3
SYSTEMATIC PART.
GASTROPODA PROSOBRANCHIA.
Conus mus Hwass.
Conus Hwass in Vol. 630. mus Bruguière, Encycl. Méth. 1, part 2, 1792, pag.
Conus Man. of Vol. 72 and 73. mus Tryon, Conch. 6, 1884, pag. 19, pi. 5, fig.
30. IV. 2 in 13. V. 6 1 Caracasbay, 1920, spec.; coral, 1920, spec.; 1923, spec.
14. V. 2 Westpunt, 1920, spec.
7 Spanish Bay, 1921, spec.
At the entrance to Spanish Water Mr. MOLENQRAAFF collected another specimen which belongs
the Man. }o variety roseus Lamarck (TRYON, of Conch. Vol. 6, 1884, pag. 20, pi. 5, fig. 73).
Conus nebulosus Solander.
Conus nebulosus (Solander) Hwass in Bruguière, Encycl. Méth. Vol. 2, part 1, 1792, pag. 607.
Conus nebulosus Man. of Conch. Vol. 31—34. Tryon, 6, 1884, pag. 28, pi. 7, fig.
2 Curasao, spec.
2 Caracasbay, 1921, spec.
Conus testudinarius Martini.
605. Conus testudinarius Martini, Conch. Cab. Vol. 2, 1773, pag. 250, pi. 55, fig.
testudinarius Man. of Vol. 18. Conus Tryon, Conch. 6, 1884, pag. 65, pi. 20, fig.
1 Caracasbay, 1921, spec.
Spanish Bay, 1921, 1 spec.
Conus granulatus Linné.
Conus Nat. Ed. 716. granulatus Linné, Syst. X, 1758, pag.
Man. of Vol. 42 and 43. Conus granulatus Tryon, Conch. 6, 1884, pag. 81—82, pi. 25, fig.
1 Spanish Bay, 1923, spec.
Daphnella lymneiformis (Kiener).
Pleurotoma lymneiformis Kiener, Coq. Viv. 1834, Pleurotoma pag. 62—63, pi. 22, fig. 3.
Man. of Conch. Vol. Daphnella lymneiformis Tryon, 6, 1884, pag. 300, pi. 25, fig. 60, pi. 26, fig. 89, 90 and 93.
5. V. 1 Spanish Water in Porites furcata, 1920, spec.
Olivella jaspidea (Gmelin).
3442. Voluta jaspidea Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Ed. XIII, 1792, pag.
Olivella jaspidea Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 5, 1883, pag. 68, pi. 15, fig. 91—94.
Curasao, 8 spec.
Spanish Water, 6. IV. 1920, 3 spec.
Caracasbay, 19. IV. 1920, 7 spec.
Small 26. IV. 2 lagoon near Caracasbay, 1920, spec,
Spanish Harbour, 20. V. 1920, 6 spec.
This species seems to be extremely abundant throughout the whole Caribbean region. It is rather variable in shape and colouring.
Oliva fusiformis Lamarck.
Oliva fusiformis Ann. du 318. Lamarck, Mus. Vol. 16, 1809, pag. Oliva fusiformis Man. of Conch. Tryon, Vol. 5, 1883, pag. 83, pi. 30, fig. 86—89, pi. 34, fig. 56.
1 Curasao, spec.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 4
Oliva reticularis Lamarck.
reticularis Ann. du Mus. Vol. 314. Oliva Lamarck, 16, 1809, pag.
reticularis of Oliva Tryon. Man. Conch. Vol. 5, 1883, pag. 83, pl. 30, fig. 90—95, pl. 31, fig. 96—4, pl. 34, fig. 57.
1 Curasao, spec.
Ancillaria glabrata (Linné).
Buccinum Nat. Ed. 1203. glabratum Linné, Syst. XII, 1767, pag.
Ancillaria Man. of Conch. Vol. 54. glabrata Tryon, 5, 1883, pag. 96, pi. 39, fig.
24 Curasao, spec.
Three of differs the usual the specimens are almost quite white, another shell from type by
conic than the being more average.
Marginella margarita Kiener.
Viv. 42. Marginella margarita Kiener, Coq. 1834, Marginella, pag. 15, pi. 9, fig.
22 and 23, Marginella margarita Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 5, 1883, pag. 25, pi. 7, fig.
Curasao, 2 spec.
in A useful synopsis of the recent Marginellidae was compiled by J. R. LE BROCKTON TOMLIN
1917 Malac. Soc. Vol. (Proc. London, 12, pag. 242—306).
Marginella interruptelineata (Mühlfeldt).
Voluta Ges. naturf. Freunde Voi. 8, 1818, 6, interruptelineata Megerle von Mühlfeldt, Mag. Berlin, pag. ,
pl. 1, flg. 6 a and b.
17 Marginella interruptelineata Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 5, 1883, p. 37, pi. 11, fig. 16 and
2 Curagao, spec.
Marginella maculosa Kiener.
maculosa Viv. Marginella Kiener, Coq. 1834, Marginella, pag. 26, pi. 9, fig. 40.
22 23. Marginella maculosa Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 5, 1883, pag. 37, pi. 11, fig. and
Curagao, 1 spec.
Marginella catenata (Montagu).
Voluta catenata Test. Brit. 2. Montagu, 1803, pag. 236, pi. 6, fig.
catenata Man. of Conch. Vol. 28 and 29. Marginella Tryon, 5, 1883, pag. 38, pi. 11, fig.
25. V. 2 4 Caracasbay: 1920, spec.; 1923, spec.
Marginella chrysomelina Redfield.
Ann. Nat. Hist. New Vol. 2 Marginella chrysomelina Redfield, Lyc. York, 4, 1848, pag. 492, pi. 18, fig. (in
text erroneously pi. 17).
Marginella chrysomelina Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 5, 1883, pag. 39, pi. 11, fig. 32.
Curagao, 1 spec.
Marginella avena Valenciennes.
in Viv. 24. Marginella avena Valenciennes Kiener, Coq. 1834, pag. 17, pi. 6, fig.
of Vol. 2—5 and 8. Marginella avena Tryon, Man. Conch. 5, 1883, pag. 50—51, pi. 13, fig.
Spanish Water, 8. V. 1920, 2 spec.
1 Curasao, spec.
Caracasbay, 8. V. 1920, 2 spec.
Marginella obscura Reeve.
Marginella obscura Reeve, Conch. Icon. Vol. 15, 1865, pi. 24, fig. 132.
Marginella obscura Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 5, 1883, pag. 52, pi. 13, fig. 22.
Curagao, 2 spec.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 5
Voluta musica Linné.
Voluta musica Nat. Ed. n° 370. Linné, Syst. X, 1758, pag. 733,
musica Man. of Vol. 29—34 and 38. Voluta Tryon, Conch. 4, 1882, pag. 83—84, pi. 24, fig.
Curasao, 1 spec.
3 Caracasbay, 1921, spec.
4 Spanish Bay, 1923, spec.
the The music-shell is a very common Antillean species with a rather wide distribution in
A review of the tropical Atlantic Ocean as it is said to occur also on the west coast of Africa (DALL,
Anatomical details this American Volutidae, Smiths. Misc. Coll. Vol. 48, 1907, pag. 346). concerning species and other members of the Volutidae were published by PACE (Proc. Malac. Soc. London,
Vol. V, 1902, pag. 21).
Vasum capitellum (Linné).
Murex capitellum Linné, Syst. Nat. Ed. X, 1758, pag. 750.
Vasum capitellum Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 4, 1882, pag. 73, pi. 21, fig. 24,
Caracasbay: 7. IV. 1920, 1 spec.; 1921, 4 spec.
Porites 5. V. 4 Spanish Water, in furcata, 1920, spec.
This is one of the rather numerous instances of West-Indian molluscs which apparently have a
circumtropical distribution. HORST & SCHEPMAN (Catal. Syst. Moll. Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays Bas, Vol. 1,
mention twice its in 1894, pag. 96) occurrence Malaysia.
Vasum capitellum var. mitis (Lamarck).
Turbinella mitis Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. Vol. 9, 1822, pag. 382.
Vasum capitellum var. mitis Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 4, 1882, pag. 73, pi. 19, fig. 25.
1 Curagao, spec.
Mitra barbadensis (Gmelin).
Voluta barbadensis Nat. Ed. 3455. Qmelin, Syst. XIII, 1792, pag.
Mitra barbadensis Man. of Vol. 118 48 and 49. Tryon, Conch. 4, 1882, pag. —119, pi. 35, fig. 45, 46,
on stones at the 7. IV. 2 Caracasbay, shore, 1920, spec.
TRYON'S figure 49 refers to Mitra picta Reeve and should be omitted if we agree with Rous
Vol. that M. and M. barbadensis (The Nautilus, 20, 1906, pag. 57) picta are specifically quite distinct.
once seen a of M. 1 have only specimen picta from South Africa which had got very much worn on
the beach. But the M. barbadensis already present in the collection of the Zoological Museum and
also the two mentioned above collected by Dr. VAN DER HORST are sculptured with "spiral raised
with and lines the 1. lines, fine microscopic spiral longitudinal decussating spaces between them" (Rous c.).
The two shells of Caracasbay are provided with 5 columellar plaits, whereas four specimens from
Venezuela only show 4 of such plaits. The latter set are rather light-brown and abundantly marbled
with white, the two from Caracasbay are very dark brown with only a few irregular streaks of a
lighter brown (not white) colour. These shells measure (in mm.):
maximal total height 1 19 14
maximal of 10 height aperture ... 6,5
maximal diameter , 7 5
Mitra granulosa Lamarck.
Mitra granulosa Anim. Vert. Vol. Lamarck, s. 7, 1822, pag. 304,
Mitra granulosa Man. of Vol. Tryon, Conch. 4, 1882, pag. 133, pi. 38, fig. 138.
Curagao, 1 spec. >
7 Caracasbay, 1924, spec.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 6
Turricula dermestina (Lamarck).
n° Mitra dermestina Lamarck, Ann. du Mus. Vol. 17, 1811, pag. 221, 76.
559—566. Turricula dermestina Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 4, 1882, pag. 182—183, pi. 54, fig.
Spanish Bay, 1923, 1 spec.
Latirus eppi Melvill.
Latirus eppi J. C. Melvill, Notes Leyden Museum, Vol. 13, 1891, pag. 158.
Curasao, 1 spec.
Latirus eppi does not seem to be a common species in the West-Indies, for since its discoverer
Dr. EPP collected it at Curagao about 1890 I never heard of other records. The shell is characterised
by being ovate-fusiform, thick, brown-red, and having the whorls crossed by longitudinal ribs which
but indistinct are shiny. The whorls bear revolving lirae which are quite distinct at the sutures, become towards the base of the last whorl and towards the middle on the penultimate ones. Outer lip Urate
within, canal sulcate, white, columella provided with four plaits, white.
Latirus brevicaudatus (Reeve).
Turbinella brevicaudata Reeve, Conch. Icon. Vol. 4, 1847, pi. 10, fig. 50.
Latirus brevicaudatus Man. of Vol. 151 and 154. Tryon, Conch. 3, 1881, pag. 92, pi. 69, fig.
Caracasbay, 1. V. 1920, 1 spec.
Spanish Water, in Porites furcata, 5. V. 1920, 2 spec.
In of I found reference to the in which diagnoses this species never any peculiar way every whorl is fastened of small elevated to its preceding one by means scale-like, arches.
Leucozonia cingulifera (Lamarck).
Turbinella Anim. Vert. Vol. 107. cingulifera Lamarck, s. 7, 1822, pag.
Leucozonia cingulifera Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 3, 1881, pag. 95—96, pi. 70, fig. 165—173.
Curasao, 5 spec.
Spanish Water, in Porites furcata, 14. V. 1920, 2 spec
1 Caracasbay, 1923, spec.
2 Spanish Bay, 1923, spec.
Leucozonia ocellata (Gmelin).
Buccinum ocellatum Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Ed. XIII, 1792, pag. 3488.
Leucozonia 178 and 179. ocellata Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 3, 1881, pag. 95, pi. 70, fig.
IV. Spanish Bay, 11. 1920, 1 spec.
Boca V. Grandi, 12. 1920, 1 spec.
Melongena melongena (Linné).
Murex Nat. Ed. 751. melongena Linne, Syst. X, 1758, pag.
—198. Melongena melongena Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 3, 1881, pag. 107, pi. 41, fig. 197
Curasao, 1923, 1 spec.
Pisania pusio (Linné).
Murex Ed. 754. pusio Linné, Syst. Nat. X, 1758, pag.
Pisania Man. of Vol. 188—189. pusio Tryon, Conch. 3, 1881, pag. 145, pi. 71, fig.
Curagao, 1 spec.
2 Spanish Bay, 1921, spec.
Nassa ambigua (Montagu).
Test. Brit. 9, 7. Buccinum ambiguum Montagu, 1803, pag. 242, pi. fig.
Nassa Man. of Vol. 42, —197 and 213. ambigua Tryon, Conch. 4, 1882, pag. pi. 13, fig. 194
in 10.'V. 4 Caracasbay, sponge, 1920, spec.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 7
Columbella mercatoria (Linné).
Voluta mercatoria Nat. Ed. 730 —731. Linné, Syst. X, 1758, pag.
Columbella mercatoria of Vol. —33. Tryon, Man. Conch. 5, 1883, pag. 106—107, pi. 43, fig. 28
10. IV. 2 under in the 18. V. 2 6 Caracasbay: 1920, spec.; stones surf, 1920, spec.; 1921, spec.
Spanish Bay, 1921, 1 spec.
list for for An analogous systematical as TOMLIN'S the Marginellidae was composed by S. PACE the Malac. Soc. 34 the the Columbellidae (Proc. London, Vol. 5, 1902, pag. —154), treating recent and
fossil species both.
Columbella nitida Lamarck.
Columbella nitida Lamarck, s. Vert. Vol. 7, 1822, pag. 295.
nitida Columbella Tryon, Man. of Gonch. Vol. 5, 1883, pag. 113—114, pi. 46, fig. 23
5 Curagao, spec.
11. 3 2 Spanish Bay: IV. 1920, spec.; 1921, spec.
1. V. 28 stones at the 3. V. 14 7 Caracasbay: 1920, spec.; on shore, 1920, spec.; 1923, spec.
Boca 12. V. 2 Labadera, 1920, spec.
14. V. 6 Westpunt, 1920, spec.
A very abundant and variable species.
Columbella cribraria (Lamarck).
Buccinum cribrarium Vert. Vol. 274. Lamarck, Anim. s. 7, 1822, pag.
Columbella cribraria Man. of Vol. Tryon, Conch. 5, 1883, pag. 122, pi. 48, fig. 73—77.
2 Curagao, spec.
stones at the 7. IV. 6 Caracasbay, on shore, 1920, spec.
in Porites 5. V. 3 Spanish Water, furcata, 1920, spec.
Spanish Bay, 1923, 3 spec.
Columbella pulchella (Blainville).
Buccinum Faune Moll. pulchellum Blainville, frang. 1829, pag. 178—179, pi. 7, fig. 4.
Columbella pulchella Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 5, 1883, pag. 157 —158, pi. 55, fig. 63.
Curagao, 2 spec
Columbella catenata Sowerby.
Columbella catenata Proc. Zool. 52. Sowerby, Soc. London, 1844, pag. Columbella catenata Man. of Conch. Vol. 51—55. Tryon, 5, 1883, pag. 179-180, pi. 58, fig.
Curagao, 3 spec.
10. IV. 2 Caracasbay, 1920, spec.
Columbella dormitor Sowerby.
Thes. Vol. Columbella dormitor Sowerby, Conch. 1, 1844, pag. 143, pi. 40, fig. 173,
dormitor Man. 63. Columbella Tryon, of Conch. Vol. 5, 1883, pag. 181, pi. 59, fig.
Curasao, 1 spec.
Murex brevifrons Lamarck.
Murex Anim. Vert. Vol. 161. brevifrons Lamarck, s. 7, 1822, pag.
Murex Man. of Vol. brevifrons Tryon, Conch. 2, 1880, pag. 95—96, pi. 18, fig. 171—173, pi. 19, fig. 175,
179 and 180.
8. IV. Porites Spanish Water: on mangrove roots, 1920, 7 spec.; in furcata, 19. IV. 1920, 2 spec.; 21. V,
2 1920, spec.
I do not know if this species is also found on the shore of Caracasbay, but in Spanish Water
it to be seems quite abundant. And indeed the frondosely branched spines can develop better to such
rich extent in the sheltered a lagoon than on an exposed and surf-beaten coast.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 8
Murex chrysostoma Gray.
Marex chrysostoma Gray in Sowerby, Conchol. Ill, 1841, fig. 1.
Murex Man. of 82 135—136, chrysostoma Tryon, Conch. Vol. 2, 1880, pag. —83, pi. 13, fig.
15. V. 1 Spanish Water, 1920, spec.
Murex nuceus Mörch.
Murex Catal. nuceus Mörch, Kjerulf. 1850, pag. 31, pi. 1, fig. 9.
Murex of Vol. nuceus Tryon, Man. Conch. 2, 1880, pag. 122, pi. 37, fig. 429.
1 Spanish Water, on mangrove roots, 1920, spec.
Purpura patula (Linné).
Buccinum Nat. Ed. 739. patulum Linne, Syst. X, 1758, pag.
Man. of Conch. Vol. 19—22. Purpura patula Tryon, 2, 1880, pag. 159, pi. 43, fig.
7. IV. 1 in 7. IV. 3 Caracasbay: 1920, spec.; coral, 1920, spec.
Spanish Harbour, 17. IV. 1920, 8 spec.
V. Boca Labadera, 12. 1920, 2 spec.
V. Boca Grandi, 12. 1920, 1 spec.
Spanish Bay, 1921, 1 spec.
It is of one the most abundant shells in this region and as a rule it is easily recognisable in
all stages of growth.
Purpura deltoidea Lamarck.
Vert. Vol. Purpura deltoidea Lamarck, Anim. s. 7, 1822, pag. 247.
deltoidea Man. of Vol. Purpura Tryon, Conch. 2, 1880, pag. 163, pi. 47, fig. 55 and 58.
on stones at the 7. IV. 1920, 2 1. V. 3 Caracasbay: shore, spec.; 1920, spec.
Boca V. 1 Labadera, 12. 1920, spec.
Purpura haemastoma haemastoma (Linné).
Buccinum haemastomum Nat. Ed. Linne, Syst. XII, 1767, pag. 1202.
haemastoma haemastoma Vol. 80 and 87. Purpura Tryon, Man. of Conch. 2,1880, pag. 167, pi. 49, 84, pi. 50, fig.
in Porites Spanish Water, furcata, 1920, 1 spec.
In order to distinguish the different forms in which this extremely variable species from circum-
is tropical regions known, TRYON proposed a kind of trinominal nomenclature to designate the more characteristic forms which are connected by intermediate stages with the parent form.
Purpura haemastoma undata (Lamarck).
Anim. Vert. Vol. 238. Purpura undata Lamarck, s. 7, 1822, pag.
undata of Vol. Purpura haemastoma Tryon, Man. Conch. 2, 1880, pag. 167, pi. 49, fig. 82, pi. 50, fig. 100 and 103, pi. 51, fig. 109.
9 Curagao, spec.
Purpura haemastoma floridana (Conrad).
Acad. Nat. Sei. Vol. 21. Purpura floridana Conrad, Journ. Philadelphia, 7, 1837, pag. 265, pi. 20, fig.
haemastoma Man. of Vol. 83 Purpura floridana Tryon, Conch. 2, 1880, pag. 167—168, pi. 49, fig. and 85,
pi. 50, fig. 86, 90 and 94.
10. IV. Caracasbay, 1920, 3 spec.
Sistrum nodulosum (C. B. Adams).
B. Boston Nat. Purpura nodulosa C. Adams, Proc. Soc. Hist. Vol. 2, 1845, pag. 2.
Sistrum nodulosum Man. Vol. Tryon, of Conch. 2, 1880, pag. 190, pi. 59, fig. 275.
11. IV. 1 Spanish Bay, 1920, spec.
18. V. 1 Spanish Water, 1920, spec.
1 Caracasbay, 1923, spec.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 9
Coralliophila abbreviata (Lamarck).
Pyrula abbreviata Lamarck, Encycl. Méth. 1816, pi. 435, fig. 2 a and b.
Man. of Vol. Coralliophila galea Chemnitz, Tryon, Conch. 2, 1880, pag. 207—208, pi. 65, fig. 362—364.
2 Curasao, spec.
7. 17 in 7. IV. 12 in 7. Caracasbay: IV. 1920, spec.; coral, 1920, spec.; Maeandrina, IV. 1920, 3 spec.; in
roots of 10. IV. 3 Gorgonia, 1920, numerous spec.; 1923, spec.
in Porites 14. IV. 2 Spanish Water, furcata, 1920, spec.
1 Spanish Bay, 1923, spec.
The adult shell, generally known as Coralliophila galea Chemn., but which for the sake of
should be called priority C. abbreviata Lam., may as a rule be identified without difficulty, but the
of which in have several from 5 in young ones our collection we representatives mm. upwards the
2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th of the above-mentioned samples, present quite different characters.
In one case they are more turreted and the whorls are more rounded than in aged specimens,
in another on the contrary the turns have more prominent edges and ridges and the shell is more
the that it is set in which all and all pointed towards base, so only by a large nearly stages ages are
present that we get a fair impression of the various shapes and sculptures of these immature specimens
which are known in literature by the name of Murex (= Coralliophila) plicata Wood.
Scalaria eburnea Potiez & Michaud.
Scalaria eburnea & 1—2. Potiez Michaud, Cat. Gal. Douai, 1838, pag. 344, pi. 31, fig.
eburnea Ann. Soc. malac. Vol. 106. Scalaria Nyst, Belg. 6, 1871, pag.
eburnea Acad. Vol. 199. Scala Mörch, Journ. Sei. Philadelphia, 8, 1876, pag.
Scalaria eburnea Man. of Vol. 57 58. Tryon, Conch. 91, 1887, pag. 71, pi. 14, fig. and
Curagao, 1 spec.
The specimen of Curafao and another one from St. Thomas were present in the collection of
sake of the Zoological Museum under the name S. fragilis. For the priority however the name of
POTIEZ and MICHAUD should be adopted.
Scalaria lamellosa Lamarck.
Scalaria lamellosa Atiim. Vert. Vol. 227. Lamarck, s. 6, 1822, pag.
lamellosa Acad. Nat. Vol. Scala Mörch, Journ. Sei. Philadelphia, 8, 1876, pag. 199—200.
lamellosa Man. Vol. 82—84. Scalaria Tryon, of Conch. 9, 1887, pag. 74—75, pi. 15, fig. 76, 77,
1 Curagao, spec.
4 Caracasbay, 1921, spec.
Not able to find sufficient being characteristic differences TRYON included under this name a number of species e. g. commutata Monterosato which evidently cannot be maintained in the face of
and MONTEROSATO'S arguments not on account of their separated habitat either. Thus lamellosa adds
the list both the Mediterranean another example to of similar species inhabiting and the Caribbean basin.
the the other 1 have as to claim to existence of Scalariae which swallowed no opinion are up by lamellosa on TRYON'S authority.
Janthina globosa Swainson.
Janthina globosa Swainson, Zool. 111. 1st Sect. 1822, pi. 85.
Janthina globosa Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 9, 1887, pag. 37, pi. 10, fig. 11—16-
1 Caracasbay, 1921, spec.
Pyramidella dolabrata var. subdolabrata (Mörch).
Obeliscus subdolabratus Malak. Blatt. Vol. 157. Mörch, 22, 1875, pag.
Pyramidella dolabrata subdolabrata Man. of Conch. Vol. 71—74. var. Tryon, 8, 1886, pag. 300, pi. 72, fig.
Spanish 20. V. 1 Harbour, 1920, spec.
1 rather follow here the rank as a variety of this form proposed in TRYON'S Manuel instead of
it as a good done the author and regarding species as was by afterwards by DALL & SIMPSON (1. c. 1900,
there pag. 414). Apparently are only some minor characteristics which make the difference:
2
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 10
dolabrata. subdolabrata.
1. Shell white with clear brown bands. Shell dull-white-gray with faint brown bands.
Columella 3 solid folds of about Columella 3 folds of which 2. with equal with the upper out-
strength. does the two lower ones by far in strength-
Finally I must avow that I could not find the slightest trace of reticulated structure referred to
SIMPSON by DALL & on the specimens of dolabrata and of the var. sabdolabrata at my disposal.
to According these authors this sculpture serves as a third diagnostic feature between the type and its variety, dolabrata being said to show a finer gratework than subdolabrata.
Septa tritonis var. nobilis (Conrad).
Triton nobilis Acad. Nat. Sei. Vol. 212. Conrad, Journ. Philadelphia (2) 1, 1849, pag.
Triton tritonis nobilis Man. of Conch. Vol. 21 and 26. var. Tryon, 3, 1881, pag. 10, pi. 4, fig.
Curasao, 1 spec.
2 2 Caracasbay: 1920, spec.; 1922, spec.
In Misc. 114—144 "A historical and Smiths, Coll., Vol. 47, 1904, pag. appeared systematic review of the frog-shells and tritons" by W. H. DALL, whose opinion in the matter of nomenclature
1 followed in the discussion of this and of the other members of these families in the present collection.
Cymatium pileare (Linné).
Nat. Ed. 749. Murex pileare Linné, Syst. X, 1758, pag.
of Vol. 38-39. Triton pilearis Tryon, Man. Conch. 3, 1881, pag. 12, pi. 6, fig. 31—36, pi. 7, fig.
25. V. 1 Caracasbay, 1920, spec.
Cymatium chlorostomum (Lamarck).
Vert. Vol. 185. Triton chlorostomum Lamarck, Anim. s. 7, 1822, p.
of Vol. and 48. Triton chlorostomum Tryon, Man. Conch. 3, 1881, pag. 13, pi. 7, fig. 47
in 10. IV. 1 Caracasbay, sponge, 1920, spec.
Spanish Harbour, 10. IV. 1920, 1 spec.
Porites 5. 1 Spanish Water, in furcata, V. 1920, spec.
Bursa affinis (Broderip).
179. Ranella affinis Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, pag.
38—41 and Ranella affinis Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 3, 1881, pag. 42, pi. 22, fig. pi. 23, fig. 55.
Curasao, 1 spec.
Zool. described This specimen belongs to the form which REEVE (Proc. Soc. 1844, pag. 137)
but which to the as Ranella ponderosa, according TRYON represents typical affinis.
Cassis flammea (Linné).
Buccinum Nat. Ed. 736. flammeum Linne, Syst. X, 1758, pag.
Man. of Vol. 47 and 48. Cassis flammea Tryon, Conch. 7, 1885, pag. 271, pi. 1, fig.
1 Caracasbay, 1921, spec.
3 Spanish Bay, 1921, spec.
2 Curasao, 1923, spec.
Cassis testiculus (Linné).
Buccinum Nat. Ed. 736. testiculus Linne, Syst. X, 1758, pag.
Man. 63. Cassis testiculus Tryon, of Conch., Vol. 7, 1885, pag. 273, pi. 2, fig. 54, pi. 4, fig.
2 Curasao, spec.
1 Spanish Bay, 1921, spec.
Caracasbay, 1921, 2 spec.
Oniscia oniscus var. lamarcki (Deshayes).
Strombus Lamarckii Deshayes, Anim. s. Vert. Ed. 2, Vol. 10, 1844, pag. 12.
Oniscia oniscus var. lamarcki Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 7, 1885, pag. 281, pi. 10, fig. 19.
Entrance to Spanish Water, 1921, 1 spec.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 11
Dolium perdix (Linné).
Buccinum Ed. 734. perdix Linné, Syst. Nat. X, 1758, pag.
Dolium Man. of Conch. Vol. 264 perdix Tryon, 7, 1885, pag. —265, pi. 3, fig. 15, pi. 4, fig. 23—25.
Spanish Bay, 1921, 5 spec.
4 which Caracasbay, 1923, spec, (of 3 juv.).
The partridge-tun is a common species in all tropical seas,
Ovula gibbosa (Linné).
Bulla Nat. Ed. gibbosa Linne, Syst. X, 1758, pag. 726.
Ovula gibbosa Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 7, 1885,
pag. 250, pl. 3, fig. 81 and 82.
7. IV. 3 Caracasbay: on Qorgonids, 1920, spec.;
29. IV. 2 1920, numerous spec.; 1923, spec.
Spanish Bay, 1921, 7 spec.
It convenient to add here may be a figure of
the radula of a specimen of the second set. The
maximal of the radula length is 9,5 mm. It is composed
of 150 rows of teeth. Fig. 1. Half row of teeth from radula of Ovula gibbosa(L.).
Ovula acicularis Lamarck.
Ovula acicularis Ann. du Lamarck, Mus. Vol. 16, 1810, pag. 112.
Ovula acicularis Man. of Vol. Tryon, Conch. 7, 1885, pag. 253, pl. 5, fig. 23—25.
10. IV. 23 Caracasbay, on Gorgonids, 1920, spec.
The in Manuel well in figures TRYON'S as as those REEVE, Conch. Icon., Vol. 15, 1865, pl. 12,
correct idea of the the but fig. 53, give a shape of shell, I looked in vain for a reference to the
peculiar surface-sculpture of this Under a lens in species. adequate light one detects a sculpture of a
number of shallow wave-like great revolving lines crossed by somewhat coarser lines of growth. In
this way results a pattern which reminds us vividly of certain tissues of cloth.
2. Fig. Ovula row acicularis Lam. A. dorsal view (X 6), B. ventral view (X 6), Fig. 3. Half of teeth from radula of C. detail of dorsal surface to show the wave-like sculpture (about X 30). Ovula acicularis Lam.
On the of different parts the shell-surface the wave-lines are not always of the same amplitude,
and finer coarser ones occurring equally on one specimen.
The of set has of diameter of 4 biggest specimen our a length 14,5 mm. and a maximal mm.
I here a figure of the radula give of a specimen measuring 12,5 mm. in length. The radula itself is
and consists of 3,5 mm. long 145 rows of teeth.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 12
Cypraea exanthema Linné.
Cypraea exanthema Linné, Syst. Nat. Ed. XII, 1767, pag. 1172. Man. of Conch. Cypraea exanthema Roberts in Tryon, Vol. 7, 1885, pag. 164, pi. 1, fig. 3—5, pi. 2, fig. 13 and 14.
Caracasbay, 1922, 1 spec.
2 Spanish Bay, 1922, spec.
Cypraea cinerea Gmelin.
cinerea Nat. Ed. 3402. Cypraea Gmelin, Syst. XIII, 1792, pag.
in Man. of Vol. 16. Cypraea cinerea Roberts Tryon, Conch. 7, 1885, pag. 166, pi. 2, fig. 15 and
1 Curasao, spec.
Caracasbay: 1. V. 1920, 1 spec.; 1923, 10 spec.
18. V. 1 Spanish Water, 1920, spec.
1 6 Spanish Bay: 1921, spec.; 1923, spec.
The is around of It is variable in some species very common the coast Curasao. pretty shape,
and others the short and inflated. the latter being more cylindrical slender, on contrary very Among set a couple of specimens though full-grown are not completely involute, a short spire being visible.
Cypraea spurca Linné.
724. Cypraea spurca Linné, Syst. Nat. Ed. X, 1758, pag.
16 and 17. Cypraea spurca Roberts in Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 7, 1885, pag. 195, pi. 19, fig.
Curasao, 2 spec.
Caracasbay: I.V. 1920, 1 spec,; 1923, 5spec.
Ocean com- It is very remarkable how exceedingly poor in cowries the Western Atlantic is in parison with the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Trivia nivea Gray.
Trivea nivea Gray, Descr. Catal. Shells, 1832, pag. 15.
80 Trivea nivea Roberts in Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 7, 1885, pag. 199—200, pl. 21, fig. and 81.
17. IV. 1 Spanish Harbour, 1920, spec.
1 Spanish Bay, 1923, spec.
Caracasbay, 1923, 1 spec.
Trivia pediculus (Linné).
Nat. Ed. 724. Cypraea pediculus Linné, Syst. X, 1758, pag.
in of Vol. 94—97. Trivia pediculus Roberts Tryon, Man. Conch. 7, 1885, pag. 201, pl. 21, fig.
1 Curasao, spec.
1. V. 1 7 Caracasbay: 1920, spec.; 1923, spec.
Strombus gigas Linné.
Nat. Ed. Strombus gigas Linné, Syst. X, 1758, pag. 745.
of Vol. 2—4. Strombus gigas Tryon, Man. Conch. 7, 1885, pag. 107, pl. 1, fig.
16. IV. 6 Spanish Harbour, 1920, spec.
2 Caracasbay, 1921, spec. juv.
Strombus gallus Linné.
Ed. 743. Strombus gallus Linné, Syst. Nat. X, 1758, pag. 36. Strombus gallus Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 7, 1885, pag. 113, pl. 4, fig. 35 and
IV. 1 Spanish Harbour, 16. 1920, spec.
Caracasbay, 1921, 1 spec.
Cura£ao, 1923, 1 spec.
Triforis decoratus (C. B. Adams).
117. Cerithium decoratus C. B. Adams, Contrib. Conch. 1850, pag. 37, Triforis decoratus Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 9, 1887, pag. 182, pi. fig. 4.
Caracasbay, 1923, 2 spec.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 13
Triforis turris-thomae (Chemnitz).
Turbo Vol. 3022. turris-thomae Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. 11, 1795, pag. 310, pi. 213, fig.
turris-thomae Man. of Vol. Triforis Tryon, Conch. 9, 1887, pag. 188, pi. 39, fig. 53.
Spanish Water, in Porites furcata, 19. IV. 1920, 1 spec.
Caracasbay, 1923, 2 spec.
Cerithium litteratum (Born).
Murex litteratus Test. Mus. Vindob. Born, 1780, pag. 323, pi. 11, fig. 14 arid 15.
Cerithium litteratum of Vol. Tryon, Man. Conch. 9, 1887, pag. 128, pi. 22, fig. 63 and 64.
on in the 6. 1 19. IV. 29 in 10. V. Caracasbay: stones surf, IV. 1920, spec.; 1920, spec.; sponge, 1920,1 spec.
Spanish Harbour, 11. IV. 1920, 11 spec.
Spanish Water, in Porites furcata, 14. IV. 1920, 1 spec.
Spanish Bay, 1923, 4 spec.
It is one of the most common West-Indian mollusks.
Cerithium eburneum Bruguière.
Cerithium eburneum Brugière, Encycl. Méthod. 1789, n° 41.
eburneum Man. of Conch. Vol. Cerithium Tryon, 9, 1887, pag. 129, pi. 22, fig. 71—75 and 77—80.
Caracasbay, 1920, 2 spec.
Cerithium ferrugineum Say.
n° Cerithium ferrugineum Say, Americ. Conch. 5, 1832, pag. 35, pi. 49, fig. 3.
Man. of Vol. 99—105. Cerithium ferrugineum Tryon, Conch. 9, 1887, pag. 140, pi. 26, fig.
3. IV. 15 Spanish Water, 1920, spec.
Small and muddy lagoon near Caracasbay: 7. IV. 1920, 11 spec.; 26. IV. 1920, 4 spec.
between 17 Spanish Bay, stones in the surf, 11. V. 1920, spec.
From these four Cerithium flourish under sets already it appears that ferrugineum can most various the in in circumstances, dirty shallow lagoon with lukewarm water, poor oxygen and rich organic substance, presenting surroundings quite different from the low temperature and thoroughly aerated water of the waves and the surf of Spanish Bay.
Cerithium rissoidae Sowerby.
Cerithium rissoidae Sowerby in Reeve, Conch. Icon. Vol. 15, 1865, pi. 15, fig. 107.
Cerithium rissoidae Man. of Conch. Tryon, Vol. 9, 1887, pag. 140, pi. 26, fig. 6.
2 Caracasbay, 1923, spec.
Cerithidea turrita Stearns.
Cerithidea turrita Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. 24. Stearns, 15, 1873, pag.
Vol. Potamides turrita Tryon, Man. of Conch. 9, 1887, pag. 164, pi. 34, fig. 83.
7. Small and muddy lagoon near Caracasbay, IV. 1920, numerous spec.
in 10. V. 1 Caracasbay, sponge, 1920, spec.
Batillaria minima (Gmelin).
Murex minimus Nat. Ed. Gmelin, Syst. XIII, 1792, pag. 3564.
minimus Man. of Conch. Vol. 9—11. Lampania Tryon, 9, 1887, pag. 176, pi. 34, fig.
3. IV. 7 Spanish Water, 1920, spec.
and 7. IV. 23 Small muddy lagoon near Caracasbay, 1920, spec.
Modulus modulus (Linné).
Trochus modulus Linné, Ed. 757. Syst. Nat. X, 1758, pag. Modulus lenticularis Man. of and 92. Tryon, Conch. Vol. 9, 1887, pag. 261, pi. 48, fig. 91
Spanish Water, in Porites 7. IV. furcata, 1920, 12 spec.
Harbour, 10. IV. 1 Spanish 1920, spec.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 14
Planaxis nucleus (Lamarck).
Purpura nucleus Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. Vol. 7, 1822, pag. 249. 36. Planaxis nucleus Tryon, Man. of Conch., Vol. 9, 1887, pag. 277, pi. 52, fig.
stones at the 13. IV. 58 Caracasbay, on shore, 1920, spec.
Spanish Bay, 1921, 5 spec.
Planaxis lineatus (Da Costa).
Buccinum lineatum da Brit. 5. Costa, Conch. 1778, pag. 130, pi. 8, fig.
Planaxis Vol. 59 Meatus Tryon, Man. of Conch. 9, 1887, pag. 278, pi. 52, fig. 38—48, pi. 53, fig. 49—57, and 63—66.
30. IV. 11 under stones the 3. V. 67 Caracasbay: 1920, spec.; on shore, 1920, spec.
Boca Labadera, 12. V. 1920, numerous spec.
8 Spanish Bay, 1921, spec.
Vermetus varians d’Orbigny.
Vermetus varians d'Orbigny, Voy. Amér. mérid. 1841, pag. 456, pi. 54, fig. 7—10.
Vermetus varians 22 Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 8, 1886, pag. 170, pi. 48, fig. 11, pi. 49, fig. and 23.
Spanish Harbour, 17. IV. 1920, a cluster.
Vermetus decussatus (Gmelin).
decussata Nat. Ed. 3745. Serpula Gmelin, Syst. XIII, 1792, pag.
Vermetus decussatus Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 8, 1886, pag. 181, pi. 53, fig 71 and 72.
10. IV. 3 Caracasbay, 1920, spec.
Littorina angulifera (Lamarck).
Vert. Vol. 54, Phasianella angulifera Lamarck, Anim. s. 7, 1822, pag.
of Conch. Vol. 243 11 Littorina scabra Tryon, Man. 9, 1887, pag. —244, pi. 42, fig. —30, pi. 43, fig. 31, 31a and 38.
2 Curagao, spec.
13. IV. 14 Spanish Water, on mangrove-roots, 1920, spec.
I do not think that TRYON is right in dropping angulifera Lam. before scabra Linn.
Littorina ziczac (Chemnitz).
Trochus ziczac Conch. Vol. 1599 and 1600. Chemnitz, Cab. 5, 1781, pag. 69, fig.
Littorina ziczac Man. of Vol. and 92. Tryon, Conch. 9, 1887, pag. 251, pi. 45, fig. 5—7,
Spanish Bay: 11. IV. 1920, 29 spec.; 1923, 20 spec.
Curagao, 8 spec.
Of this last set there were two specimens in the collections of the Zoological Museum under
the name carinata d'Orb. and 6 were called jamaicensis Ads. TRYON united these names and a couple of others under ziczac Chemn.
Littorina minima (Gray).
Turbo minima Gray in Wood, Index Test. 1818, pi. 6, fig. 29.
Littorina minima Man. of Conch. Vol. Tryon, 9, 1887, pag. 252, pi. 45, fig. 11
2 Curagao, spec.
in the 17. IV. Spanish Harbour, a pond on beach, 1920, 4 spec.
V. 2 Caracasbay, 25. 1920, spec.
Tectarius muricatus (Linné).
Turbo muricatus Linné, Syst. Nat. Ed. X, 1758, pag. 761.
Tectarius muricatus Man. of Vol. 48, 68. Tryon, Conch. 9, 1887, pag. 258, pi. fig.
in 7. IV. 1 Caracasbay, coral, 1920, spec.
above 17. IV. Spanish Harbour, high-tide mark, 1920, 51 spec
in 5. 1 Spanish Water, Porites furcata, V. 1920, spec.
5 Spanish Bay, 1921, spec.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 15
Tectarius nodulosus (Gmelin).
Turbo nodulosus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Ed. XIII, 1792, pag. 3582.
Littorina thiarella Verzeichn. d. Anton, Conch. 1839, pag. 53.
Tectarius nodulosus Man. of Vol. 74 and Tryon, Conch. 9, 1887, pag. 258, pi. 47, fig. 59—64, pi. 48, fig. 72, 75.
Curasao, 2 spec.
4 Spanish Bay: 11. IV. 1920, 3 spec.; 1921, spec.
Harbour: in on the beach, 17. IV. 1920, 54 between stones in the 11. V. Spanish pond spec.; surf, 1920,2 spec.
Torinia cyclostoma (Menke).
Solarium 142. cyclostomum Menke, Synopsis, 1830, p.
Torinia of Vol. cyclostoma Tryon, Man. Conch., 9, 1887, pag. 18, pi. 5, fig. 83 and 84.
in 7. IV. 7 Caracasbay, Maeandrina, 1920, spec.
Torinia bisulcata (d’Orbigny).
Moll, de Vol. Solarium bisulcatum d'Orbigny, Cuba, 2, 1842, pag. 66, pi. 19, fig. 17 and 20.
Torinia bisulcata Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 9, 1887, pag. 22. pi. 6, fig. 14—16.
Caracasbay, 29. IV. 1920, 1 spec.
According to its size (max. diatri. 9 mm.) the specimen rather belongs to delphinuloides (d'Orb.),
think but I do not this a sufficient characteristic to separate the two species.
Rissoina dubiosa C. B. Adams.
dubiosa C. B. 114. Rissoina Adams, Contrib. Conch. 1850, pag.
dubiosa Man. of Rissoina Tryon, Conch. Vol. 9, 1887, pag. 374, pi. 56, fig. 52.
Caracasbay, 25. V. 1920, 1 spec.
25. V. Spanish Water, 1920, 2 spec.
Rissoina browniana d’Orbigny.
browniana Moll. Rissoina d'Orbigny, Cuba, Vol. 2, 1853, pag. 28, pi. 12, fig. 33 and 35.
browniana Man. of Conch. Vol. 45— 46. Rissoina Tryon, 9, 1887, pag. 390, pi. 59, fig.
Spanish Water, 25. V. 1920, 9 spec
The chestnut bands are very faint and only noticeable by close examination under a lens. The little solid shell has whorls of so little convexity that the line from the top to the periphery of the
touches the shell Besides the body-whorl nearly everywhere. species is characterised by a peculiar
lustre which bright reminds one of the polished surface of certain species of Persicula and Oliva.
two to here another The Rissoinae referred are evidence of the assiduity with which Dr. VAN DER HORST
attention to the made his collections paying minute forms as well.
Mitrularia equestris (Linné).
Patella equestris Linné, Syst. Nat. Ed. XII, 1767, pag. 1257.
Mitrularia Man. of Conch. equestris Tryon, Vol., 8, 1836, pag. 137, pi. 41, fig. 25—32, pi. 42, fig. 33—56 pi. 43, fig. 57—67, 70.
Caracasbay, 1921, 1 spec.
Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin).
Patella aculeata Nat. Ed. 3693. Gmelin, Syst. XIII, 1792, pag.
aculeata Man. of Conch. Crepidula Tryon, Vol. 8, 1886, pag. 129, pi. 39, fig. 61—65.
Spanish Water, 21. V. 1920, 10 spec.
The shells rather are young, varying between 5 and 15 mm. maximal diameter. The characteristic
somewhat tubular scales prickly, are very well developed in the majority of specimens which may
as another proof that the serve force of the waves in Spanish Water is obviously not very great.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 16
Amalthea subrufa Lamarck.
Pileopsis subrufa Lamarck, Anira. s. Vert. Vol. 6, 1822, pag. 18. of Conch. 1 Hipponyx subrufa Tryon, Man. Vol. 8, 1886, pag. 134, pi. 40, fig.
Curagao, 5 spec.
Caracasbay, 1923, 1 spec.
To this as well as to the next species I think it better to apply the generic name Amalthea
which is of DEFRANCE of SCHUMACHER (Essai nouv. syst. 1817) two years older than Hipponyx (Bull,
des Sei. Vol. 9, 1819).
Amalthea antiquata (Linné).
Nat. Ed. 1259. Patella antiquata Linné, Syst. XIII, 1767, pag.
Man. of Vol. 93—99. Hipponyx antiquatus Tryon, Conch. 8, 1886, pag. 134, pi. 40, fig.
7 Caracasbay, 1923, spec.
of abun- It is an interesting fact that all four above-named species Calyptraeidae are equally
in and latitudes. dant on either coast ot America, the Atlantic as well as the Pacific, tropical subtropical
Three of them have even a much wider range being practically cosmopolitic, which betrays considerable And several traced back far as the Creta- geological age. indeed, representatives are as ceous epoch.
Natica canrena (Linné).
Nerita canrena Linne, Syst. Nat. Ed. X, 1758, pag. 776.
Natica Man. of Conch. Vol. 8, 58—61 canrena Tryon, 1886, pag. 20, pi. 4, fig.
13. IV. 1 Spanish Water, 1920, spec.
1 Spanish Bay, 1922, spec.
Natica lactea (Guilding).
Vol. Naticina lactea Guilding, Trans. Linn. Soc 17, 1834, pag. 31
54—57 and Natica lactea Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 8, 1886, pag. 49, pi. 15, fig. 45, pi. 16, fig. 52, 59,
pi. 17, fig. 62, pi. 19, fig. 85.
5 Curasao, spec.
10. IV. 1 Spanish Harbour, 1920, spec.
I.V. 1 3 Caracasbay: 1920, spec.; 1923, spec.
4 Spanish Bay, 1921, spec.
Acmaea punctulata (Gmelin).
Nat. Ed. 3705 3717. Patella punctulata Gmelin, Syst. XIII, 1792, pag. and pag.
Man. of Conch. Vol. 1 —6 and 11—13. Acmaea punctulata Pilsbry, 13, 1891, pag. 37—38, pi. 5, fig. 99, 100,
Curasao, 1 spec.
from stones the 13. IV. 34 2 Caracasbay: on shore, 1920, spec.; 1923, spec.
from Porites 13. IV. 3 Spanish Water, furcata, 1920, spec.
V. 5 2 Spanish Bay: 11. 1920, spec.; 1923, spec.
Acmaea leucopleura (Gmelin).
Patella leucopleura Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Ed. XIII, 1792, pag. 3699.
Acmaea leucopleura Pilsbry, Man. of Conch. Vol. 13, 1891, pag. 40—41, pi. 5, fig. 16—26.
Curagao, 8 spec.
Boca Grandi, 12. V. 1920, 2 spec
Chlorostoma maculostriatum (C. B. Adams).
Soc. 6. Monodonta maculostriata C. B. Adams, Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. 1845, pag.
maculostriatum Man. of Vol. Chlorostoma Tryon, Conch. 11, 1889, pag. 184, pi. 24, fig. 88—89.
Curagao, 4 spec.
Caracasbay: 8. IV. 1920, 3 spec.; 1921, 2 spec.
11. IV. 2 Spanish Bay, 1920, spec.
Westpunt, 14. V. 1920, 2 spec.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 17
Chlorostoma fasciatum (Born).
Trochus fasciatus Born, Test. Mus. Caes. Vindob. 1780, pag. 331, pi. 12, fig. 3 and 4.
74—77. Chlorostoma fasciatus Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 11, 1889, pag. 186—187, pi. 29, fig.
Cura£ao, 2 spec.
Chlorostoma excavatum (Lamarck).
Anim. Vert. Vol. 29. Trochus excavatus Lamarck, s. 7, 1822, pag.
Chlorostoma excavatus Man. of Vol. 3—5. Tryon, Conch. 11, 1889, pag. 187, pi. 63, fig.
stones at the IV. 12 Caracasbay, on shore, 13. 1920, spec
2 Spanish Bay, 1921, spec.
Livona pica (Linné).
Turbo Nat. Ed. 763. pica Linné, Syst. X, 1758, pag.
Man. of Vol. 24. Livona pica Tryon, Conch. 11, 1889, pag. 277, pi. 61, fig.
3 Curasao, spec.
1 Spanish Water, 1920, spec
and V. 9 Caracasbay Spanish Harbour, 1920, spec
11. V. 10 3 Spanish Bay: 1920, spec.; 1922, spec,
Boca 12. V. 1 Qrandi, 1920, spec.
Boca 12. V. 2 Labadera, 1920, spec.
1 Caracasbay, 1923, spec.
Most of the specimens are adult shells, our biggest measuring: 110 mm. maximal length and
95 mm. maximal height.
Livona be pica seems to equally abundant in the more sheltered bays (Spanish Water, Spanish
Bay) as on the exposed shores of Caracasbay, Boca Grandi and Boca Labadera.
Liotia radiata (Kiener).
radiata Viv. 9. Delphinula Kiener, Coq. 1834, Delphinula, pag. 7, pi. 4, fig.
Liotia radiata Man. of Conch. Vol. 9. Tryon, 10, 1888, pag. Ill, pi. 36, fig.
Curasao, 1 spec.
Caracasbay, 8. IV. 1920, 1 spec.
Liotia tamsiana (Dunker).
tamsiana N. Conch. Vol. Abt. Delphinula (Dunker) Philippi, Syst. Cab. 2, 2, 1846, pag. 16, pi. 5, fig. 9.
Liotia tamsiana Man. of Conch. Vol. 36. Tryon, 10, 1888, pag. 112, pi. fig. 21.
14. V. Westpunt, 1920, 1 spec.
25. V. 2 Caracasbay, 1920, spec.
Another little Liotia from Boca Labadera, 12. V. 1920, has a superficial likeness to tamsiana, but it is too much bleached in the sun and rolled in the sand to venture a definite opinion.
Astralium imbricatum (Gmelin).
Trochus imbricatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Ed. XIII, 1792, pag. 3581
Astralium imbricatum Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 10, 1888, pag. 226—227, pi. 55, fig. 70.
1 Caracasbay, 1921, spec.
Astralium undosum (Wood).
Trochus undosus Index Test. 1. Wood, Suppl. 1821, pag. 51, fig.
Astralium undosum Man. of Vol. and 70. Tryon, Conch. 10, 1888, pag. 243, pi. 58, fig. 69
1 Curasao, spec.
Nerita tessellata Gmelin.
tessellata Nerita Nat. Ed. Gmelin, Syst. XIII, 1792, pag. 3685. tessellata Nerita Man. of Vol. Tryon, Conch. 10, 1888, pag. 24, pi. 4, fig. 71—74, pi. 9, fig. 69.
3
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 18
in the 16. IV. 27 Caracasbay: on stones surf, 1920, spec.; 1921, 5 spec
12. V. 2 Boca Labadera, 1920, spec.
4 Spanish Bay, 1921, spec.
different of Neritidae in this were discussed The species which will be referred to paper — in
connection with several others — for investigation of their radula by H. BURRINGTON BAKER (Prot.
Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, Vol. 75, 1923).
Nerita peloronta Linné.
Nerita Nat. Ed. 778. peloronta Linné, Syst. X, 1758, pag.
of 75—77. Nerita peloronta Tryon, Man. Conch. Vol. 10, 1888, pag. 24—25, pi. 4, flg.
2 Curagao, spec.
IV. 5 Spanish Water, 1920, spec.
16. IV. 1 Spanish Harbour, 1920, spec.
Caracasbay, 1. V. 1920, 4 spec.
Spanish Bay, 1921, 2 spec.
Nerita versicolor Gmelin.
3684. Nerita versicolor Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Ed. XIII, 1792, pag.
Vol. 78 and 80. Nerita versicolor Tryon, Man. of Conch. 10, 1888, pag. 25, pi. 4, fig. 79, pi. 5, fig.
IV. Spanish Harbour, 16. 1920, numerous spec..
Caracasbay: 6. V. 1920, 8 spec.; 1921, 3 spec.
7 Spanish Bay, 1921, spec.
Neritina virginea (Linné).
778. Nerita virginea Linné, Syst. Nat. Ed. X, 1758, pag.
31—45. Neritina virginea Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 10, 1888, pag. 39—40, pi. 12, fig.
54 Caracasbay: 10. IV. 1920, 1 spec.; 1920, spec.
Spanish Harbour, 17. IV. 1920, 8 spec.
Neritina pupa (Linné).
Nerita Nat. Ed. 778. pupa Linne, Syst. X, 1758, pag.
72—74. Neritina pupa Tryon, Man. of Conch. Vol. 10, 1888, pag. 42, pi. 14, fig.
Spanish Bay, 1923, 11 spec.
Fissurella nodosa (Born).
Caes. Vindob. 429. Patella nodosa Born, Test. Mus. 1780, pag.
of Conch. Vol. 46—48. Fissurella nodosa Pilsbry, Man. 12, 1890, pag. 164, pi. 37, fig.
V. 1 3 Spanish Bay: 11. 1920, spec.; 1923, spec.
V. 2 Boca Grandi, 12. 1920, spec.
V. 1 Caracasbay, 25. 1920, spec.
Fissurella PILSBRY and A useful synopsis for identifying American species of was composed by
of of the States Vol. 1892) based on JOHNSON, Catalogue Fissurellidae United (The Nautilus, 5,
Monograph 12 of the Manuel.
Fissurella barbadensis (Gmelin).
Patella barbadensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Ed. XIII, 1792, pag. 3729. 73—75. Fissurella barbadensis Pilsbry, Man. of Conch. Vol. 12,1890, pag. 164—165, pi. 37, fig. 40—45, pi. 60, fig.
1920, 1 under stones, 18. V. Caracasbay: from coral, 2. IV. 1920, 3 spec.; 14. IV. 1920, 1 spec.; I.V. spec.;
4 1920, 20 spec.; 1923, spec.
5 Spanish Bay: 11. V. 1920, 4 spec.; 1921, spec.
V. 1 Boca Labadera, 12. 1920, spec.
Westpunt, 1921, 2 spec.
schrammi Fissurella barbadensis var. (Fischer).
5 and 6. Fissurella schrammi Fischer, Journ. de Conch. Vol. 6, 1857, pag. 383, pi. 11, fig. of Conch. 12, 1890, 165, pi. 77 —79. Fissurella barbadensis var. schrammi Pilsbry, Man. Vol. pag. 60, fig.
1 Curasao, spec.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 19
Fissurella fascicularis Lamarck.
Vert. Vol. 14. Fissurella fascicularis Lamarck, Anim. s. 6, 1822, pag.
Fissurella Man. of Conch. Vol. 59 and 59, 48—50. fascicularis Pilsbry, 12, 1890, pag. 177, pi. 37, fig. 60, pi. fig.
Curagao, 2 spec.
Lucapina adspersa (Philippi).
Fissurella Abbild. Vol. adspersa Philippi, 2, 1845, pag. 34, pi. 1, fig. 3.
Man. of Vol. 199 6 and Lucapina adspersa Pilsbry, Conch. 12, 1890, pag. -200, pi. 62, fig. 7, pi. 38, fig. 69.
from Porites 13. IV. 2 Spanish Water, furcata, 1920, spec.
Lucapina cancellata (Sowerby).
Fissurella cancellata Sowerby, Conch. 111. 1841, fig. 29.
Lucapina cancellata Pilsbry, Man. of Conch. Vol. 12, 1890, pag. 200—201, pi. 37, fig. 58, pi. 63, fig. 1—3
Schottegat, 22. IX. 1905, 1 spec.
from Spanish Water, Porites furcata, 19. IV. 1920, 2 spec.
Caracasbay, from stones on the shore, 1920, 1 spec.
The Dr. BOEKE a broad large specimen found by J. in 1905 is a very fine one, enveloped in
and thin which marked all yellowish mantle is over with brown spots.
Glyphis listeri (d’Orbigny).
Fissurella listen d'Orbigny, Moll, de Cuba, Vol. 2, 1853, pag. 197, pi. 24, fig. 37—39.
Man. of Vol. 37 above 31 —32. Glyphis listeri Pilsbry, Conch. 12, 1890, pag. 206—207, pi. 37, fig. —39, pi. 62, fig.
Curagao, 2 spec.
Caracasbay, 19. IV. 1920, 2 spec.
Spanish Bay, 11. V. 1920. 1 spec.
Westpunt, 14. V. 1920, 1 spec.
it From a zoogeographical point of view this is a very interesting mollusc, being so closely
allied the Mediterranean that forms to G. graeca (Linné) PILSBRY (I.e. pag. 207) remarks: "The two
are very closely allied, separated more on account of their different distribution than for any other
reason." And indeed the characteristics by which they are generally distinguished are of so unimportant
value that the recent specimens of the two regions may represent extreme forms which were connected
by series of intermediate ones in the geological past when the Mediterranean and the Antillean basin
were in more intimate contact with each other.
Glyphis alternata (Say).
Fissurella alternata Acad. Say, Journ. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, Vol. 2, 1822, pag. 281.
alternata Man. of Conch. Vol. Glyphis Pilsbry, 12, 1890, pag. 211—212, pi. 37, fig. 50—53, pi. 61, fig. 24 and 25.
Water: 3. 4 from 8. IV. 3 10. IV. 3 Spanish IV. 1920, spec.; mangrove roots, 1920, spec.; 1920, spec.; from
Porites furcata, 13. IV. 1920, numerous spec.; 25. V. 1920, 1 spec.
Glyphis alternata var. dysoni (Reeve).
Fissurella dysoni Reeve, Conch. Icon. Vol. 6, 1850, pi. 12, fig. 86.
alternata Conch. Glyphis var. dysoni Pilsbry, Man. of Vol. 12, 1890, pag. 211 —212, pi. 37, fig. 54.
Water: 10. IV. 4 from 13. IV. Spanish 1920, spec.; Porites furcata, 1920, numerous spec.
The whole material of collected the sheltered Glyphis alternata at my disposal was on coast of Spanish Water. Therefore we might venture the suggestion that perhaps this species prefers such localities to the more exposed beaches of the island.
Glyphis minuta (Lamarck).
Fissurella minuta Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. Vol. 6, 1822, pag. 15.
minuta Glyphis Man. of Conch. Vol. 27. Pilsbry, 12, 1890, pag. 223—224, pi. 62, fig.
Caracasbay, 5. V. 2 1920, spec.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 20
Glyphis variegata (Sowerby).
Fissurella variegata Sowerby, Thesaurus, Vol. 3, 1866, pag. 200, fig. 172 and 173.
Glyphis variegata Pilsbry, Man. of Conch. Vol. 12, 1890, pag. 224, pi. 61, fig. 26.
5. V. Caracasbay, 1920, 1 spec.
black I separated this specimen from the preceding species only on account of the absence of a
the border along outside of the hole. The coloured stripes of the shell are very faint.
Glyphis viridula (Lamarck).
Fissurella viridula Anim. Vert. Ed. Vol. Lamarck, s. II, 7, 1836, pag. 596.
Man. of Conch. Vol. 22 —25: Glyphis viridula Pilsbry, 12, 1890, pag. 226, pi. 62, fig.
and northcoast of West- Curasao, 7 spec.
Subemarginula octoradiata (Gmelin).
Patella octoradiata Nat. Ed. 3699. Gmelin, Syst. XIII, 1792, pag.
and Subemarginula octoradiata Pilsbry, Man. of Conch. Vol. 12, 1890, pag. 273—274, pi. 29, fig. 17, 18 37
IV. 25. V. 7 Caracasbay: from Maeandrina, 7. 1920, 1 spec.; 1920, spec.
Spanish Bay, 1923, 1 spec.
Subemarginula rollandii (Fischer).
rollandii de Conch. Vol. 10. Emarginula Fischer, Journ. 5, 1856, pag. 356, pi. 12, fig.
rollandii Man. of Vol. 36. Subemarginula Pilsbry, Conch. 12, 1890, pag. 274—275, pi. 64, fig.
Spanish Water, from Porites furcata, 7. IV. 1920, 3 spec.
Subemarginula emarginata (Blainville).
Emarginula emarginata Blainvilie, Man. Malac. 1825, pag. 501, pi. 48-bis, fig. 3.
of Conch. Vol. Subemarginula emarginata Pilsbry, Man. 12, 1890, pag. 276, pi. 64, fig. 3 and 24—26.
Caracasbay, 1923, 1 spec.
LAMELLIBRANCHIA.
Pectunculus decussatus (Linné).
Arca decussata Linné, Syst. Nat. Ed. X, 1758, pag. 694.
Pectunculus pennaceus Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. Vol. 6, 1819, pag. 51
decussatus Pectunculus Lamy, Journ. de Conch. Vol. 59, 1911 (1912), pag. 119—120, pi. 3, fig. 7.
Westpunt, 1922, 1 single valve.
Arca zebra (Swainson).
Byssoarca zebra Swainson, Zool. 111. Shells, 2 nd Series, 1832 —1833, pi. 118.
Arca zebra de Vol. 17—19. Lamy, Journ. Conch. 55, 1907, pag.
Caracasbay, 1923, 4 single valves.
Spanish Bay, 1923, 2 single valves.
Arca imbricata Bruguière.
Arca imbricata Méth. 98. Bruguière, Encycl. Vers, I, 1792, pag.
38. Arca imbricata Lamy, Journ. de Conch. Vol. 55, 1907, pag. 26
in 2. IV. 12 valves. Caracasbay: coral, 1920, 1 spec.; 1921, single
Water: in 7. 17. IV. 32 in Spanish Porites furcata, IV. 1920, numerous spec.; 1920, spec.; Siderastraea,
29. IV. 1920, 7 spec.
2 Spanish Bay, 1921, spec.
Judging from the quantities of specimens collected at the different stations, Arca imbricata seems to be much more frequent in the quiet Spanish Water than in Caracasbay.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 21
Arca imbricata var. martensi (Dunker).
Arca martensi Novitates 1—2. Dunker, Conchol. 1858—1870, pag. 112, pi. 38, fig.
Arca imbricata martensi de Vol. 29 var. Lamy, Journ. Conch. 55, 1907, pag. e. v.
Curasao, 7 spec.
in Porites 7. IV. 7 between 12. IV. 8 Spanish Water: furcata, 1920, spec.; stones, 1920, spec.
On the of LAMY Arca imbricata authority (1. c. pag. 37) I separated var. martensi from the
form to its typical according "coquille oblongue, presque équilaterale, arrondie en avant et tronquée en arrière d'une facon en une de ces ä raccourcie ä crochets abrupte .... réalité, spécimens coquille et saillants" etc.
the of under which Arca When we consider conditions life martensi generally occurs: pinched between stones and corals which leave but narrow holes and clefts in which the shells rarely find the
for possibility full development, it is not too bold a suggestion that this variety of imbricata represents
merely a modified and more or less abnormal form adapted to habitation.
Arca cancellaria Lamarck.
Arca cancellaria Anim. Vert. Vol. 41. Lamarck, s. 6, 1819, pag.
Arca listeri Abb. Conch. Vol. 1. Philippi, 3, 1849, pag. 187, pi. 5, fig.
Arca cancellaria de Vol. 55—57. Lamy, Journ. Conch. 55, 1907, pag.
1 Curasao, spec.
Arca nivea Chemnitz.
Arca nivea Vol. Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. 7, 1784, pag. 191, pi. 54, fig. 538.
Arca nivea de Vol. Lamy, Journ. Conch. 55, 1907, pag. 59—65.
in Porites 7. IV. 2 Spanish Water, furcata, 1920, spec.
in 7.1V. Caracasbay: Maeandrina, 1920, 1 spec.; under stones on the shore, 3. V. 1920, 4 spec.; 1923, 1 spec and 5 single valves.
Spanish Bay, 1923, 2 single valves.
Arca plicata Chemnitz.
Arca Vol. plicata Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. 11, 1795, pag. 244, pi. 204, fig. 2008.
Arca Brod. & gradata Sowerby, Zool. journ. Vol. 4, 1830, pag. 365.
Arca de Conch. Vol. gradata Lamy, Journ. 55, 1907, pag. 80—87.
30. IV. 1 Spanish Water, 1920, spec.
under stones the 3. V. 1 Caracasbay, on shore, 1920, spec.
Arca adamsi (Shuttleworth) Smith.
Arca adamsi Shuttleworth MS, Smith, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Vol. 20, 1890, pi. 30, fig. 6 and 6a.
Arca adamsi de Conch. Vol. Lamy, Journ. 55, 1907, pag. 104—105.
Caracasbay: in coral, 2. IV. 1920, 6 under stones shore 3. V. 2 2 and 6 spec.; on 1920, spec.; 1923, spec, single valves.
Water: 3. IV. 13 in Porites 5. V. Spanish 1920, spec.; furcata, 1920, 2 spec.
between stones 11. V. 3 Spanish Bay, on shore, 1920, spec.
Arca deshayesi Hanley.
Arca Biv. — deshayesi Hanley, Catal. Ree. Shells, 1842 1856, pag. 157.
Arca de Conch. Vol. deshayesi Lamy, Journ. 55, 1907, pag. 218—221.
Water: in 6. V. Spanish mangrove-roots, 1920, 1 spec.; 1920, 2 spec.
10. IV. 2 Spanish Harbour, 1920, spec.
Caracasbay, 1921, 4 single valves.
Pinna carnea Gmelin.
Pinna Nat. Ed. 3365. carnea Qmelin, Syst. XIII, 1792, pag.
Pinna The Vol. carnea Dall, Nautilus, 11, 1897, pag. 25.
10. IV. 4 Spanish Harbour, 1920, spec.
20. IV. and 1. V. 3 Caracasbay, 1920, spec.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 22
I adopted DALL'S nomenclature proposed in his Synopsis of the Pinnidae of the Un. States
and West-Indies (The Nautilus, Vol. XI, 1897) which was afterwards maintained in Bull. U. S. Fish
1st Comm. Vol. 20, part, 1900, pag. 462.
Pinna rigida Dillwyn.
Pinna rigida Dillwyn, Descr. Catal. Shells, Vol. 1, 1817, pag. 327.
Atrina rigida Dall, The Nautilus, Vol. 11, 1897, pag. 25-26.
Water: 12. IV. 1 13. IV. and 30. IV. 4 26. IV. 2 Spanish 1920, spec.; 1920, spec.; 1920, spec.
1 Wairoe, Schottegat, 1923, spec.
the and serrata DALL For East-American species rigida (The Nautilus, Vol. 11, 1897, pag. 25)
and DALL & SIMPSON U. S. Fish Comm. Vol. 1st introduced (Bull. 20, part, 1900, pag. 462) as a
— of which str. — bears generic name Atrina GRAY contrary to Pinna s. no longitudinal sulcation or
median carina and entire internal in possesses an nacreous layer (not bilobed as Pinna).
Perna alata (Gmelin).
alata Ostrea Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Ed. XIII, 1792, pag. 3339.
alata Dall S. Fish Comm. st Melina & Simpson, Bull. U. Vol. 20, 1 part, 1900, pag. 462.
15. V. 1 Spanish Water, 1920, spec.
To Dr. ED. LAMY of Paris I owe a very clear exposition of the actual state of synonymy of
the West-Indian species of Perna which helped me a good deal in forming a more or less definite
opinion of this and of the following species.
this P. alata which BOEKE meant 135 of his betreffende It is perhaps on pag. "Rapport een
voorloopig onderzoek naar den toestand van de Visscherij etc. in de kolonie Curagao" and which he
figures on plate 8.
Perna listeri Hanley.
Perna listeri 111. 259. Hanley, Cat. Ree. Bivalve Shells, 1846, pag.
Melina listeri Dall Bull. U.S. Fish Vol. 1 st 462. & Simpson, Comm. 20, part, 1900, pag.
in Caracasbay: in coral, 2. IV. 1920, 9 spec.; on stones in the surf, 6. IV. 1920, 1 spec.; Maeandrina,
7. IV. 1920, 4 spec.; on stones at the shore, 29. IV. 1920, 2 spec.; 8. V. 1920, 6 spec.
Porites Spanish Harbour, in furcata, 14. IV. 1920, 2 spec.
Spanish Water: 19. IV. 1920, 2 spec.; 18. V. 1920, 2 spec.
Spanish Bay, between stones, 11. V. 1920, 2 spec
It is only with a certain hesitation that I bring all these
lamellibranchs to the above-mentioned name. In the first place
because I had perhaps — for the sake of priority — better call them
P. Lamarckeanum d'Orb., or semiaurita (L.). But to avoid more
confusion I simply adopted the unequivocal opinion of HANLEY.
Secondly we will see whether all the specimens are to be
ranked to this species, as I united several polymorphous forms. But
all in their similar rather agree beginning: a pointed white-and-pink
or fawn striped shell with a peculiar high mother-of-pearl luster,
flat and thin, somewhat flexuous, surface not scaly.
Vol. Fig. 579 in CHEMNITZ Conch. Cab. 7, 1784 comes close
which to our specimens. Moreover I give here a photograph (fig. 4) Fig. 4. Perna listeri Hanley (X 4½). but for the colours gives a fairly good idea.
Avicula flabellum Reeve.
7 and Avicula flabellum Reeve, Conch. Icon. Vol. 10, 1857, pi. 5, spec. 7, fig. 8.
Conch. Avicula flabellum Dunker in Mart.-Chemn. N. Syst. Cab. Vol. 7, part 3, 1872, pag. pi. 6, fig. 1.
6. V. 1 Caracasbay: 1920, 1 spec.; 1923, spec.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 23
Pearl fishing in the West-Indies is carried on of old near the coast of Venezuela and especially on oyster-banks off the island of Margarita.
of Far less important and dating of more recent years are the fisheries near one the Lesser
the where is small scale. Antilles, Aruba, being only Dutch colony fishing practised on a
For further particulars concerning the industry 1 may refer to the before-mentioned Report by
Dr. BOEKE (Rapport betreffende een voorloopig onderzoek naar den toestand van de visscherij etc. in de kolonie From his it that the Curasao, 1907, pag. 154—156). investigations appears sufficiently entire enterprise does not as yet compensate for the troubles and expenses, because 1. the pearl oysters are irregularly and scarcely distributed and of minor size, 2. the pearls which they produce
and often are minute frequently deformed or accessorily coloured, 3. the mother-of-pearl layer is lustreless and too thin to be of economic value.
Dr. BOEKE does not inform us about the exact species which these pearl-oysters represent and neither was it mentioned by Mr. P. A. EUWENS in his paper "De paarlvisscherij bij het eiland Mar-
West-Indische deel 515 We almost be that garita" (De Gids, Jaarg. 4, 5, 1923, pag. —532). may sure the smaller will of little but that the of the under- ones as A. flabellum be or no importance, activity
takers is directed to shells of larger size.
L. A. According to H. JAMESON (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1901, pag. 389) flabellum is probably a juvenile form of A. radiata Leach, the latter representing the West-Indian market-shell which reaches the same size as the well-known Ceylon and Banda pearl-oysters.
if is in different I am not sure Dr. JAMESON right uniting so many descriptions under the only species radiata. His opinion "... . that they were mostly based upon characters of a nature quite
valueless for systematic purposes" is perhaps to severe, because the typically specific features of La- mellibranchia and less distinct than those in other of mollusks. are generally less striking groups
Ostrea frons Chemnitz.
Conch. Vol. 686. Ostrea frons Chemnitz, Cab. 7, 1785, pag. 61, pi. 75,
Ostrea Küster in N. Conch. Cab. Vol. Lief. 82 4. frons Mart.-Chemn. Syst. 7, 1, 1868, pag. —83, pi. 11, fig.
Ostrea Dali & Bull. U.S. Fish Vol. 464. frons Simpson, Comm. 20, part 1, 1900, pag.
Spanish Water, 3. IV. 1920, 3 spec.
IV. Caracasbay, on Gorgonids, 7. 1920, some spec.
Ostrea virginica Gmelin.
Nat. Ed. n° 113. Ostrea virginica Gmelin, Syst. XIII, 1792, pag. 3336,
Ostrea virginica Küster in Mart.-Chemn. N. Syst. Conch. Cab. Vol. 7, Lief. 1, 1868, pag. 71, pi. 10, fig. 1 and 2.
Ostrea virginica Dall & Simpson, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. Vol. 20, part 1, 1900, pag. 463.
of 9. IV. 9 13. IV. 21 of Schottegat: bay Asiento, 1905, spec.; on mangrove, 1905, spec.; bay Asiento,
21. IV. 1905, 7 spec, only soft parts; bay of the Hoop, 1. XI. 1905, 10 spec.; bay of Groot Daflaar,
soft 2. XI. 1905, 12 spec, only parts.
IV. 9 above 3. IV. Spanish Water: on mangrove roots, 1920, spec.; sea-level, 1920, numerous spec.; on a
25. V. stone, 17. IV. 1920, some spec.; 1920, numerous spec.
In the already mentioned Report of Dr. J. BOEKE edited in charge of the Colonial Department
the state the of the Dutch Government an interesting chapter is devoted to present of West-Indian
local is and edible oyster and its culture (1. c. pag. 134—144). The race small, fragile represents a
modification of the polymorphous O. virginica (called virginiana by Dr. BOEKE). This protean species
South America occurs along a considerable part of the atlantic coast of North and in so many different
variations of shape, size and quality that conchologists managed to establish at least half a dozen
specific names (viz. rhizophorae Guild., parasitica Gmel., rostrata Chenu, puelchana d'Orb., arborea
Dillw., brasiliana Lam.) for what are in fact but local varieties called into being by various conditions
of life. It is probable that the form attached to stilt- and aerial roots of Rhizophora along the shallow
result of bays and lagoons of our Antillean colonies i. c. of Curasao, is the two principal creating
factors: particularly high density of the water and lack of suitable room because the crowds of young
other It be to here a remark shells oppress each during their development. may interesting remember
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 24
H of R. T. Boston Soc. Nat. Vol. n 1890, that O. is JACKSON (Mem. Hist., 4, . 8, pag. 321) virginica
attached to of its left valve whatever the of the be. always objects by means position substratum may
— Three excellent photographs of — as Dr. BOEKE calls them O. virginiana var. parasitica on
in 6 and 7. mangroves are reproduced Dr. BOEKE'S report on plates 5,
Pecten ziczac (Linné).
ziczac Nat. Ed. Ostrea Linné, Syst. X, 1758, pag. 696.
ziczac Küster in N. Conch. Abt. XIII, 1 —3. Pecten Mart.-Chem. Syst. Cab. Vol.7, 2, 1888, pag. 47—48, pi. fig.
ziczac Dall & Bull. Fish Vol. 464. Pecten Simpson, U.S. Comm. 20, part 1, 1900, pag.
Spanish Water, 26. IV. 1920, 2 spec.
Chlamys antillarum (Récluz).
Pecten antillarum Récluz, Journ. de Conch. Vol. 4, 1853, pag. 153—154, pi. V, fig. 1.
Cab. Vol. Pecten antillarum Küster in Mart.-Chemn. N. Syst. Conch. 7, Abt. 2, 1888, pag. 143, pi. 40, fig. 4.
Spanish Water: in Porites furcata, 14. IV. 1920, 17 spec, and 1 single valve; in sponge, 19. IV. 1920, 1 spec.
Chlamys ornatus (Lamarck).
Pecten ornatus Anim. Vert. Vol. 176. Lamarck, s. 6, 1819, pag.
N. Conch. Cab. 8—9. Pecten ornatus Kobelt in Mart.-Chemn. Syst. Vol.7, part 3, 1888, pag. 87—88, pi. 22, fig.
Pecten ornatus Dall & Bull. IL S. Fish Comm. Vol. 465 —466. Simpson, 20, part 1, 1900, pag.
Caracasbay, 1923, 3 single valves.
Spondylus ictericus Reeve.
Spondylus ictericus Reeve, Conch. Icon. Vol. 9, 1856, pi. 11, n° 40.
Spondylus ictericus Fulton, Journ. of Conch. Vol. 14, 1915, pag. 336
Caracasbay, 1921, 4 single valves. Spanish Bay, 1923, 1 single valve.
with the and the I The shells agree very well figure description of REEVE. Besides profited a
good deal of FULTON'S Synopsis: A list of the recent species of Spondylus etc. in Journ. of Conch.,
n Vol. n 11 and 1915. 14, . 12,
Plicatula gibbosa Lamarck.
Plicatula Anim. 132. gibbosa Lamarck, Syst. s. Vert. 1801, pag.
Plicatula Dall & Bull. U. Fish Vol. 467. gibbosa Simpson, S. Comm. 20, part 1, 1900, pag.
Caracasbay, 1921, 1 spec.
Lima scabra (Born).
scabra Test. Mus. Vindob. 110. Ostrea Born, 1780, pag.
Lima scabra Dall & Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. Vol. 467. Simpson, 20, part 1, 1900, pag.
Spanish Water, April—May 1920, numerous spec.
Caracasbay, 1921, 7 single valves.
1 Spanish Bay, 1923, spec.
Lima hians (Gmelin).
hians Nat. Ed. 3332. Ostrea Gmelin, Syst. XIII, 1792, pag.
Lima hians Dall & Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. Vol. 468. Simpson, 20, part 1, 1900, pag.
Water: in Porites 14. IV. 1 5. V. 7 Spanish furcata, 1920, spec.; 1920, spec.
in 10. V. 9 Caracasbay, sponge, 1920, spec.
to sides of Atlantic. This species is another interesting example of a mollusk equally common both the
Lima lima (Linné).
Ostrea lima Linné, Syst. Nat. Ed. X, 1758, pag. 699.
Lima lima Dall & Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. Vol. 468. Simpson, 20, part 1, 1900, pag.
10. IV. 1 Caracasbay: in coral, 2. IV. 1920, 5 spec.; 1920, spec.; 1923, 2 single valves.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 25
Placunanomia scabra (Lamarck).
Ostrea scabra Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. Vol. 6, 1819, pag. 205.
Placunanomia scabra Lamy, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1924, pag. 151 — 152.
Water: 8. IV. Spanish on mangrove roots, 1920, 1 spec.; in Porites furcata, 14. IV. 1920, lspec.; 19. IV. 1920,
numerous spec.; in Siderastraea, 29. IV. 1920, 3 spec.; 25. V. 1920, 1 spec.
under stones at the 3. V. 1 in 5. V. 1 in 10. Caracasbay: shore, 1920, spec.; coral, 1920, spec.; sponge, V.
1 1920, spec.
The specimens are scaly, irregular, almost white, the inside often having a peculiar soft-green
It both of localities in the the oceanic and the 1 lustre. frequents types island, lagoon-shore. am
indebted for their identification to the French Lamellibranch specialist, Dr. E. LAMY of Paris.
Mytilus hamatus Say.
hamatus Acad. Nat. Sei. Vol. 265. Mytilus Say, Journ. Philadelphia, 2, 1822, pag.
hamatus Dall & Fish Mytilus Simpson, Bull. U.S. Comm. Vol. 20, part 1, 1900, pag. 469.
3. IV. 1 Spanish Water, 1920, spec.
Mytilus exustus Linné.
Nat. 705. Mytilus exustus Linné, Syst. Ed. X, 1758, pag.
exustus Dall & Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. Vol. Mytilus Simpson, 20, part 1, 1900, pag. 469.
Water: in 8. IV. 5 above Spanish mangrove roots, 1920, spec.; low water mark on rocks, 14. IV. 1920,
numerous spec.
Spanish Bay, 1923, 3 single valves.
From Dr. onderzoek den toestand de BOEKE'S "Rapport betreffende een voorloopig naar van
visscherij en de industrie van zeeproducten in de kolonie Curasao" I quote (and translate) a short note
that "Besides in the inland waters different shellfishes occur on page 143 mangrove-oysters (mussels,
the of the called paloelie by the natives)". As two species Mytilus, especially latter, are very abun-
dant, it is probable that the musselcolonies consist chiefly of this species. They seem to have no
economic value. The mussels form a characteristic part of the fauna in the Spanish Water. The speci-
of their life in the air thick mens from our second set which spend part possess very calcareous
— — little indoor and look much thus shells a heavy house with only room very worn reminding us
of analogous features of the common European Mytilus edulis when exposed to comparable conditions
of life and environment.
Lithophaga nasuta (Philippi).
Modiola nasuta Philippi, Abbild. & Beschr. Vol. 2, 1846, pag. 149, pi. 1, fig. 2,
Lithophaga nasuta Dunker in Mart.-Chemn. N. Syst. Conch. Cab. Vol. 8, Abt. 3a, 1882, pag. 5, pi. 1, fig. 5
and 6, pi. 2, fig. 7 and 8.
19. IV. Caracasbay, 1920, 5 spec.
CuraQao, 1923, 1 spec.
coated which is thin and rather The shells are with a peculiar incrusting chalk-layer smooth
the but and of the rest. It in anterior part, coarse, thick spongy appearance on stretches even beyond the posterior margin forming a rostrum-like continuation of the shell containing no shell-substance.
In our largest specimen of 37 mm. total length 4 mm. however are purely chalksubstance, the shell itself in fact being only 33 mm. long.
DUNKER doubted of REEVE'S record of L. nasuta in the West-Indies (Conch. Icon., Vol. 10, 1885, spec. 19) but that objection has lost its power now.
Lithophaga antillarum (Philippi).
Modiola antillarum Zeitschr. f. Malak. Philippi, Vol. 4, 1847, pag. 116.
Dunker in N. Conch. Vol. Abt. 12—13. Lithophaga nigra Mart.-Chemn. Syst. Cab. 8, 3a, 1882, pag.
Curasao, 3 spec.
Spanish Water in Porites furcata, 14. IV. 1920, 2 spec, and one single valve.
does not bear trace their surface at all This species any of incrustation on
4
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 26
Lithophaga appendiculata (Philippi).
Modiola & Beschr. Vol. 4. appendiculata Philippi, Abbild. 2, 1846, pag. 150, pi. 1, fig.
Lithodomus bisulcatus 14—16. d'Orbigny, Moll. Cubana, Vol. 2, 1853, pag. 133, pi. 28, fig.
in Mart.-Chemn. N. Conch. Vol. Abt. 3 Lithophaga appendiculata Dunker Syst. Cab. 8, a, 1882, pag. 15—16,
pi. 5, fig. 14.
Spanish Water: in 8. IV. 5 in Porites 14. IV. 18. V. 1920, 3 mangrove roots, 1920, spec.; furcata, 1920,5spec.; spec.
the second Here again we have to do with a generally incrusted species. In a specimen of set
30 mm. additional 5 mm. are being total length the shell itself reaches only 25 mm., whereas the
composed of chalksubstance projecting beyond the posterior margin.
Lithophaga corrugata (Philippi).
Modiola Abbild. <£ Vol. 1 corrugata Philippi, Beschr. 2, 1846, pag. 148, pi. 1, fig.
in N. Vol. Abt. 13—14. Lithophaga corrugataDunker Mart.-Chemn. Syst. Conch. Cab. 8, 3a, 1882,pag. 17—18, fig.
in Porites 14. IV. 8 Spanish Water, furcata, 1920, spec.
Caracasbay, 19. IV. 1920, 1 spec.
A very fine and easily recognisable species without incrusting chalklayer.
Modiolaria lateralis (Say).
Mytilus lateralis Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, Vol. 12, pag. 264.
Modiolaria lateralis Bull. Mus. Zool. Vol. 7 and 8. Dall, Comp. 12, 1886, pag. 236, pi. 6, fig.
Comm. Modiolaria lateralis Dall & Simpson, Bull. U.S. Fish Vol. 20, part 1, 1900, pag. 471.
Spanish Water, 25. V. 1920, 1 spec.
Modiolaria marmorata (Forbes).
Mytilus marmoratus Forbes, Malac. Mon. 1838, pag. 44.
Modiolaria marmorata Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. Vol. II, 1863, pag. 122 —124, pi. 28, fig. 1
V. 6 Spanish Water, 25. 1920, spec.
from the basin DAUTZENBERG was the first who recorded this little European shell West-Indian
Zool. (Mém. Soc. France, Vol. 13, 1900, pag. 233).
Gastrochaena cucullata Deshayes.
Gastrochaena cucullata Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1856, pag. 329.
Gastrochaena cucullata Tryon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia 1861 (1862), pag. 482.
Gastrochaena cucullata Sowerby, Conch. Icon. Vol. 20, 1878, pi, 2, fig. 9.
Gastrochaena cucullata Clessin in Mart.-Chemn. N. Syst. Conch. Cab. Vol. 11, Abt. 4a, 1895, pag. 10, pi. 3,
fig. 7 and 8.
26. IV. 1 Spanish Water: in Porites and Siderastraea, IV. 1920, 6 spec, and one single valve; 1920, spec.
affinities Another little Gastrochaena collected April 26th 1920 has some towards G. difficilis,
it is too to risk identification. but young an
Teredo fulleri Clapp.
Teredo (Zopoteredo) fulleri Clapp, Trans. Acad. Sei. St. Louis, Vol. 25.
Nat. 79—85. Teredo (Zopoteredo) fulleri Clapp, Res. Council Rep. 1924, pag. 46, pi. 13, fig.
12. IV. 1 with and Spanish Water, 1920, spec, pallets some separate pallets.
the distinct the face of the This species "easily recognised by groove on outer pallets" (letter
Besides Dr. R. C. MILLER) was found burrowing in mangrove roots. It is the first record at Curasao.
Port Islands. Its actual it is known from au Prince, Haiti and Christiansted, St. Croix, Virgin scarce
distribution and its small size will render the species economically unimportant.
Teredo reynei Bartsch.
Proc. Vol. Teredo (Neoteredo) reynei Bartsch, Biol. Soc. Washington, 33, 1920, pag. 69 70.
122 Smiths. Instit. Teredo (Neoteredo) reynei Bartsch, Bull. 1922, pag. 30—31, pi. 23, pi. 33, fig. 3.
Spanish Water, 12. IV. 1920, some spec, and some single valves.
Spanish Harbour, 17. IV. 1920, some single valves.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 27
I to the The identification of the three species of Teredo discussed in this report owe kindness
of Dr. R. C. MILLER of Seattle U. S. A.
of T. from out of roots which The specimens reynei Curasao were prepared some mangrove
in were altogether perforated with burrowings. They are small, the largest shell being 6 mm. diam.
the dorso-ventral as well as in the antero-posterior direction, thus remaining far below the dimensions
given by BARTSCH in the above-quoted Bulletin.
The damage done by a species which pierces wooden structures by holes of a cm. and more
Such timber Surinam in diam. can amount to enormous ravages. destructions in structures in (Dutch
efforts and and Guyana) and the Governments to cure prevent them were discussed figured by
Mr. J. W. GONGGRIJP (West-Indië, 1921, pag. 3—10 and De Indische Mercuur, 25, November 1921).
this Teredo Until now there have not come complaints on deterioration by from Curasao, but
be for official and to be their its occurrence may a warning private people concerned on guard.
Teredo bipartita Jeffreys.
Teredo Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol. 123. bipartita Jeffreys, Mag. (3) 6, 1860, pag.
Teredo Bull. 122 Smiths. Instit. 4. (Lyrodus) bipartita Bartsch, 1922, pag. 25 —26, pi. 21, fig. 1, pi. 33, fig.
Spanish Water, 12. IV. 1920, 6 pallets.
Spanish Harbour, 17. IV. 1920, 3 pallets.
Dr. R. C. MILLER who also kindly examined this species wrote to me on the subject: "among
the shells and pallets of reynei I have found several pallets which 1 consider to be those of Teredo
deal of bipartita Jeffreys. You will note that a good variation occurs in the pallets which I have labeled
but I think all of one and of the with bipartita, they are species, some pallets compared agree closely
JEFFREYS' type which I examined in the U. S. National Museum a year or two ago. There are also
probably some shells of this species among those I have labeled reynei ; but I cannot with certainty
of from those of I tried to find safe criterion for separate the shells bipartita young reynei ; some doing
Both variations and the so, but finally gave it up. growth changes complicate problem".
In National Research Council 1924 "Marine Structures their deterioration the Report and pre-
servation" 1 find the "the is not.... much on page 36 following information: species of economic
importance".
Corbula spec.
Spanish Water, 3. IV. 1920, 1 spec.
Our specimen approaches C. cubaniana d'Orb. as figured by DALL in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool
Vol. 12, 1886, pi. 1, fig. 3, 3a—3c.
Asaphis coccinea (Martyn).
Cardium coccinea Martyn, Univ. Conch. 1784, n°. 135, pi. 135.
Bull. U. Fish Vol. Asaphis coccinea Dall & Simpson, S. Comm. 20, part 1, 1900, pag. 476,
St. Jorisbay, IX. 1905, 2 spec.
2 Spanish Water, 17. IV. 1920, spec.
Spanish Harbour, 6. V. 1920, 1 spec.
Caracasbay, 1921, 3 single valves.
10 and 7 valves. Spanish Bay, 1921, spec, single
Among the natives the soft parts are estimated as an excellent food.
Tellina interrupta Wood.
Tellina interrupta Wood, Gen. Conch. 1815.
U. S. Mus. Vol. 1900 Tellina interrupta Dall, Proc. Nat. 23, (1901), pag. 293,
Spanish Harbour, 16. IV. 1920, 1 spec.
Spanish Bay, 1921, 1 spec.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 28
Tellina radiata Linné.
Tellina 675. radiata Linne, Syst. Nat. Ed. X, 1758, pag.
radiata Proc. Vol. Tellina Dali, U. S. Nat. Mus. 23, 1900 (1901) pag. 293
Curagao, 8 spec.
Harbour, 6 Spanish spec, and 6 single valves.
Tellina fausta Donovan.
Tellina Nat. Hist. Brit. 14 and 180. fausta Donovan, Shells, 1804, pag. 10, pi. 25, fig. 13,
Tellina fausta Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 23, 1900 (1901) pag. 294.
Caracasbay: 1 single valve; 8. V. 1920, 4 spec.; 1923, 1 spec, and 5 single valves.
Tellina sybaritica Dall.
Tellina sybaritica Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Vol. 9, 1881, pag. 134.
Tellina Bull. U. Fish Comm. Vol. 480. sybaritica Dall, S. 20, part 1, 1900, pag.
Tellina Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 1900 295. sybaritica Dall, 23, (1901) pag.
Small in 26. IV. 1 lagoon mangrove vegetation near Caracasbay, 1920, spec.
Tellina promera Dall.
Tellina Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 1900 2, 11 and ibid. 296. promera Dall, 23, (1901) pag. 312, pi. fig. pag.
Spanish Water, 26. IV. 1920, 1 spec.
Tellina similis Sowerby.
Tellina similis Brit. Misc. 75. Sowerby, 1806, pag.
Tellina similis Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 23, 1900 (1901) pag. 296-297.
1 Caracasbay, 1920, spec,
16. IV. 7 Spanish Harbour, 1920, spec.
Petricola lapicida (Gmelin).
Venus Nat. Ed. Vol. lapicida Gmelin, Syst. XIII, 1792, 6, pag. 3269.
Petricola lapicida Sowerby in Reeve, Conch. Icon. Vol. 19, 1874, pi. 3, fig. 24.
19. IV. 1 Spanish Water, 1920, spec.
Venus listeri (Gray).
Dosinia listeri Gray, The Analyst, VIII, n°. 24, 1838.
Cytherea listeri Dali, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 26, 1902 (1903) pag. 372,
Caracasbay, 1923, 1 single valve.
Spanish Bay, 1923, 1 single valve.
Venus rigida Dillwyn.
Venus rigida Dillwyn, Descr. Catal. Ree. Shells, 1817.
372, Cytherea rigida Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 26, 1902 (1903) pag.
Westpunt, 1922, 1 single valve.
Spanish Bay, 1923, 1 single valve.
Caracasbay, 1923, 1 single valve.
Cardium muricatum Linné.
680. Cardium muricatum Linne, Syst. Nat. Ed. X, 1758, pag.
Comm. Vol. 487 -488. Cardium muricatum Dall & Simpson, Bull. U. S. Fish 20, 1900, pag.
Cardium muricatum Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 23, 1901, pag. 385—386.
V. Spanish Water, 4. 1920, 1 spec.
Caracasbay, 1921, 1 spec, and 1 single valve.
Cardium subelongatum Sowerby.
Cardium subelongatum Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1840, pag. 108.
Cardium subelongatum Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, Vol. 23, 1901, pag. 386.
Westpunt, 1921, 1 singe valve.
Spanish Bay, 1923, 1 single valve.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 29
Cardium medium Linné.
Nat. Ed. 678. Cardium medium Linné, Syst. X, 1758, pag.
Cardium medium & Fish Vol. 488. Dall Simpson, Bull. U. S. Comm. 20, part 1, 1900, pag.
Cardium medium Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 23, 1901, pag. 386.
Caracasbay, 1923, 1 single valve.
Cardium serratum Linné.
Cardium serratum Nat. Ed. 680. Linné, Syst. X, 1758, pag.
Cardium serratum Dall & Simpson, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. Vol. 20, part 1, 1900, pag. 489.
serratum U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 387. Cardium Dall, Proc. 23, 1901, pag.
Curasao, 3 spec.
10. IV. 3 Spanish Harbour, 1920, spec.
20. V. 1 Spanish Water, 1920, spec.
1 Caracasbay, 1921, spec.
Codakia orbicularis (Linné).
Venus orbicularis Nat. Ed. 688. Linné, Syst. X, 1758, pag.
Codakia orbicularis Dall & Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. Vol. 491. Simpson, 20, part 1, 1900, pag.
Codakia Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 799. orbicularis Dall, 23, 1901, pag.
Spanish Harbour, 17. IV. 1920, 25 spec.
valves. Caracasbay, 1923, 4 spec, and 5 single
A Catalogue and Synonymy of the recent species of the family Lucinidae was published by
in Acad. Nat. 82—96. TRYON Proc. Sei. Philadelphia, 1872, page
Codakia orbiculata (Montagu).
Venus orbiculata Test. Brit. Montagu, Suppl. 1808, pag. 42.
orbiculata Dall Bull. U. S. Comm. 491. Codakia & Simpson, Fish Vol. 20, part 1, 1900, pag.
Codakia orbiculata Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 23, 1901, pag. 799.
10. IV. 1 Spanish Harbour, 1920, spec.
25. V. 1 Spanish Water, 1920, spec.
Caracasbay, 1923, 4 single valves.
DALL for little of If we accept the references to literature proposed by this species (Synopsis the Lucinacea and of the American species, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 23, 1901, pag. 799), it is evident that the author was not correct when he introduced Lucina pecten Lam. (REEVE, Conch. Icon. Vol. 6,
into the of it is mistake for Lucina Lam. pi. 10, fig. 38, 1850) synonymy our species. Probably a pecten
(REEVE, Conch. Icon. Vol. 6, pi. 7, fig. 34 and 35 a and b) which was afterwards in a note at fig. 38 rebaptized by REEVE to L. occidentalis.
Phacoides pensylvanicus (Linné).
Venus pensylvanicus Linné, Syst. Nat. Ed. X, 1758, pag. 688.
& U. S. Fish Phacoides pensylvanicus Dall Simpson, Bull. Comm. Vol. 20, part 1, 1900, pag. 493.
Nat. Mus. Vol. 807. Phacoides pensylvanicus Dall, Proc. U.S. 23, 1901, pag.
Spanish Water, 29. IV. 1920, 2 spec.
Caracasbay, 1921, 1 single valve.
Spanish Bay, 1923,. 1 single valve.
Divaricella quadrisulcata (d’Orbigny).
584. Lucina quadrisulcata d'Orbigny, Voy. Amér. Mër. Vol. 5, part 3, 1846, pag.
Divaricella quadrisulcata Dall & Simpson, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. Vol. 20, part 1, 1900, pag. 494.
Divaricella quadrisulcata Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 23, 1901, pag. 815.
Caracasbay, 1920, 1 spec, and 1 single valve.
IV. 6 and 1 6. V. 1 Spanish Harbour: 17. 1920, spec, single valve; 1920, spec.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 30
Chama unicornis Bruguière.
Chama unicornis Bruguière, Diet.
Chama unicornis N. Clessin in Mart.-Chemn. Syst. Conch. Cab. Vol. 8, Abt. 5, 1889, pag. 15 —16, pi. 2, fig. 3 and 4.
1 Curagao, spec.
1872 TRYON Chamidae Sei. In published a Catalogue of the in Proc. Acad. Nat. Philadelphia,
pag. 116—120.
Chama macrophylla Chemnitz.
Chama Conch. Cab. Vol. 514 and 515. macrophylla Chemnitz, 7, 1786, pag. 149, pi. 52, fig.
Chama in Mart.-Chemn. N. Conch. Cab. Vol. Abt. macrophylla Clessin Syst. 8, 5, 1889, pag. 17—18, pi. 2,
fig. 1 and 2.
IV. Spanish Water: IV. 1920, 3 spec.; on mangrove roots, 8. 1920, 3 spec.; between Siderastraea, 8. IV.
1920, 5 spec.; 29. IV. 1920, 2 spec.
Curasao, 1922, 3 single valves.
Caracasbay, 1923, 3 single valves.
Chama sinuosa var. lamarckiana (Clessin).
lamarckiana Mart.-Chemn. N. Conch. Cab. Chama Clessin in Syst. Vol. 8, Abt. 5, 1889, pag. 42, pi. 5, fig. 1 and 2.
bermudensis Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. ? Chama Heilprin, Philadelphia, 1889, pag. 141, pi. 8, fig. 1.
20. IV. 7 Caracasbay, 1920, spec.
Identification of this species greatly puzzled me for a long time. The collections for comparison
the of the Vol. altogether failing, monographs genus (REEVE, Conchologia Iconica, 4, CLESSIN in MARTINI
& CHEMNITZ, Neues systematisches Conchylien Cabinet, Vol. 8, Abt. 5) being oldfashioned and giving
repeatedly but insufficient characters, it was only with considerable hesitation that I risked to attribute
Fig. 5. Chama sinuosa var. lamarckiana (Clessin); A left valve, B right valve, both slightly enlarged.
the species to Chama lamarckiana Cless., at the same time being aware of its relation to the Brazilian species Chama sinuosa Broderip.
Indeed, in spite of its heavier structure and of the absence of the elegant foliaceous exterior lamellae which have been substituted of coralline and by irregular deposits incrusting algae sponges, the shell bears the characteristic features of Ch. sinuosa, viz. the posterior furrow on the free right
valve radiating backward from the top and the particular rather deep fold between the muscular im-
which the excavated. pressions by inside of every valve is (Fig. 5, a en b.)
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 31
Therefore I result in N. H. was glad to find an agreeing ODHNER'S paper on Studies on recent
Chamidae (Kgl. Svensk Vet. Akad. Handl. 1919, Vol. 59, n°. 3, pag. 77) whose experience runs: "1
CLESSIN Ch. lamarckiana give as my opinion that, in all probability, the form which (1889) has named and which be identical with Ch. bermudensis is but a form of increase may Heilprin (1890) nothing
of shows close with sinuosa for the Ch. sinuosa it a agreement large specimens of Ch. except fact that it is extremely solid. Because of its solidity as well as of the incrustation of algae and other
lime-depositing organisms, no exact idea of the original sculpture is obtainable, but a tendency to the formation of lobes in the margin is traceable and there exists a faint trace of the posterior radiating furrow that is characteristic for the in Ch. lamarckiana with this species question. Interiorly agrees
adductor species in having similar course of the mantle line relative to the scars, as well as a similar
colour (greenish white), lustre and smoothness".
In the right valve the dental sulcus is bordered towards the base by a prominent plate which
is coarsely ribbed by 5 —7 oblique ribs. The furrow of the attached valve into which this plate fits,
shows signs of corresponding ribs ranged alternatively with those of the plate.
and the of colour most be The muscular scars pallial line are a peculiar olive-green likely to
compared with candied peal.
in The dimensions of the attached valves of our seven specimens are mm.:
furrow to 61 60 60 58 58 55 53 Height (from ligamental base) . . .
Antero-posterior axis 55 56 50 56 54 51 46
Dr. ODHNER kindly informed me that the Stockholm specimen measures from the uppermost
point of the ligamentfurrow to the base 57 mm., whereas the antero-posterior axis is 53 mm. thus
coming close to our specimens.
The top of the beak cannot be traced with certainty between the compact masses of coralline
algae and lime-substance. Chama bermudensis is probably our species, but HEILPRIN'S description is
too incomplete to venture a definite opinion.
Coralliophaga coralliophaga (Chemnitz).
Chama Conch. Vol. 1673 and 1674. coralliophaga Chemnitz, Cab. 10, 1788, pag. 359, pi. 172, fig.
Cypricardia coralliophaga Reeve, Conch. Icon. Vol. I, 1843, pi. 2, fig. 12.
Porites 14. IV. 2 Spanish Water, in furcata, 1920, spec.
This species seems to have a circumtropical distribution; H. LYNGE mentions several localities
Dan. — in the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic tropical zone (Marine Lamellibranchs, Exped. to Siam 1899
1900, Kgl. Dansk Vid. Selsk. Skr. (7) Vol. 5, 1909, pag. 167).
The same author includes in the synonymy of this species Coralliophaga dactylus (Bruguière).
ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REMARKS.
West-Indian mollusk A careful review of the present distribution of every in particular would
be of time and for the of a very attractive problem, but requires lots experience study systematic
and literature and matter of fact the of extensive collection for faunistic supposes as a presence an
comparison.
fulfilled this restrained the These conditions actually being only partly in case, 1 survey to a
of the material discussed the of the simple analysis in systematic part paper.
I am quite aware how dangerous it is to make general conclusions in consequence of a limited
collection from a limited region, but nevertheless I venture to give some general remarks as I consider
the the material fairly representative for the area in question, whereas at the same time following lists
will show that the distribution of the littoral marine mollucs of Curasao incontestably has a peculiar
In how far features the whole district I cannot but character. its agree with those concerning tell, at
any rate the differences will not be very great.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 32
I II 111 IV V
NAME OF SPECIES CIRCUM- W. INDIES E. AMERICA from MEDITERR. AEQUATOR to TROPIC LIMITED S. BRAZIL W. AFRICA CAPE HATTERAS
1 Conus mus Hwass
2 Conus nebulosus Solander .
3 Conus testudinarius Martini I 4 Conus granulatus Linné
5 Daphnella lymneiformis (Kiener)
6 Olivella jaspidea (Gmelin)
7 Oliva fusiformis Lamarck
8 Oliva reticularis Lamarck
9 Ancillaria glabrata Linné
10 Marginella margarita Kiener
11 Marginella interruptelineata (Mühlf.)
12 Marginella maculosa Kiener
13 Marginella catenata (Montagu)
14 Marginella chrysomelina Redfield
15 Marginella avena Valenciennes
16 Marginella obscura Reeve
17 Valuta musica Linne
18 Vasum capitellum Linné
19 Mitra barbadensis (Gmelin)
20 Mitra granulosa Lamarck
21 Turricula dermestina (Lamarck)
22 Latirus eppi Melvill 23 Latirus brevicaudatus (Reeve)
24 Leucozonia cingulifera (Lamarck)
25 Leucozonia ocellata (Gmelin)
26 Melongena melongena (Linné) ■
27 Pisania pusio (Linné)
28 Nassa ambigua (Montagu)
29 Columbella mercatoria (Linné)
/ 30 Columbella nitida Lamarck
31 Columbella cribraria Lamarck
32 Columbella pulchella (Blainville)
33 Columbella catenata Sowerby
34 Columbella dormitor Sowerby
35 Murex brevifrons Lamarck
36 Murex chrysostoma Gray
37 Murex nuceus Mörch
38 Purpura patula (Linné)
39 Purpura deltoidea Lamarck
40 Purpura haem. haemastoma (Linné)
41 Purpura h. undata (Lamarck)
42 Purpura h. floridana (Conrad)
43 Sistrum nodulosum (C. B. Adams)
44 Coralliophila abbreviata (Lamarck)
45 Scalaria eburnea Pot. & Mich
46 Scalaria lamellosa Lamarck
47 Janthina globosa Swainson
48 Pyramidella dolabrata var. subdolabrata (Mörch) ■ • ■
49 Septa tritonis var. nobilis (Conrad)
50 Cymatium pilearis (Linne)
51 Cymatium chlorostomum (Lam.)
52 Bursa affinis (Broderip)
53 Cassis flammea (Linne)
54 Cassis testiculus (Linné)
55 Oniscia oniscus var. lamarcki (Desh.)
56 Dolium perdix (Linné)
57 Ovula gibbosa (Linné)
58 Ovula acicularis (Lamarck)
59 Cypraea exanthema Linné
60 Cypraea cinerea Gmelin
61 Cypraea spurca Linné
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 33
I II III IV V
NAME OF SPECIES CLRCUM- W. INDIES E. AMERICA from MEDITERR.
TROPIC LIMITED AEQUATOR to S. BRAZIL W. AFRICA CAPE HATTERAS
62 Trivia nivea Gray
63 Trivia pediculus (Linné)
64 Strombus gigas Linnë
65 Strombus gallus Linné -
66 Triforis decoratus C. B. Adams _
67 Triforis turris-thomae (Chemnitz)
68 Cerithium litteratum (Born)
69 Cerithium eburneum Bruguière
70 Cerithium ferrugineum Say
71 Cerithium rissoidae Sowerby
72 Cerithidea turrita Stearns .
73 Batillaria minima (Gmelin)
74 Modulus modulus (Linne)
75 Planaxis nucleus (Lamarck)
76 Planaxis lineatus (da Costa)
77 Vermetus varians (d'Orbigny)
78 Vermetus decussatus (Gmelin) • ■ ■ 79 Littorina angulifera (Lamarck)
80 Littorina ziczac (Chemnitz). 81 Littorina minima (Gray) . •
82 Tectarius muricatus (Linné) •
83 Tectarius nodulosus (Qmelin)
84 Torinia cyclostoma (Menke) .
85 Torinia bisulcata (d'Orbigny)
86 Rissoina dubiosa C. B. Adams
87 Rissoina browniana d'Orbigny
88 Mitrularia equestris (Linné)
89 Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin)
90 Amalthea subrufa Lamarck
91 Amalthea antiquata (Linne)
92 Natica canrena (Linne)
93 Natica lactea (Quilding) . .
94 Acmaea punctulata (Gmelin)
95 Acmaea leucopleura (Gmelin).
96 Chlorostoma maculostriatum (C. B. Adams)
97 Chlorostoma (Born) • fasciatum .
98 Chlorostoma excavatum (Lamarck)
99 Livona pica (Linné) •
100 Liotia radiata (Kiener). .
101 Liotia tamsiana (Dunker) ■ •
102 Astralium imbricatum (Gmelin)
103 Astralium undosum (Wood)
104 Nerita tessellata Gmelin
105 Nerita peloronta Linne .
106 Nerita versicolor Gmelin.
107 Neritina virginea Linné
108 Neritina Linné . pupa .
109 Fissurella nodosa (Born) . .
110 Fissurella barbadensis (Gmelin)
111 Fissurella fascicularis Lamarck
112 Lucapina adspersa (Phiiippi) .
113 Lucapina cancellata (Sowerby)
114 Glyphis listeri (d'Orbigny)
115 Glyphis alternata (Say) .
116 Glyphis minuta (Lamarck) .
117 Glyphis variegata (Sowerby)
118 Glyphis viridula (Lamarck)
119 Subemarginula octoradiata (Gmelin)
120 Subemarginula rollandii (Fischer) . .
121 Subemarginula emarginata (Blainville)
122 Pectunculus decussatus Linné
5
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 34
II I III IV V
INDIES NAME OF SPECIES CLRCUM- W. E. AMERICA from MEDITERR. LIMITED AEQUATOR to S. TROPIC BRAZIL W. AFRICA CAPE I-IATTERAS
zebra 123 Arca (Swainson).
124 Arca imbricata Bruguière
cancellaria 125 Arca Lamarck I 126 Arca nivea Chemnitz —
127 Arca plicata Chemnitz . .
128 Arca adamsi Shuttleworth
129 Arca deshayesi Hanley .
130 Pinna carnea Gmelin
131 Pinna rigida Dillwyn
132 Perna alata (Gmelin)
133 Perna listeri Hanley . ■
134 Avicula flabellum Reeve
Ostrea Chemnitz 135 frons
136 Ostrea virginica Gmelin __
137 Pecten ziczac (Linné) • . .
138 Chlamys antillarum (Recluz)
139 Chlamys ornatus (Lamarck)
140 Spondylus ictericus Reeve
141 Plicatula gibbosa Lamarck
142 Lima scabra (Born)
143 Lima hians (Gmelin).
144 Lima lima (Linné)
145 Placunanomia scabra (Lamarck)
146 Mytilus hamatus Say
Linné . . . . 147 Mytilus exustus
148 Lithophaga nasuta (Philippi) . . '
149 Lithophaga antillarum (Philippi) . - I
150 Lithophaga appendiculata (Philippi)
151 Lithophaga corrugata (Philippi) I 152 Modiolaria lateralis (Say) . • •
153 Modiolaria marmorata (Forbes)
154 Gastrochaena cucullata Deshayes
155 Asaphis coccinea (Martyn)
Tellina Wood . 156 interrupta
157 Tellina radiata Linne ■
158 Tellina fausta Donovan
159 Tellina sybaritica Dali I Tellina Dali . 160 promera
161 Tellina similis Sowerby .
162 Petricola lapicida (Gmelin)
163 Venus listeri (Gray) .
164 Venus rigida Dillwyn . .
165 Cardium muricatum Linne . . .
166 Cardium subelongatum Sowerby
167 Cardium medium Linné
168 Cardium serratum Linne. .
169 Codakia orbicularis (Linné) •
170 Codakia orbiculata (Montagu) .
Phacoides 171 pensylvanicus (Linné) . .
172 Divaricella quadrisulcata (d'Orbigny)
173 Chama unicornis Brugière ■ ■
174 Chama macrophylla Chemnitz . . . .
175 Chama sinuosa var. lamarckiana (Clessin)
176 Coralliophaga coralliophaga (Chemnitz)
177 Teredo reynei Bartsch . __
178 Teredo bipartita Jeffreys
179 Teredo fulleri Clapp
The elements composing the littoral molluscan fauna of the Caribbean basin are of different zoogeographical interest. They show clearly how their distribution is bound to different conditions of origin and environment.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 35
First of all we remark a number of circumtropic species, occuring in practically all tropical seas,
viz. the first group.
Their distribution actual constellation of must be previous to the land and sea, so we may regard them as one of the oldest components of the fauna, whereas at the same time their mode of
and must be dispersion adaptation very favourable.
Other on the are limited to this viz. the second species contrary definitely special area, group.
the of the series and be They are quite opposite preceding may either, geologically spoken,
which have not had the time the to which young species nor opportunity spread, or are extremely sensible animals unable to support the slightest change in their environment. These endemic species
form about 50 of the present fauna. °/0
In this connexion I may draw the attention to the apparent lack of any Curagao-mollusc and
of the of nearly every mollusc the whole Caribbean area on Pacific side of America, if it is not at the
same time circumtropical, thus belonging to the former category and consequently betraying its old
and Mitrularia. age, viz. Amalthea, Crepidula
other three contain which The groups animals spread from and beyond the West-Indies in
different directions.
Some of them (series III) have found their way north along the arch of Antilles, Florida and the east coast of North-America to Cape Hatteras. Their distribution runs parallel with the course of the Gulfstream which enables these species to spread so far beyond the tropic of Cancer. In the material discussed here 11 species can be traced which do not reach other seas but the West-Indies and the Northern West coast of the Atlantic (viz. the nos. 2, 37, 57, 58, 67, 70, 73, 94, 130, 159, 160, 179).
A good many Antillean species are reported from the coast of Southern Brazil (series IV) several of which are bound to these two districts, viz. the nos. l 6, 25, 29, 30, 39, 43, 60, 65, 68, 74, 77, ;
80, 92, 102, 107, 110, 112, 114, 119, 124, 128, 137, 147, 149, 165, 169, 175).
It be understood lot and interested is easily to that a of malacologists zoogeographers are in a comparison of the molluscan fauna of these two regions. I will simply quote some lines from one of
W. H. DALL'S papers to introduce the problem in all its complexness (The Nautilus, Vol. 10, 1897,
distribution of coastfauna volume of the pag. 122): "the present the antedates the present Amazonian
discharge, since it would seem incredible that so many thoroughly littoral species should be able to
cross the present area of some hundred miles of fresh water in either direction."
Finally we meet a much smaller number of West-Indian molluscs at the eastern side of the
North Atlantic: West-Africa and the Mediterranean Sea (viz. series V). Only a couple of them, amounting to 8 species of the shells reported here, are common to both regions without occurring elsewhere
(3, 11, 15, 17, 46, 54, 143, 153).
subdivision of the fauna of West-Indies various with Especially this the gave rise to papers more or less ingeneous explanations of the phenomenon.
admit There is an opinion which does not other possibilities than the distribution either by
the intervenience of means of free swimming larvae moving by oceanic currents or by ships crossing the Atlantic.
of Other authors though not denying the great influence these factors cannot conceal a certain
doubt if be sufficient Indeed it rather bold to let the really this would prove to a argument. seems course of insecure currents alone account for the transport of organisms across the thousands of miles which separate at present the two continents.
which animals could Thus other zoogeographers trying to secure a more solid ground along find their the the former existence of transatlantic viz. way to opposite coast, suggested a bridge, an
uninterrupted continent or a row of islands separated by narrow channels.
division Notwithstanding the numerous objections and contradictions from nearly every special of science and geography this hypothesis kept firm till in modern times and even in our days the
Atlantis-theory is still a favoured topic in zoogeographical literature.
New however in recent when WEGENER'S on the horizons opened years hypothesis displacement of continents began to penetrate into the minds of zoologists.
the far detail of his is clear and Though at present moment by not every argumentation
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access 36
that in this direction further incontestable, we cannot help thinking perhaps investigations may hope
result. to come to a satisfying
of two there have The previous vicinity the continents granted, may existed a period during which interchange of species from West-Africa to East-America and vice versa took place without
to difficulty, a process which became more and more impossible in proportion the enlargement of the
distance until finally in our days it belongs practically to the past.
Of the three and is of the small groups III, IV V the last course the oldest. This may explain number of West-Indian shells left at the African-Mediterranean coast.
The rather small amount of species stretching northward compared to the much larger number
going south may be due to the less favourable conditions to which the animals are exposed. This
group (series III) may be the youngest of all considered.
If we compare the numbers of species common to combined localities
common to common to common to common to
III + IV IV + V III 4- V III + IV + V
7 species 9 species 1 species 3 species it is clear how it is almost improbable that animals reached the Eastern Atlantic via North-America, whereas the on contrary the connexion via a path directed southward and thence eastward will come up to the truth much better.
Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 09:17:17PM via free access