Big picture on feasibility of geologic carbon storage in

Ajay Kumar Singh CSIR-CIMFR, , India [email protected]

Workshop on Carbon Capture, Storage and Re-Use in India IIT Bombay, Mumbai 30 September 2016 Contents of Presentation

• Who we are • Introduction

• Potential CO2 storage reservoirs — Oil reservoirs — Coal seams — Saline Aquifers — Basalt Formations • Conclusions Who We Are?

• CIMFR is a constituent unit of CSIR, India, an autonomous body funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. • CIMFR’s objectives are to provide scientific and technological inputs to mineral sector for optimization of mining technologies for better safety, economy, conservation and environmental management. Contents of Presentation

• Who we are • Introduction

• Potential CO2 storage reservoirs — Oil reservoirs — Coal seams — Saline Aquifers — Basalt Formations • Conclusions What is CCS? CCS is a 3-step process:

1. Capturing CO2 at source. 2. Transportation (usually pipelines) 3. Storage (Geologic storage) Geologic Storage of Carbon

The potential geologic storage reservoirs in India are: 1. Depleted oil & gas reservoirs/EOR or EGR 2. Un-mineable coal seams 3. Deep saline aquifers 4. Basalt formations Contents of Presentation

• Who we are • Introduction

• Potential CO2 storage reservoirs — Oil reservoirs — Coal seams — Saline Aquifers — Basalt Formations • Conclusions CO2 Storage in depleted oil/gas reservoirs Depending on pressure of injection, it can be miscible or immiscible:

Miscible CO2-EOR: The CO2 mixes with the crude oil, oil swells and its viscosity is reduced. The reservoir pressure is also maintained. Extra crude oil in the reservoir to flow easily towards the production wells for its recovery.

Immiscible CO2-EOR: When CO2 is used to re-pressure the depleted reservoir as a sweep gas to move oil towards the production well. Oil and Gas Fields in India There are three proven oil and gas fields in India: 1. Assam and the Assam-Arakan Fold Belt 2. KG and Cauvery Basins 3. Mumbai/Cambay/ Barmer/Jaisalmer basin area Need for EOR

• Crude oil production for the year 2014 was 37.54 MMT as against production of 38.24 MMT in 2011, showing a decrease over the last couple of years. • Only about 27% of the oil in- place is being produced economically.

Natural gas production was 34.106 BCM in 2014 which is 56% lower than the production of 53.328 BCM in 2010 Indian Case study: Monitoring of thermal front in Balol oil field • There is no case study available for any Indian oil field

with CO2 injection. • However, thermal recovery technique (in-situ combustion)

similar to CO2 injection, has been successfully attempted.

Source: Dimri V.P., Presentation, Int. Conf. CCS-2008 •ONGC has an CO Pipeline from 2 First row of oil Producer. approved CO -EOR Hazira Plant 2 To be closed after reaching project at GOR of 500 v/v Ankleshwar in Gujarat. Second row of oil Producer. To be •Source of CO2 continued on production till GOR ONGC gas reaches 500 v/v processing

CO Injector complex at Hazira. 2

•Theoretical studies CO moves through 2 formation mobilizing have indicated an residual oil by swelling, vaporization and reduction in residual oil incremental oil saturation Ankleshwar Sands S : 69.33 MMt recovery of 5 % 3+4 Waterflood Recovery : 54% over 35 years Envisaged Tertiary Recovery : 5-7% besides the potential to sequester 5 to 10

million tons of CO2 Source: Suresh Kumar, Abstract, IWCCS-07 Contents of Presentation

• Who we are • Introduction

• Potential CO2 storage reservoirs — Oil reservoirs — Coal seams — Saline Aquifers — Basalt Formations • Conclusions Coal

Ancient Sunlight Indian Coal production Indian Coal and lignite Production stood around 677 million ton in 2015

Source: Office of Coal Controller Total Estimated Reserves of 306.60 BT as on 1.4.2015

Source: Geological Survey of India, 2015 68° 72° 76° 80° 84° 88° 92° 96°

36° 36°

Sr nagar COALFIELDS AND LIGNITE OCCURRENCES 1% 2 4 OF

79 99 I N D I A QUALITY-WISE VARIATION OF 32° 350 0 350 km 32° 24% NON-COKING COAL OVER 76% 4% S%mla MAJOR GONDWANA COALFIELDS % Chand garh OF INDIA % Dehradun Singrauli 96% 31%

New %Delhi 28° 69% 23 28° 8 5 1 6 12 2 8 1 33 4 1 0 Ita24n%agar 4 1 Tatapani Gangtok 25 15 % 1 2 1 55 2 21 30 26 66 1 Jai%pur 2 4 2 8 7 26 Luck%now 2 8 3 7 3 6 35 30 2 Dis%pur 3 3 9 39 32 0 33 35 Kohima 34 22 202 % Shillong1 36 19 41%4 12 1 115 2 11 Patna 2 17 161 1 % 1 1 1 Imp%hal

24° 37 27 24° 39 38 32 41 49 47 34 31 44 44 30 43 43 33 28 %Agartala 40 51 % 45 46 49 29 48 46 39 38 42 49 52 45 41 37 35 Aizawl 48 47 50 42 40 # 0 50 Gandh%inagar 53 36 51 54 55 56 % Bho%pal 57 0 62 6 8 Ranchi 7 59 6 64 77 Kol%kata 5 66 7 5 53 52 6 54

7 Raipur % 8 7 48% 52%

20° 7 Bhubaneswar 20° % 5%

1 Mumbai Raniganj 49% 51% % Superior Non-Coking 95% 26% Pench-Kanhan 69 Hyderabad % 0 3% Talcher 74% 55 69 68 67 Inferior Non-Coking 16° S.Karanpura 16°

38% % Panaji 8% 97% 62% 92% Ib-River Sohagpur Korba 19% Bang%alore Chennai% 56 31% 57 12° 81% 12° Pondicherry% 69% 66 8% 65 63 64 62 Kamptee 10% 60 61 Hasdo-Arand 59 92% 90% 25% 58 75% Mand-Raigarh Tiruvanantapuram . t p Wardha % 8° Godavari 8° 72° 76° 80° 84° 88° 92° Coal - a porous rock Production of CBM, What really happens? Typical CBM Well in Production

Gas Water What about Enhanced Gas Recovery ?!?

120

100

80

60

% Gas in Place in Gas % 40

20

0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Reservoir Pressure (psi) SUBSTANTIAL RESOURCE NOT MINEABLE ~ SURFACE CONSTRAINTS, SAFETY AND TECHNOLOGICAL REASONS

21% OF NET IN-SITU PROVED RESOURCE EXTRACTABLE WITHIN PRESENT MINING TECHNOLOGY (SOURCE CMPDI, Ranchi) EMERGING POSSIBILITIES OF EXPLOITING CBM and ECBM

requires Characterisation of resource on chemical and petrographic parameters at exploration stage for Optimal utilisation of resource both at short and long term perspective POSSIBLE AREAS FOR DEEPER (>300M) LEVEL COAL RESOURCE

Eastern part of Western part of Ib-River &

Westcentral part of Mand-Raigarh Coalfield

Central part of main basin,

Eastern part of Birbhum-

Eastern part of Pench-Kanhan Coalfield

central part of north Godavari Coalfield GEOLOGICAL MAP OF TALCHER C F

SCALE

DEEPER LEVEL

Quarternary deposits Laterite Kamthi Formation Barren Measures Barakar Formation Karharbari Formation Talchir Formation Metamorphics Fault Intermediate & Deeper level

Shahdol

Anuppur GEOLOGICAL MAPGEOLOGIC AOFL MAP ORAJMAHALF RAJMAHAL AND BIRBHUM C-OABIRBHUMLFIELDS COALFIELDS JHARKHAND AND WEST BENGAL Dighi-Dharampur area 87° 00' 87° 10' 87° 20' 87° 30' 87° 40' 87° 50' 88° 00' 10 0 10 k m (Northern Extn. Hura 25° 20' 25° 20' RJKS-3A Pirpainti RS. Sahibganj Kahalgaon Bara Total 10-15 seams 25° 10' 25° 10' 7 – 8 coal seams 93.60 of 6 – 15m thick 109.90 Rajmahal RS.

25° 00' Phulberia 25° 00' Simra

Berhait

Brahmani-Birbhum basin –Hansdiha southeastern part 24° 50' 24° 50' 320.17 322.03 3.39 III 350.72 9.64 Total > 15 seams 372.97 24° 40' 24° 40' 7.48 II 2 – 4 coal seams URMA- 10.76 of 5 – 7m thick PAHARITOLA 436.64 1.16 481.43 2.90 I 24° 30' 24° 30' Gopikandar CHAUDHAR- 517.00 GARIAPANI 6.00 Katikund Ongoing blocks Completed blocks Saldaha 539.45 Proposed block 24° 20' 24°20 ' 541.55 Dumka SAHARPUR- 1.00 JAMARPANI LEGEND

Alluvium KULKULIDANGAL- Rampurhat 606.50 Rajmahal Formation SITASAL BORTALA- 608.50 24° 10' Upper Gondwanas MATHURAPUR 24° 10' Fatehpur Low er Gondwanas RAMPUR- MALLARPUR Metamorphics Khargram

87° 00' 87° 10' 87° 20' 87° 30' 87° 40' 87° 50' 88° 00'

Deeper level

FORMATION THICKNESS COAL SEAMS No Thickness Intrusives Raniganj 725m 22 (0.1m-4.7m) Barren Measures 850m Barakar 1130m 46 (0.3m-33.0m) Talchir 225m Basement -- Deeper level

FORMATION THICKNESS COAL SEAMS No Thickness Mahadeva 500m Panchet 600m Raniganj 600m 7 (0.4m-3.0m) Barren Measures 500m Barakar 1000m 26 (0.4m-63.9m) Talchir 80m Basement -- Deeper level NORTH KARANPURA COALFIELD

FORMATION THICKNESS COAL SEAMS No Thickness Mahadeva 165m Panchet 225m Raniganj 400m thin bands Barren Measures 385m Barakar 500m 5 (0.5m-35.2m) Karharbari 200m 1 (0.5m-10.5m) Talchir 180m Basement -- SOUTH KARANPURA COALFIELD

Deeper level

FORMATION THICKNESS COAL SEAMS No Thickness Raniganj 360m 7 (0.8m-3.3m) Barren Measures 385m Barakar 1050m 42 (0.5m-54.2m) Talchir 180m Basement -- Comparative Adsorption of CO2 and CH4

• Studies conducted so far supports stronger

affinity of CO2 to the coal molecule. • 2 to 3 molecules of CO2 may displace one molecule of methane • It means carbon dioxide is preferentially adsorbed onto the coal structure over methane (2:1 ratio). • Methane sorption capacity for Indian coals has been investigated by CIMFR.

• Understanding controls on CO2 and CH4 adsorption in coals is important for the modeling

of both CO2 sequestration and CBM production. Methane adsorption

30 60 90 120 Pressure kg/cm2 Carbon dioxide adsorption

15 30 45 60 75 Pressure kg/cm2 Contents of Presentation

• Who we are • Introduction

• Potential CO2 storage reservoirs — Oil reservoirs — Coal seams — Saline Aquifers — Basalt Formations • Conclusions Saline Aquifers

STATE AREA SQ.KM

Punjab 3509

Haryana 9166

Uttar Pradesh 29909

Rajasthan 106618

Source: Bhandari A.K., Presentation, Int. Conf. CCS-2008 Deep Saline Aquifers in India

• The Department of Science and Technology, India has conducted studies aiming at identification of deep underground saline

aquifers and their suitability for CO2 sequestration in Sedimentary basins of India namely Ganga, Rajasthan and Vindhyan basins.

• The Central Ground Water Board and Geological Survey of India have established the presence of saline aquifers up to depths of ≥ 300m below ground level in the Ganga basin.

• Deep Resistivity studies carried out at 9 sites around New Delhi have shown the presence of saline aquifers at depths of 800m and beyond, around Palwal and Tumsara.

ICOSAR Bulletin, Vol. 2 Source: Bhandari A.K., Presentation, Int. Conf. CCS-2008 • A tract of high salinity spread over an area of over 8600 km2 occurs in the western part covering Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Agra and Mathura districts. • The intercepted 60-110 m thick zone saturated with brackish water within the upper Bhander sandstone of Vindhya super group occurring at depth of 700- 920 m bgl confined from Chattikara in the south to Chatta in the north can be a potential storage site which warrants further studies.

Source: Bhandari A.K., Presentation, Int. Conf. CCS-2008 Contents of Presentation

• Who we are • Introduction

• Potential CO2 storage reservoirs — Oil reservoirs — Coal seams — Saline Aquifers — Basalt Formations • Conclusions Basalts for CO2 storage Deccan Basalts cover an area of 500x103 sq. km. and form one of the largest flood eruptions in the world.  The thickness of basalts varies from few hundreds of meters to > 1.5 km.  Basalts provide solid cap rocks and thus

high level of integrity for CO2 storage.

 Basalts react with CO2 and convert the CO2 into the mineral carbonates that means high level of security.  Intertrappeans between basalt flows provide major porosity and permeability along with vescicular, brecciated zones with in the flows.  Tectonically the traps are considered to be stable.  Geophysical studies have revealed presence of thick Mesozoic and Source: Charan S.N., et al. Presentation, Int. Conf. CCS-2008 Gondwana sediments below the Deccan Traps. Geological CO2 Sequestration in Basalt Formations of India: A Pilot Study

Objective: Evaluation of Basalt Formations of India for environmentally safe and irreversible long time

storage of CO2.

PARTNERS INDIA: National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR), India USA: Battelle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA Deccan basalts vs Columbia River basalts

 The most common flow type of the Deccan Trap and Columbia River Basalt is the Pahoeho sheet flows. Due to the lesser viscosity and less strain it forms large horizontal sheets.  Both Deccan Flood Basalts and Columbia River Basalts are tholeiitic (cinopyroxene and plagioclase) in nature and the eruptions are of fissure type.  Both are continental basalts. Columbia River Basalt is fully continental and Deccan Traps are partly continental.  Both the basaltic flows have traveled as much as 300 to 500 km from their sources.  Chemical composition of both the basalts are similar . The Indian study will globally establish basalt

formation as a potential storage site for CO2.

Source: Charan S.N., et al. Presentation, Int. Conf. CCS-2008 Overview of theoretical estimates of CO2 storage capacity in India

All figures are in Gigatons Contents of Presentation

• Who we are • Introduction

• Potential CO2 storage reservoirs — Oil reservoirs — Coal seams — Saline Aquifers — Basalt Formations • Conclusion Conclusion

•Carbon capture and storage research offers an opportunity to mitigate global concerns about climate change and sustainable future.

• CO2 storage R&D is still in early stage in India and developing cost effective technologies for CCS are the major challenges to the scientist and researchers.

•The environmental risks involved in the storage of CO2 particularly in geological formations have to be evaluated in detail by monitoring and modeling in terms of long term stability.

•Funding mechanisms to support R&D projects for CCS have to be evaluated. 0.5% cess on power generation in the line of oil cess may be good enough to sustain the same. The cess can be operated by Energy Security Development Board, under the aegis of Ministry of Power, Government of India. ‘If every country was to spend just 2-3% of their GDP, the impact of possible global climate change could be mitigated’ - R.K.Pachauri, Economic Times Corp. Excellence Award for 2006-07, New Delhi (29th Oct., 2007) THANK YOU