Atlas Alimentario De Los Pueblos Lndigenas Y Afrodescendientes Del Ecuador

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Atlas Alimentario De Los Pueblos Lndigenas Y Afrodescendientes Del Ecuador www.flacsoandes.edu.ec Atlas Alimentario de los Pueblos Lndigenas y Afrodescendientes del Ecuador. Altas Alimentario de los Pueblos Indígenas y Afrodescendientes. - ISBN: 978-9978-92-868-4 Autoridades - Ing. Ximena Ponce León Ministra de Inclusión Económica y Social MIES - Dra. Mariana Galarza I. Coordinadora Nacional del Programa Aliméntate Ecuador - Dr. Jaime Astudillo Romero Rector Universidad de Cuenca Autora - Dra. Alba Moya Diseño y Diagramación: - belénmena. bfactory Fotografía - Cristóbal Corral Equipo de Investigación - Dra. Alba Moya Directora del Proyecto - Ana María de Veintimilla - Amaranta Pico - Beatriz Contento Gualán - Juan Manuel Guevara - Kurykamac Yupanky - Marco Andrade - María Ullauri - Silvia Arguello - Susana Anda - Tania Macera Cartógrafa - Daniela Balanzátegui CO NTENIDO Capítulo 1 __________________ 13 Los Siona Capítulo 2 __________________ 25 Los Secoya Capítulo 3 __________________ 35 Los Sápara Capítulo 4 __________________ 49 Los Ñapo quichuas Capítulo 5 __________________ 63 Los Quichua del Curaray Capítulo 6 __________________ 73 Los Shuar Capítulo 7 __________________ 87 Los Achuar Capítulo 8 __________________ 99 Los Cofanes Capítulo 9 __________________ 109 Los Huaorani Introducción La alimentación en Ecuador es muy diversa. La En la alimentación se plasma la historia de estos pue­ geografía, los hábitats, las etnias, lenguas y culturas, la blos, pero también se revela el hecho de que las culturas marcada estratificación económica y social que existe no son la suma de elementos aislados sino sistemas en el país constituyen las piezas de un verdadero complejos y coherentes, en los que todo lo que entra y mosaico de conocimientos y prácticas alimentarias. lo que sale atraviesa el intangible tamiz de lo simbólico. Este tamiz es la condición de que cada cultura es única La convergencia de culturas indígenas, afro e hispano e irrepetible. Así se explica que en entornos similares, descendientes y el mestizaje, iniciado desde hace siglos naturales y sociales, y ante circunstancias semejantes, y que sigue vigente hasta la actualidad, explican los pro­ cada pueblo responde de manera distinta. Ya que es el cesos de sincretismo, superposición y yuxtaposición cul­ "genio" de cada cultura el que responde. tural que se expresan en todos los ámbitos de conviven­ cia humana, entre ellos el de la alimentación. En los pueblos indígenas del Ecuador todavía se mantienen vigentes los sistemas económicos prehispáni­ Las particularidades del conocimiento, las concepciones y cos, pese a las transformaciones que han experimentado prácticas alimentarias de las diferentes poblaciones del a lo largo de la historia. La persistencia de las diversas país dan cuenta de la condición megadiversa de su flora y racionalidades económicas que existen en los diferentes fauna, de las diferencias regionales y subregionales y del pueblos depende de varios factores: el momento históri­ carácter multiétnico de su población. Todos estos elemen­ co en el que se dio la articulación de estos pueblos a la tos se comportan como la trama de un complejo tejido sociedad mayor o nacional; los mecanismos de domi­ social que se caracteriza no solo por la confluencia de sus nación implementados desde ésta; los formas de distintos elementos, sino por las intrincadas relaciones y resistencia y las estrategias de supervivencia utilizados mezclas que se establecen entre ellos. por los pueblos y nacionalidades indígenas y afrodescen- dientes para manejar el embate colonizador, etc. Las especificidades alimentarias que exhiben los diver­ sos pueblos y nacionalidades indígenas y afrodescen- Si bien la Sierra es la región en la que se concentró el dientes del Ecuador, y sus elementos comunes, son proceso de la colonización española y, por lo tanto, son expresiones en las que se plasma la complejidad de cada los pueblos asentados en ella los que han experimentado cultura y, al mismo tiempo, en las que se revela su por más tiempo y con mayor fuerza las transformaciones dinamismo y su capacidad intrínseca de cambiar de de sus formas de vida, no es menos cierto que estos forma permanente, pero sin olvidar su esencia. pueblos han persistido con tesón en seguir conservando 4 su identidad cultural en todos los ámbitos -entre ellos el naturaleza, las formas de organización social, la religión, alimentario- como una forma de resistencia. los sistemas clasificatorios de los alimentos, son algunos de los factores que explican el qué, el cómo, el cuándo y En la Amazonia, algunas nacionalidades se vieron afec­ el porqué se consumen determinados alimentos. tadas de forma indirecta por los efectos de la colo­ nización, en los albores del período. Sin embargo, hay Ignorarlos puede hacer fracasar cualquier política y pro­ que reconocer que la feracidad de sus hábitats y el grama alimentarios que se pretendan implementar en el hecho de no haber sido el foco de interés de la colo­ país, por buena que sea su calidad desde el punto de nización repercutieron en la menor intensidad y persis­ vista nutricional. tencia de ésta. Así se explica que muchos pueblos ni siquiera pudieron ser contactados a lo largo del período Este trabajo pretende mostrar las características de la ali­ colonial y incluso en gran parte del republicano. mentación de las poblaciones indígenas y afrodescen­ dientes del Ecuador, tomando en cuenta su complejidad y De hecho, la mayoría de nacionalidades indígenas de la diversidad, algo que no se había hecho hasta el presente. Amazonia empezaron a ser seriamente afectadas recién en los últimos tiempos. Unas lo fueron en el siglo XIX, La visibilización pasa por el conocimiento. Ni siquiera en durante el auge del caucho; otras, a inicios de la era el mundo académico, la diversidad alimentaria de la petrolera y otras, en la actualidad, siguiendo las pulsa­ población ecuatoriana ha sido objeto de preocupación; ciones de la expansión de nuevas actividades extractivas, de allí el vacío de información al respecto. como la explotación de la madera. El conocimiento cierto de la existencia de recursos mineros, más las intenciones de articular a la región al resto del país y a otros ejes económicos, colocan en una situación vulnerable incluso a aquellos pueblos amazónicos que se habían mantenido relativamente aislados hasta hace poco. El proyecto de la carretera Manta- Manaos ilustra ese riesgo. La Costa tampoco fue el foco de interés de los colonos españoles; sin embargo, su presencia tuvo un efecto devastador en los pueblos indígenas que la habitaban. Solo sobrevivieron aquellos de origen serrano (los tsáchila y los chachi) que se refugiaron en zonas muy inaccesibles. También los afrodescendientes, siguiendo un proceso distinto, convirtieron a Esmeraldas en un verdadero bastión de la resistencia. Ha sido en los últi­ mos años que los pueblos indígenas sobrevivientes y los afrodescendientes de esta región han visto su espacio vital irse convirtiendo en el blanco de la colonización interna. La explotación de los recursos naturales -p a r­ ticularmente de la madera-, el uso de los manglares por parte de las camaroneras, la agroindustria y el impacto de la onda expansiva de los problemas de la guerrilla y el narcotráfico desde Colombia, han sido los principales factores que han incidido en este hecho, afectando par­ ticularmente a la provincia de Esmeraldas. La situación alimentaria de la población ecuatoriana no puede ser entendida sin identificar primero los diversos factores que inciden en el abastecimiento de alimentos. Las condiciones del medio ambiente natural y social, el acceso a la tierra, los factores de producción, las formas de intercambio. Más allá de lo expuesto, existen sistemas simbólicos, conocimientos y prácticas culturales que tamizan el consumo de los alimentos. Las concepciones sobre la 5 Presentación Devolviendo la memoria de La comida es alimento, es medicina que previene y cura, los pueblos construye vínculos de relación entre familias y pueblos, con ella se expresan emociones y pasiones extremas, en la comida se reflejan la identidad y la historia de un pueblo. Disponer de un estudio sobre los sistemas alimentarios de los pueblos indígenas y afrodeseendientes en nuestro país constituye una gran oportunidad de recuperar la Contexto memoria, de conocer y sensibilizarnos sobre la riqueza que ofrecen las culturas en cuanto a saberes y técnicas El clima tropical que, según la situación geográfica, le de producción, formas de comercialización, consumo de corresponde a nuestro país ha sido modificado por la los alimentos y sobre todo evidenciar los sistemas acción de la altura, las lluvias y corrientes marinas, sociales y económicos que los pueblos originarios man­ creando una diversidad de climas que van desde el tro tenían para lograr equidad y sostenibilidad alimentaria pical hasta las nieves perpetuas de las grandes alturas, en la comunidad, dentro de un marco de intima relación con estaciones secas, lluviosas y húmedas. Esta variedad y respeto al entorno. ha permitido numerosas formas de vida vegetal, animal y las condiciones para que las culturas nativas puedan No podemos mirar la situación alimentaria y nutricional construir sus espacios de vida, formas de organización de un pueblo como algo aislado, sin conocer su historia social, producción y comercialización adecuadas para y los acontecimientos que han impactado en sus proce­ todos sus pobladores. sos de cambio. La secuencia de conquistas y desva lorización de la cultura, la utilización de los territorios El sistema montañoso de los Andes divide al territorio agrícolas con fines de explotación,
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