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Laboratorio Favela Violencia Y Política En Río De Janeiro

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Laboratorio Favela Violencia Y Política En Río De Janeiro Laboratorio Favela Violencia y política en Río de Janeiro Textos, discursos y cronología de Marielle Franco Franco, Marielle Marielle Franco : Laboratorio favela / Marielle Franco. - 1a ed. - Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires : Tinta Limón, 2020. 186 p. ; 20 x 14 cm. ISBN 978-987-3687-62-4 1. Militancia Política. 2. Urbanización. 3. Sociología. I. Título. CDD 322.4 © Herederas de Marielle Franco © De la edición Tinta Limón Toda ganancia que pudiera generarse a partir de la venta de esta publicación será destina- da a la familia de Marielle Franco. Traducción, corrección, transcripción de los discursos y edición de los textos: Santiago Sburlatti, Gabriela Mendoza, Josefina Payró, Julia Rigueiro, Andrés Bracony y Diego Picotto. Traducción: “Después del golpe”, José María Amoroto Salido; “Ser mujer negra es resis- tir…”, Pilar Troya Corrección: Mariano Pedrosa Corrección de galeras: Lucila Chiovoloni Diseño de cubierta: Diego Maxi Posadas. Diseño de interiores: Juan Pablo Fernandez Diagramación: Florencia Ayelén Medina Fotos de cubierta: Joana Diniz (tapa), Thales Renato (contratapa), ambos de Mídia NINJA bajo licencia CC BY-NC 3.0 BR www.tintalimon.com.ar Queda hecho el depósito que marca la ley 11.723 Atribución-No Comercial-Sin Obras Derivadas 2.5 Argentina Laboratorio Favela Violencia y política en Río de Janeiro Textos, discursos y cronología de Marielle Franco Índice Palabras previas. Brasil y el fin del pacto democrático..............................9 UPP: La reducción de la favela a tres letras Nota a la presente edición............................................................................19 Lista de siglas y abreviaturas......................................................................22 UPP. La reducción de la favela a tres letras: un análisis de la política de seguridad pública en el estado de Río de Janeiro ................................25 Introducción.................................................................................................29 Capítulo 2......................................................................................................37 Capítulo 3.......................................................................................................83 Capítulo 4....................................................................................................107 Consideraciones finales..............................................................................119 Referencias bibliográficas..........................................................................125 Posfacio de Vera Malagutti Batista.............................................................133 Ser militante mujer, negra, lesbiana, favelada y concejala ¡Yo soy porque nosotras somos!.................................................................139 Haciendo diferente y haciendo diferencia...............................................140 Primer discurso en la Cámara Municipal...............................................142 Después del golpe. Movilicemos la creatividad política de las favelas brasileñas..............................................................................................145 “Ser mujer negra es resistir y sobrevivir todo el tiempo”.......................152 Favelada y concejala: historia de vida y práctica parlamentaria .............154 Decimos no al distritão..............................................................................163 ¿”Pacificación” para quién?.......................................................................165 Discurso en la Cámara Municipal sobre la Intervención Federal..........169 Discuros en la Cámara Municipal el Día Internacional de la Mujer......170 Últimas palabras.........................................................................................173 Cronología de Marielle Franco. Vida pública y contexto político.............177 Palabras previas Brasil y el fin del pacto democrático Tinta Limón “¿Cuántos más tendrán que morir para que esta guerra termine?” M.F. Dos años pasaron del asesinato de Marielle Franco. Veinticuatro meses desde que una mujer negra nacida y criada en una de las favelas más grande de Río de Janeiro, militante y lesbiana fue asesinada de tres tiros en la cabeza por un sicario la noche del 14 de marzo, cuando vol- vía de una actividad política como concejala de la Asamblea Legislativa. Junto a ella fue asesinado, también, el conductor del auto en el que viaja- ban, Anderson Pedro Gomes. La propia Fiscal General de la Nación denuncia, en septiembre de 2019, que la investigación es constantemente falseada, desviada de sus autores intelectuales y de las motivaciones del crimen. Fuerzas policiales y/o parapoliciales amenazan y matan a sospechosos y testigos. Políticos, comisarios y abogados montan “puestas en escena” que enturbian la investigación. Las corporaciones mediáticas hacen sus cálculos y aprie- tes. El mismo presidente Jair Bolsonaro y sus hijos aparecen vinculados 9 directamente con el asesinato. A dos años del doble crimen muchas preguntas siguen sin respuesta: ¿quién mandó a matar a la quinta concejala más votada de Río de Janeiro? ¿A qué intereses responden los autores materiales del hecho, Ronnie Lessa y Élcio Vieira de Queiroz, ex policías enrolados en el grupo paramilitar Escritorio do crime? ¿Cuál es el vínculo personal y político entre el jefe de esta milicia, Adriano Magalhães da Nóbrega, asesinado en febrero de 2020 por la policía Militar, y Flavio Bolsonaro, senador e hijo mayor del Presidente? MARIELLE FRANCO LABORATORIO FAVELA. VIOLENCIA Y POLÍTICA EN RÍO DE JANEIRO El tiempo transcurrido no hace más que confirmar aquello que Marielle venía denunciando públicamente: el ostensible incremento de la violencia institucional, en especial, por parte de los batallones de la policía militar (BOPE) y el crecimiento de las grupos parapoliciales, conformadas centralmente por agentes y ex agentes de las fuerzas de seguridad. La violencia en Río de Janeiro, como en el resto de Brasil, se recrudece y los asesinatos en manos de las fuerzas de seguridad tocan sus máximos históricos. La policía militar asesinó a 434 personas en los pri- meros cuatro meses de 2019, un año que comenzó con la incorporación del control aéreo de las favelas mediante helicópteros y francotiradores, que disparan a matar a distancia. En las zonas pobres de Río de Janeiro se vive un estado de sitio per- manente. Las víctimas de la policía brasileña son hombres (99%) jóve- nes (78%) negros (75%), en su gran mayoría asesinados por “resistencia a la autoridad” con disparos en la nuca. La expectativa de vida de un joven negro en una favela es de 24 años. El racismo y la guerra social son inocultables. Completa este cuadro la violencia contra las mujeres: 11 mujeres son asesinadas por día en Brasil y 13 violadas por día en el Estado de Río de Janeiro, según advertía la propia Marielle días antes de su asesinato. Laboratorio Favela es al mismo tiempo una denuncia sobre el carác- ter punitivista que fue adquiriendo el Estado y el violento accionar de las fuerzas de seguridad sobre las poblaciones pobres. Una política que habilita la suspensión de derechos básicos de la población de la favela, y simultáneamente sostiene y refuerza todos los estigmas que asocia a esta población con la delincuencia. 10 La “cidade maravilhosa” es también un ejemplo brutal del modo depredador en que la fuerza extractiva del capital avanza sobre la ciu- dad y sus pobladores. Un plan que permite el máximo de negocios (inmobiliarios, turísticos, deportivos) hasta dejarla exhausta y quebra- da financieramente. Esta ciudad exhausta y quebrada está intervenida militarmente desde 2018, luego de una década de control poblacional de las favelas. *** LABORATORIO FAVELA. VIOLENCIA Y POLÍTICA EN RÍO DE JANEIRO MARIELLE FRANCO El cuerpo central de esta publicación está compuesto por la investi- gación política hecha por Marielle Franco en el 2013, en una “coyuntura caliente”, como señala su colega y amiga Lia de Mattos Rocha. Ese año debían instalarse las Unidades de Policía de Pacificación (UPP) en el Complexo da Maré, una agresiva política de seguridad puesta en práctica por el estado de Río de Janeiro desde 2008 que “criminalizan la pobreza y que tienen como hipótesis que los habitantes de las favelas son cómpli- ces o, por lo menos, conniventes con el crimen”. Dicha investigación fue presentada por Marielle como tesis en la Maestría en Administración en la Universidad Federal Fluminense. El Batallón de Operaciones Policiales Especiales (BOPE) es la tropa de élite de la policía militar de Río de Janeiro, el pilar sobre el que se yergue el “nuevo” modelo de seguridad pública que busca aproximar la policía a la población hasta hacerla cumplir funciones sociales y comunitarias. Esta política importada desde Colombia, se inscribe en el paradigma de “guerra contra las drogas”. La “pacificación” implica un shock de orden inicial: policías militares ocupan violentamente los territorios de las favelas como modo de erra- dicar al crimen organizado, vinculado mayormente al tráfico de armas y drogas. Su presencia continua en las favelas vuelve a esta fuerza poli- cial la responsable de regular y garantizar el orden. La violencia extre- ma es su principal recurso: casi cinco personas son asesinadas por día por la policía, en Río de Janeiro, según datos del Instituto de Seguridad Pública (ISP). Estas políticas de ocupación territorial que criminalizan a la pobla- ción de la favela se complementan con la detención y encarcelamiento 11 masivo de personas, jóvenes negros en su abrumadora mayoría.
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