17-18, 2Nd Semester

2017-18, 2nd semester.

Historiography of the Mao Era (1949-1976): New Interpretations

Wednesdays 10:00 to 13:00 weekly from 2 May to 20 June 2018, salle A S1_23, 54 bd Raspail. https://enseignements-2017.ehess.fr/2017/ue/2064//

This research seminar is devoted to recent historiography of the early PRC (1949-1976), which generally evinces a shift away from elite politics and the study of Mao’s personality, and towards “everyday history,” including a greater focus on social history and issues like gender. The periodization of the Mao era has also been considerably refined, with specific work devoted to the building of the socialist state in the 1950s, the Great Famine of 1959-1961, the Cultural Revolution, the rustication movement and underground activities in the early 1970s. Cultural history of the Mao era has also come to the fore, with a new interest in collective memories (oral history), museums, and cultural productions. New documents have become available from local archives and private collections, some of which will be presented in the seminar. Finally, overall interpretations of the socialist experience in China continue to be proposed and discussed both in China and abroad. This research seminar will be held in English. It is designed mainly for graduate students with some prior knowledge of Chinese history and politics.

Readings are available in the dropbox folder: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/ewu4h37i4g9a87o/AADsT0twESNvpZdQD-qSilGza?dl=0 Students are expected to complete readings before class and to prepare for class discussion.

Reference: Cambridge History of China (CHOC), vol. 14 & 15. MacFarquhar, Roderick, ed., The Politics of China 1949-89, Cambridge: CUP, 1993. Cheek, Timothy. The Intellectual in Modern Chinese History, Cambridge, 2015. 中華人民共和國史 (History of the People's Republic of China), Hong Kong: CUHK Press (7 out of 10 volumes published), 2008-.

Course Requirements Credit can be obtained for this seminar within the Masters Programs in Asian Studies (AMO) or History and Civilizations on the basis of 24 h (6 ECTS). Please submit a Review Essay of a scholarly work related to the history of the Mao (generally, this will be an entire book rather than a chapter or an article). It may be chosen from the bibliography or submitted to the instructor. The essay should be approximately 2000 words long and submitted in hard copy at the latest on 20 June 2018. Email submissions will not be accepted. The essay may be submitted in English or French.

1 1) Introduction. General Questions. The CCP and Mao before 1949 (2 May) Documents: Mao Zedong, “Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan,” 1927, https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-1/mswv1_2.htm 湖南农民运动考察报告 https://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/marxist.org- chinese-mao-192703.htm Mao Zedong, “On Contradiction,” 1937. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume- 1/mswv1_17.htm ; 矛盾论 https://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/marxist.org- chinese-mao-193708.htm Mao Zedong, “Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art,” May 1942, https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume- 3/mswv3_08.htm; 在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话 https://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/marxist.org-chinese-mao-194205.htm Wang Shiwei, “Wild Lily” https://libcom.org/library/wild-lily (王实味, 野百合花: https://www.marxists.org/chinese/reference-books/yanan1942/1-02.htm ); Ding Ling, “Thoughts on 8 March” https://libcom.org/library/thoughts-8-march-women’s-day (丁玲, 三八节有感 : https://www.marxists.org/chinese/reference-books/yanan1942/2-02.htm ); New Left Review, no. 92, July-August 1975 (see also Gregor Benton’s introduction). Readings: Cheek, Timothy, “The Fading of Wild Lilies: Wang Shiwei and Mao Zedong’s Yan’an talks in the first CPC Rectification movement,” Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, no. 11, Jan 1984.

2) New perspectives on the “Liberation” 1949-1956 (9 May) Documents: Mao Zedong, “The Chinese People Have stood up,” 21 September 1949. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume- 5/mswv5_01.htm ; 中国人民站起来了 https://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/marxist.org-chinese-mao-19490921.htm Mao Zedong, “The Party’s mass line must be followed in suppressing counter-revolutionaries,” May 1951. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume- 5/mswv5_13.htm ; 镇压反革命必须实行党的群众路线 https://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/marxist.org-chinese-mao-19510515.htm Readings: Strauss, Julia, “Morality, Coercion and State Building by Campaign in the Early PRC: Regime Consolidation and After,” The China Quarterly vol. 188 (Dec. 2006), pp. 891-912. Wakeman, Frederick, “ ‘Cleanup’: The New Order in Shanghai’ in J. Brown & P. Pickowicz, eds., Dilemmas of Victory. The Early Years of the People's Republic of China, Harvard UP, 2010, pp. 21-58. Yang Kuisong, “Reconsidering the Campaign to suppress counter-revolutionaries”, The China Quarterly, vol. 193 (Mar. 2008), pp. 102-121.

3) The Hundred Flowers and Anti-Rightist Movement 1956-1957 (16 May) Documents: Mao Zedong, “Things Are beginning to change,” 15 May 1957, https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume- 5/mswv5_61.htm ; 事情正在起变化 https://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/marxist.org-chinese-mao-19570515.htm Mao Zedong, “Muster our forces to repulse the Rightists’ Wild Attacks,” 8 June 1957, https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume- 5/mswv5_63.htm ; 组织力量反击右派分子的猖狂进攻 https://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/marxist.org-chinese-mao-19570608.htm Yang Xianhui 杨显惠, “Jia Nong” 夹农 in Woman From Shanghai 夹边沟记事, Pantheon: 2009.

2 Readings: Cao Shuji, “An Overt Conspiracy. Creating Rightists in Rural Henan,” in Jeremy Brown and Matthew Johnson, eds., Maoism at the grassroots: everyday life in China's era of high socialism. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2015, p. 77-101. Chung Yen-lin, “The Witch-Hunting Vanguard: The Central Secretariat’s Roles and Activities in the Anti-Rightist Campaign”, The China Quarterly, n° 206, p. 391-411.

4) The Great Leap Forward and the Great Famine (23 May) Documents: Yang Jisheng 杨继绳, “The Epicenter of the Disaster 祸起中原,” Tombstone. The Great Chinese Famine 1958-1962, 墓碑Penguin, 2013, pp. 23-86. “Letters of Complaint” in Zhou Xun, ed., The Great Famine in China 1958-1962. A documentary history, Yale, 2012, p. 142-161. “Mao Zedong’s interjections at the March 26, 1959 Meeting in Shanghai,” Gansu Archive Document, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/123036 Mao Zedong, “Speech at Lushan conference,” 23 July 1959. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume- 8/mswv8_34.htm ; 在庐山会议上的讲话 https://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/1968/4-129.htm Readings: Bernstein, Thomas, “Mao Zedong and the Famine 1959-1960: A Study in Willfulness,” The China Quarterly no.186 (2006): p. 421–45. Kimberely Ens Manning, “The Gendered Politics of Woman-Work: Rethinking Radicalism in the Great Leap Forward,” in Manning & Felix Wemheuer, eds., Eating Bitterness. New Perspectives on China’s Great Leap Forward and Famine, Vancouver, UBC Press, 2011, p. 72-106. Yang Dali, Huayu Xu and Ran Tao, “A Tragedy of the Nomenklatura? Career incentives, political loyalty and political radicalism during China’s GLF”, Journal of Contemporary China, vol. 23 no. 89 (2014), pp. 864-883.

5) Guest Lecture Prof. Andrew Walder (Stanford University): China’s Historical Trajectory (30 May) Readings: Walder, Andrew, chap. 10 to 13 (“Fractured Rebellion,” “Collapse and Division,” “Military Rule,” “Discord and Dissent”), China Under Mao. A Revolution Derailed, Harvard, 2015, pp. 200-314.

6) The early Cultural Revolution and the Rustication Movement 1966-1969 (6 June) Documents: Mao Zedong Letter to Lin Biao, 7 May 1966, https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume- 9/mswv9_57.htm ，“五七指示” https://baike.baidu.com/item/五·七指示/5331499 “Circular of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution,” 16 May 1966, https://www.marxists.org/subject/china/documents/cpc/cc_gpcr.htm; 五一六通知 http://www.360doc.com/content/16/0212/14/534008_534069092.shtml “The Cultural Revolution has been going on for 2000 years” (as told to Feng Jicai), in Michael Schoenhals, The Cultural Revolution, not a dinner party. p. 315-325. Readings: Walder, Andrew, “Rebellion of the Cadres: The 1967 Implosion of the Chinese Party-State,” The China Journal, no. 75 (Jan 2016), p. 102-120. Unger, Jonathan, “Grassroots Turmoil in China’s Cultural Revolution: A Half-Century Perspective,” G. Morrison Lecture, 3 November 2016, http://www.chinoiresie.info/grassroots-turmoil-in-chinas-cultural-revolution-a-half- century-perspective/

3 Su, Yang, “Mass Killings in the Cultural Revolution: A Study of Three Provinces.” In Paul Pickowicz, Joseph Esherick and Andrew Walder (eds.) China’s Cultural Revolution as History. Stanford University Press, pp. 96-123.

7) Everyday Life in the late Mao era (1971-1976) and beyond (13 June) Documents: Yu Luoke 遇罗克, “On Family Background” 出身论 (1966), Contemporary Chinese Thought, no. 32:4 (2001), p. 17-36. Li Yi Zhe 李一哲, “On Socialist Democracy and the Legal System” 关于社会主义的民主与法制 (1974), Chinese Law & Government vol. 10 (1977), p. 15-75. Readings: Dikötter, Frank, “The Silent Revolution,” China Quarterly, vol. 227 (Sept. 2016), pp. 796-811. Yang Kuisong, “How a “Bad Element” Was Made: The Discovery, Accusation, and Punishment of Zang Qiren,” in Brown, Jeremy and Matthew Johnson, eds. Maoism at the grassroots: everyday life in China's era of high socialism. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2015, pp. 19-50. Jiang, Shao, “Polarities,” Citizen Publications in China before the Internet. NY: Palgrave, 2015, p. 57-82.

8) Mao in the history and memory of 20th century China (20 June) Documents: “Resolution on certain questions in the history of our party since the founding of the PRC,” http://www.marxists.org/subject/china/documents/cpc/history/01.htm. (关于建国以来党的若干问题的决议 http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2002-03/04/content_2543544.htm ). Readings: Barmé, Geremie, “For truly great men, look to this age alone,” in T. Cheek, ed., A Cambridge Critical Introduction to Mao Zedong, Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp. 243-272. http://chinaheritage.net/journal/for-truly-great-men-look-to-this-age-alone/ Walder, Andrew, “The Mao Era in Retrospect,” China Under Mao. A Revolution Derailed, Harvard, 2015, pp. 315-344. MacFarquhar, Roderick, “The Once and Future Tragedy of the Cultural Revolution” and Chris Berry, P. Thornton, Sun Peidong, “The Cultural Revolution: Memories and Legacies Fifty Years On,” China Quarterly, vol. 227 (Sept. 2016), pp. 599-612.

4 Bibliography

Documentary Collections in English: CCP Research Newsletter (1989-1992) Open Source Archive: http://prchistory.org/ccprn/ Cheek, Timothy, ed., Mao Zedong and China's Revolutions: A Brief History with Documents, Boston: Bedford Books, 2002. Cheek, Timothy, Roderick MacFarquhar & Eugene Wu, eds. The Secret Speeches of Chairman Mao: From the Hundred Flowers to the Great Leap Forward, Harvard CEAS, 1989. Mao Zedong, Selected Works vol. I to V (Beijing, FLP), VI to IX (Hyderabad), available at: https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/index.htm (Chinese version, see : https://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/index.htm ). Saich, Tony, ed. The Rise To Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis, Armonk: ME Sharpe, 1996. [1921-1949] Schoenhals, Michael. China’s Cultural Revolution 1966-1969: not a dinner party. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1996. Schram, Stuart, ed., Mao’s Road to Power. Revolutionary Writings 1912-1949, vol. 1-8 (up to 1945), NY, ME Sharpe, then Routledge 1992-. Schram, Stuart, ed., Chairman Mao talks to the people: talks and letters 1956-1971, NY: Pantheon, 1974. Selden, Mark, The People’s Republic of China: A Documentary History of Revolutionary Change, NY Monthly Review Press, 1979. Song Yongyi, ed. New Collection of Red Guard Publications, 20 vols., 2005. Song Yongyi, & Zhou Zehao, eds., special issue of Contemporary Chinese Thought, vol. 32:4, 2001. [Heterodox thinkers in the Cultural Revolution]

Documentary Collections in Chinese: 中共中央文件选集 (1921-1949), 18 vol., Beijing, 中央档案馆 , 1989. 中共中央文件选集 , 1949年 10月 -1966年 5月 , 50 vols., Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 2013. 中共重要历史文献资料汇编 , and 中共重要历史文献资料汇编特辑 , Los Angeles, Service Center for Chinese Publications 1995- (21 vols.) and 1997- (37 vols). 华东师范大学中国当代史研究中心 , ed., 中国当代民间史料集刊 , Shanghai, Dongfang Chuban zhongxin, 2009- (18 vols). 毛泽东文集，第 1-8卷 , 1992-1998 http://marxistphilosophy.org/maozedong/mx1/index.html ; http://marxistphilosophy.org/maozedong/mx2/index.html etc. Song Yongyi, ed., History of Contemporary Chinese Political Movements Database, 4 CD-ROMs, Hong Kong, CUHK Press. • The Chinese Great Leap Forward Great Famine Database (1958–1962) 中國大躍進 ── 大饑荒數據庫 (1958–1962) • The Chinese Cultural Revolution Database (3rd Edition) 中國文化大革命文庫光碟 • The Chinese Anti-Rightist Campaign Database (1957–) 中國反右運動數據庫 (1957– ) • Database of the Chinese Political Campaigns in the 1950s: From Land Reform to State- Private Joint Ownership (1949‒1956) 中國五十年代初中期的政治運動資料庫：從土地改革到公私合營 (1949-1956) Takeuchi, Minoru 竹内実, ed., Mao Zedong ji 毛泽东集 (Collected Writings of Mao Zedong), 10 vols. and Mao Zedong ji bujuan 毛泽东集. 补卷 (Supplements to the Collected Writings of Mao Zedong), 10 vols., Tokyo, Sôsôsha, 1970-72 and 1983-86. https://www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/collect/index.htm (ToC only) Open Source collections of minjian history journals Jiyi, Zuotian, and others: http://prchistory.org/electronic-journals-archive/ Blogs of historical CCP documents, e.g.: http://communistchinadoc.blogspot.com (mainly Cultural Revolution).

Studies Andreas, Joel, The Rise of the Red Engineers: The Cultural Revolution and the Origins of China’s New Class, Stanford University Press, 2009. Andreas, Joel, “Battling over Political and Cultural Power in the Cultural Revolution.” Theory and Society. 31(4), 2002, pp. 463-519. Apter, David E. and Tony Saich, Revolutionary Discourse in Mao’s Republic (Harvard, 1994). Averill, Stephen, Revolution in the Highlands: China’s Jinggangshan Base Area. Lanham: Rowman, 2006. Barmé, Geremie, review of Chang Jung and Halliday (with additional reviews and references on Mao): http://chinaheritage.net/journal/im-so-ronree/ Barmé, Geremie, “For truly great men, look to this age alone,” in T. Cheek, ed., A Critical Introduction to Mao, Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp.243-272. http://chinaheritage.net/journal/for-truly-great-men-look-to-this-age-alone/ Barmé, Geremie, Shades of Mao. The Posthumous Cult of the Great Leader, Armonk, ME Sharpe, 1996. Benton, Gregor, ed. Wild Lilies, poisonous weeds. Dissident voices from People’s China, Pluto, 1982. Benton, Gregor and Lin Chun, eds., Was Mao Really a Monster? Routledge, 2009. Bernstein, Thomas, “Mao Zedong and the Famine 1959-1960: A Study in Wilfullness,” The China Quarterly 186 (2006): p. 421–45. Bernstein, Thomas. “Stalinism, Famine and Chinese Peasants.” Theory and Society, Volume 13.3, May 1984, pp. 339–377. Berry, Chris, Sun Peidong, Patricia Thorton, eds. China Quarterly special issue Red Shadows: Memories and Legacies of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, no. 227, Dec. 2016. Bianco, Lucien, “Comparing Mao to Stalin,” The China Journal, No.75 (Jan. 2016), pp.83-101. Bianco, Lucien. La Récidive. Révolution russe, révolution chinoise, Gallimard, 2014 ; English translation Stalin and Mao, Hong Kong, CUHK Press, 2018. Billeter, Jean François. “The System of Class Status” in Stuart Schram, ed., The Scope of State Power in China, London, SOAS, 1985, pp. 127-169. Bonnin, Michel. Génération Perdue. Le mouvement d’envoi des jeunes instruits à la campagne en Chine, 1968-1980. Paris: Editions de l’EHESS, 2004; The Lost Generation. The Rustification of Chinese Youth (1968–1980). Hong Kong: CUHK, 2013. Brown, Jeremy and Matthew Johnson, eds. Maoism at the grassroots: everyday life in China's era of high socialism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2015. Brown, Jeremy and Paul Pickowicz, eds., Dilemmas of Victory: The Early Years of the People’s Republic of China, Harvard UP, 2007. Cao Shuji 曹树基 . Da jihuang: 1959-1961 de Zhongguo renkou (The Great Famine: China’s Population in 1959-1961), Hong Kong: Guoji shidai chuban youxian gongsi, 2005. Chan, Anita, Stanley Rosen and Jonathan Unger, eds., On Socialist Democracy and the Chinese Legal System. The Li Yizhe Debates, Armonk: ME Sharpe, 1985. Unger, Jonathan, Anita Chan, Stanley Rosen, “Students and Class Warfare: The Social Roots of the Red Guard Conflict in Canton” China Quarterly 83 (Sept 1980), pp. 397-446. Cheek, Timothy, Propaganda and Culture in Mao’s China: Deng Tuo and the Intelligentsia, Oxford, Clarendon, 1997. Cheek, Timothy, ed., A Critical Introduction to Mao, Cambridge, Cambridge UP, 2010. Cheek, Timothy “The Fading of Wild Lilies: Wang Shiwei and Mao Zedong’s Yan’an talks in the first CPC Rectification movement,” Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, no. 11, Jan 1984. Chen, Yung-fa, Making Revolution: the communist movement in eastern and central China, 1937- 1945. Berkeley: UC Press, 1986. Chong, Woei-Lien, ed., China’s Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution: master narratives and post- Mao counternarratives. Lanham: Rowman, 2002. Chung Yen-lin, “The Witch-Hunting Vanguard: The Central Secretariat’s Roles and Activities in the Anti-Rightist Campaign”, The China Quarterly, n° 206 (June 2011), p. 391-411.

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