DOCSLIB.ORG

'Partible Persons' in Melanesia and Polynesia Author(S): Mark S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
'Partible Persons' in Melanesia and Polynesia Author(S): Mark S Motherless Sons: 'Divine Kings' and 'Partible Persons' in Melanesia and Polynesia Author(s): Mark S. Mosko Reviewed work(s): Source: Man, New Series, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. 697-717 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2804170 . Accessed: 26/04/2012 17:09 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Man. http://www.jstor.org MOTHERLESS SONS: 'DIVINE KINGS' AND 'PARTIBLE PERSONS' IN MELANESIA AND POLYNESIA MAIU S. MOSKO HartwickCollege Two disparateformulations of personalagency have recentlybeen proposedin PacificIslands ethnology.From Melanesia, on the one hand,Strathem has introducedthe 'partibleperson' who, in acting,is subtractivelydecomposed into his or her compositeparts or relations.From Polynesia, on theother hand, Sahlins has invokedthe image of the 'divine king' in whose heroicallyexpansive actionsother members of society are hierarchically encompassed. This articleexplores the opposed implicationsof these two models in a single instanceof a Melanesian chieflysociety - the Austronesian-speakingAmoamo (North)Mekeo of Papua New Guinea. By comparingthe pol- itico-ritualcapacities of Mekeo commonersand hereditaryofficials in maritaland mortuary exchange,it is suggestedthat the agencyof Polynesianas well as Melanesianchiefs might be best characterizedin termsof personal'partibility' rather than heroic 'hierarchy'. In her recentbook, The genderof thegft (1988), MarilynStrathern contrasts Melanesiansociality and imagesof the 'person' with Westernnotions of the 'individual'and 'society'.The interestingaspect of thisjuxtaposition, however, lies in the noveltyof her termsand in the way she has carefullylocated them in dialoguescomprising Western orthodoxy, within different constructions we have about ourselvesand Melanesians.This articleendeavours to broadenthat com- parisonby proposing another one internalto thePacific itself, between Melanesia and Polynesia.Specifically, I counterpose Strathern's construction of theMelane- sian 'partibleperson' with the model of the 'heroic' or 'divine king' recently developedby Sahlins(1985a; 1985b; 1991) forPolynesia. Given the networkof overlappingethnological axes distinctiveto the Pacific, thereare severalreasons why this reorientation of Strathem'sarguments is prob- ablyinevitable, and possiblyfruitful. First, the similarities and differencesbetween Melanesia and Polynesiahave fordecades attractedconsiderable attention and debate,and in those discussionsSahlins (1963; 1989) has playeda conspicuous part (see also, forexample, B. Douglas 1979; Allen 1984; Mosko 1985: ch. 9; Thomas 1989). Secondly,on the basisof linguisticand culturalcriteria, one of the two major ethnographicregions which figureprominently in Strathem's discussions,the Austronesian-speaking Massim, straddles the Melanesia/Polynesia divideand arguablypossesses more in commonwith Fiji, Hawaii, New Zealand, Tonga and so on, thanwith the othermajor region of herMelanesian focus, the non-Austronesian-speakingNew GuineaHighlands. Man (N.S.) 27, 697-717 698 MARK S. MOSKO Thirdly,Polynesia has alreadybeen invokedin certainother influential works as epitomizingnon-Westem societies by explicitcontrast to the modern,'indi- vidualistic'societies of the West. I referhere, of course, to the criticalplace which Polynesiahas held in Dumontiansociology. Just as Strathernhas relied upon thedistinction between 'gift' and 'commodity'economies (Gregory 1982), Dumont haslong heldup Polynesia,along with India, as an exemplarof a certain mode of sociality- 'hierarchy'- whereinthe a priorirelation between the 'indi- vidual'and 'society'of Westernideology and socialscience is profoundlyaltered or displaced(Dumont 1959: 9-10, 11-12, 16, 29-30, 32-4; 1960: 52-3; 1980: 48-9, 213, 364-5). In his more recentwritings on Polynesia,Sahlins (1985a; 1985b; 1991) has drawnheavily from the Dumontian formulation of'hierarchy'.1 Giventhat various elements of Strathern'streatment of Melanesian sociality devi- ate fromthe Dumontian approach (see, for example,Strathern 1987: 280-1; 1988: 13, 15, 72, 99, 102-3, 321-2; cf.M. Douglas 1989: 18), a new and provo- cativecontrast between Melanesia and Polynesiais implied.More curiouslystill, Dumont himselfhas alreadypointed to Melanesiaas yieldingconceptual formu- lationswhich departfrom the hierarchicalorders typified by both India and Polynesia(1979: 789; see Mosko n.d.1; n.d.2; in press). But more can be said of the contrastbetween Melanesian and Polynesian socialityas representedby Strathernand Dumont, respectively.Although they sharea keen scepticismregarding the comparativeutility of the Westernnotion of the 'individual',Strathern - unlikeDumont - also rejectsorthodox anthropo- logical constructionsof 'society' as reifications.2Both authors have sought resolutionof the same problem- i.e. the ethnocentrismor sociocentrisminher- ent in the notion of the unitary'individual' - but in oppositedirections, as it were. Where Dumont would holisticallyencompass the 'person', or mergea multiplicityof such 'persons',within the greatersocial totality,Strathern parti- tionsevery 'person' into his or hercomposite and detachableparts and relations. But even thisfalls short of apprehendingthe most salient theoretical issue now on the Oceanic horizon.For on the one hand,Strathern, with her model of the 'partibleperson', and on the other,Sahlins (1981; 1985a; 1985b; 1991), withhis programmeof structuralhistory which currentlyrepresents the mostcelebrated applicationof Dumontiansociology, have each developedpowerful theories of socialaction - theorieswhich profoundly diverge. The essenceof thisdifference concernsthe specificdynamics of agencyattributed to the epitomizing'person' foreach region.For Strathern,the (Melanesian)'person' is a not a unitary'indi- vidual' but a 'dividual', multiply or plurally constitutedof the earlier contributionsand relationsof otherpersons. Action thereby consists in detaching and revealingthe person'sinternal capacities as previouslycomposed of the ac- tionsof otherpersons. In acting,the 'person' externalizesthose internal parts or contributions,and agency consistsin a process of personaldecomposition. It shouldbe added thatthis view ofsociality does not dependupon therebeing any hierarchicalarrangement among the detachableparts. For Sahlins,however, the 'person'is epitomizedin the divineking or chief whose heroic capacitiesand actionssummarize, unify, encompass and thusex- pansivelyinternalize the relations of society'smembers as a whole.Such figuresare 'social-historicalindividuals' (1991: 63). Personsof thismagnitude personify their MARK S. MOSKO 699 respectivesocieties almost literally, that is, as 'heroic societies',and the histories markedby theiractions are describedas 'heroichistories'. Moreover, such divine kingsand heroicsocieties are indicativeof a certaintype of social solidarityand organization- Dumontian'hierarchical' as distinctfrom both the 'mechanical' and the 'organic' of Durkheim.Quoting Johanson(1954: 180) on the New Zealand Maori,for example, Sahlins says of thePolynesian chief that he 'livesthe lifeof a whole tribe,... standsin a certainrelation to neighbouringtribes and kinshipgroups, and ... gathersthe relationshipto other tribesin his person' (1985a: 35). The followingpassages augment this view: At once encompassingand transcendingthe society,the divine king is able to mediate its relationsto the cosmos - which thus also responds,in its own naturalorder, to his sovereign powers (Sahlins 1985a: 34). Here historyis anthropomorphicin principle,which is to say in structure.Granted that history is much more thanthe doingsof greatmen, is alwaysand everywherethe lifeof communities; but preciselyin these heroic politiesthe king is the conditionof the possibilityof community (1985a: 34-5). This reallyis a historyof kingsand battles,but only because it is a culturalorder that, multi- plyingthe action of the king by the systemof society,gives him a disproportionatehistorical effect(1985a: 41). The king assumes,and in his own personlives, the life of the collectivity... the expressionas ontologyof a principleof extension,such as makesthe people particularinstances of the chief's (cumancestor's) existence (Sahlins 1985b: 207). Fromthese and otherindications, it would appearthat the efficacy of thePolyne- siandivine hero lies preciselyin his (or her)hierarchical 'supercomposition'. It shouldbe observedthat this construction involves an importantdeparture fromSahlins's (1972) earlieranalysis of Polynesianredistributive reciprocity. There,chiefs and commonersalike were conceivedas essentiallyintegral beings, reciprocallyexchanging and centralizingquantities of materialwealth and ser- vices. The differenceis thatin the earlierformulation there is no hintthat with actsof exchange the 'boundaries' of chiefly or commonerpersons impinged upon or encompassedone another. Now men do not personallyconstruct their power over others;they
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Echoes of Pacific War
    ECHOES of Pacific War Edited by Deryck Scarr, Niel Gunson, Jennifer Terrell Echoes of Pacific War Edited by Deryck Scarr, Niel Gunson, Jennifer Terrell Papers from the 7th Tongan History Conference held in Canberra in January 1997 TARGET OCEANIA CANBERRA 1998 © Deryck Scarr, Niel Gunson, Jennifer Terrell 1998 This work is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Book and cover design by Jennifer Terrell Printed by ANU Printing and Publishing Service ISBN 0-646-36000-0 Published by TARGET OCEANIA c/ o Division of Pacific and Asian History Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia Contents Maps and Figures v Fo reword ix Introduction xiii 1 Behind the battle lines: Tonga in World War II EUZABETHWOOD-EILEM 1 2 Changing values and changed psychology of Tongans during and since World War II 'I. F. HELU 26 3 Airplanes and saxaphones: post-war images in the visual and peiforming arts ADRIENNE L. KAEPPIER 38 4 Tonga and Australia since Wo rld War II GARETH GRAINGER 64 5 New behaviours and migration since Wo rld War II SIOSIUA F. POUVALU LAFITANI 76 6 The churches in Tonga since World War II JOHN GARRE'IT 87 7 Introduction and development of fa mily planning in Tonga 1958-1990 HENRY IVARATURE 99 8 Analysing the emergent mi ddle class - the 1990s KERRY JAMES 110 9 Changing interpretations of the kava ritual MEREDITH FILIHIA 127 10 How To ngan is a Tongan? Cultural authenticity revisited HELEN MORTON 149 Bibliograp hy 167 Index 173 Contributors 182 Maps Map 1: TheTonga Islands vii Map 2: Tongatapu 5 Map 3: Nuku'alofa 10 Figures Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Rotuman Educational Resource
    Fäeag Rotuam Rotuman Language Educational Resource THE LORD'S PRAYER Ro’ạit Ne ‘Os Gagaja, Jisu Karisto ‘Otomis Ö’fāat täe ‘e lạgi, ‘Ou asa la ȧf‘ȧk la ma’ma’, ‘Ou Pure'aga la leum, ‘Ou rere la sok, fak ma ‘e lạgi, la tape’ ma ‘e rȧn te’. ‘Äe la nāam se ‘ạmisa, ‘e terạnit 'e ‘i, ta ‘etemis tē la ‘ā la tạu mar ma ‘Äe la fạu‘ạkia te’ ne ‘otomis sara, la fak ma ne ‘ạmis tape’ ma rē vạhia se iris ne sar ‘e ‘ạmisag. ma ‘Äe se hoa’ ‘ạmis se faksara; ‘Äe la sại‘ạkia ‘ạmis ‘e raksa’a, ko pure'aga, ma ne’ne’i, ma kolori, mou ma ke se ‘äeag, se av se ‘es gata’ag ne tore ‘Emen Rotuman Language 2 Educational Resource TABLE OF CONTENTS ROGROG NE ĀV TĀ HISTORY 4 ROGROG NE ROTUMA 'E 'ON TẠŪSA – Our history 4 'ON FUẠG NE AS TA ROTUMA – Meaning behind Rotuma 5 HẠITOHIẠG NE FUẠG FAK PUER NE HANUA – Chiefly system 6 HATAG NE FĀMORI – Population 7 ROTU – Religion 8 AGA MA GARUE'E ROTUMA – Lifestyle on the island 8 MAK A’PUMUẠ’ẠKI(T) – A treasured song 9 FŪ’ÅK NE HANUA GEOGRAPHY 10 ROTUMA 'E JAJ(A) NE FITI – Rotuma on the map of Fiji 10 JAJ(A) NE ITU ’ HIFU – Map of the seven districts 11 FÄEAG ROTUẠM TA LANGUAGE 12 'OU ‘EA’EA NE FÄEGA – Pronunciation Guide 12-13 'ON JĪPEAR NE FÄEGA – Notes on Spelling 14 MAF NE PUKU – The Rotuman Alphabet 14 MAF NE FIKA – Numbers 15 FÄEAG ‘ES’ AO - Useful words 16-18 'OU FÄEAG’ÅK NE 'ÄE – Introductions 19 UT NE FAMORI A'MOU LA' SIN – Commonly Frequented Places 20 HUẠL NE FḀU TA – Months of the year 21 AG FAK ROTUMA CULTURE 22 KATO’ AGA - Traditional ceremonies 22-23 MAMASA - Welcome Visitors and returnees 24 GARUE NE SI'U - Artefacts 25 TĒFUI – Traditional garland 26-28 MAKA - Dance 29 TĒLA'Ā - Food 30 HANUJU - Storytelling 31-32 3 ROGROG NE ĀV TĀ HISTORY Legend has it that Rotuma’s first inhabitants Consequently, the two religious groups originated from Samoa led by Raho, a chief, competed against each other in the efforts to followed by the arrival of Tongan settlers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Southwest Pacific: U.S
    Order Code RL34086 The Southwest Pacific: U.S. Interests and China’s Growing Influence July 6, 2007 Thomas Lum Specialist in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Bruce Vaughn Specialist in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division The Southwest Pacific: U.S. Interests and China’s Growing Influence Summary This report focuses on the 14 sovereign nations of the Southwest Pacific, or Pacific Islands region, and the major external powers (the United States, Australia, New Zealand, France, Japan, and China). It provides an explanation of the region’s main geographical, political, and economic characteristics and discusses United States interests in the Pacific and the increased influence of China, which has become a growing force in the region. The report describes policy options as considered at the Pacific Islands Conference of Leaders, held in Washington, DC, in March 2007. Although small in total population (approximately 8 million) and relatively low in economic development, the Southwest Pacific is strategically important. The United States plays an overarching security role in the region, but it is not the only provider of security, nor the principal source of foreign aid. It has relied upon Australia and New Zealand to help promote development and maintain political stability in the region. Key components of U.S. engagement in the Pacific include its territories (Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and American Samoa), the Freely Associated States (Marshall Islands, Micronesia, and Palau), military bases on Guam and Kwajalein atoll (Marshall Islands), and relatively limited aid and economic programs. Some experts argue that U.S. involvement in the Southwest Pacific has waned since the end of the Cold War, leaving a power vacuum, and that the United States should pay greater attention to the region and its problems.
    [Show full text]
  • The Un/Selfish Leader Changing Notions in a Tamil Nadu Village
    The un/selfish leader Changing notions in a Tamil Nadu village Björn Alm The un/selfish leader Changing notions in a Tamil Nadu village Doctoral dissertation Department of Social Anthropology Stockholm University S 106 91 Stockholm Sweden © Björn Alm, 2006 Department for Religion and Culture Linköping University S 581 83 Linköping Sweden This book, or parts thereof, may be reproduced in any form without the permission of the author. ISBN 91-7155-239-1 Printed by Edita Sverige AB, Stockholm, 2006 Contents Preface iv Note on transliteration and names v Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Structure of the study 4 Not a village study 9 South Indian studies 9 Strength and weakness 11 Doing fieldwork in Tamil Nadu 13 Chapter 2 The village of Ekkaraiyur 19 The Dindigul valley 19 Ekkaraiyur and its neighbours 21 A multi-linguistic scene 25 A religious landscape 28 Aspects of caste 33 Caste territories and panchayats 35 A village caste system? 36 To be a villager 43 Chapter 3 Remodelled local relationships 48 Tanisamy’s model of local change 49 Mirasdars and the great houses 50 The tenants’ revolt 54 Why Brahmans and Kallars? 60 New forms of tenancy 67 New forms of agricultural labour 72 Land and leadership 84 Chapter 4 New modes of leadership 91 The parliamentary system 93 The panchayat system 94 Party affiliation of local leaders 95 i CONTENTS Party politics in Ekkaraiyur 96 The paradox of party politics 101 Conceptualising the state 105 The development state 108 The development block 110 Panchayats and the development block 111 Janus-faced leaders? 119
    [Show full text]
  • Hoʻoulu Laka Hula & Chant Protocol Training Packet
    Ho‘oulu Laka Hula and Protocol Training Packet Lālākea Foundation Ka ‘Aha Hula ‘O Hālauaola June 14-23, 2018 Hilo, Hawaiʻi O Ku, O Ka O Wahineomao (Chapter 6) E Nihi Ka Hele I Ka Uka O Puna Emerson, 2005 1. E nihi ka hele i ka uka o Puna 2. Mai ako i ka pua 3. O lilo i ke ala o ka hewahewa 4. Ua huna ia ke kino i ka pohaku 5. O ka pua nae ke ahu nei i ke alanui 6. Alanui hele o ka unu kupukupu e 7. Ka ulia 8. A kaunu no anei oe o ke aloha la 9. Hele ae a komo i ka hale o Pele 10. Ua huahuai Kahiki lapa uila 11. Pele e, huaina hoi A Loko Au O Panaewa Alala ka pua, oli o Hiiaka Kapihenui, 16 January 1862 Bush & Paaluhi, 17 February 1893. *Emerson. *Halawai me ka pua 1. A loko au o Panaewa 2. Halawai me ka puaa a ka wahine 3. Me kuu maka lehua i uka 4. Me ka malu koi i ka nahele 5. E ue ana i ka laau 6. Alala ka puaa a ka wahine 7. He puaa kanaenae 8. He kanaenae mohai ola 9. E ola ia Pele 10. I ka wahine o ka lua e 2 The answer to this appeal for admission was in these words: Mele Komo E hea i ke kanaka e komo maloko, E hanai ai a hewa waha; Eia no ka uku la, o ka leo, A he leo wale no, e! (Translation) Welcoming-Song Call to the man to come in, And eat till the mouth is estopt; And this the reward, the voice, Simply the voice.
    [Show full text]
  • Hula Dance Lessons!!!
    LOOK WHAT SANDOWN RECREATION IS UP TO NOW! HULA DANCE LESSONS!!! If there’s one thing we’ve learned over the past 15 months or so it’s that WE’VE MISSED HAVING SOME FUN!!!! That’s why Sandown Recreation is venturing into uncharted waters, mixing things up, and bringing you a new summer adventure. Come join the fun! Hawaiian Hula is one of the last indigenous narrative or story-telling dances left on the planet. Every move has a special meaning. This is your chance to learn to tell the stories of Hawaiian flowers; places; gods; goddesses and royalty in song and dance! We’ve teamed up with instructor Nancy Griffin who has studied Polynesian culture and dances with the best Kumu Hula (Master Hula teachers) on the Mainland and in Hawaii for more than 30 years. She teaches and performs Hawaiian Hula, Tahitian, Maori, and Samoan dance. Nancy will be teaching a class on Monday evenings for 6-weeks beginning June 7 – July 1 (no class on July 5th) from 6:30 – 7:30 PM at the Ed Garvey Recreation Facility on Pheasant Run Drive. The class is suitable for anyone age 16 and up with all levels of dancers welcome whether you’ve had prior dance experience or not. Come alone or bring a friend…this journey will be fun! For class, students should wear non-restrictive (but not baggy) clothing and plan to dance barefoot (soft soled shoes are permitted if you need the support). You’ll want to bring a notebook for jotting down important info and translations from the Hawaiian language.
    [Show full text]
  • Western-Constructed Narratives of Hawai'i
    History in the Making Volume 11 Article 14 January 2018 Western-Constructed Narratives of Hawai’i Megan Medeiros CSUSB Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making Part of the American Popular Culture Commons, Gender, Race, Sexuality, and Ethnicity in Communication Commons, History of the Pacific Islands Commons, and the Public History Commons Recommended Citation Medeiros, Megan (2018) "Western-Constructed Narratives of Hawai’i," History in the Making: Vol. 11 , Article 14. Available at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making/vol11/iss1/14 This Public History is brought to you for free and open access by the History at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in History in the Making by an authorized editor of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Western-Constructed Narratives of Hawai’i By Megan Medeiros What comes to mind when you hear someone talking about Hawai’i? Perhaps, you envision an idyllic tropical locale filled with beautiful landscapes and sundrenched beaches just waiting to welcome you to a summer-time escape from reality? Or maybe you think of a secluded island, where play comes before work and people exude a carefree “aloha spirit”? In reality, Hawai’i is simultaneously neither and so much more. The widely held public conception of Hawai’i as a mystical tropical paradise is a misleading construction concocted by Westerners who possessed, at best, ephemeral and, at worst, completely fabricated conceptions of daily life within the Hawaiian Archipelago. How did this happen? How did such manifestly inaccurate representations of Hawai’i come to dominate popular perceptions of the islands and its people? The best way to understand this process is to apply the principles of “othering” put forth by renowned scholar Edward Said in his most famous work, Orientalism.
    [Show full text]
  • A Portrayal of Gender and a Description of Gender Roles in Selected American Modern and Postmodern Plays
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2002 A Portrayal of Gender and a Description of Gender Roles in Selected American Modern and Postmodern Plays. Bonny Ball Copenhaver East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the English Language and Literature Commons, and the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons Recommended Citation Copenhaver, Bonny Ball, "A Portrayal of Gender and a Description of Gender Roles in Selected American Modern and Postmodern Plays." (2002). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 632. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/632 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Portrayal of Gender and a Description of Gender Roles in Selected American Modern and Postmodern Plays A dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Analysis East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Education in Educational Leadership and Policy Analysis by Bonny Ball Copenhaver May 2002 Dr. W. Hal Knight, Chair Dr. Jack Branscomb Dr. Nancy Dishner Dr. Russell West Keywords: Gender Roles, Feminism, Modernism, Postmodernism, American Theatre, Robbins, Glaspell, O'Neill, Miller, Williams, Hansbury, Kennedy, Wasserstein, Shange, Wilson, Mamet, Vogel ABSTRACT The Portrayal of Gender and a Description of Gender Roles in Selected American Modern and Postmodern Plays by Bonny Ball Copenhaver The purpose of this study was to describe how gender was portrayed and to determine how gender roles were depicted and defined in a selection of Modern and Postmodern American plays.
    [Show full text]
  • Slide 1. Lecture 9 Family Level Societies (Bands)
    Slide 1. Lecture 9 Family Level Societies (Bands) Slide 1. Definitions Achieved Status- Social status and prestige gained by personal abilities and skills rather than inheritance. Egalitarian- Societies in which all members have equal access to resources contingent on age and sex. Reciprocity- roughly equivalent exchanges of goods and services between individuals involving simple barter and/or gifts in face-to-face exchanges. Slide 3. Bands- Family Level Organization Family Level- bilateral, flexible kinship Small, mobile, Egalitarian, non-territorial hunting and gathering Strong Sharing ethics – “We hunt to share” Sexual division of labor lack of formal government and economic institutions Status is achieved rather than acquired, as many leadership positions exists as warranted by circumstances and number of qualified people. Violence- present but no institutional warfare Slide 4. Men go for risky prey (big animals) Slide 5. Women go for reliable prey (plants and small animals) Slide 6. Men tend to share to gain mating opportunities and build prestige in the group. Slide 7. Women tend to share to feed offspring, provision kin networks, and maintain cooperative relationships with other women. Slide 8. Reciprocity- Food Sharing/ Sexual Division of Labor In most band societies, men and women procure different sets of prey. Food procured by both sexes is shared- however, objectives seem to differ. Women tend to share to feed offspring, provision kin networks, and maintain cooperative relationships with other women. Men tend to share to gain mating opportunities, and build prestige and status in the group, Slide 9. Case 1 The Shoshone of the Great Basin (also includes Paiute) Slide 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Uhm Ma 3030 R.Pdf
    .r--.. 'J/... c·"- ·.rl... .. .. "VERSITY OF HAWNI LIBRARY E NA HALAU HULA, NANA KAKOU IA LAKA (LOOK TO THE SOURCE): FINDING BALANCE BETWEEN THE PRACTICE OF HULA FOREST GATHERING AND THE ECOLOGICAL REALITIES OF HAWAH'S NATIVE FORESTS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN GEOGRAPHY DECEMBER 2002 By Shirley Naomi Kanani Garcia Thesis committee: Brian Murton, Chairperson Deborah Woodcock Les Sponsel ABSTRACf This thesis contends that the impact halau hula are having on Hawaii's native forests is born from many different social, cultural, and ecological factors. This thesis goes on to argue that it is hula's intimate link to the forests ofHawai'i, through Laka - the ancestor, that makes the problem ofdamaging gathering practices so antithetical and, also, so readily resolved. The thesis concludes by offering that the answer to regaining balance between cultural practice and modern ecological realities lies in the ancestor­ Laka. In the attributes and values ofLaka is where halau hula can look for inspiration and proper behavior while in her realm, the beautiful and mysterious forests of Hawai'i. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements i List of Figures ii Photographs iii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Forest Gathering by Halau Hula 1 Objectives 3 Methodology 5 Hula, Environmental Beliefs, and Values 7 Organization 17 Chapter 2: Significance of Plant Life to the Hawaiian Culture 18 Birth of the Hawaiian People 18 Birth of the Hula 22 Hula
    [Show full text]
  • Polynesian Dance in the Hawaiian Tourist Industry In
    POLYNESIAN DANCE IN THE HAWAIIAN TOURIST INDUSTRY IN WAIKIKI, 1981 A Plan B Paper Submitted to the Graduate Division of the University of Hawai'i in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts In Pacific Islands Studies May 1986 by Ricalda Renee Uchiyama Project Committee: Barbara B. Smith, Chairman Judy Van Zile Deborah Waite HEMO TO: Dr. Kiste FROM: Barbara Smith 17/W Attached is FORH VI for Ricalda Renee Uchiyama. The signatures indicate approval of her PLAN B paper. (If, in fact, she still has another requirement(s) for the degree, the date on the title page of this paper could be changed if she doesn't 'make it' for May degree award. I have a few sheets of the bond paper on which the deposit copy is xeroxed.) Table of Contents Chapter I: Introduction ••.••.•. .. 1 1.1 Purposes and Methods .. .. ... 2 1.2 Guide to Presentation •• 4 Note to Chapter I 6 Chapter II: The Organization of a polynesian Show ••• .... · .. 7 2.1 Shows Included in This Study. • • 7 2.1.1 "A" Kalo's South Sea Review •••• 7 2.1.2 "B" Kamoiwa • 7 2.1.3 "e" Kodak Hula Show · · · · · · 8 2.1.4 "D" Palani's Polynesian Extravaganza . · · ·· · · 9 2.1.5 "E" The Royal Hawaiian Lu'au. · 9 2.1.6 lip II Tavana's Polynesian Spectacular . · · · ·· · 9 2.1.7 "G" Tihati's South Sea Spectacular •• •• •. 10 2.1.8 "H" The Young People's Hula Show. ........... 10 2.2 High-Budget, Low-Budget, and Mixed Mixed-Budget Shows •••••••• • 11 2.2.1 High-Budget Shows •• 11 2.2.2 Low-Budget Shows •• • 12 2.2.3 Mixed-Budget Shows • • 13 2.3 Selection and Training of Dancers .
    [Show full text]
  • Prophet -- a Symbol of Protest a Study of the Leaders of Cargo Cults in Papua New Guinea
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1972 Prophet -- a Symbol of Protest a Study of the Leaders of Cargo Cults in Papua New Guinea Paul Finnane Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Finnane, Paul, "Prophet -- a Symbol of Protest a Study of the Leaders of Cargo Cults in Papua New Guinea" (1972). Master's Theses. 2615. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/2615 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1972 Paul Finnane THE PROPHET--A SYifJ30L OF PROTEST A Study of the Leaders of Cargo Cults · in Papua New Guinea by Paul Finnane OFM A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University, Chicago, in Partial Fulfillment of the-Requirements for the Degree of r.;aster of Arts June 1972 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .• I wish to thank Sister I·llark Orgon OSF, Philippines, at whose urging thip study was undertaken: Rev, Francis x. Grollig SJ, Chair~an of the Department of Anthropology at Loyola University, Chicago, and the other members of the Faculty, especially Vargaret Hardin Friedrich, my thesis • ""' ..... d .. ·+· . super\!'isor.. '\¥ •• ose sugges --ion=? an pcrnpicaciouo cr~.. w1c1sm helped me through several difficult parts o~ the.
    [Show full text]