DOCSLIB.ORG

BRITISH 466 Septr

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
BRITISH 466 Septr STREPTOMYCIN BRITISH 466 SEPTr. 28, 1946 MEDICAL JOURNAL urbane and witty, was always apt to the occasion with well- of a committee appointed by the Medical Research Council chosen'phrases in good English, whether at the scientific to exploit the pilot-scale production of streptomycin which sessions or at the Banquet in the hotel on the bank of the is being organized by the Ministry of Supply. It is too early to assess accurately the American clinical Rhine. He was ably seconded by the Secretary-General results, but it is almost 100% effective in tularaemia (rabbit of the Academy, Prof. A. Gigon, chief editor of the fever), which though rare in England gives rise to some Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift. It was to 1,000 serious cases a year in U.S.A. In'the residuum of Prof. Gigon that the idea of such a conference occurred, bacterial infections of the urinary tract which are insensi- an idea which he did not relinquish until it took shape; tive to penicillin and / or sulpha drugs considerable suc- and once it had taken shape he did not cease to labour at cess has been reported ranging up to 100% elimination of all the many details of B. proteus and B. pyocyaneus. In tuberculous meningitis organization which make or mar great promise has been shown, though residual nervous or a meeting of this kind. It, is to be hoped that the time will hydrocephalic lesions often remain, and all strains of not be long before we in this country will be able to make Mycobacterium tuberculosis seem sensitive in some degree. a fitting return by entertaining Swiss doctors on British soil. In pulmonary tubd,ulosis, for which.probably the minimal effective trial period may be 5 years, Dr. Corwin Hinshaw (Mayo Clinic) and Dr. Walsh MacDermott (New York) report considerable therapeutic possibilities with strepto- STREPTOMYCIN mycin in extension of Dr. Feldman's Mayo Clinic demon- Antibiotics' are substances elaborated by micro-organisms stration of its value in experiinental guinea-pig infections. which act as antibacterial or antifungal agents. It is (Penicillin will, of course, tend to repel some of the secon- attractive to postulate that these substances are formed by dary bacterial invaders in the tuberculous pulmonary their producers as a defence mechanism. They have often lesion.) Treatment is a great trial to the tuberculous a very marked, specific, antibacterial effect against impor- patient, because it involves at present some six daily injec- tant human pathogens. tions of the equivalent of about 600 mg. of the pure base, Penicillin,2 3 which is a wholly British discovery, is the over perhaps six months. Cost has to be considered, with most successful antibiotic so far exploited therapeutically, the present price of the substance at about $15'a gramme but there remain many organisms pathogenic to man which and the lowest likely price in full production falling to $5 are insensitive to penicillin and the sulpha drugs, or demand a gramme, but if this is weighed against the long sanatorium for effective control of the infection doses so large as to be treatment and even longer subsidy for the patient and his toxic to the host. It is customary to reserve the term anti- dependants it is hardly significant. Dosage is to be cal- biotic for a substance of natural origin and to exclude from culated by dry weight of base, equilibrated against the this designation synthetic antibacterial substances such as standard powder of 1,000 units per mg. potency, but this the sulpha drugs. Gramicidin4 is an antibiotic finding introduces the slight complication that the soluble salts increasing favour in surface wound dressings, but strepto- (hydrochloride 842 units, sulphate 798 units per mg.) have mycin,5 an American discovery, is showing great thera- a lower unitage than the' base. Plague and leprosy are peutic promise in combating Gram-negative bacilli and other diseases in which the effect of streptomycin is being Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Penicillin is a purified meta- investigated. Streptomycin, though rather more costly than bolite of the aerobic culture of the green micro-fungus penicillin, is more stable in aqueous solution and dry form, Penicillium notatum (Westling's original culture was made and it can be heat sterilized. Being relatively stable from the decaying herb hyssop from Norway), and strepto- at acid pH levels it would survive passage through the mycin can be somewhat similarly made by filtration of the stomach, but it has so far not been possible to give effec- product of aerobic culture of the ray fungus, originally tive treatment by mouth (a very desirable route) because isolated from soil, Actinomyces (Streptomyces) griseus adequate concentrations cannot be maintained in the blood, (not to be confused with either the human disease actino- probably owing to simultaneous excretion and absorption mycosis or with streptococci). It was found, by its isolator from the gut. Waksman's collaborators,6 to have a wide and intense It is important to stress that a complete and final opinion potency in animals, and after a very few months of on the therapeutic value of streptomycin, particularly in scattered American biochemical effort the pure base and tuberculous infections, cannot be expected yet, and that crystalline salts were- prepared. It is thought significant streptomycin is unlikely to be available either in America that penicillin-an acidic substance-should have maximal or England for use outside the official trials for some time. action on Gram-positive bacteria and that streptomycin- The unwary philosopher may ask himself whether, with a base-should have maximal action on the Gram-negative streptomycin complementary to penicillin, there will be series. any pathogenic bacteria for human beings to die of in the The pharmacological development of streptomycin in Brave New World. America is proving very like that of penicillin in England, and, as the first few clinical observations with crude con- centrates showed such promise, the American Streptomycin CIVILIAN DEATHS FROM AIR BOMBARDMENT Clinical Trials Committee, under the chairmanship of The Statistical Bulletin of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Dr. Chester Keefer (Harvard), has been set up to control Company for July, 1946, contains a useful article, under location and method of clinical trials and to assess results the above heading, which summarizes the available data. before the general release of the substance. The Com- British civilian loss of life amounted to something over mittee buy the entire output (some 35 kg. a month in 60,000 deaths, more than two-thirds in the first " blitz" May, 1946) of the ten firms who have subscribed $500,000 between August, 1940, and June, 1941. French losses were to the Committee for this purchase. Similar controlled almost as heavy, nearly 54,000, more than two-thirds of clinical trials are about to start in England under the aegis them in 1944. In proportion to population the Netherlands I Oxford, A. E., " Antibiotics," Annual Review Biochemistry, 1945, 14, 749. suffered more than any other ally; 30,000 are estimated to 2 Fleming, A., Brit. J. exp. Path., 1929, 10, 226. 3 Florey, H. W., et al., Lancet, 1940, 2, 226. have perished in the dastardly raid on Rotterdam. No 4 Dubos, R. J., J. exp. Med., 1939, 70, 1. figures seem to have been available with respect to Russia 5 Waksman, S. A., et al., Proc. Soc. exp. Biol., 1944, 55, 66. 6 Waksman, S. A., et al., Science, 1944, 100, 103.. and Poland; Norway lost 1,000 lives. The Axis Powers BRITISH SEPT. 28, 1946 ~ DR. OLIN WEST MEDICAL JOURNAL 467 paid heavily for their choice. The United States Strategic infectious disease from mattresses filled with dirty rag flock, Bombing Survey estimates German losses at over half a but the risk may be assumed to exist. In any case it is un- million, and Japanese losses as between 360,000 and desirable that anyone should have to sleep on unclean 375,000; the two atomic bombs are thought to have killed bedding. There is also a risk to the health of the about one-third of this total, 105,000 to 120,000; but the workers who handle the flock, apart from the presence most destructive single raid is thought to have been that on of vermin in it. Tokyo on March 9, 1945-the estimate is 85,000. These An attempt to control this material was made in the Rag are statistics of deaths alone. In time a medical and statis- Flock Act, 1911; the Rag Flock Amendment Act, 1928; tical study of all the effects of air raids, mental as well and the Public Health (London) Act, 1936 (Section 136); as corporal, will no doubt be made. The psychological but an inadequate definition of rag flock and too small effects have been, perhaps, less serious than was expected penalties for contravention of the law have defeated the before the attacks began, but a comprehensive study intention of these Acts. An Interdepartmental Committee requires leisure. was therefore set up in 1938 to make recommendations to ensure proper cleanliness of rag flock used for the manu- facture of upholstery, bedding, and other household furni- DR. OLIN WEST ture in Great Britain. Its report and recommendations are The centenary session of the American Medical Associa- now published.' These include the registration of all tion will be held in Atlantic City in June next year. Already premises used for the manufacture of rag flock and inspec- plans are afoot to make it " the greatest medical assem- tion by local authorities. It is further suggested that it blage that the world has ever known." At its annual meet- would be wise to apply these regulations to premises in ing, which took place this year at San Francisco, the House which any kind of filling material is used.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CHAPTER 104 an ACT Designating Streptomyces Griseus As the New
    CHAPTER 104 AN ACT designating Streptomyces griseus as the New Jersey State Microbe and supplementing chapter 9A of Title 52 of the Revised Statutes. WHEREAS, Streptomyces griseus is a soil-based microorganism that was first discovered in New Jersey in 1916 by Dr. Selman Waksman and Dr. Roland Curtis; and WHEREAS, Soon after its discovery, the microbe drew international acclaim for its groundbreaking use as an antibiotic; and WHEREAS, In 1943, a research team from Rutgers University, led by Dr. Waksman with Albert Schatz and Elizabeth Bugie, used Streptomyces griseus to create streptomycin, the world’s first antibiotic for tuberculosis; and WHEREAS, The original discovery paper for streptomycin, entitled “Streptomycin, a Substance Exhibiting Antibiotic Activity Against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria,” was co- authored by Dr. Waksman, Dr. Schatz, and Elizabeth Bugie, and published in the Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine; and WHEREAS, After clinical trials showed that streptomycin cured ailing tuberculosis patients, Merck & Company, a New Jersey-based pharmaceutical company, quickly made the drug available to the public; and WHEREAS, Prior to this discovery, tuberculosis was one of the deadliest diseases in human history and the second leading cause of death in the United States; and WHEREAS, Within 10 years of streptomycin’s release, tuberculosis mortality rates in the U.S. fell to a historic low, with only 9.1 tuberculosis-related deaths per 100,000 people in 1955 compared to the rate of 194 deaths per 100,000 people in 1900; and WHEREAS, According to a June 1947 New York Times article, streptomycin had “become one of the two wonder drugs of medicine” and offered the “promise to save more lives than were lost in both World Wars”; and WHEREAS, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • STREPTOMYCES GRISEUS (KRAINSKY) WAKSMAN and Henricil SELMAN A
    STREPTOMYCES GRISEUS (KRAINSKY) WAKSMAN AND HENRICIl SELMAN A. WAKSMAN, H. CHRISTINE REILLY, AND DALE A. HARRIS New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, New Jersey Received for publication May 10, 1948 Since the announcement of the isolation of streptomycin, an antibiotic sub- stance produced by certain strains of Streptomyces griseus (Schatz, Bugie, and Waksman, 1944), an extensive literature has accumulated dealing with this anti- biotic and with the organism producing it. Although most of the investigations are concerned with the production, isolation, and chemical purification of strepto- mycin, its antimicrobial properties, and especially its utilization as a chemo- therapeutic agent, various reports are also devoted to the isolation of new strepto- mycin-producing strains of S. griseus and of other actinomycetes and to the development of more potent strains. Only a very few of the cultures of S. griseus that have been isolated from natural substrates, following the islation of the two original cultures in 1943, were found capable of producing streptomycin. One such culture was reported from this laboratory (Waksman, Reilly, and Johnstone, 1946), and one or two from other laboratories (Carvajal, 1946a,b). It has been shown more recently (Waksman, Reilly, and Harris, 1947) that by the use of selective methods other streptomycin-producing strains can easily be isolated and identified. In addition to S. griseus, certain other actinomycetes are able to form strep- tomycin or streptomycinlike substances. One such culture was described by Johnstone and Waksman (1947) as Streptomyces bikiniensis, another culture was isolatedbyTrussell, Fulton, andGrant (1947) and was found capable of producing a mixture of two antibiotics, one of which appeared to be streptomycin and the other streptothricin.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Identification of Str a Gene Responsible for Streptomycin Production from Streptomyces Isolates
    The Pharma Innovation Journal 2020; 9(1): 18-24 ISSN (E): 2277- 7695 ISSN (P): 2349-8242 NAAS Rating: 5.03 Molecular Identification of Str A gene responsible for TPI 2020; 9(1): 18-24 © 2020 TPI streptomycin production from Streptomyces isolates www.thepharmajournal.com Received: 11-11-2019 Accepted: 15-12-2019 Bayader Abdel Mohsen, Mohsen Hashim Risan and Asma G Oraibi Bayader Abdel Mohsen College of Biotechnology, Al- Abstract Nahrain University, Iraq The present study was aimed for molecular identification of Str A gene from Streptomyces isolates. Twenty-four isolates were identified as Streptomyces sp. based on their morphological and biochemical Mohsen Hashim Risan characteristics. Twelve isolates were positive in the PCR technique. Performing PCR reactions using College of Biotechnology, Al- primer pair on DNA. The results of Str A gene detection clarify that Two isolate of Streptomyces isolates Nahrain University, Iraq gave a positive result and carrying Str gene, while 10 of Streptomyces isolates were lacking the gene. Be1 and B3-4 isolates gave DNA bands 700 bp in length. The results indicated that the Be1 and B3-4 isolates Asma G Oraibi are very close to the species Streptomyces griseus responsible for producing antibiotic streptomycin. College of Biotechnology, Al- Nahrain University, Iraq Keywords: Bacteria, Streptomyces, Str A, streptomycin, Iraq Introduction The largest genus of Actinomycetes and the type genus of the family is Streptomycetaceae (Kampfer, 2006, Al-Rubaye et al., 2018a, Risan et al., 2019) [13, 2, 28]. Over 600 species of [11] Streptomyces bacteria have been described (Euzeby, 2008) . As with the other Actinomyces, Streptomyces are Gram-positive, and have genomes with high guanine and cytosine content.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimization of Medium for the Production of Streptomycin by Streptomyces Griseus
    International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 670X www.ijpsi.org Volume 3 Issue 11 ‖ November 2014 ‖ PP.01-08 Optimization of Medium for the Production of Streptomycin By Streptomyces Griseus Lekh Ram* M.Sc. Biotechnology 2009-2011 Azyme Biosciences Pvt. Ltd. Bangalore, India. Beehive College of Advance Studies, Dehradun, India. ABSTRACT: The present investigation was made to find out the optimal media for the growth of the Streptomyces griseus bacteria which is more useful for the production of Streptomycin. The soil sample was collected from the Jayanagar 4th block from Shalini park Bangalore. A specific media Starch Casine Agar (SCA) was used for the isolation and culturing of the bacterial strain. Characterizations of these strains were also studied by visual observation of colony, microscopic observation and biochemical tests identified the specific bacteria namely Streptomyces griseus. Antimicrobial activity of isolated bacteria was performed against E.coli bacteria. Estimation of Streptomycin sample was done with the help of HPLC. The isolated sample contained 80% of the Streptomycin per 100ml. Optimization of medium for the production of Streptomycin was done by on the basis of pH, Time, Carbon Source, Nitrogen source. Streptomyces griseus showed maximum growth at pH value of 9, incubation time of more than 72 hours, maximum growth in the medium having glycine as nitrogen source, and maximum growth in the medium which contain rice bran as a carbon source. KEYWORDS: Bacterial isolation, characterization, antimicrobial activity, estimation of streptomycin by HPLC, Optimization of media. I. INTRODUCTION Antibiotics are the antimicrobial agents, which are produced by some micro-organisms to inhibit or to kill many other micro-organisms including different bacteria, viruses and eukaryotic cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Production of an Antibiotic-Like Activity by Streptomyces Sp. COUK1 Under Different Growth Conditions Olaitan G
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 8-2014 Production of an Antibiotic-like Activity by Streptomyces sp. COUK1 under Different Growth Conditions Olaitan G. Akintunde East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Akintunde, Olaitan G., "Production of an Antibiotic-like Activity by Streptomyces sp. COUK1 under Different Growth Conditions" (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2412. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2412 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Production of an Antibiotic-like Activity by Streptomyces sp. COUK1 under Different Growth Conditions A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of Health Sciences East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Biology by Olaitan G. Akintunde August 2014 Dr. Bert Lampson Dr. Eric Mustain Dr. Foster Levy Keywords: Streptomyces, antibiotics, natural products, bioactive compounds ABSTRACT Production of an Antibiotic-like Activity by Streptomyces sp. COUK1 under Different Growth Conditions by Olaitan Akintunde Streptomyces are known to produce a large variety of antibiotics and other bioactive compounds with remarkable industrial importance. Streptomyces sp. COUK1 was found as a contaminant on a plate in which Rhodococcus erythropolis was used as a test strain in a disk diffusion assay and produced a zone of inhibition against the cultured R.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic and Phylogenomic Insights Into the Family Streptomycetaceae Lead to Proposal of Charcoactinosporaceae Fam. Nov. and 8 No
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.08.193797; this version posted July 8, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Genomic and phylogenomic insights into the family Streptomycetaceae 2 lead to proposal of Charcoactinosporaceae fam. nov. and 8 novel genera 3 with emended descriptions of Streptomyces calvus 4 Munusamy Madhaiyan1, †, * Venkatakrishnan Sivaraj Saravanan2, † Wah-Seng See-Too3, † 5 1Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, 6 Singapore 117604; 2Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi College of Arts and Science, 7 Kathirkamam 605009, Pondicherry, India; 3Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, 8 Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 9 Malaysia 10 *Corresponding author: Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National 11 University of Singapore, Singapore 117604; E-mail: [email protected] 12 †All these authors have contributed equally to this work 13 Abstract 14 Streptomycetaceae is one of the oldest families within phylum Actinobacteria and it is large and 15 diverse in terms of number of described taxa. The members of the family are known for their 16 ability to produce medically important secondary metabolites and antibiotics. In this study, 17 strains showing low 16S rRNA gene similarity (<97.3 %) with other members of 18 Streptomycetaceae were identified and subjected to phylogenomic analysis using 33 orthologous 19 gene clusters (OGC) for accurate taxonomic reassignment resulted in identification of eight 20 distinct and deeply branching clades, further average amino acid identity (AAI) analysis showed 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.08.193797; this version posted July 8, 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Multilocus Sequence Analysis of Phytopathogenic Species of the Genus Streptomyces
    International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2011), 61, 2525–2531 DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.028514-0 Multilocus sequence analysis of phytopathogenic species of the genus Streptomyces David P. Labeda Correspondence National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, USA David P. Labeda [email protected] The identification and classification of species within the genus Streptomyces is difficult because there are presently 576 species with validly published names and this number increases every year. The value of multilocus sequence analysis applied to the systematics of Streptomyces species has been well demonstrated in several recently published papers. In this study the sequence fragments of four housekeeping genes, atpD, recA, rpoB and trpB, were determined for the type strains of 10 known phytopathogenic species of the genus Streptomyces, including Streptomyces scabiei, Streptomyces acidiscabies, Streptomyces europaeiscabiei, Streptomyces luridiscabiei, Streptomyces niveiscabiei, Streptomyces puniciscabiei, Streptomyces reticuliscabiei, Streptomyces stelliscabiei, Streptomyces turgidiscabies and Streptomyces ipomoeae, as well as six uncharacterized phytopathogenic Streptomyces isolates. The type strains of 52 other species, including 19 species observed to be phylogenetically closely related to these, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, were also included in the study. Phylogenetic analysis of single gene alignments and a concatenated four-gene alignment demonstrated that the
    [Show full text]
  • Genome Mining of Biosynthetic and Chemotherapeutic Gene Clusters in Streptomyces Bacteria Kaitlyn C
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Genome mining of biosynthetic and chemotherapeutic gene clusters in Streptomyces bacteria Kaitlyn C. Belknap1,2, Cooper J. Park1,2, Brian M. Barth1 & Cheryl P. Andam 1* Streptomyces bacteria are known for their prolifc production of secondary metabolites, many of which have been widely used in human medicine, agriculture and animal health. To guide the efective prioritization of specifc biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for drug development and targeting the most prolifc producer strains, knowledge about phylogenetic relationships of Streptomyces species, genome- wide diversity and distribution patterns of BGCs is critical. We used genomic and phylogenetic methods to elucidate the diversity of major classes of BGCs in 1,110 publicly available Streptomyces genomes. Genome mining of Streptomyces reveals high diversity of BGCs and variable distribution patterns in the Streptomyces phylogeny, even among very closely related strains. The most common BGCs are non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, type 1 polyketide synthases, terpenes, and lantipeptides. We also found that numerous Streptomyces species harbor BGCs known to encode antitumor compounds. We observed that strains that are considered the same species can vary tremendously in the BGCs they carry, suggesting that strain-level genome sequencing can uncover high levels of BGC diversity and potentially useful derivatives of any one compound. These fndings suggest that a strain-level strategy for exploring secondary metabolites for clinical use provides an alternative or complementary approach to discovering novel pharmaceutical compounds from microbes. Members of the bacterial genus Streptomyces (phylum Actinobacteria) are best known as major bacterial produc- ers of antibiotics and other useful compounds commonly used in human medicine, animal health and agricul- ture1,2.
    [Show full text]
  • OF STREPTOMYCIN Deals Chiefly with Media Employing Soybean
    STUDIES ON THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF STREPTOMYCES GRISEUS FOR THE FORMATION OF STREPTOMYCIN GEOFFREY RAKE AND RICHARD DONOVICK Division of Microbiology, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, New Brunsswick, New Jersey Received for publication May 3, 1946 In view of the marked activity of streptomycin in vitro against a number of species of organisms relatively resistant to penicillin, such as Escherichia coli (Schatz, Bugie, and Waksman, 1944), certain of the Salmonella (Robinson, Smith, and Graessle, 1944), Klebsiella pneumoniae (Donovick, Hamre, Kava- nagh, and Rake, 1945), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Schatz and Waksman, 1944), as well as its in vivo therapeutic behavior against such infecting agents (Jones, Metzger, Schatz, and Waksman, 1944; Robinson, Smith, and Graessle, 1944), investigations of this antibiotic as well as of the characteristics and growth requirements of the causative organism, Streptomyces griseus, are now. being vig- orously investigated in many laboratories. Chemical studies on streptomycin have already resulted in the preparation of crystalline derivatives (Fried and Wintersteiner, 1945; Kuehl, Peck, Walti, and Folkers, 1945). Schatz, Bugie, and Waksman (1944) state that the production of streptomycin by Streptomyces griseus requires in the culture medium the presence of a specific growth-promoting substance supplied by beef extract or corn steep liquor. The medium recommended contained peptone, beef extract, glucose, and sodium chloride. We have studied various other materials as sources of nutrition for Streptomyces griseus and have found that it is possible to devise media including neither beef extract nor corn steep liquor that yield as much as 250 units' of streptomycin per ml, and from which streptomycin is recovered more readily in a purified state.
    [Show full text]
  • Streptomyces Griseus Strains Originating from Geographically Remote Locations
    Article Different secondary metabolite profiles of phylogenetically almost identical Streptomyces griseus strains originating from geographically remote locations Ignacio Sottorff1, 2, Jutta Wiese1, Matthias Lipfert3, Nils Preußke3, Frank D. Sönnichsen3, and Johannes F. Imhoff1,* 1 GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Marine Microbiology, 24105 Kiel, Germany; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile. 3 Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] kiel.de * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49 431 600-4450 Microorganisms 2019, 7, 166; doi:10.3390/microorganisms7060166 Microorganisms 2019, 7, x; doi: FOR PEER REVIEW www.mdpi.com/journal/microorganisms Table of contents Alignment of 16S rRNA 1 Summary table of Streptomyces dereplication-HRLCMS 2 Supplementary material: dereplication-HRLCMS 3 Dereplication-HRLCMS of Streptomyces SN25_8.1 4 Albidopyrone 5 Cyclizidine 6 Gancidin W 7 YF-0200-R-B 8 Emycin E 9 6-beta-deoxy-5-hydroxy-tetracycline 10 Epithienamycin C 11 SF-733 C 12 Cycloheximide 13 Phenatic acid 14 Netropsin 15 N-Valyldihidroxyhomoproline 16 Actiphenol 17 TMC-86B 18 Protomycin 19 Unknown 20 Dereplication-HRLCMS of Streptomyces griseus subsp. griseus DSM 40236T 21 Gancidin W 22 YF-0200-R-B 23 Emycin E 24 6-beta-deoxy-5-hydroxy-tetracycline 25 Fortimicin KK1 26 Phenatic acid 27 Netropsin 28 Actiphenol 29 TMC-86B 30 Capromycin 31 Halstoctacosanolide B 32 YO-7625 33 Unknown 34 Streptomyces griseus 16S rRNA comparison 35 Phylogenetic results: Streptomyces sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Information
    Supplementary Information Table S1. Phylum level composition of bacterial communities in eight New Brunswick sediments. Phylum IB * IB% 2B* 2B% 3B * 3B% 4B * 4B% 5B * 5B% 6B * 6B% 7B * 7B% 8B * 8B% Acidobacteria 270 4.0 248 5.3 383 6.4 81 1.0 63 1.4 73 1.4 474 7.5 Actinobacteria 542 8.0 111 2.4 181 3.0 168 2.7 Bacteroidetes 1882 27.7 1133 24.4 1196 20.1 1645 20.9 879 20.1 990 18.7 1450 39.5 2012 32.0 Chlorobi 54 1.2 66 1.2 Planctomycetes 88 1.3 Proteobacteria 2284 33.6 1851 39.9 2468 41.4 4349 55.4 2430 55.4 3020 56.9 1523 41.5 2510 39.9 Verrucomicrobia 307 4.5 133 3.6 65 1.0 Unclassified Bacteria 1367 20.1 1205 26.0 1581 26.5 1474 18.8 824 18.8 1058 19.9 487 13.3 926 14.7 “Rare Phyla” 51 0.8 95 2.0 148 2.5 223 2.8 133 3.0 99 1.9 79 2.2 128 2.0 Total 6791 100.0 4643 100.0 5957 100.0 7856 100.0 4383 100.0 5306 100.0 3672 100.0 6283 100.0 * Denotes number of sequences. Table S2. Number of sequences represented in the “Rare Phyla” group presented in Table S1. Phylum IB 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B Acidobacteria 5 Actinobacteria 62 39 33 13 Armatimonadetes 1 9 Chlorobi 13 2 5 5 Chloroflexi 3 4 4 12 27 8 6 20 Fusobacteria 3 1 1 1 Gemmatimonadetes 9 1 1 9 Lentisphaerae 4 2 2 2 12 4 Nitrospira 5 1 22 2 36 Planctomycetes 37 55 52 18 21 9 28 Spirochaetes 2 1 Verrucomicrobia 46 51 73 33 26 Mar.
    [Show full text]
  • M. Avium, M. Phlei and M. Tuberculosis 607, a Fast-Growing Non-Pathogenic Strain of the Human Tubercle Bacillus
    232 BACTERIOLOGY: GARSON AND WAKSMAN PROC. N. A. S. Two points are of particular interest. The first is the independent confirnation of Lederberg and Tatum's demonstration of regular re- combination in E. coli, K12 (see Lederberg4). The second is the marked increase in rate of recombination due to the irradiation. The reasons for this increase are unknown, but the fact suggests an interesting adaption, perhaps connected with the abnormal growth pattern of the irradiated cells. 1 Gates, F. L., "The Reaction of Individual Bacteria to Irradiation with Ultraviolet Light," Science, 77, 350 (1933). 2 Robinow, C. F., "Cytological Observations on Bact. coli, Proteus vulgaris and Various Aerobic Spore-Forming Bacteria with Special Reference to the Nuclear Struc- tures," J. Hyg. Camb., 43, 413-423 (1944). Dienes, L., Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med., 66, 314-317 (1947). 4 Lederberg, J., "Gene Recombination and Linked Segregations in Escherichia coli" Genetics, 32, 505-525 (1947). -J STRAIN SPECIFICITY AND PRODUCTION OFANTIBIOTIC SUB- STANCES. VIII. PRODUCTION OF A GRISEIN-LIKE ANTI- BIOTIC BY A STRAIN OF STREPTOMYCES GRISE US* By WARFIELD GARSONt AND SELMAN A. WAKSMAN NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMEN+ STATION, RUTGERS UNIVERSITY Communicated May 1, 1948 Since the recent demonstration' that certain antibiotic agents produced by acfinomycetes possess bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a considerable interest has arisen in a system- atic study of similar potentialities among the practically unlimited strains and species of actinomycetes that could be is6lated from various natural substrates.2' The present investigations were initiated to determine the presence in the feces of healthy and tuberculous herbivorous animals of actinomycetes which have growth-inhibiting properties against mycobacteria and es- pecially M.
    [Show full text]