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Towed Arrays Ociety This article has This been published in or collective redistirbution of any portion of this article by photocopy machine, reposting, or other means is permitted only with the approval of The approval portionthe ofwith any permitted articleonly photocopy by is of machine, reposting, this means or collective or other redistirbution NURC: CELEBRATING 50 YEARS OF InTErnATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS IN OcEAN RESEArcH AND OpERATIONS Oceanography , Volume 21, Number 2, a quarterly journal of The 21, Number 2, a quarterly , Volume By ALESSANDRO BARBAGELATA, PIERO GuErrINI, AND LuIGI TrOIANO Thirty Years of O ceanography ceanography S TOWED ArrAYS The 2008 by Copyright ociety. at NURC The NATO Undersea Research Centre THE FIRST HyDROPHONE the experimental array for the US Office O ceanography ceanography O (NURC), from its earliest history, has ArrAYS AT NURC of Naval Research (ONR), which loaned ceanography studied a very broad range of under- One of the first NURC systems to exploit it to NURC to evaluate its performance S water acoustic phenomena and their the desirable characteristics gained in the relatively shallow continental ociety. S ociety. ociety. A application to surveillance, detection, by grouping several omnidirectional shelf regions. Table 1 outlines array reproduction, systemmatic Republication, article for use and research. this copy in teaching to granted ll rights reserved. is Permission S oceanography and, more recently, port elements into arrays (see Box 2) was characteristics. or Th e [email protected] to: correspondence all end protection. The principal measurement the MEDUSA system (Mediterranean The array was calibrated (Figure 2) device used to probe acoustic signatures Experimental Deep Underwater and tested in the autumn of 1978. For in the ocean is the hydrophone: a trans- Sonar Apparatus, 1965–1973), which the calibration measurements, the array ducer that converts pressure fluctuations comprised a cylindrical array of was coiled into a cylindrical shape, and in the water, caused by the propagation 32 staves with six hydrophones per stave test signals were transmitted from the of an acoustic wave, into an electrical (Figure 1). The MEDUSA, which can centrally mounted acoustic source. The signal. In its simplest and most common also be credited as the first active sonar conclusions of the subsequent publica- O form, the hydrophone is designed to system at NURC, employed a centrally tion (Cheston et al., 1979) emphasized ceanography respond directly to the pressure in the mounted array of ring transducers as the the principal problem—that tow-ship incident sound wave, which, as a scalar active component. S ociety, P ociety, quantity, tends to give the hydrophone Alessandro Barbagelata is Technical THE FIRST TOWED ArrAY Director, Compagnia Lavori Marini s.r.l., O a receiving directivity characteristic that B ox 1931, Rockville,ox M is omnidirectional (see Box 1). Single AT NURC La Spezia, Italy. Piero Guerrini is Principal hydrophones have been used at NURC Interest in scientific studies related to Engineer and Head, Engineering Group, since the early 1960s for measure- mobile acoustic surveillance systems NATO Undersea Research Centre, La Spezia, ments aimed at investigating acoustic led to the introduction of the first towed Italy. Luigi Troiano ([email protected]. D 20849-1931, U propagation and ocean ambient noise hydrophone line array at NURC in 1978. int) is Senior Engineer, NATO Undersea characterization. The Hughes Aircraft Corporation built Research Centre, La Spezia, Italy. SA . 24 Oceanography Vol.21, No.2 BOX 1. OmnIDIRECTIONAL AND DIRECTIONAL SENSORS Omnidirectionality (i.e., sensor response does not depend on the angle of incidence of the stimulus) of a pressure-sensitive hydrophone is achieved when its dimensions are smaller than the wavelength of interest. However, a hydrophone can also be designed to respond to an attribute of particle motion, for example, displacement, velocity, or acceleration. In addition, hydrophones can be designed to respond to a pressure gradient or even to acoustic intensity. Because particle motions, pressure gradi- ents, and intensity are all vector quantities, sensors that measure these quantities possess intrinsic directivity, regardless of the frequency. BOX 2. HyDROPHONE ArrAYS A transducer sensing a scalar quantity (pressure in the case of a hydro- Figure 1. The MEDUSA system being deployed phone) whose dimensions are much smaller than the wavelength of off the NURC vesselMaria Paolina G. in 1969. the stimulus will exhibit a response that is independent of the angle of incidence of the stimulus (Box 1). However, directionality can be of great benefit when, for instance, a weak signal emanating from a single direc- tion must be discriminated in the presence of high-level background noise. The sensor’s dimensions must therefore be increased (with respect to a wavelength) so as to render the sensor directional. For practical reasons, it is more straightforward to construct a line or array of small sensors whose outputs are summed to form the directional “beam.” The towed array consists essentially of a line of hydrophones mounted inside a flexible hose. The array is towed behind the ship via a cable that provides an electrical path for the signals. The depth of the array can be adjusted by varying the length of tow cable paid out. Table 1. Principal characteristics of the Office of Naval Research towed array Number of channels 20 Hydrophones per channel 4 Channel spacing 1.1 m (λ/2 at 667 Hz) Overall length (incl. VIMs) 40 m Tow-cable length 1000 m Tow-cable characteristics 16 twisted pairs Sensors 1 depth sensor Figure 2. Calibration of the US Office of Naval Research towed array in 1978. Oceanography June 2008 25 noise is the ultimate limiting factor in Disadvantages dling equipment to deploy long towed detecting objects. • Special handling equipment (large arrays gradually took shape. This idea Some of the principal pros and cons of drum winches) eventually led to the specifications for a the towed-line array in comparison to a • Limited maneuverability of the towing new “acoustically quiet” research vessel ship-hull-mounted array are: vessel (speed, turn rate) to replace R/V Maria Paolina G. and, • Useful data only when the array consequently, R/V Alliance came into Advantages is straight (data are lost during service in 1988. • Length (therefore directionality) inde- maneuvering) pendent of towing platform length ImpORTAncE OF AmBIENT (can be wound onto a drum) Because acoustic surveillance stud- NOISE DIRECTIONALITY • System (passive/active) can be ies (passive detection of submerged BECOMES AppARENT positioned below surface layers/ or surface vessels) require working The first sea trial in 1979 was done with thermocline, giving more favorable with frequencies below 1 kHz (where an improved hydrophone array—the propagation conditions and hence most of a vessel’s acoustic signature is so-called “Prakla 128,” named after the higher probability of detection concentrated), arrays providing fine company that built it, Prakla-Seismos. • Array can be distanced from the tow- angular resolutions for accurate bearing The objective was to test a towed array’s ing platform by increasing the length estimates will necessarily be too long to suitability as a mobile surveillance of tow cable, thereby taking advantage implement otherwise (see Box 3). platform in the noisy shipping lanes of spherical spreading loss to reduce With towed-array research playing of the Mediterranean. If the array interference due to ship radiated noise an ever-increasing role in NURC’s behaved according to theory, low-noise • Maintenance can be performed at the scientific program, the idea of a quiet regions between the interfering noise factory (no vessel down time) vessel equipped with the necessary han- sources could be used to enhance detection capability. To spatially discriminate and isolate sources of interference, the array BOX 3. HOW LONG SHOULD THE ArrAY BE? should have both narrow major lobe Aperture half power beamwidth (for both electromagnetic and acoustic (determined by the array length) and radiation) is given by: low sidelobe levels (determined by the λ λ array shading function, array stability, θ = 51 (degrees) and therefore: d = 51 (meters), hp d θ hp interchannel crosstalk, and other factors where d is the length of the aperture or array, and λ is the wavelength. From that deviate from ideal). Figure 3 shows a this equation, assuming a desired angular resolution of 1°, the aperture or schematic diagram of the wet-end com- array must be 51 wavelengths long. ponents of the Prakla 128 system, and Table 2 lists its principal characteristics. The primary enhancements intro- Example systems with a 1° beamwidth duced by this array were: Wavelength Array/Antenna System Frequency (m)* Length (m) • increased directivity index (see Box 4) • light tow cable (allowing greater X-band radar 10 GHz 0.030 1.53 distances between towing vessel and Side-scan sonar 100 kHz 0.015 0.77 array for a given depth of tow, thereby Towed array 1 kHz 1.500 76.50 reducing ship-noise interference). The * Note the velocity of propagation that governs λ is 3 x 108 m/s for electromagnetic tow cable’s behavior in uniform tow- waves in air and 1.5 x 103 m/s for acoustic waves in water. ing conditions is characterized by its “critical angle” (see Box 4). 26 Oceanography Vol.21, No.2 Table 2. Principal characteristics of the Prakla 128 hydrophone array Number of modules 2 Module length 45 m Hose diameter 68 mm Hydrophone channels/module 64 Hydrophone spacing 49 cm Tow-cable length 1000 m Tow-cable diameter 62 mm Figure 3. The Prakla 128 towed array. Tow-cable in-water weight 0.3 kg/m Tow-cable conductors 72 twisted pairs Sensors 1 depth sensor BOX 4: ArrAY AcrOnymS AND TErmS Half power beamwidth (θHP): If the angular response of the array is normalized to unity at its peak value (the main response axis, or MRA), then θHP is the angular distance between the two points in the beam that has a value of half that of the MRA (in terms of intensity).
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