Influences Réciproques Relatives À L'usage Des Nouvelles

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Influences Réciproques Relatives À L'usage Des Nouvelles Influences r´eciproques relatives `al'usage des Nouvelles Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication par les acteurs de l'´ecole.Le cas des sites Web des ´ecoles primaires fran¸caises Jacques Audran To cite this version: Jacques Audran. Influences r´eciproques relatives `al'usage des Nouvelles Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication par les acteurs de l'´ecole.Le cas des sites Web des ´ecoles primaires fran¸caises. Education.´ Universit´ede Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2001. Fran¸cais. <tel-00342534> HAL Id: tel-00342534 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00342534 Submitted on 27 Nov 2008 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. UNIVERSITÉ AIX-MARSEILLE I – Université de Provence U.F.R. Psychologie et Sciences de l’Éducation N° attribué par la bibliothèque |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__| T H E S E pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ AIX-MARSEILLE I Formation doctorale : Systèmes d’apprentissage, systèmes d’évaluation présentée et soutenue publiquement par Jacques AUDRAN Novembre 2001 Titre : Influences réciproques relatives à l’usage des Nouvelles Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication par les acteurs de l’école. Le cas des sites Web des écoles primaires françaises. --------- Directeur de thèse : Michel VIAL Maître de Conférences HDR --------- JURY Mme Jeanne MALLET, Professeur, Université de Provence, Présidente du jury M. Georges-Louis BARON, Professeur, INRP M. Daniel PERAYA, Maître d’Enseignement et de Recherche, Université de Genève M. Georges SOLAUX, Professeur, Université de Bourgogne, IREDU M. Michel VIAL, Maître de Conférences HDR, Université de Provence à mes parents, Simone et Jean. Remerciements Je tiens à exprimer ma sincère gratitude à Michel Vial, mon directeur. Dans un esprit d’accompagnement bienveillant, son regard rigoureux et exigeant, et ses conseils, m’ont permis de mener cette recherche à son terme, en pleine confiance. Je remercie aussi Jeanne Mallet, dont les encouragements et le soutien attentif m’ont toujours été très précieux tout au long de cette entreprise de longue haleine. Je sais gré également à mes « complices » Jean-Paul Blanc, et Bernard Donnadieu, qui ont, par leurs critiques constructives, infiniment contribué à l’approfondissement de ma réflexion. Je n’aurais rien pu faire sans l’aide active de Geneviève, mon épouse, et celle de mes amies Blandine Augier et Brigitte del Perugia, qui, par leurs lectures attentives et leurs remarques judicieuses, ont grandement facilité le franchissement de l’étape de rédaction. Enfin, je ne saurais oublier ni ceux qui m’ont ouvert les portes de leur classe et expliqué leurs pratiques, ni les chercheurs qui m’ont accueilli dans leur laboratoire, sans qui je n’aurais rien pu entreprendre. SOMMAIRE Introduction .................................................................................................. 7 PREMIÈRE PARTIE : Enjeux et cadre de la recherche 1.1 Enjeux d’éducation et objet de recherche ..................................................... 9 1.2 Les pièges de l’objet de recherche ............................................................... 19 1.3 De l’influence à l’alliance, entre impact et émergence .................................. 27 1.4 Enjeux socio-économiques et politiques ....................................................... 32 1.5 Travaux existants ....................................................................................... 45 1.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 56 DEUXIÈME PARTIE : Entre sémiotique et cognition, un cadre théorique d’observation des acteurs 2.1 Les relations entre sémiotique et cognition ................................................... 59 2.2 Du système sémiotique au social ................................................................. 70 2.3 Du social au politique ................................................................................. 87 2.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 123 TROISIÈME PARTIE : Du contexte informatique aux instruments d’investigation, l’articulation des méthodes et des terrains 3.1 Quelle focalisation pour la recherche ? ........................................................ 125 3.2 La pluralité des méthodes et des « terrains » ................................................ 137 3.3 Évaluation et Internet .................................................................................. 156 3.4 Internet, indicateurs et dispositifs socio-techniques ...................................... 176 3.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 204 QUATRIÈME PARTIE : Étude des pratiques sociales médiatisées 4.1 État initial et représentativité des sites ......................................................... 209 4.2 Les fils conducteurs de l’analyse des sites de 1999 ...................................... 219 4.3 Suivi diachronique sur les listes de discussion/diffusion ............................... 266 4.4 Approche dynamique des pratiques médiatisées ........................................... 299 4.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 303 5 CINQUIEME PARTIE : Évolution des sites et approche des conceptualisations des enseignants 5.1 Prise de distance et rapprochement du terrain .............................................. 309 5.2 Le suivi des six catégories .......................................................................... 325 5.3 Les apports des entretiens ........................................................................... 359 5.4 Un ensemble de construits sociaux .............................................................. 372 5.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 378 Conclusion générale ................................................................................................ 385 Bibliographie et index des auteurs........................................................................... 389 Index des termes importants ................................................................................... 409 Tables des illustrations et tableaux ......................................................................... 413 Table des matières .................................................................................................. 415 Sommaire du volume des annexes ........................................................................... 422 6 INTRODUCTION La recherche présentée ici s’intéresse aux conceptions et aux conceptualisations d’enseignantes et enseignants de l’école primaire qui ont choisi de construire un site Web dans le cadre de leur pratique professionnelle. La thèse défendue dans ce texte est que l’étude des sites, associée à celle de l’activité des acteurs de l’école, permet de mettre en évidence des transformations conceptuelles importantes chez les auteurs de sites. Ces transformations semblent s’exprimer plus particulièrement par la réciprocité des influences entre ces acteurs et Internet, dans une dialectique qui construit le Web scolaire comme objet technique et comme texte, avec les conséquences que la reconnaissance ou non de cette dialectique peut avoir sur l’activité professionnelle de ces acteurs. Ce travail a débuté par une capture quasi-exhaustive des sites Web d’écoles en 1999, ce qui a permis de reconstituer, à partir de l’analyse des sites, mais aussi de propos relevés sur des listes de discussion scolaires et d’interviews d’enseignants in situ, le cheminement conceptuel de certains auteurs de sites pouvant apporter un éclairage sur les relations entretenues avec l’outil informatique. Dans une perspective sémio-cognitive, cette recherche tente de mettre en évidence ce qui a poussé ces enseignants à se lancer dans un tel travail, comment ils s’y sont pris, ce que ces sites représentent pour eux, mais aussi, la manière dont ces constructions s’organisent sur Internet. Ce qui est observé ici n’est ni un ensemble d’effets liés à l’introduction des réseaux à l’école, ni l’effet du travail des enseignants sur Internet, mais la complexité des relations réciproques qui existent entre les acteurs et les sites ou entre les acteurs eux-mêmes quand ils se retrouvent sur le réseau. Les différentes technologies, étudiées ici dans un contexte éducatif, ont donc un double rôle, celui d’indicateur pour la recherche et celui de facteur dans l’étude de ces relations. Comme indicateur, Internet fournit de nombreuses 7 données à analyser qui n’ont pas toutes la même portée et qui varient largement en fonction des modalités instrumentales des logiciels mis en œuvre. En cela, ce travail est donc aussi une réflexion méthodologique sur ce que les documents numériques en circulation peuvent (ou ne peuvent pas) nous apporter dans la connaissance des pratiques éducatives et des mondes conceptuels construits. Comme
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