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Universidade De Brasília Instituto De Relações Internacionais Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Relações Internacionais UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS Luíza Gimenez Cerioli A RIVALIDADE ENTRE IRÃ E ARÁBIA SAUDITA ATRAVÉS DA TEORIA DOS PAPÉIS APÓS A PRIMAVERA ÁRABE: OS CASOS DO BAHRAIN E DO IÊMEN BRASÍLIA 2016 LUÍZA GIMENEZ CERIOLI A Rivalidade entre Irã e Arábia Saudita através da Teoria dos Papéis após a Primavera Árabe: os Casos do Bahrain e do Iêmen The Saudi-Iranian Rivalry in the Persian Gulf through the Lens of Role Theory: the cases of Bahrain’s and Yemen’s Arab Spring Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade de Brasília como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Relações Internacionais. Área de concentração: Política Internacional e Comparada Orientadora:Prof. Dra. Vânia Carvalho Pinto Brasília 2016 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA CERIOLI, Luíza Gimenez Título Completo:A RIVALIDADE ENTRE IRÃ E ARÁBIA SAUDITA ATRAVÉS DA TEORIA DOS PAPÉIS APÓS A PRIMAVERA ÁRABE: OS CASOS DO BAHRAIN E DO IÊMEN/ Luíza Gimenez Cerioli – Brasília, 2016. 110 f. Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade de Brasília como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Relações Internacionais. Área de concentração: Política Internacional e Comparada. Orientadora:Dra. Vânia Carvalho Pinto 1. Irã; 2. Arábia Saudita; 3. Teoria dos Papéis; 4. Bahrain; 5. Iêmen; 6. Primavera Árabe. Luíza Gimenez Cerioli A Rivalidade entre Irã e Arábia Saudita através da Teoria dos Papéis após a Primavera Árabe: os Casos do Bahrain e do Iêmen Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade de Brasília como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Relações Internacionais. Área de concentração: Política Internacional e Comparada Aprovado em: __/__/____ COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA _________________________________ Prof. Dra. Vânia Carvalho Pinto Instituto de Relações Internacionais - Universidade de Brasília Orientadora _________________________________ Prof. Dr. Alcides Vaz Costa Instituto de Relações Internacionais - Universidade de Brasília Examinador _________________________________ Prof. Dra. Cecília Baeza Rodriguez Fundação Getúlio Vargas e Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo Examinadora _________________________________ Prof. Dra. Tânia Maria Pechir Gomes Manzur Instituto de Relações Internacionais - Universidade de Brasília Examinadora Suplente AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente, gostaria de agradecer à Universidade Nacional de Brasília e ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico por terem me disponibilizado o espaço e os meios para desenvolver meu mestrado e minha pesquisa. É essencial agradecer imensamente à professora Vânia, que me guiou com incrível dedicação nesses dois anos de UnB, não somente como orientadora de dissertação, mas também como uma conselheira pessoal. Encontrei nela um alento e um modelo profissional que me inspira a ser mais feliz com minha escolha acadêmica. Eternamente grata aos meus pais, a força e o estímulo diário que recebo dos dois é, ao mesmo tempo, segurança e combustível para seguir buscando o melhor de mim. Grata também à existência dos meus três irmãos de outras vidas, Isadora, Pedro e Mirela. O carinho, o amor, a amizade e as risadas de vocês são provas que distância é só algo físico. E, finalmente, obrigada Brasília, por essa recepção tão maravilhosa. Obrigada pelas amigas e amigos fantásticos que me deste e que foram essenciais para que minha estadia aqui fosse tão deliciosa, tranquila e amorosa. Sou muito grata por ter tido a oportunidade de ter conhecido essas pessoas que admiro tanto. Todo o esforço desse trabalho é dedicado à minha querida vó Lourdes, que deveria estar aqui me assistindo. RESUMO A República Islâmica do Irã e o Reino da Arábia Saudita são atores que rivalizam por liderança e por influência no Golfo Pérsico. Essa competição por predominância regional é de longa data, porém se tornou especialmente significativa após a Primavera Árabe, termo que se refere a uma série de manifestações populares no Oriente Médio iniciadasnos últimos meses de 2010. Essa rivalidade é estimulada por divisões regionais políticas, religiosas e identitárias, que são capitalizadas por Teerã e Riad para expandir sua influência no Golfo. Assim, o objetivo dessa dissertação é compreender tal competição através de uma abordagem construtivista de Relações Internacionais, aplicando a Teoria dos Papéis para analisar o comportamento iraniano e o saudita nos casos da Primavera Árabe no Bahrain e no Iêmen. Osestudos de caso foram escolhidos por serem os únicos do Golfo em que ocorreram conflitos armados e por serem considerados guerrasproxy entre Irã e Arábia Saudita, nas quais os sauditas apoiam os governos e os iranianos, os manifestantes. Sugere-se aqui que Teerã e Riad projetam papéis nacionais específicos que são relevantes para a análise de suas políticas externas, como o papel de bastião das revoluções para os iranianos e o de agente anti-instabilidade para os sauditas. A Teoria dos Papéis pondera que os Estados atuam de acordo com seus diversos papéis, que são construções cognitivas dos tomadores de decisão de qual identidade estatal o país deve projetar no sistema internacional. Dessa maneira, nesta dissertação objetiva-se compreender as reações sauditas e iranianas nesses dois casos através da análise de seus papéis nacionais. Como conclusão, busca-se encontrar um melhor entendimento da dinâmica de rivalidade regional do Golfo através de uma abordagem teórica pouco utilizada nesses estudos. Palavras-chave: Irã.Arábia Saudita. Teoria dos Papéis. Bahrain. Iêmen.Primavera Árabe. ABSTRACT The Islamic Republic of Iran and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are the main actors rivaling for leadership and influence in the Persian Gulf. Suchcompetition for regional hegemony is long-standing, but it has become especially significant with the Arab Spring, which was a series of uprisings that began to shake the Middle East in late 2010. This rivalry is being fueled by religious,political and identity divisions that are exploited by both Tehran and Riyadh. Therefore, the objective of this dissertation is to understand this competition through aConstructivistapproach of International Relations, by applying Role Theory to analyze the Iranian and Saudi behaviors in the cases of the Arab Spring in Bahrain and Yemen.Both case studies were chosen for being the only events in the Gulf in which armed conflicts happened, as well as for being considered proxy wars, whereby Iranians are said to be backing the protesters and the Saudis thegovernment leaders. It is suggested that these countries project specific national roles that are relevant to the analysis of their foreign policy, such as thebastion of revolutions role for Tehran and the anti-instability agent for Riyadh. Role theory considers that states act according to their many national roles, which are cognitive constructions of what decisionmakers believe their nation should stand for in the international system. Hence, in this dissertation, I aim to understand Saudi Arabia’sand Iran’s reactions to thoseArab Spring uprisings throughout their national roles, which are, when analyzed in context, a representation of the national identity each country chooses to project. As a conclusion, a better understanding of the region’s competition for hegemony should be achieved by using a theoretical standpoint that is rarely employed. Keywords: Iran. Saudi Arabia. Role Theory. Bahrain. Yemen. Arab Spring. LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Figura I – Papéis Iranianos Rivalizam com Papéis Sauditas 48 Figura II – PapéisSauditas Rivalizam com Papéis Iranianos 48 LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela I - Papéis Tradicionais do Irã 46 Tabela II - Papéis Tradicionais da Arábia Saudita47 Tabela III – Papéis Iranianos no Caso do Bahrain67 Tabela IV – Papéis Sauditas no Caso do Bahrain68 Tabela V – Papéis Iranianos no Caso do Iêmen88 Tabela VI – Papéis Sauditas no caso do Iêmen89 Tabela VII – Resumo dos Papéis do Irã94 Tabela VIII – Resumo dos Papéis da Arábia Saudita95 LISTA DE SIGLAS APE Análise de Política Externa AQPA Al’Qaeda da Península Árabe ARAMCO Arabian American Oil Company BICI Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry CCG Conselho de Cooperação do Golfo EUA Estados Unidos da América GPC General People’sCongress IFLB Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain JMP Joint Meeting Parties OCI Organização para a Cooperação Islâmica ONU Organização das Nações Unidas OPEP Organização dos Países Exportadores de Petróleo P5+1 (grupo de negociações) EUA, França, Reino Unido, China, Rússia e Alemanha PSF PeninsulaShield Force URSS União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................................... 11 1. A TEORIA DOS PAPÉIS: OPERACIONALIZAÇÃO E METODOLOGIA ............ 20 2. OS PAPÉIS NACIONAIS DO IRÃ E DA ARÁBIA SAUDITA NA RIVALIDADE DO GOLFO PÉRSICO ........................................................................................................ 28 2.1 As concepções nacionais de papéis do Irã ................................................................. 28 2.1.1 Líder regional ...................................................................................................... 28 2.1.2 Defensor da fé ..................................................................................................... 31 2.1.3 Bastião das revoluções .......................................................................................
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