Political Education in Plural Societies: Using the Anti-Bias Approach to Challenge Oppression in Bombay and Berlin

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Political Education in Plural Societies: Using the Anti-Bias Approach to Challenge Oppression in Bombay and Berlin Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Doktorin der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften (Dr. rer. pol.) an der Universität Kassel im FB05 Gesellschaftswissenschaften mit dem Thema POLITICAL EDUCATION IN PLURAL SOCIETIES: USING THE ANTI-BIAS APPROACH TO CHALLENGE OPPRESSION IN BOMBAY AND BERLIN vorgelegt von Rubaica Jaliwala Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 05.07.2012 Erstgutachter: PD Dr. Aram Ziai Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Helen Schwenken Abstract This study addresses the effectivity of the Anti-Bias approach and training methodology as a pedagogical political strategy to challenge oppression among student groups in the cities of Bombay and Berlin. The Anti-Bias trainings conducted within the framework of this study also become the medium through which the perpetuation of oppressive structures by students within and outside the school is investigated. Empirical data from predominantly qualitative investigations in four secondary schools, two each in Bombay and Berlin, is studied and analysed on the basis of theoretical understandings of prejudice, discrimination and identity. This study builds on insights offered by previous research on prejudices and evaluations of anti-bias and diversity interventions, where the lack of sufficient research and thorough evaluations testing impact has been identified (Levy Paluck, 2006). The theoretical framework suggests that prejudices and discriminatory practices are learnt and performed by individuals over the years by way of pre-existing discourses, and that behaviour and practices can be unlearnt through a multi-step process. It proposes that the discursive practices of students contribute to the constitution of their viable selves and in the constitution of ‘others’. Drawing on this framework, the study demonstrates how student-subjects in Bombay and Berlin perpetuate oppressive discourses by performing their identities and performing identities onto ‘others’. Such performative constitution opens up the agency of the individual, disclosing the shifting and dynamic nature of identities. The Anti-Bias approach is posited as an alternative to oppressive discourses and a vehicle that encourages and assists the agency of individuals. The theoretical framework, which brings together a psychological approach to prejudice, a structural approach to discrimination and a poststructural approach to identity, facilitates the analysis of the perpetuation of dominant discourses by the students, as well as how they negotiate their way through familiar norms and discourses. Group discussions and interviews a year after the respective trainings serve to evaluate the agency of the students and the extent to which the training impacted on their perceptions, attitudes and behavioural practices. The study reveals the recurrence of the themes race, religion, gender and sexuality in the representational practices of the students groups in Berlin and Bombay. It demonstrates how students in this study not only perform, but also negotiate and resist oppressive structures. Of particular importance is the role of the school: When schools offer no spaces for discussion, debate and action on contemporary social issues, learning can neither be put into practice nor take on a positive, transformative form. In such cases, agency and resistance is limited and interventionist actions yield little. This study reports the potential of the Anti-Bias approach and training as a tool of political education and action in education. It demonstrates that a single training can initiate change but sustaining change requires long-term strategies and on- going actions. Taking a poststructural perspective, it makes concrete suggestions to adapt and alter the Anti-Bias approach and the implementation of Anti-Bias trainings. Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Effektivität des Anti-Bias Ansatzes und darauf aufbauenden Trainingsmethoden als pädagogische politische Strategie, um Unterdrückungsverhältnisse abzubauen. Beforscht wurden dafür SchülerInnengruppen in den Städten Bombay und Berlin. Die Anti-Bias-Trainings, die im Rahmen dieser Forschung zum Einsatz kamen, dienten als Mittel, um untersuchen zu können, inwiefern SchülerInnen innerhalb und außerhalb der Schule Unterdrückungsstrukturen aufrechterhalten oder auch fähig sind, diese zu verändern. Die empirischen Daten wurden mit vorwiegend qualitativen Untersuchungsmethoden an jeweils zwei weiterführenden Schulen in Bombay und Berlin erhoben. Die Analyse dieser Daten geschah auf der Grundlage theoretischer Erkenntnisse zu Vorurteilen, Diskriminierung und Identität. Forschungen zu Anti-Bias- und Diversity-Trainings haben darauf hingewiesen, dass bisher kaum ausreichende Evaluierungs-Strategien vorliegen, um den Impact dieser Trainingsmethoden auswerten zu können (Levy Paluck, 2006). Die hier zugrundgelegten theoretischen Ansätze legen nahe, dass Vorurteile und Praktiken der Diskriminierung von den Individuen auf der Grundlage bereits existierender Diskurse gelernt und performativ reinszeniert werden und dass solche Verhaltensweisen und Praktiken auch wieder in vielen Etappen eines langfristigen Prozesses „entlernt“ werden können. Die These ist, dass diese diskursiven Praktiken der Schülerinnen dazu beitragen, ein lebensfähiges Selbst in Abgrenzung zu den „Anderen“ konstituieren. Dies vorausgesetzt, zeigt die Forschungsarbeit, wie SchülerInnen-Subjekte in Bombay und Berlin unterdrückerische Diskurse aufrechterhalten, indem sie ihre Identitäten inszenieren und dabei gleichzeitig den „Anderen“ Identitäten zuschreiben. Dieser performative Prozess der Subjektkonstitution macht deutlich, dass die Individuen auf der Grundlage des dynamischen und sich stetig verschiebenden Charakters von Identitäten Handlungsspielräume haben. Der Anti-Bias-Ansatz gilt als Möglichkeit, in der Bildung Alternativen zu unterdrückerischen Diskursen aufzuzeigen und als Instrument, um die Handlungsfähigkeit der Individuen anzuregen und zu unterstützen. Mehrere theoretische Ansätze – nämlich der psychologische Ansatz zu Vorurteilen, der strukturalistische Ansatz zu Diskriminierung und der poststrukturalistische Ansatz zu Identität – ermöglichen es in ihrem Zusammenspiel, sowohl zu untersuchen, wie SchülerInnen dominante Diskurse aufrechterhalten, als auch, wie sie eigene Strategien im Umgang mit bekannten Normen und Diskursen entwickeln. Gruppendiskussionen und Interviews ein Jahr nach den Trainings dienen dazu, die Handlungsspielräume der Schülerinnen auszuwerten und auszuloten, in welchem Ausmaß die Trainings ihre Wahrnehmungen, Vorstellungen und Verhaltensmuster beeinflussten. Die Forschung deckt auf, wie Rassismus, Religion, Geschlechterverhältnisse und Sexualität in den Repräsentationspraktiken der SchülerInnen auftauchen und zeigt, wie die Schülerinnen unterdrückerische Strukturen nicht nur aufrechterhalten, sondern auch aktiv bearbeiten und sich ihnen auch widersetzen. Schule hat dabei eine ganz besonders wichtige Rolle: Wenn die Schule keinen Raum zur Diskussion darüber bietet, wie aktuelle gesellschaftliche Verhältnisse verändert werden können, bietet Lernen keine Möglichkeiten für Praktiken der Transformation an. In diesem Fall werden Handlungsspielräume und Widerstandsmöglichkeiten begrenzt - und es entstehen kaum Interventionsstrategien. Diese Forschung zeigt das Potenzial des Anti-Bias-Ansatzes und -Trainings als ein Werkzeug politischer Bildung und politischer Aktion in der Bildung auf. Es zeigt, dass schon ein einzelnes Training bestimmte Veränderungen initiieren kann, dass aber dauerhafte Veränderungen langfristige Strategien und permanente Aktion erfordern. Auf der Grundlage eines poststrukturalistischen Ansatzes macht die Forschung zudem konkrete Vorschläge, wie der Ansatz angepasst werden kann und wie die Umsetzung in den Anti-Bias-Trainings verändert werden kann. Acknowledgements The path to completing this dissertation has been a long and challenging one. I would therefore like to take this opportunity to thank all those who have contributed in various ways to the completion of this study and thesis: First and foremost, my supervisor Aram Ziai for taking me on spontaneously mid-way through my project and guiding me through my dissertation writing, my parents for their unwavering moral support, my friends Merle Kröger and Susanne Schultz for their help with the translations in German and much more, Charlotte Chadderton for our inspiring talks and for reading my thesis and providing valuable insights, Philip Scheffner, Britta Lange, Dorothee Wenner, Madhushree Dutta, Wiebke Diederichs, Marcie Jost, Tarannum Romani, Kalyani Kulkarni and Akshay Kulkarni for their support and encouragement, ideas and criticisms, and above all for their tremendous patience with me during the final writing phase, and my colleagues Salvatore Romagna and Stefan Bräuchi for their understanding and “flexibility” about time. Contents 1. Introduction 6 1.1. Charting my path 6 1.2. A brief outline of the empirical research 7 1.3. Rationale for the study 8 1.4. Anti-bias and diversity trainings: Research status 9 1.5. Anti-Bias: A political educational tool 12 1.6. Transnational study 14 1.7. Aims of the research 15 1.8. Terms 15 1.9. Positioning myself 18 1.10. Contribution of this study to knowledge 19 1.11. Outline of the thesis 21 2. Theoretical Framework 24 2.1. Introduction 24 2.2. Prejudice 25 2.2.1. Introduction 25 2.2.2. Research on prejudices 27 2.2.3. Dual attitudes: Implicit and explicit prejudices 30 2.2.4. Expression of prejudices 32 2.2.5. Studies on prejudice reduction interventions
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