Propionaldehyde

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Technical Information Propionaldehyde August 2020 | Data Sheet | First edition TI/E-CPI 1009e / Page 1 of 2 Description Colorless liquid with limited miscibility in water above 15 °C, soluble in ethanol and diethyl ether. Chemical nature Propionaldehyde, Propanal Molecular formula C3H6O Molar mass 58.08 g/mol CAS number 123-38-6 EC number 204-623-0 Delivery specification Property Value Unit Test method Propionaldehyde, 99.5 min. % GC-Method BASF ex works Calculated from acid Propionic Acid, 0.1 max. % value according to DIN ex works EN ISO 2114 Water, ex works 0.2 max. % DIN 51777 Part 1 Pt/Co color value 20 - DIN EN ISO 6271 (Hazen), ex works Properties Propionaldehyde is a colorless, flammable liquid, having a suffocating odor. It should be used as a chemical intermediate only. It undergoes reactions typical for the low molecular weight aldehydes, which, because of the terminal carbonyl group, are very reactive. Contamination or the exposure to elevated temperatures may induce a hazardous polymerization. Propionaldehyde is readily oxidized if in contact to oxygen and should therefore be stored under inert gases. Physical data The following physical data were measured in the BASF SE laboratories. They do not represent any legally-binding guarantee of properties for our sales product. Property Condition Value Test method Boiling range at 1013 hPa 75 – 76°C DIN 53171 Density at 20 °C 0.93 g/cm3 DIN 51757 Solidification point - 97 °C Ignition temperature 195 °C DIN 51794 TI/E-CPI 1009e August 2020 Page 2 of 2 Propionaldehyde Applications Intermediate for the chemical industry, for example for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, perfumes and plastics. Storage & Handling Propionaldehyde should be stored under nitrogen. The storage temperature must not exceed 40°C and moisture are excluded. Under these conditions, a storage stability of 6 months can be expected. Safety When using this product, the information and advice given in our Safety Data Sheet should be observed. Due attention should also be given to the precautions necessary for handling chemicals. Note The data contained in this Technical Information is based on our current knowledge and experience as well as our investigations according to the today's state-of-the-art. In view of the many factors that may affect processing and application of the Product, these data do not relieve processors from carrying out their own investigations and tests; neither do these data imply any guarantee of certain properties, nor the suitability of the Product for specific purpose. No liability of BASF can be derived therefrom. It is the responsibility of the recipient of the Product to ensure that any proprietary rights and existing laws and legislation are observed. August 2020 BASF SE – Industrial Petrochemicals Europe E-CPI/M – H201 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany Visit us online at http://www.solvents.basf.com .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

EPA Method 8315A (SW-846): Determination of Carbonyl Compounds by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
METHOD 8315A DETERMINATION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1 This method provides procedures for the determination of free carbonyl compounds in various matrices by derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). The method utilizes high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) detection to identify and quantitate the target analytes. This method includes two procedures encompassing all aspects of the analysis (extraction to determination of concentration). Procedure 1 is appropriate for the analysis of aqueous, soil and waste samples and stack samples collected by Method 0011. Procedure 2 is appropriate for the analysis of indoor air samples collected by Method 0100. The list of target analytes differs by procedure. The appropriate procedure for each target analyte is listed in the table below. Compound CAS No. a Proc. 1b Proc. 2 b Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 X X Acetone 67-64-1 X Acrolein 107-02-8 X Benzaldehyde 100-52-7 X Butanal (Butyraldehyde) 123-72-8 X X Crotonaldehyde 123-73-9 X X Cyclohexanone 108-94-1 X Decanal 112-31-2 X 2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde 5779-94-2 X Formaldehyde 50-00-0 X X Heptanal 111-71-7 X Hexanal (Hexaldehyde) 66-25-1 X X Isovaleraldehyde 590-86-3 X Nonanal 124-19-6 X Octanal 124-13-0 X Pentanal (Valeraldehyde) 110-62-3 X X Propanal (Propionaldehyde) 123-38-6 X X m-Tolualdehyde 620-23-5 X X o-Tolualdehyde 529-20-4 X p-Tolualdehyde 104-87-0 X a Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number.
[Show full text]
Toxicological Profile for Formaldehyde
TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR FORMALDEHYDE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry July 1999 FORMALDEHYDE ii DISCLAIMER The use of company or product name(s) is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. FORMALDEHYDE iii UPDATE STATEMENT Toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary, but no less than once every three years. For information regarding the update status of previously released profiles, contact ATSDR at: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology/Toxicology Information Branch 1600 Clifton Road NE, E-29 Atlanta, Georgia 30333 FORMALDEHYDE vii QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS Toxicological Profiles are a unique compilation of toxicological information on a given hazardous substance. Each profile reflects a comprehensive and extensive evaluation, summary, and interpretation of available toxicologic and epidemiologic information on a substance. Health care providers treating patients potentially exposed to hazardous substances will find the following information helpful for fast answers to often-asked questions. Primary Chapters/Sections of Interest Chapter 1: Public Health Statement: The Public Health Statement can be a useful tool for educating patients about possible exposure to a hazardous substance. It explains a substance’s relevant toxicologic properties in a nontechnical, question-and-answer format, and it includes a review of the general health effects observed following exposure. Chapter 2: Health Effects: Specific health effects of a given hazardous compound are reported by route of exposure, by type of health effect (death, systemic, immunologic, reproductive), and by length of exposure (acute, intermediate, and chronic).
[Show full text]
Influence of Impurities in a Methanol Solvent on the Epoxidation of Propylene with Hydrogen Peroxide Over Titanium Silicalite‐1
Supplementary Materials Influence of Impurities in a Methanol Solvent on the Epoxidation of Propylene with Hydrogen Peroxide over Titanium Silicalite‐1 Gang Wang, Yue Li, Quanren Zhu, Gang Li, Chao Zhang, and Hongchen Guo* State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China; [email protected] (G.W.); [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (Q.Z.); [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (C.Z.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel./Fax: +86‐411‐84986120 Received: 23 November 2019; Accepted: 18 December 2019; Published: date Table S1. Influence of fusel alcohol content on the product distribution and turnover numbers in epoxidation of propylene with H2O2a Conten Selectivity, % Impurity TONb t, wt.% 1M2Pc 2M1Pc PGc DGMEc PGMEc AAc PAc ATc noned 0.00 314.5 0.50 0.52 0.17 0.08 0.00 0.23 0.06 0.00 ethanol 1.00 296.8 0.48 0.46 0.17 0.06 0.01 0.22 0.06 0.00 1.50 286.8 0.45 0.45 0.15 0.05 0.02 0.26 0.06 0.01 2.00 282.9 0.38 0.42 0.14 0.04 0.02 0.28 0.07 0.01 2.50 267.9 0.38 0.41 0.14 0.03 0.03 0.29 0.07 0.01 2‐propanol 0.50 296.8 0.45 0.49 0.17 0.06 0.00 0.21 0.07 0.03 0.75 286.8 0.43 0.47 0.15 0.06 0.00 0.22 0.07 0.05 1.00 282.9 0.41 0.47 0.15 0.04 0.00 0.25 0.08 0.07 1.25 267.9 0.37 0.38 0.14 0.03 0.00 0.26 0.09 0.08 1‐propanol 0.50 297.7 0.51 0.55 0.18 0.06 0.00 0.21 0.11 0.00 0.75 289.0 0.45 0.49 0.18 0.05 0.00 0.22 0.11 0.00 1.00 282.5 0.44 0.49 0.17 0.05 0.00 0.24 0.14 0.01 1.25 266.0 0.43 0.48 0.16 0.05 0.00 0.26 0.14 0.01 Note: a Reaction conditions: pre‐adsorbed TS‐1 powder 0.4 g, fresh methanol or simulated methanol solvents containing ethanol, 2‐propanol and 1‐propanol 35.5 mL, H2O2 (50 wt.%) 4.5 mL, NH3∙H2O (0.32 mol/L) 0.2 mL, propylene pressure 0.6 MPa, 50 ℃, 1 h.
[Show full text]
Propionaldehyde Pad
PROPIONALDEHYDE PAD CAUTIONARY RESPONSE INFORMATION 4. FIRE HAZARDS 7. SHIPPING INFORMATION 4.1 Flash Point: 7.1 Grades of Purity: 97-99+% Common Synonyms Liquid Colorless Suffocating, –22°F O.C. 7.2 Storage Temperature: Ambient Methyl acetaldehyde unpleasant odor 4.2 Flammable Limits in Air: 2.6%-16.1% Propanal 7.3 Inert Atmosphere: No requirement 4.3 Fire Extinguishing Agents: Carbon Propionic aldehyde 7.4 Venting: Open (flame arrester) or pressure- dioxide or dry chemical for small fires, Propyl aldehyde Floats and mixes slowly with water. Flammable, irritating vapor is vacuum Propylic aldehyde produced. alcohol-type foam for large fires. 4.4 Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be 7.5 IMO Pollution Category: C Used: Water may be ineffective. 7.6 Ship Type: 3 Keep people away. Avoid contact with liquid and vapor. Wear goggles, self-contained breathing apparatus, and rubber overclothing 4.5 Special Hazards of Combustion 7.7 Barge Hull Type: Currently not available (including gloves). Products: Not pertinent Shut off ignition sources and call fire department. 4.6 Behavior in Fire: Vapor is heavier than 8. HAZARD CLASSIFICATIONS Stay upwind and use water spray to ``knock down'' vapor. air and may travel considerable distance Notify local health and pollution control agencies. to a source of ignition and flash back. 8.1 49 CFR Category: Flammable liquid Protect water intakes. 4.7 Auto Ignition Temperature: 405°F 8.2 49 CFR Class: 3 4.8 Electrical Hazards: Not pertinent 8.3 49 CFR Package Group: II FLAMMABLE. Fire Flashback along vapor trail may occur. 4.9 Burning Rate: 4.4 mm/min.
[Show full text]
Lowtemperature Chemoselective Goldsurfacemediated
DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200311 Low-Temperature Chemoselective Gold-Surface-Mediated Hydrogenation of Acetone and Propionaldehyde Ming Pan,[a] Zachary D. Pozun,[b] Adrian J. Brush,[a] Graeme Henkelman,[b] and C. Buddie Mullins*[a] Since nanoscale gold was first discovered to be catalytically First, the hydrogenation of acetone was investigated on active,[1] gold-based catalysts have been studied both theoreti- a Au(111) surface. In a control experiment (Figure 1a), 1.62 ML cally[2] and experimentally[3] in a wide range of reactions.[4] (ML= monolayer) of acetone (m/z=43, the most-abundant These catalysts exhibit high activity for hydrogenation process- mass fragment of acetone) was adsorbed onto a clean Au(111) es,[5] in particular showing enhanced selectivity.[6] However, there is a lack of relevant fundamental studies into these pro- cesses. Conducting hydrogenation reactions on model gold surfaces is useful for obtaining mechanistic insight and for fur- ther enhancing our understanding of the catalytic properties of supported-gold catalysts. Herein, we report the chemoselec- tive hydrogenation of aldehydes over ketones on gold surfaces. The hydrogenation chemistry of oxygenated hydrocarbons has been studied on transition-metal surfaces for a variety of reactions that are important to the pharmaceutical- and chemi- cal industries.[7] For example, C=O bond hydrogenation is a key step in the catalytic conversion of cellulosic biomass.[8] In addi- tion, gold-based catalysts have also shown exceptional activity for the selective hydrogenation of a,b-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.[9] Claus found that, in the production of allyl alco- hol from the hydrogenation of acrolein, gold catalysts yielded about 10-times-higher selectivity for C=O bond hydrogenation than traditional platinum-based catalysts.[10] Therefore, explor- ing the individual reactivity of carbonyl-hydrogenation could provide useful information for a better holistic understanding of these important catalytic reactions.
[Show full text]
Kinetics of Oxidation of Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, Propionaldehyde & Butyraldehyde by Ditelluratocuprate(III) in Alkaline Medium
r Jndlan Journal of Chemistry Vol. 17A, January 1979,pp. 48·51 Kinetics of Oxidation of Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, Propionaldehyde & Butyraldehyde by Ditelluratocuprate(III) in Alkaline Medium C. P. MURTHY, B. SETHURAM & T. NAVANEETH RAO· Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007 Received 8 June 1978; accepted 25 July 1978 Kinetics of oxidation oJ formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, proplonaldehyde and n-butyraldehyde by potasstum ditelluratocuprate(III) has been studied in alkaline medium spectrophoto- :metrically. The order in [aldeh;de] and [Cu(III)) are found to be one each and rates decreased with increase in [tellurate] and increase in [OH-]. There is no effect of addition of salts like Na, SO. and KNOa• The products of oxidation are identified as corresponding carboxylic acids. Under the experimental conditions the :monotelluratocuprate(III) species is assu:med as the active species. The ther:modynamic para:meters are also reported and a plausible mechanism has been suggested. SE of Cu(III) as an oxidizing agent is well corrections made for any self-decomposition of known in analytical chemistry in the estimation Cu (III) during the reaction. U of sugars-, glycerols-, amino acids", proteinss, carboxylic acids", carbonyl compounds" and alcohols? Results The presence of Cu(III) as intermediate was also Under the conditions [Cu(III)] ~ [aldehyde] the reported in some Cu(II)-catalysed oxidation reactions plots of log (absorbance) versus time were linear by peroxydisulphate" and vanadium (V)9. The kine- (Fig. lA), indicating the order in [Cu(III)J to be tics of decomposition and formation of Cu(III) unity. From the slopes of the above plots the diperiodate and ditellurate complexes were also pseudo-first order rate constants (k') were evaluated.
[Show full text]
Chemical Compatibility Chart X
Chemical Compatibility Chart Below is a chart adapted from the CRC Laboratory Handbook, which groups various chemicals in to 23 groups with examples and incompatible chemical groups. This chart is by no means complete but it will aid in making decisions about storage. For more complete information please refer to the MSDS for the specific chemical. Examples of each group can be found on the next pages. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Monomers Polymerizable Esters Alcohols, Glycols, Glycol Ether Amines and Alkanolamines Halogenated Compounds Aldehydes Acetaldehyde Saturated Hydrocar Aromatic Hydrocarbons Acid Anhydrides Alkylene Oxides Inorganic Acids Petrolium Oils Organic Acids Cyanohydrins Phosphorus Ammonia Group Halogens Ketones Caustics Phenols Nitriles Olefins Ethers Number/Chemical Esters Type bons Inorganic 1 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Acids 2 Organic Acids x x x x x x x x x x 3 Caustics x x x x x x x x x x x x x Amines and 4 x x x x x x x x x x x x Alkanolamines Halogenated 5 x x x x x x Compounds Alcohols, 6 Glycols, Glycol x x x x x x Ether Aldehydes 7 x x x x x x x x x x x x Acetaldehyde 8 Ketones x x x x x x Saturated 9 x Hydrocarbons Aromatic 10 x x Hydrocarbons 11 Olefins x x x 12 Petrolium Oils x 13 Esters x x x x x Monomers 14 Polymerizable x x x x x x x x x x x x Esters 15 Phenols x x x x x x x Alkylene 16 x x x x x x x x x x x x Oxides 17 Cyanohydrins x x x x x x x x x 18 Nitriles x x x x x x 19 Ammonia x x x x x x x x x x x 20 Halogens x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 21 Ethers x x x 22 Phosphorus x x x x Acid 23 x x x x x x x x x x Anhydrides X - Indicates chemicals that are incompatible and should not be stored together.
[Show full text]
Propionaldehyde
SIGMA-ALDRICH sigma-aldrich.com Material Safety Data Sheet Version 4.4 Revision Date 10/23/2013 Print Date 02/05/2014 1. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Product name : Propionaldehyde Product Number : W292303 Brand : Aldrich Supplier : Sigma-Aldrich 3050 Spruce Street SAINT LOUIS MO 63103 USA Telephone : +1 800-325-5832 Fax : +1 800-325-5052 Emergency Phone # (For : (314) 776-6555 both supplier and manufacturer) Preparation Information : Sigma-Aldrich Corporation Product Safety - Americas Region 1-800-521-8956 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Emergency Overview OSHA Hazards Flammable liquid, Target Organ Effect, Harmful by ingestion., Irritant Target Organs Liver Other hazards which do not result in classification Stench. GHS Classification Flammable liquids (Category 2) Acute toxicity, Oral (Category 4) Acute toxicity, Inhalation (Category 4) Acute toxicity, Dermal (Category 5) Skin irritation (Category 2) Serious eye damage (Category 1) Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure (Category 3), Respiratory system Acute aquatic toxicity (Category 3) GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements Pictogram Signal word Danger Hazard statement(s) H225 Highly flammable liquid and vapour. H302 + H332 Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled H313 May be harmful in contact with skin. H315 Causes skin irritation. H318 Causes serious eye damage. H335 May cause respiratory irritation. H402 Harmful to aquatic life. Aldrich - W292303 Page 1 of 7 Precautionary statement(s) P210 Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking. P261 Avoid breathing dust/ fume/ gas/ mist/ vapours/ spray. P280 Wear protective gloves/ eye protection/ face protection. P305 + P351 + P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do.
[Show full text]
Advancing the Curation of Aldehydes and Ketones for Applications to Carbonaceous Chondrite Curation and Cometary Nucleus Sample Return P
84th Annual Meeting of The Meteoritical Society 2021 (LPI Contrib. No. 2609) 6119.pdf ADVANCING THE CURATION OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES FOR APPLICATIONS TO CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITE CURATION AND COMETARY NUCLEUS SAMPLE RETURN P. J. A. Hill1, M. Chevalier1, C. D. K. Herd1, and R. W. Hilts2, 1Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, 1- 26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada [email protected], 2Department of Physical Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4S2, Canada. Introduction: The presence of abiogenic organic compounds in carbonaceous chondrites and cometary material marks an important starting point for investigations examining the processes that led to the origin of life. Of particular interest are the aldehydes and ketones, commonly known as “carbonyl compounds”, which play an important role in the synthesis of a range of organic compounds, including amino acids [1–3]. With ongoing sample return missions from asteroids, proposed future sample return missions from cometary nuclei, and the continual arrival of carbona- ceous chondrites to the Earth’s surface via meteorites, establish the ideal curation conditions for the preservation of extraterrestrial organic compounds that proactively prevent terrestrial reactions is essential for ongoing research. Given the importance of carbonyl compounds in the production of other organic compounds required for early bio- genic processes, the aim of this study is to examine the reactivity of carbonyl compounds under a variety of conditions to provide insight into the curation and handling requirements of organic-rich astromaterials. Methodology: To monitor the reactivity of carbonyl compounds under various curation conditions, a powdered mixture of the Allende meteorite was prepared as the medium for this study.
[Show full text]
Safety Data Sheet Propionaldehyde
Safety data sheet Issue Date 14-Nov-2019 Revision Date 14-Nov-2019 Version 3 SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking 1.1. Product identifier Product Name Propionaldehyde Chemical Name CAS No EC No REACH Registration Number Propionaldehyde 123-38-6 204-623-0 01-2119456625-33-0001 Pure substance/mixture Substance 1.2. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against Application Use: as an intermediate, strictly controlled conditions applies (exposure scenarios not required) Uses advised against Not identified. 1.3. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Manufacturer Perstorp Oxo AB SE-444 84 Stenungsund Sweden Tel. +46 303 728600 Fax. +46 303 728607 www.perstorp.com E-mail address [email protected] 1.4. Emergency telephone number Europe (+)1 760 476 3961 (contract no: 334101) United Kingdom (+)44 8 08 189 0979 (contract no: 334101) SECTION 2: Hazards identification 2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture Classification according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 [CLP] Acute toxicity - Oral Category 4 - (H302) Acute toxicity - Inhalation (Vapours) Category 4 - (H332) Skin corrosion/irritation Category 2 - (H315) Serious eye damage/eye irritation Category 2 - (H319)* Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure) Category 3 - (H335) Flammable liquids Category 2 - (H225) 2.2. Label elements Symbols/Pictograms Signal word ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Page 1 / 10 EUGB - BE Propionaldehyde Revision Date 14-Nov-2019 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Danger Hazard statements H225 - Highly flammable liquid and vapour H332 - Harmful if inhaled H302 - Harmful if swallowed H319 - Causes serious eye irritation H315 - Causes skin irritation H335 - May cause respiratory irritation Precautionary Statements P210 - Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces.
[Show full text]
Butyraldehyde by Manganese(III)
NOTIZEN 691 Kinetics of the Oxidation of Acetaldehyde by they undergo enolisation. Oxidation of aliphatic Manganese(III) Sulphate aldehydes has not received much attention. Kinetics of the oxidation of acetaldehyde was, therefore, undertaken the results of which are reported here. M. S. M urdia, R. S h a n k e r , and G. V. B a k o r e Experimental Chemistry Department, University of Udaipur, India Acetaldehyde (B . D . H., A. R.) was used after (Z. Naturforsch. 29b, 691-693 [1974]; received July 11, 1974) fractionation and its purity checked by its boiling point. Mn(III)-sulphate wras prepared by the method Acetaldehyde, Manganese(III)-sulphate, Activation parameters described by V o g e l 4. The reaction was carried out at 30 + 0.02 °C and was followed spectrophoto- metrically at 520 nm using a Hilger pattern biochem. Oxidation of acetaldehyde with manganese(III)- absorptiometer. The cell tube was surrounded by a sulphate is first order with respect to acetaldehyde and block through which thermostated water was the oxidant. The rate is independent of acidity (2.0 > circulated. [H+] < 5.0 M and initial [Mn(II)]. Formaldehyde is Stoichiometry and product analysis one of the products of oxidation. Activation para meters for the reaction have been evaluated. The rate One mole of acetaldehyde consumes 4 moles of the oxidant. Formaldehyde, detected by chromo- of enolisation under similar conditions is less than the tropic acid test6, is one of the products of exidation. rate of oxidation. A mechanism involving a direct Thus, the overall reaction can be represonted as: attack on the aldehyde by Mn(III) has been suggested.
[Show full text]
Propionaldehyde CAS Registry Number: 123-38-6
Development Support Document Final September 14, 2015 Propionaldehyde CAS Registry Number: 123-38-6 Prepared by Stephanie Shirley, Ph.D. Toxicology Division Office of the Executive Director TEXAS COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Propionaldehyde Page i TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................. I LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................................................II LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................................II CHAPTER 1 SUMMARY TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 MAJOR SOURCES AND USES ......................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 3 ACUTE EVALUATION ...................................................................................................................... 5 3.1 HEALTH-BASED ACUTE REV AND ESL ................................................................................................ 5 3.1.1 Physical/Chemical Properties ..................................................................................................................... 6 3.1.2 Key Human Study (Sim and Pattle 1957) ...................................................................................................
[Show full text]