Big picture on feasibility of geologic carbon storage in India Ajay Kumar Singh CSIR-CIMFR, Dhanbad, India [email protected] Workshop on Carbon Capture, Storage and Re-Use in India IIT Bombay, Mumbai 30 September 2016 Contents of Presentation • Who we are • Introduction • Potential CO2 storage reservoirs — Oil reservoirs — Coal seams — Saline Aquifers — Basalt Formations • Conclusions Who We Are? • CIMFR is a constituent unit of CSIR, India, an autonomous body funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. • CIMFR’s objectives are to provide scientific and technological inputs to mineral sector for optimization of mining technologies for better safety, economy, conservation and environmental management. Contents of Presentation • Who we are • Introduction • Potential CO2 storage reservoirs — Oil reservoirs — Coal seams — Saline Aquifers — Basalt Formations • Conclusions What is CCS? CCS is a 3-step process: 1. Capturing CO2 at source. 2. Transportation (usually pipelines) 3. Storage (Geologic storage) Geologic Storage of Carbon The potential geologic storage reservoirs in India are: 1. Depleted oil & gas reservoirs/EOR or EGR 2. Un-mineable coal seams 3. Deep saline aquifers 4. Basalt formations Contents of Presentation • Who we are • Introduction • Potential CO2 storage reservoirs — Oil reservoirs — Coal seams — Saline Aquifers — Basalt Formations • Conclusions CO2 Storage in depleted oil/gas reservoirs Depending on pressure of injection, it can be miscible or immiscible: Miscible CO2-EOR: The CO2 mixes with the crude oil, oil swells and its viscosity is reduced. The reservoir pressure is also maintained. Extra crude oil in the reservoir to flow easily towards the production wells for its recovery. Immiscible CO2-EOR: When CO2 is used to re-pressure the depleted reservoir as a sweep gas to move oil towards the production well. Oil and Gas Fields in India There are three proven oil and gas fields in India: 1. Assam and the Assam-Arakan Fold Belt 2. KG and Cauvery Basins 3. Mumbai/Cambay/ Barmer/Jaisalmer basin area Need for EOR • Crude oil production for the year 2014 was 37.54 MMT as against production of 38.24 MMT in 2011, showing a decrease over the last couple of years. • Only about 27% of the oil in- place is being produced economically. Natural gas production was 34.106 BCM in 2014 which is 56% lower than the production of 53.328 BCM in 2010 Indian Case study: Monitoring of thermal front in Balol oil field • There is no case study available for any Indian oil field with CO2 injection. • However, thermal recovery technique (in-situ combustion) similar to CO2 injection, has been successfully attempted. Source: Dimri V.P., Presentation, Int. Conf. CCS-2008 •ONGC has an CO Pipeline from 2 First row of oil Producer. approved CO -EOR Hazira Plant 2 To be closed after reaching project at GOR of 500 v/v Ankleshwar in Gujarat. Second row of oil Producer. To be •Source of CO2 continued on production till GOR ONGC gas reaches 500 v/v processing CO Injector complex at Hazira. 2 •Theoretical studies CO moves through 2 formation mobilizing have indicated an residual oil by swelling, vaporization and reduction in residual oil incremental oil saturation Ankleshwar Sands S : 69.33 MMt recovery of 5 % 3+4 Waterflood Recovery : 54% over 35 years Envisaged Tertiary Recovery : 5-7% besides the potential to sequester 5 to 10 million tons of CO2 Source: Suresh Kumar, Abstract, IWCCS-07 Contents of Presentation • Who we are • Introduction • Potential CO2 storage reservoirs — Oil reservoirs — Coal seams — Saline Aquifers — Basalt Formations • Conclusions Coal Ancient Sunlight Indian Coal production Indian Coal and lignite Production stood around 677 million ton in 2015 Source: Office of Coal Controller Total Estimated Reserves of coal in India 306.60 BT as on 1.4.2015 Source: Geological Survey of India, 2015 68° 72° 76° 80° 84° 88° 92° 96° 36° 36° Sr nagar COALFIELDS AND LIGNITE OCCURRENCES 1% 2 4 OF 79 99 I N D I A QUALITY-WISE VARIATION OF 32° 350 0 350 km 32° 24% NON-COKING COAL OVER 76% 4% S%mla MAJOR GONDWANA COALFIELDS % Chand garh Rajmahal OF INDIA % Dehradun Singrauli 96% 31% New %Delhi 28° 69% 23 28° 8 5 1 6 12 2 8 1 33 4 1 0 Ita24n%agar 4 1 Tatapani Gangtok 25 15 % 1 2 1 55 2 21 30 26 66 1 Jai%pur 2 4 2 8 7 26 Luck%now 2 8 3 7 3 6 35 30 2 Dis%pur 3 3 9 39 32 0 33 35 Kohima 34 22 202 % Shillong1 36 19 41%4 12 1 115 2 11 Patna 2 17 161 1 % 1 1 1 Imp%hal 24° 37 27 24° 39 38 32 41 49 47 34 31 44 44 30 43 43 33 28 %Agartala 40 51 % 45 46 49 29 48 46 39 38 42 49 52 45 41 37 35 Aizawl 48 47 50 42 40 # 0 50 Gandh%inagar 53 36 51 54 55 56 % Bho%pal 57 0 62 6 8 Ranchi 7 59 6 64 77 Kol%kata 5 66 7 5 53 52 6 54 7 Raipur % 8 7 48% 52% 20° 7 Bhubaneswar 20° % 5% 1 Mumbai Raniganj 49% 51% % Superior Non-Coking 95% 26% Pench-Kanhan 69 Hyderabad % 0 3% Talcher 74% 55 69 68 67 Inferior Non-Coking 16° S.Karanpura 16° 38% % Panaji 8% 97% 62% 92% Ib-River Sohagpur Korba 19% Bang%alore Chennai% 56 31% 57 12° 81% 12° Pondicherry% 69% 66 8% 65 63 64 62 Kamptee 10% 60 61 Hasdo-Arand 59 92% 90% 25% 58 75% Mand-Raigarh Tiruvanantapuram . t p Wardha % 8° Godavari 8° 72° 76° 80° 84° 88° 92° Coal - a porous rock Production of CBM, What really happens? Typical CBM Well in Production Gas Water What about Enhanced Gas Recovery ?!? 120 100 80 60 % Gas in Place in Gas % 40 20 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Reservoir Pressure (psi) SUBSTANTIAL RESOURCE NOT MINEABLE ~ SURFACE CONSTRAINTS, SAFETY AND TECHNOLOGICAL REASONS 21% OF NET IN-SITU PROVED RESOURCE EXTRACTABLE WITHIN PRESENT MINING TECHNOLOGY (SOURCE CMPDI, Ranchi) EMERGING POSSIBILITIES OF EXPLOITING CBM and ECBM requires Characterisation of resource on chemical and petrographic parameters at exploration stage for Optimal utilisation of resource both at short and long term perspective POSSIBLE AREAS FOR DEEPER (>300M) LEVEL COAL RESOURCE Eastern part of Raniganj Coalfield Western part of Ib-River & Talcher Coalfield Westcentral part of Mand-Raigarh Coalfield Central part of main basin, Singrauli Coalfield Eastern part of Birbhum-Rajmahal Coalfield Eastern part of Pench-Kanhan Coalfield central part of north Godavari Coalfield GEOLOGICAL MAP OF TALCHER C F SCALE DEEPER LEVEL Quarternary deposits Laterite Kamthi Formation Barren Measures Barakar Formation Karharbari Formation Talchir Formation Metamorphics Fault Intermediate & Deeper level Shahdol Anuppur GEOLOGICAL MAPGEOLOGIC AOFL MAP ORAJMAHALF RAJMAHAL AND BIRBHUM C-OABIRBHUMLFIELDS COALFIELDS JHARKHAND AND WEST BENGAL Dighi-Dharampur area 87° 00' 87° 10' 87° 20' 87° 30' 87° 40' 87° 50' 88° 00' 10 0 10 k m (Northern Extn. Hura 25° 20' 25° 20' RJKS-3A Pirpainti RS. Sahibganj Kahalgaon Bara Total 10-15 seams 25° 10' 25° 10' 7 – 8 coal seams 93.60 of 6 – 15m thick 109.90 Rajmahal RS. Mahagama 25° 00' Phulberia 25° 00' Simra Berhait Barharwa Brahmani-Birbhum basin –Hansdiha southeastern part 24° 50' 24° 50' 320.17 322.03 3.39 III 350.72 9.64 Total > 15 seams 372.97 24° 40' Pakur 24° 40' 7.48 II 2 – 4 coal seams URMA- 10.76 of 5 – 7m thick PAHARITOLA Amrapara 436.64 1.16 481.43 2.90 I 24° 30' 24° 30' Gopikandar CHAUDHAR- 517.00 GARIAPANI 6.00 Katikund Ongoing blocks Completed blocks Saldaha 539.45 Proposed block 24° 20' 24°20 ' 541.55 Dumka SAHARPUR- 1.00 JAMARPANI LEGEND Alluvium KULKULIDANGAL- Rampurhat 606.50 Rajmahal Formation SITASAL BORTALA- 608.50 24° 10' Upper Gondwanas MATHURAPUR 24° 10' Fatehpur Low er Gondwanas RAMPUR- MALLARPUR Metamorphics Khargram 87° 00' 87° 10' 87° 20' 87° 30' 87° 40' 87° 50' 88° 00' JHARIA COALFIELD Deeper level FORMATION THICKNESS COAL SEAMS No Thickness Intrusives Raniganj 725m 22 (0.1m-4.7m) Barren Measures 850m Barakar 1130m 46 (0.3m-33.0m) Talchir 225m Basement -- Deeper level EAST BOKARO COALFIELD FORMATION THICKNESS COAL SEAMS No Thickness Mahadeva 500m Panchet 600m Raniganj 600m 7 (0.4m-3.0m) Barren Measures 500m Barakar 1000m 26 (0.4m-63.9m) Talchir 80m Basement -- Deeper level NORTH KARANPURA COALFIELD FORMATION THICKNESS COAL SEAMS No Thickness Mahadeva 165m Panchet 225m Raniganj 400m thin bands Barren Measures 385m Barakar 500m 5 (0.5m-35.2m) Karharbari 200m 1 (0.5m-10.5m) Talchir 180m Basement -- SOUTH KARANPURA COALFIELD Deeper level FORMATION THICKNESS COAL SEAMS No Thickness Raniganj 360m 7 (0.8m-3.3m) Barren Measures 385m Barakar 1050m 42 (0.5m-54.2m) Talchir 180m Basement -- Comparative Adsorption of CO2 and CH4 • Studies conducted so far supports stronger affinity of CO2 to the coal molecule. • 2 to 3 molecules of CO2 may displace one molecule of methane • It means carbon dioxide is preferentially adsorbed onto the coal structure over methane (2:1 ratio). • Methane sorption capacity for Indian coals has been investigated by CIMFR. • Understanding controls on CO2 and CH4 adsorption in coals is important for the modeling of both CO2 sequestration and CBM production. Methane adsorption 30 60 90 120 Pressure kg/cm2 Carbon dioxide adsorption 15 30 45 60 75 Pressure kg/cm2 Contents of Presentation • Who we are • Introduction • Potential CO2 storage reservoirs — Oil reservoirs — Coal seams — Saline Aquifers — Basalt Formations • Conclusions Saline Aquifers STATE AREA SQ.KM Punjab 3509 Haryana 9166 Uttar Pradesh 29909 Rajasthan 106618 Source: Bhandari A.K., Presentation, Int.