The Femoral Hernia: Some Necessary Additions
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Lower Extremity Clinical/Anatomical Review
LOWER EXTREMITY CLINICAL/ANATOMICAL REVIEW Clinical Condition Anatomy Cause Symptom Hip/Pelvis Femoral Hernia Femoral ring is a weak point in Increase in pressure in Bulge in anterior thigh abdomino-pelvic cavity; abdomen (lifting heavy below Inguinal Ligament Lymphatic vessels course object, cough, etc.) can through Femoral ring to force loop of bowel into Femoral Canal in medial part Femoral Canal (out of Femoral sheath (Sheath Saphenous opening) surrounds Fem. Art, Vein, Lymph) Hip Pointer Anterior Superior Iliac spine Fall on hip causes Bruise on hip (origin of Sartorius, Tens. contusion at spine Fasc. Lata m.) is subcutaneous Pulled Groin Adductor muscles of thigh take Tear in Adductor Pain in groin (at or near origin from pubis muscles can occur in pubis) contact sports Hamstring Pull Hamstring muscles of post. Excessive contraction Agonizing pain in thigh have common origin at (often in running) produces posterior thigh if muscles Ischial Tuberosity tear or avulsion of are avulsed hamstring muscles from Ischial tuberosity Gluteal Gait Gluteus Medius and Minimus Damage to Superior Gluteal Gait act to support body weight Gluteal Nerve or polio (Trendelenberg Sign): when standing (essential when pelvis tilts to down opposite leg is lifted in toward non-paralyzed walking) side when opposite (non- paralyzed) leg is lifted in walking Collateral Cruciate anastomosis links Damage to External Iliac Bleeding (can ligate circulation at hip Inf. Gluteal artery (from Int. or Femoral arteries (stab between Internal Iliac Iliac.) and Profunda -
Compiled for Lower Limb
Updated: December, 9th, 2020 MSI ANATOMY LAB: STRUCTURE LIST Lower Extremity Lower Extremity Osteology Hip bone Tibia • Greater sciatic notch • Medial condyle • Lesser sciatic notch • Lateral condyle • Obturator foramen • Tibial plateau • Acetabulum o Medial tibial plateau o Lunate surface o Lateral tibial plateau o Acetabular notch o Intercondylar eminence • Ischiopubic ramus o Anterior intercondylar area o Posterior intercondylar area Pubic bone (pubis) • Pectineal line • Tibial tuberosity • Pubic tubercle • Medial malleolus • Body • Superior pubic ramus Patella • Inferior pubic ramus Fibula Ischium • Head • Body • Neck • Ramus • Lateral malleolus • Ischial tuberosity • Ischial spine Foot • Calcaneus Ilium o Calcaneal tuberosity • Iliac fossa o Sustentaculum tali (talar shelf) • Anterior superior iliac spine • Anterior inferior iliac spine • Talus o Head • Posterior superior iliac spine o Neck • Posterior inferior iliac spine • Arcuate line • Navicular • Iliac crest • Cuboid • Body • Cuneiforms: medial, intermediate, and lateral Femur • Metatarsals 1-5 • Greater trochanter • Phalanges 1-5 • Lesser trochanter o Proximal • Head o Middle • Neck o Distal • Linea aspera • L • Lateral condyle • L • Intercondylar fossa (notch) • L • Medial condyle • L • Lateral epicondyle • L • Medial epicondyle • L • Adductor tubercle • L • L • L • L • 1 Updated: December, 9th, 2020 Lab 3: Anterior and Medial Thigh Anterior Thigh Medial thigh General Structures Muscles • Fascia lata • Adductor longus m. • Anterior compartment • Adductor brevis m. • Medial compartment • Adductor magnus m. • Great saphenous vein o Adductor hiatus • Femoral sheath o Compartments and contents • Pectineus m. o Femoral canal and ring • Gracilis m. Muscles & Associated Tendons Nerves • Tensor fasciae lata • Obturator nerve • Iliotibial tract (band) • Femoral triangle: Boundaries Vessels o Inguinal ligament • Obturator artery o Sartorius m. • Femoral artery o Adductor longus m. -
Abdominal Muscles. Subinguinal Hiatus and Ingiunal Canal. Femoral and Adductor Canals. Neurovascular System of the Lower Limb
Abdominal muscles. Subinguinal hiatus and ingiunal canal. Femoral and adductor canals. Neurovascular system of the lower limb. Sándor Katz M.D.,Ph.D. External oblique muscle Origin: outer surface of the 5th to 12th ribs Insertion: outer lip of the iliac crest, rectus sheath Action: flexion and rotation of the trunk, active in expiration Innervation:intercostal nerves (T5-T11), subcostal nerve (T12), iliohypogastric nerve Internal oblique muscle Origin: thoracolumbar fascia, intermediate line of the iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine Insertion: lower borders of the 10th to 12th ribs, rectus sheath, linea alba Action: flexion and rotation of the trunk, active in expiration Innervation:intercostal nerves (T8-T11), subcostal nerve (T12), iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve Transversus abdominis muscle Origin: inner surfaces of the 7th to 12th ribs, thoracolumbar fascia, inner lip of the iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, inguinal ligament Insertion: rectus sheath, linea alba, pubic crest Action: rotation of the trunk, active in expiration Innervation:intercostal nerves (T5-T11), subcostal nerve (T12), iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve Rectus abdominis muscle Origin: cartilages of the 5th to 7th ribs, xyphoid process Insertion: between the pubic tubercle and and symphysis Action: flexion of the lumbar spine, active in expiration Innervation: intercostal nerves (T5-T11), subcostal nerve (T12) Subingiunal hiatus - inguinal ligament Subinguinal hiatus Lacuna musculonervosa Lacuna vasorum Lacuna lymphatica Lacuna -
Inguinofemoral Area
Inguinofemoral Area Inguinal Canal Anatomy of the Inguinal Canal in Infants and Children There are readily apparent differences between the inguinal canals of infants and adults. In infants, the canal is short (1 to 1.5 cm), and the internal and external rings are nearly superimposed upon one another. Scarpa's fascia is so well developed that the surgeon may mistake it for the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle, resulting in treating a superficial ectopic testicle as an inguinal cryptorchidism. There also may be a layer of fat between the fascia and the aponeurosis. We remind surgeons of the statement of White that the external oblique fascia has not been reached as long as fat is encountered. In a newborn with an indirect inguinal hernia, there is nothing wrong with the posterior wall of the inguinal canal. Removal of the sac, therefore, is the only justifiable procedure. However, it is extremely difficult to estimate the weakness of the newborn's posterior inguinal wall by palpation. If a defect is suspected, a few interrupted permanent sutures might be used to perform the repair. Adult Anatomy of the Inguinal Canal The inguinal canal in the adult is an oblique rift in the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall. It measures approximately 4 cm in length. It is located 2 to 4 cm above the inguinal ligament, between the opening of the external (superficial) and internal (deep) inguinal rings. The boundaries of the inguinal canal are as follows: Anterior: The anterior boundary is the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle and, more laterally, the internal oblique muscle. -
Describe the Anatomy of the Inguinal Canal. How May Direct and Indirect Hernias Be Differentiated Anatomically
Describe the anatomy of the inguinal canal. How may direct and indirect hernias be differentiated anatomically. How may they present clinically? Essentially, the function of the inguinal canal is for the passage of the spermatic cord from the scrotum to the abdominal cavity. It would be unreasonable to have a single opening through the abdominal wall, as contents of the abdomen would prolapse through it each time the intraabdominal pressure was raised. To prevent this, the route for passage must be sufficiently tight. This is achieved by passing through the inguinal canal, whose features allow the passage without prolapse under normal conditions. The inguinal canal is approximately 4 cm long and is directed obliquely inferomedially through the inferior part of the anterolateral abdominal wall. The canal lies parallel and 2-4 cm superior to the medial half of the inguinal ligament. This ligament extends from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle. It is the lower free edge of the external oblique aponeurosis. The main occupant of the inguinal canal is the spermatic cord in males and the round ligament of the uterus in females. They are functionally and developmentally distinct structures that happen to occur in the same location. The canal also transmits the blood and lymphatic vessels and the ilioinguinal nerve (L1 collateral) from the lumbar plexus forming within psoas major muscle. The inguinal canal has openings at either end – the deep and superficial inguinal rings. The deep (internal) inguinal ring is the entrance to the inguinal canal. It is the site of an outpouching of the transversalis fascia. -
Postoperative Pain Treatment with Transmuscular Quadratus
Postoperative Pain Treatment with Transmuscular Quadratus Lumborum Block and Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block in Patients Undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial Qin Xia Xuzhou Medical College Aliated Hospital Department of Anaesthesiology Wenping Ding Xuzhou Central Hospital Chao Lin Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Xinhua Hospital Chongming Branch Jiayi Xia Xuzhou Medical College Aliated Hospital Department of Anaesthesiology Yahui Xu Xuzhou Medical College Aliated Hospital Department of Anaesthesiology Mengxing Jia ( [email protected] ) Xuzhou Medical College Aliated Hospital Department of Anaesthesiology https://orcid.org/0000- 0003-2279-0333 Research article Keywords: Multimodal analgesia, Transmuscular quadratus lumborum block(T-QLB), Fascia iliaca compartment block(FICB), Total hip arthroplasty(THA) Posted Date: January 23rd, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-152378/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published at BMC Anesthesiology on July 10th, 2021. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-021-01413-7. Page 1/21 Abstract Background: Patients after total hip arthroplasty (THA) often suffered moderate or even severe pain, seriously affecting the early postoperative recovery. This study aimed to investigate the analgesic ecacy of ultrasound-guided transmuscular quadratus lumborum block (T-QLB) combined with fascia iliaca compartment block (FICB) for elderly patients undergoing THA. Methods: Sixty-four patients scheduled for THA were included in this randomized controlled study. The patients were divided into two groups: group Q and group QF. Before anesthesia induction, group Q was injected with 0.375% ropivacaine 40ml. -
Front of Thigh
Dorsal divisions Ventral divisions Ilio-Hypogastric N L-1 Ilio-Inguinal N Lat. Cut. N.of Thigh L-2 Genito-Femoral N L-3 Obturator N Femoral N L-4 Acc.Obturator N Branch to L.S. Trunk Front of Thigh • 7 Cutaneous nerve • 3 Cutaneous arteries • Gr. Saphenous vein & tributaries • Superficial inguinal Lymph nodes & lymphatics • Pre-patellar & subcutaneous Infra-patellar bursae Cutaneous Nerve •Lat. Cut. Br. of Subcostal N. •Ilio-Inguinal N (L1) •Femoral br. of Genito-femoral N(L1,2 •Lat. Cut. N. of Thigh (L-2,3) •Intermediate Cut. N. of Thigh(L-2,3) •Medial Cut. N. of Thigh (L-2,3) •Cut. Br. of Ant. Division.- Obturator N (L-2,3) •Saphenous N (L-3,4) Three Tributaries •Sup. External Pudendal V •Sup.Circumflex iliac V •Sup. Epigastric V Superficial Inguinal Lymph Nodes Upper horizontal Gr. Upper lateral Upper Medial Lower Vertical Gr. Femoral Sheath • Funnel shaped extension of fascial lining of abdominal cavity • surrounding upper 4 cms of femoral artery & vein Femoral Sheath Walls • Ant.wall – fascia transversalis • Post. Wall – fascia iliaca • Lateral wall longer & vertical • Divided in three compartments by two vertical antero-post. septa A V Femoral canal & ring • Medial compartment of femoral sheath • Conical in shape , wide above, narrow below • Base or upper end called Femoral Ring • Closed by condensation of extra-peritoneal tissue called femoral septum • Wider in females due to wider pelvis & small femoral vessels Femoral Ring • Oval shaped • 1 inch diameter Boundary • Ant.- inguinal ligament • Post.- pectineus & covering fascia • Laterally- IM septum • Medially- Lacunar ligament Content • Lymph node (cloquet or Rossenmuller) with lymphtics & areolar tissue – drain glans penis in males & clitoris in females •Sartorius •Quadriceps Femoris Rectus femoris Three Vasti Vastus medialis Vastus Intermedius Vastus lateralis •Articularis Genu Femoral Triangle Contents • Femoral artery & Branches - 3 Superficial & 3 Deep • Femoral Vein & tributaries • Femoral Sheath • Nerves Femoral N Femoral Br. -
Femoral Triangle Anatomy: Review, Surgical Application, and Nov- El Mnemonic
Journal of Orthopedic Research and Therapy Ebraheim N, et al. J Orthop Ther: JORT-139. Review Article DOI: 10.29011/JORT-139.000039 Femoral Triangle Anatomy: Review, Surgical Application, and Nov- el Mnemonic Nabil Ebraheim*, James Whaley, Jacob Stirton, Ryan Hamilton, Kyle Andrews Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo Orthopedic Research Institute, USA *Corresponding author: Nabil Ebraheim, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Orthopaedic Residency Program Director, USA. Tel: 866.593.5049; E-Mail: [email protected] Citation: Ebraheim N, Whaley J, Stirton J, Hamilton R, Andrews K(2017) Femoral Triangle Anatomy: Review, Surgical Applica- tion, and Novel Mnemonic. J Orthop Ther: JORT-139. DOI: 10.29011/JORT-139.000039 Received Date: 3 June, 2017; Accepted Date: 8 June, 2017; Published Date: 15 June, 2017 Abstract We provide an anatomical review of the femoral triangle, its application to the anterior surgical approach to the hip, and a useful mnemonic for remembering the contents and relationship of the femoral triangle. The femoral triangle is located on the anterior aspect of the thigh, inferior to the inguinal ligament and knowledge of its contents has become increasingly more important with the rise in use of the Smith-Petersen Direct Anterior Approach (DAA) to the hip as well as ultrasound and fluo- roscopic guided hip injections. A detailed knowledge of the anatomical landmarks can guide surgeons in their anterior approach to the hip, avoiding iatrogenic injuries during various procedures. The novel mnemonic “NAVIgate” the femoral triangle from lateral to medial will aid in remembering the borders and contents of the triangle when performing surgical procedures, specifically the DAA. -
Henle's Ligament: a Comprehensive Review of Its Anatomy and Terminology Over Almost One and a Half Centuries
Providence St. Joseph Health Providence St. Joseph Health Digital Commons Journal Articles and Abstracts 9-26-2018 Henle's Ligament: A Comprehensive Review of Its Anatomy and Terminology over Almost One and a Half Centuries. Raja Gnanadev Joe Iwanaga Rod J Oskouian Neurosurgery, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, USA. Marios Loukas R Shane Tubbs Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.psjhealth.org/publications Part of the Medical Pathology Commons, and the Neurosciences Commons Recommended Citation Gnanadev, Raja; Iwanaga, Joe; Oskouian, Rod J; Loukas, Marios; and Tubbs, R Shane, "Henle's Ligament: A Comprehensive Review of Its Anatomy and Terminology over Almost One and a Half Centuries." (2018). Journal Articles and Abstracts. 996. https://digitalcommons.psjhealth.org/publications/996 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Providence St. Joseph Health Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal Articles and Abstracts by an authorized administrator of Providence St. Joseph Health Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Open Access Review Article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3366 Henle’s Ligament: A Comprehensive Review of Its Anatomy and Terminology over Almost One and a Half Centuries Raja Gnanadev 1 , Joe Iwanaga 2 , Rod J. Oskouian 3 , Marios Loukas 4 , R. Shane Tubbs 5 1. Research Fellow, Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, USA 2. Medical Education and Simulation, Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, USA 3. Neurosurgery, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, USA 4. Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, St. George's, GRD 5. Neurosurgery, Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, USA Corresponding author: Joe Iwanaga, [email protected] Disclosures can be found in Additional Information at the end of the article Abstract Henle’s ligament was first described by German physician and anatomist, Friedrich Henle, in 1871. -
Prezentacja Programu Powerpoint
Department of Human Anatomy. Medical University of Białystok Beata Klim Gluteal region It lies posterior to the pelvis between the level of the iliac crests and the inferior borders of the gluteus maximus muscles. The intergluteal (natal) cleft separates the buttocks from each other. The gluteal sulcus demarcates the inferior boundary of the buttock and the superior boundary of the thigh. Gluteal region The gluteal muscles (maximus, medius and minimus) form the bulk of the buttock. Pelvic girdle- muscles The anterior compartment: Psoas major Psoas minor Iliacus They are called - Iliopsoas Iliopsoas Proximal attachments: Psoas major- sides of T12-L5 vertebrae & discs between them; transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae Psoas minor- sides of T12-L1 & intervertebral disc Iliacus- iliac crest, iliac fossa, ala of sacrum & anterior sacroiliac ligaments Iliopsoas Distal attachments: Psoas major- lesser trochanter of femur Psoas minor- pectineal line, iliopectineal eminence via iliopectineal arch Iliacus- tendon of psoas major, lesser trochanter, and femur distal to it Iliopsoas Innervation: Psoas major- ventral rami of lumbar nerves L1, L2, L3 Psoas minor- ventral rami of lumbar nerves L1, L2 Iliacus- femoral nerve L2, L3 Iliopsoas Main action: It is the chief flexor of the thigh, and when the thigh is fixed, it flexes the trunk on the hip. It is also a postural muscle that is active during standing by preventing hyperextension of the hip joint. The gluteal muscles The gluteal muscles consist of: Three large glutei (maximus, medius & minimus), which are mainly extensors and abductors of the thigh. A deeper group of smaller muscles (piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externus, gemelli and quadratus femoris), which are covered by the inferior part of the gluteus maximus. -
Abdominal Muscles, Canals, Hernias, Vessels, Nerves
Abdominal muscles. Inguinal canal and hernia. Femoral trigone. Blood supply and innervation of the lower limb. Sándor Katz M.D.,Ph.D. Bony components of the abdominal cavity Posterior muscles: quadratus lumborum quadratus lumborum Origin: iliac crest Insertion: 12th rib, costal processes of L1-4 vertebrae Action: flexion of the trunk, active in expiration Innervation:subcostal nerve Posterior muscles: iliopsoas (psoas major and iliacus) iliacus Origin: psoas major: vertebral bodies of the T12-L4 vertebrae and costal processes of the L1-5 vertebrae iliacus: iliac fossa Insertion: lesser trochanter Action: flexion of the hip joint; lateral flexion of the lumbar spine Innervation:spinal nerves and femoral nerve Anterolateral muscles: external oblique muscle Origin: outer surface of the 5th to 12th ribs Insertion: outer lip of the iliac crest, rectus sheath, linea alba Action: flexion and rotation of the trunk, active in expiration Innervation:intercostal nerves , subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve Anterolateral muscles: internal oblique muscle Origin: thoracolumbar fascia, intermediate line of the iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine Insertion: lower borders of the 10th to 12th ribs, rectus sheath, linea alba Action: flexion and rotation of the trunk, active in expiration Innervation:intercostal nerves, subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve Anterolateral muscles: transversus abdominis muscle Origin: inner surfaces of the 7th to 12th costal cartilages, thoracolumbar fascia, inner lip of the iliac crest, anterior -
Clinical Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «Иркутский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy Clinical anatomy of the lower extremity Teaching aid Иркутск ИГМУ 2016 УДК [617.58 + 611.728](075.8) ББК 54.578.4я73. К 49 Recommended by faculty methodological council of medical department of SBEI HE ISMU The Ministry of Health of The Russian Federation as a training manual for independent work of foreign students from medical faculty, faculty of pediatrics, faculty of dentistry, protocol № 01.02.2016. Authors: G.I. Songolov - associate professor, Head of Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, PhD, MD SBEI HE ISMU The Ministry of Health of The Russian Federation. O. P.Galeeva - associate professor of Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, MD, PhD SBEI HE ISMU The Ministry of Health of The Russian Federation. A.A. Yudin - assistant of department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy SBEI HE ISMU The Ministry of Health of The Russian Federation. S. N. Redkov – assistant of department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy SBEI HE ISMU THE Ministry of Health of The Russian Federation. Reviewers: E.V. Gvildis - head of department of foreign languages with the course of the Latin and Russian as foreign languages of SBEI HE ISMU The Ministry of Health of The Russian Federation, PhD, L.V. Sorokina - associate Professor of Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation at ISMU, PhD, MD Songolov G.I K49 Clinical anatomy of lower extremity: teaching aid / Songolov G.I, Galeeva O.P, Redkov S.N, Yudin, A.A.; State budget educational institution of higher education of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation; "Irkutsk State Medical University" of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation Irkutsk ISMU, 2016, 45 p.