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Immigration Or Emigration Country? Migration Trends and Their Socio-Economic Background in Hungary: a Longer-Term Historical Perspective

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Immigration Or Emigration Country? Migration Trends and Their Socio-Economic Background in Hungary: a Longer-Term Historical Perspective A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Gödri, Irén; Soltész, Béla; Bodacz-Nagy, Boróka Working Paper Immigration or emigration country? Migration trends and their socio-economic background in Hungary: A longer-term historical perspective. Working Papers on Population, Family and Welfare, No. 19 Provided in Cooperation with: Hungarian Demographic Research Institute, Budapest Suggested Citation: Gödri, Irén; Soltész, Béla; Bodacz-Nagy, Boróka (2014) : Immigration or emigration country? Migration trends and their socio-economic background in Hungary: A longer-term historical perspective., Working Papers on Population, Family and Welfare, No. 19, ISBN 963-7109-92-7, Hungarian Demographic Research Institute, Budapest This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/226462 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu WORKING PAPERS ON POPULATION, FAMILY AND WELFARE Nº 19 IMMIGRATION OR EMIGRATION COUNTRY? ISSN 1588-3396 ISBN 978-963-235-451-4 MIGRATION TRENDS AND THEIR SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND IN HUNGARY: A LONGER-TERM HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Hungarian Demographic Research Institute Budapest, Buday László utca 1–3. 1024 Hungary by Irén GÖDRI, Béla SOLTÉSZ, Boróka BODACZ-NAGY demografi a.hu WORKING PAPERS ON POPULATION, FAMILY AND WELFARE Nº 19 IMMIGRATION OR EMIGRATION COUNTRY? MIGRATION TRENDS AND THEIR SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND IN HUNGARY: A LONGER-TERM HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE by Irén GÖDRI, Béla SOLTÉSZ, Boróka BODACZ-NAGY Hungarian Demographic Research Institute 2014 ISSN 1588-3396 ISBN 978-963-235-451-4 Director: Zsolt Spéder Series editor: Attila Melegh Language editor: Linden Farrer © Irén Gödri, Béla Soltész, Boróka Bodacz-Nagy Suggested citation: Gödri, Irén – Soltész, Béla – Bodacz-Nagy, Boróka (2014): Immigration or emigration country? Migration trends and their socio-economic background in Hungary: A longer-term historical perspective. Working Papers on Population, Family and Welfare, No. 19, Hungarian Demographic Research Institute, Budapest. Address: Hungarian Demographic Research Institute Budapest, Buday László utca 1–3. 1024 Hungary e-mail: godri@demografi a.hu CONTENTS List of acronyms and abbreviations 5 1 INTRODUCTION 6 1.1 Methodology 7 1.2 Defi nitions 8 1.3 Acknowledgements 8 2 HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF LABOUR MARKET, HUMAN CAPITAL AND MIGRATION DEVELOPMENTS 9 2.1 Political and socio-economic overview 9 2.2 Development of international migration 11 2.3 Evolution of the migration policy and legal system 13 3 NATIONAL POLICIES AND PERSPECTIVES REGARDING INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION 15 3.1 Legal and policy framework on international migration 15 3.2 Perceptions of international migration 17 4 RECENT SITUATION AND DEVELOPMENTS ON LABOUR MARKET, HUMAN CAPITAL AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION 20 4.1 Social and economic development 20 4.1.1 Economic development 20 4.1.2 Social development 21 4.1.3 Social policy 22 4.2 Main international migration trends and characteristics of migrants 23 4.2.1 International migration ows fl 23 4.2.1.1 General trends 23 4.2.1.2 Immigration owsfl 26 4.2.1.3 Asylum seekers 28 4.2.1.4 Naturalized foreign citizens 29 4.2.1.5 Emigration owsfl 30 4.2.1.6 Return migration 32 4.2.2 Characteristics of the migrant stock 33 4.2.2.1 Immigrant stock 33 4.2.2.2 Emigrant stock 36 4.3 Demography and human capital 39 4.3.1 Population change 39 4.3.2 Population structure and spatial distribution 41 4.3.3 Education 44 4.4 Labour market 46 4.4.1 General characteristics of the labour market 46 4.4.2 Integration of immigrants on the labour market 49 4.4.3 Eff ects of emigration on labour market 51 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 53 6 REFERENCES 56 ANNEX 61 List of Working Papers 76 3 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1.1: Usually resident population and population growth rate, 1950–2012 10 Figure 2.1.2: GDP per capita (1990 international Geary-Khamis dollar) and growth rate in %, 1950–2010 11 Figure 3.2.1: Attitudes towards refugees in Hungary, 1992–2012 18 Figure 4.2.1: Infl ows and outfl ows of foreign citizens in Hungary, 1990–2012 24 Figure 4.2.2: Distribution of foreign citizens immigrating into Hungary by main countries of citizenship, 2001–2012 27 Figure 4.2.3: Distribution of foreign citizens immigrating into Hungary between 2001 and 2012 by county, % 28 Figure 4.2.4: Asylum applications by type of arrival, 2001–2012 29 Figure 4.2.5: Annual outfl ows of Hungarian citizens to European (EEA) countries by ‘mirror’ statistics and Hungarian statistics, 2001–2012 30 Figure 4.2.6: Number of Hungarians immigrating to Germany and Austria, and the proportion of returnees from these countries, 2004–2012 33 Figure 4.2.7: Number of foreign citizens residing in Hungary, and their proportion in the total usually-resident population, 2001–2012 (1 January) 34 Figure 4.2.8: Distribution of foreign citizens residing in Hungary by country of citizenship, 2011 35 Figure 4.2.9: Number of foreign citizens residing in Hungary per thousand inhabitants by counties (NUTS 3), 2001 and 2011 36 Figure 4.2.10: Number of Hungarian citizens residing in main European countries of destination in 2001 and 2012 37 Figure 4.2.11: Distribution of Hungarian citizens residing in EEA countries in 2012 (239,000 persons) 38 Figure 4.3.1: Population change by components: number of births and deaths, 2001–2012 39 Figure 4.3.2: Young-age, old-age and total dependency ratio, 2001–2012 42 Figure 4.3.3: Number of usually resident population and its change between 2001 and 2011 at NUTS 3 level 43 Figure 4.3.4: Distribution of foreign and total population aged 15–64 by highest level of education attained, 2001 and 2011 (%) 45 Figure 4.4.1: Activity rate, employment rate and unemployment rate in population aged 15–64, 1992–2012 (%) 47 Figure 4.4.2: Employment and unemployment rate among youth (aged 15–24) in Hungary and in the EU27, 2001–2012 48 Figure 4.4.3: Employment rates in the foreign and total population aged 15–64 by sex, 2001–2011 51 Figure A4.2.1: Proportion of foreign citizens and nationals among people immigrating into Hungary, 1990–2012 62 Figure A4.2.2: Hungarian citizens immigrating into Hungary by country of birth (abroad/Hungary), 2001–2012 62 Figure A4.3.1: Total fertility rate in Hungary, 1950–2012 70 Figure A4.3.2: Mean age of women at birth of fi rst child in main foreign groups and in total population in Hungary, 2012 70 Figure A4.3.3: Life expectancy at birth in Hungary and in main migration partner countries by sex, 2012 71 Figure A4.3.4: Crude fertility rate and crude mortality rate (per 1,000 inhabitants) in Hungary, 1950–2012 71 4 Figure A4.3.5: Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) in the foreign and total population in Hungary, 2001–2012 72 Figure A4.4.1: Number of unemployed and the unemployment rate (%) in population aged 15–64, 2001–2012 72 Figure A4.4.2: The employment rate and the unemployment rate in population aged 15–64 by sex, 1992–2012 (%) 73 LIST OF TABLES Table 4.2.1: Number of Hungarian citizens immigrating to major European destination countries, 2001–2012 31 Table 4.3.1: Attained educational level of the population (in respective age groups) by gender, 2001 and 2011 (%) 44 Table 4.4.1: Distribution of foreign citizens and total population aged 15–64 by economic activity, 2001 and 2011 (%) 50 Table A4.2.1: Summary data of foreign citizens’ and Hungarian citizens’ international migration (fl ow data), 1990–2012 61 Table A4.2.2: Top 10 countries of citizenship of foreigners immigrating into Hungary, 2001–2011, % 63 Table A4.2.3: Foreign citizens immigrating into Hungary from selected countries of origin, by region (NUTS 2) and county (NUTS 3), 2011 64 Table A4.2.4: Asylum applications in Hungary, proportion of illegal arrivals and top fi ve countries of citizenship, 2001–2012 65 Table A4.2.5: Number of Hungarian citizens returning from two major immigration countries, 2001–2012 66 Table A4.2.6: Top 10 countries of citizenship of usually resident foreign population in Hungary, 2001–2011 (1 January) 67 Table A4.2.7: Number of Hungarian citizens residing in major destination countries, 2001–2013 (1 January) 68 Table A4.2.8: Number and distribution of Hungarian citizens residing in European Economic Area (EEA) countries in 2001 and 2012 (1 January) 69 Table A4.4.1: Economic activity of total population aged 15–64 by region and type of settlement, 2011 (%) 74 Table A4.4.2: Economic activity of foreign citizens aged 15–64 by region and type of settlement, 2011 (%) 75 5 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS CEE Central
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