This Brochure Contains a Transcript of the Apollo 11 Post-Flight Press
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America's First Moon Landing
America’s First Moon Landing (July 21, 1969) Apollo 11, which was launched into his oval mural commemorating America’s Moon landing space from the Kennedy Space Center, embellishes the Brumidi Corridors in the Senate wing of the Florida, began its epic voyage to the Moon on July 16, 1969. On board were Capitol. The mural’s three main elements are: the rocket that Commander Neil A. Armstrong, Lunar propelled the astronauts into orbit; astronauts Neil Armstrong Module Pilot Edwin E. ”Buzz“ Aldrin, Jr., and Buzz Aldrin planting the United States flag on the Moon, and Command Module Pilot Michael with the lunar module Eagle in the background and the space capsule Collins. After 24 hours in lunar orbit, the T command/service module, Columbia, Columbia circling the Moon; and a view of Earth as seen from the Moon. separated from the lunar module, Eagle. Although the Eagle landed on the Moon in the afternoon of July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin began their descent to the lunar surface in the Eagle while Armstrong and Aldrin did not erect the flag until the next morning, which Collins stayed behind to pilot the explains why the scene is dated July 21, 1969. Columbia. The lunar module touched Muralist Allyn Cox painted the work. The son of artists Kenyon down on the Moon at Tranquility Base on July 20, 1969, at 4:17 P.M. EDT.Arm and Louise King Cox, Allyn Cox was born in New York City. He was strong reported, “The Eagle has landed.” educated at the National Academy of Design and the Art Students League At 10:56 P.M., Armstrong stepped in New York, and the American Academy in Rome. -
Congressional Record—House H4714
H4714 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Ð HOUSE June 20, 2000 Mr. Speaker, this is not a com- on H.R. 3859, the Social Security and Medi- The yeas and nays were ordered. plicated bill. It is very simple. It is ba- care Safe Deposit Box Act. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- sically saying that, for the first time in I thank my colleague, Congressman WALLY ant to clause 8 of rule XX and the more than 40 years, that we are not HERGER for creating this legislation which will Chair's prior announcement, further going to spend the surplus, whatever reserve Medicare surplus dollars only for re- proceedings on this motion will be that surplus is. That is, in Medicare sponsible debt reduction or spending on the postponed. and Social Security, we are not going Medicare program. f to spend it. Very simply, whatever it Soon after today's vote, seniors will no b 1500 is, we are not going to spend. It brings longer need to fear that the money set aside about a point of order to ensure that for their Medicare and well being will be used CONGRESSIONAL GOLD MEDAL TO we do not. as a big government slush fund. ASTRONAUTS NEIL A. ARM- Look how far we have come. It was Similarly to the Social Security lock box STRONG, BUZZ ALDRIN, AND MI- only a few years ago that we were look- which passed by a vote of 417±2 last year, CHAEL COLLINS. ing at deficits of $200 billion and $300 this Medicare lock box is the right thing to do; Mr. -
Glossary Glossary
Glossary Glossary Albedo A measure of an object’s reflectivity. A pure white reflecting surface has an albedo of 1.0 (100%). A pitch-black, nonreflecting surface has an albedo of 0.0. The Moon is a fairly dark object with a combined albedo of 0.07 (reflecting 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it). The albedo range of the lunar maria is between 0.05 and 0.08. The brighter highlands have an albedo range from 0.09 to 0.15. Anorthosite Rocks rich in the mineral feldspar, making up much of the Moon’s bright highland regions. Aperture The diameter of a telescope’s objective lens or primary mirror. Apogee The point in the Moon’s orbit where it is furthest from the Earth. At apogee, the Moon can reach a maximum distance of 406,700 km from the Earth. Apollo The manned lunar program of the United States. Between July 1969 and December 1972, six Apollo missions landed on the Moon, allowing a total of 12 astronauts to explore its surface. Asteroid A minor planet. A large solid body of rock in orbit around the Sun. Banded crater A crater that displays dusky linear tracts on its inner walls and/or floor. 250 Basalt A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock, low in silicon, with a low viscosity. Basaltic material fills many of the Moon’s major basins, especially on the near side. Glossary Basin A very large circular impact structure (usually comprising multiple concentric rings) that usually displays some degree of flooding with lava. The largest and most conspicuous lava- flooded basins on the Moon are found on the near side, and most are filled to their outer edges with mare basalts. -
Warren and Taylor-2014-In Tog-The Moon-'Author's Personal Copy'.Pdf
This article was originally published in Treatise on Geochemistry, Second Edition published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the author's institution, for non- commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who you know, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier's permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial Warren P.H., and Taylor G.J. (2014) The Moon. In: Holland H.D. and Turekian K.K. (eds.) Treatise on Geochemistry, Second Edition, vol. 2, pp. 213-250. Oxford: Elsevier. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Author's personal copy 2.9 The Moon PH Warren, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA GJ Taylor, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI, USA ã 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This article is a revision of the previous edition article by P. H. Warren, volume 1, pp. 559–599, © 2003, Elsevier Ltd. 2.9.1 Introduction: The Lunar Context 213 2.9.2 The Lunar Geochemical Database 214 2.9.2.1 Artificially Acquired Samples 214 2.9.2.2 Lunar Meteorites 214 2.9.2.3 Remote-Sensing Data 215 2.9.3 Mare Volcanism -
Evidence for Thermal-Stress-Induced Rockfalls on Mars Impact Crater Slopes
Icarus 342 (2020) 113503 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Icarus journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/icarus Evidence for thermal-stress-induced rockfalls on Mars impact crater slopes P.-A. Tesson a,b,*, S.J. Conway b, N. Mangold b, J. Ciazela a, S.R. Lewis c, D. M�ege a a Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Wrocław, Poland b Laboratoire de Plan�etologie et G�eodynamique UMR 6112, CNRS, Nantes, France c School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Here we study rocks falling from exposed outcrops of bedrock, which have left tracks on the slope over which Mars, surface they have bounced and/or rolled, in fresh impact craters (1–10 km in diameter) on Mars. The presence of these Thermal stress tracks shows that these rocks have fallen relatively recently because aeolian processes are known to infill Ices topographic lows over time. Mapping of rockfall tracks indicate trends in frequency with orientation, which in Solar radiation � � turn depend on the latitudinal position of the crater. Craters in the equatorial belt (between 15 N and 15 S) Weathering exhibit higher frequencies of rockfall on their north-south oriented slopes compared to their east-west ones. � Craters >15 N/S have notably higher frequencies on their equator-facing slopes as opposed to the other ori entations. We computed solar radiation on the surface of crater slopes to compare insolation patterns with the spatial distribution of rockfalls, and found statistically significant correlations between maximum diurnal inso lation and rockfall frequency. -
Human and Machine in Spaceflight
Digital Apollo: Human and Machine in Spaceflight David A. Mindell The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England ( 2008 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. For information about special quantity discounts, please email [email protected] This book was set in Stone Serif and Stone Sans on 3B2 by Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mindell, David A. Digital Apollo : human and machine in spaceflight / David A. Mindell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-13497-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Human-machine systems. 2. Project Apollo (U.S.)—History. 3. Astronautics—United States—History. 4. Manned spaceflight—History. I. Title. TA167.M59 2008 629.47 04—dc22 2007032255 10987654321 Index Accelerometers, 1 control and, 19–22 Apollo program and, 97, 109–110, 119, 132, F-80 Shooting Star, 45 174, 194, 201 F-104 Starfighter, 45 AC Spark Plug, 110, 127, 134, 137 SR-71, 45 Adams, Mike, 59–61 stability and, 19–22 Adaptive control systems, 57–61, 77 U-2, 45 AGC (Apollo guidance computer), 259 X-1, 44, 46 Apollo 4 and, 174–175 X-15, 6 (see also X-15) Apollo 5 and, 175 Air-pressure gauges, 24 Apollo 7 and, 177 Aldrin, Edwin ‘‘Buzz,’’ 1–4, 8, 86 astronaut input and, 159 Eagle and, 217–232 -
In Memory of Astronaut Michael Collins Photo Credit
Gemini & Apollo Astronaut, BGEN, USAF, Ret, Test Pilot, and Author Dies at 90 The Astronaut Scholarship Foundation (ASF) is saddened to report the loss of space man Michael Collins BGEN, USAF, Ret., and NASA astronaut who has passed away on April 28, 2021 at the age of 90; he was predeceased by his wife of 56 years, Pat and his son Michael and is survived by their daughters Kate and Ann and many grandchildren. Collins is best known for being one of the crew of Apollo 11, the first manned mission to land humans on the moon. Michael Collins was born in Rome, Italy on October 31, 1930. In 1952 he graduated from West Point (same class as future fellow astronaut, Ed White) with a Bachelor of Science Degree. He joined the U.S. Air Force and was assigned to the 21st Fighter-Bomber Wing at George AFB in California. He subsequently moved to Europe when they relocated to Chaumont-Semoutiers AFB in France. Once during a test flight, he was forced to eject from an F-86 after a fire started behind the cockpit; he was safely rescued and returned to Chaumont. He was accepted into the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base in California. In 1960 he became a member of Class 60C which included future astronauts Frank Borman, Jim Irwin, and Tom Stafford. His inspiration to become an astronaut was the Mercury Atlas 6 flight of John Glenn and with this inspiration, he applied to NASA. In 1963 he was selected in the third group of NASA astronauts. -
Sky and Telescope
SkyandTelescope.com The Lunar 100 By Charles A. Wood Just about every telescope user is familiar with French comet hunter Charles Messier's catalog of fuzzy objects. Messier's 18th-century listing of 109 galaxies, clusters, and nebulae contains some of the largest, brightest, and most visually interesting deep-sky treasures visible from the Northern Hemisphere. Little wonder that observing all the M objects is regarded as a virtual rite of passage for amateur astronomers. But the night sky offers an object that is larger, brighter, and more visually captivating than anything on Messier's list: the Moon. Yet many backyard astronomers never go beyond the astro-tourist stage to acquire the knowledge and understanding necessary to really appreciate what they're looking at, and how magnificent and amazing it truly is. Perhaps this is because after they identify a few of the Moon's most conspicuous features, many amateurs don't know where Many Lunar 100 selections are plainly visible in this image of the full Moon, while others require to look next. a more detailed view, different illumination, or favorable libration. North is up. S&T: Gary The Lunar 100 list is an attempt to provide Moon lovers with Seronik something akin to what deep-sky observers enjoy with the Messier catalog: a selection of telescopic sights to ignite interest and enhance understanding. Presented here is a selection of the Moon's 100 most interesting regions, craters, basins, mountains, rilles, and domes. I challenge observers to find and observe them all and, more important, to consider what each feature tells us about lunar and Earth history. -
Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil Armstrong Broadcast from the Moon (July 21, 1969) Added to the National Registry: 2004 Essay by Cary O’Dell
Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil Armstrong Broadcast from the Moon (July 21, 1969) Added to the National Registry: 2004 Essay by Cary O’Dell “One small step for…” Though no American has stepped onto the surface of the moon since 1972, the exiting of the Earth’s atmosphere today is almost commonplace. Once covered live over all TV and radio networks, increasingly US space launches have been relegated to a fleeting mention on the nightly news, if mentioned at all. But there was a time when leaving the planet got the full attention it deserved. Certainly it did in July of 1969 when an American man, Neil Armstrong, became the first human being to ever step foot on the moon’s surface. The pictures he took and the reports he sent back to Earth stopped the world in its tracks, especially his eloquent opening salvo which became as famous and as known to most citizens as any words ever spoken. The mid-1969 mission of NASA’s Apollo 11 mission became the defining moment of the US- USSR “Space Race” usually dated as the period between 1957 and 1975 when the world’s two superpowers were competing to top each other in technological advances and scientific knowledge (and bragging rights) related to, truly, the “final frontier.” There were three astronauts on the Apollo 11 spacecraft, the US’s fifth manned spaced mission, and the third lunar mission of the Apollo program. They were: Neil Armstrong, Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin, and Michael Collins. The trio was launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida on July 16, 1969 at 1:32pm. -
The Moon Is a Harsh Chromatogram: the Most Strategic Knowledge Gap (Skg) at the Lunar Surface E
50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2132) 2766.pdf THE MOON IS A HARSH CHROMATOGRAM: THE MOST STRATEGIC KNOWLEDGE GAP (SKG) AT THE LUNAR SURFACE E. Patrick, R. Blase, M. Libardoni, Southwest Research Institute®, 6220 Culebra Rd., San Antonio, TX 78238 ([email protected]) Introduction: Data from analytical instruments de- a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GCMS) and ployed during multiple lunar missions, combined with revealed 97% of the composition in that mass channel laboratory results[1], suggest the regolith surface of the to be N2. Henderson et al.[5] also identified amino ac- Moon traps more volatiles in gas-surface interactions ids which were attributed to contamination, but results than is currently understood. We assert that the lunar from recent more sensitive LCMS and GCMS experi- surface behaves as a giant 3-D surface chromatogram, ments by Elsila et al.[1] found some amino acid and separating gas molecules by species as each wafts other organic signatures to be extraterrestrial in origin. across the regolith according to its mobility and ad- While these and other investigations suggest contami- sorption characteristics before eventually becoming nation from the Apollo spacecraft as a likely source for trapped. Herein we present supporting evicence for this a number of observed signatures[1,2,4,5], what is not claim. explained is the nature of the trapping mechanism for In gas chromatography (GC), components of a the N2 feature in 10086, and demonstrates gas retention sample are separated within a column according to from a gas that, under most circumstances, exhibits no their individual partitioning coefficients and by such retention at temperatures around 300 K[3]. -
March 21–25, 2016
FORTY-SEVENTH LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE CONFERENCE PROGRAM OF TECHNICAL SESSIONS MARCH 21–25, 2016 The Woodlands Waterway Marriott Hotel and Convention Center The Woodlands, Texas INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT Universities Space Research Association Lunar and Planetary Institute National Aeronautics and Space Administration CONFERENCE CO-CHAIRS Stephen Mackwell, Lunar and Planetary Institute Eileen Stansbery, NASA Johnson Space Center PROGRAM COMMITTEE CHAIRS David Draper, NASA Johnson Space Center Walter Kiefer, Lunar and Planetary Institute PROGRAM COMMITTEE P. Doug Archer, NASA Johnson Space Center Nicolas LeCorvec, Lunar and Planetary Institute Katherine Bermingham, University of Maryland Yo Matsubara, Smithsonian Institute Janice Bishop, SETI and NASA Ames Research Center Francis McCubbin, NASA Johnson Space Center Jeremy Boyce, University of California, Los Angeles Andrew Needham, Carnegie Institution of Washington Lisa Danielson, NASA Johnson Space Center Lan-Anh Nguyen, NASA Johnson Space Center Deepak Dhingra, University of Idaho Paul Niles, NASA Johnson Space Center Stephen Elardo, Carnegie Institution of Washington Dorothy Oehler, NASA Johnson Space Center Marc Fries, NASA Johnson Space Center D. Alex Patthoff, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cyrena Goodrich, Lunar and Planetary Institute Elizabeth Rampe, Aerodyne Industries, Jacobs JETS at John Gruener, NASA Johnson Space Center NASA Johnson Space Center Justin Hagerty, U.S. Geological Survey Carol Raymond, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Lindsay Hays, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Paul Schenk, -
The Apollo 11 Drive Tubes, 24 Mar 1978
THE APOLLO 11 DRIVE TUBES Dissection and description by Judith H. Allton 24 r~arch 1978 i' PROCEDURES AND METHODS OF STUDY 11.1.1 l. Lunar Surface Procedures and Sampling Rationale 1 .. ...... 2. Cari ng Hardware . ... .•. .. ..•.. ..... .... ...... ..... 3 3. Initial Processing in the BioPreparation Laboratory.. 3 4. Initial Weights and Sample Numbering •••••••••••••••• 3 5. Subsequent History of Handling •••••••••••••••••••••• 4 6. Allocations Prior to Final Dissection ••••••••••••••• 4 7. Dissection Procedure ..... ......................•.... 5 8. Compos i ti ona1 Descri ptions Used for >1 mm Fragments .. 6 9. Analysis of Data ......•..•.••.•...•••.••.•..••••••.. 6 10. 10004 Dissection Procedure Notes .................... 8 11. 10005 Dissection Procedure Notes •••••••••••••••••••• 9 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION •••••••••••••• 10 1. Preservation of Lunar Stratigraphy.................. 10 A. 10004 Initial Core Description ............... 10 B. 10005 Initial Core Description ••••••••••••••• 10 C. 10004 1977 Core Description ................. 11 D. 10005 1977 Core Description ••••••••••••••••• 12 2. Description of Units 10004 •••••••.••••••••••••••••• 14 3. Description of Units 10005 •••.••••••••••••••••••••• 16 4. Comparison of 10004 and 10005 .............. ...... .... 16 WORKS CITED IN TEXT ••••••••••••••••• 18 APPENDIX ..••••.•••.•••..••.•..•••••. 20 /' ' ____ II.l.i \\ \ II.l.ii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES IN TEXT Figure 1. Map of Landing Site ................................. 11.1.2 2. Core 10004 Designation of Intervals ••••••••••••••••• 7 3. Distribution of Some Rock Types in Core 10004 •••••.• 14 By Weight Content 4. Distribution of Some Rock Types in Core 10005 ...... 15 By Weight Content Table 1. Weight Percent Composition of >1 mm Fraction. 17 A Comparison of 10004 and 10005 APPENDIX Figure 5. Size Analysis of Apollo 11 Fines .................... 21 Table 2. Raw Data for Core 10004 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 22 3. Raw Data for Core 10005 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23 4. Drive Tube 10004 Sample Location Information ••••••• 24 5.