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MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Portugalský Lidový Hudební Styl Fado

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MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Portugalský Lidový Hudební Styl Fado MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PEDAGOGICKÁ FAKULTA Katedra hudební výchovy Portugalský lidový hudební styl fado Bakalářská práce Brno 2015 Vedoucí práce: Autor práce: doc. PhDr. Judita Kučerová, Ph.D. Hana Bočková Bibliografický záznam BOČKOVÁ, Hana. Portugalský lidový hudební styl fado. Brno, 2015, 64 s. Bakalářská práce. Masarykova univerzita, Pedagogická fakulta, Katedra hudební výchovy. Vedoucí práce doc. PhDr. Judita Kučerová, Ph.D. Anotace Bakalářská práce se zabývá portugalským lidovým hudebním stylem fado. Zaměřuje se na hlavní charakteristiku stylu, teorie vzniku, způsoby interpretace a instrumentální doprovod. Uvádí základní typologie fada ve významných oblastech Portugalska. Práce obsahuje hlavní témata textů písní fado obecně a v jednotlivých regionech. Představuje stěžejní osobnosti fada a poukazuje na současnost hudebního stylu v Portugalsku a celosvětově. Práce si klade za cíl seznámit s portugalským lidovým hudebním stylem fado. Annotation Bachelor thesis deals with the Portuguese folk music style fado. Its focus is on the main characteristics of the style, theories of its origin, manners of interpretation and instrumental accompaniment. Provides basic typology of fado from prominent areas of Portugal. The work includes main topics of lyrics of fado in general and in individual regions. Presents prominent personalities of fado and points to the present of the music style in Portugal and worldwide. The work aims to familiarize with the Portuguese folk music style fado. Klíčová slova: fado, lidová hudba, lidový hudební styl, Portugalsko, portugalská kytara, interpreti Keywords: fado, folk music, folk music style, Portugal, Portuguese guitar, interprets 2 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně, s využitím pouze citovaných literárních pramenů, dalších informací a zdrojů v souladu s Disciplinárním řádem pro studenty Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity a se zákonem č. 121/2000 Sb., o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů. V Brně dne 26. března 2015 .............................. Hana Bočková 3 Poděkování Ráda bych poděkovala doc. PhDr. Juditě Kučerové, Ph.D. za pomoc a věcné připomínky k mé práci. Velký dík patří také mé rodině a přátelům za všestrannou podporu, zvláště Bárbaře Luíse Da Silva za poskytnutí literatury z anglické univerzity v Leeds a Rodrigovi Josému Da Silva za konzultace překladu pramenů v portugalském jazyce. 4 Obsah Úvod ................................................................................................................................ 6 1 Lidový hudební styl fado ...................................................................................... 8 1.1 Charakteristika hudebního stylu fado .................................................................. 9 1.2 Teorie vzniku hudebního stylu fado .................................................................. 11 1.2.1 Teorie o arabském původu ...................................................................... 12 1.2.2 Teorie o provensálském původu .............................................................. 13 1.2.3 Teorie o vlivu moře .................................................................................. 15 1.2.4 Teorie o afro-brazilském původu ............................................................. 16 1.3 Způsob interpretace ............................................................................................ 19 1.4 Instrumentální doprovod .................................................................................... 22 2 Typologie fada ........................................................................................................ 24 2.1 Fado oblasti Lisabonu ........................................................................................ 25 2.2 Fado oblasti Coimbry ......................................................................................... 28 2.3 Fado oblasti Porta .............................................................................................. 29 3 Hlavní témata textů písní fado ............................................................................. 30 3.1 Osud ................................................................................................................... 31 3.2 Smutek ............................................................................................................... 33 3.3 Láska .................................................................................................................. 35 3.4 Moře ................................................................................................................... 36 3.5 Další témata ....................................................................................................... 38 3.6 Témata fado lisboeta .......................................................................................... 39 3.6.1 Známá místa ........................................................................................... 40 3.6.2 Domy fada (casas do fado) .................................................................... 41 3.6.3 Býčí zápasy ............................................................................................. 42 3.6.4 Kritika společnosti a místní postavy ...................................................... 44 3.7 Témata fado coimbrão ........................................................................................46 4 Významní nositelé .................................................................................................. 47 4.1 Amália Rodrigues .............................................................................................. 48 4.2 Mariza ................................................................................................................ 50 4.3 Současné projevy, festivaly ............................................................................... 53 Závěr ............................................................................................................................. 58 Resumé .......................................................................................................................... 59 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 60 Seznam použité literatury ........................................................................................... 61 5 Úvod Jako téma své bakalářské práce jsem zvolila portugalský lidový hudební styl fado. Hlavním cílem práce je seznámit širokou veřejnost v České republice s tímto poněkud méně známým hudebním žánrem, který je však významnou součástí kulturního dědictví Portugalska. Zajímá mě portugalská kultura a začala jsem také studovat portugalský jazyk. Celkově jsem absolvovala čtyři semestry portugalského jazyka na filozofické fakultě Masarykovy univerzity v Brně. Studium mi výrazně pomohlo v překladu portugalských pramenů a textů písní fado. Později jsem měla možnost společně s dalšími portugalskými přáteli procestovat Portugalsko. Navštívila jsem známá místa, která mají spojitost se stylem fado – Porto, Coimbru a Lisabon. Především návštěva hlavního města Lisabonu pro mne byla velmi přínosná. Ze starobylých uliček na člověka doslova dýchá atmosféra a melancholie písní fado. Fado je zde také velkou turistickou atrakcí. Valná většina restaurací pořádá každý večer tradiční vystoupení fada, kterých jsem se také mohla zúčastnit. Na zdech vás vybízejí plakáty k poslechu fada a můžeme ho slyšet i na samotných ulicích města. Portugalsko je doslova protkané hudbou fado a stále se těší velké přízni místních lidí i turistů. Návštěva Portugalska, společně se studiem portugalského jazyka, byly hlavní motivací k napsání této bakalářské práce. Práce je rozčleněna do čtyř kapitol. První kapitola se zabývá hudebním stylem fado z obecného hlediska, jeho hlavní charakteristikou, způsobem interpretace a použitými doprovodnými nástroji. Zkoumá také nejpravděpodobnější teorie vlivu na vznik hudebního stylu fado. Jedná se o vliv arabský, provensálský, afro-brazilský a vliv moře. Současně s tímto výzkumem zmiňuje hlavní protagonisty daných teorií a jejich zásadní argumenty. Druhá kapitola pojednává o typologii fada a jeho hlavních druhů rozdělených geograficky. Jedná se o fado oblasti Lisabonu, Coimbry a Porta. Popisuje specifické rysy každého z druhů a uvádí hlavní rozdíly mezi nimi. Ve třetí kapitole nalezneme rozbor stěžejních témat textů písní fado. Mezi ně patří osud, smutek, láska a moře. Ke každému tématu je uvedena ukázka písně, či 6 výběr z písně, v originálním portugalském znění a dále český překlad. Všechny překlady jsem tvořila sama. Rozbor se dále zabýval tématy fado lisboeta (fado Lisabonu). V Lisabonu se nachází největší těžiště témat a motivů k písním fado. Rozhodla jsem se analyzovat nejběžnější z nich – známá místa, domy fada, býčí zápasy, kritika společnosti a místní postavy. Ke každému tématu představuji ukázku z písně pro názornost práce autora s jednotlivým tématem. Překlad do českého jazyka je také součástí. Poslední z rozebíraných oblastí je fado coimbrão (fado Coimbry). Čtvrtá kapitola představuje stěžejní nositele fada, Amálii Rodrigues a současnou interpretku Marizu. Zabývám se jejich životem a hudební kariérou ve spojitosti s fadem, jejich výjimečností a přínosem pro hudební styl fado. Součástí této kapitoly je také pojednání o současných projevech fada v celosvětovém měřítku. Za Českou republiku jsou zmíněny
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