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Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter No. 124, December 2000

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Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter No. 124, December 2000 ISSN 1020-3362 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter Bulletin de Ressources Phytogénétiques Noticiario de Recursos Fitogenéticos No. 124, 2000 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture et l'institut international des ressources phytogénétiques Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación y el Instituto Internacional de Recursos Fitogenéticos Editorial Bureau de Oficina de Office rédaction Redacción Managing Editor Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter IPGRI Via delle Sette Chiese 142 00145 Rome, Italy Tel.: +39-0651892233 Email: [email protected] Fax: +39-065750309 Web: http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org The designations employed, and the Les appellations employées dans Las denominaciones empleadas, y presentation of material in the period- cette publication et la présentation la forma en que aparecen presenta- ical, and in maps which appear here- des données et cartes qui y figurent dos los datos en esta publicación, in, do not imply the expression of any n’impliquent de la part de l’IPGRI et no implican, de parte del IPGRI o la opinion whatsoever on the part of de la FAO aucune prise de position FAO, juicio alguno sobre la condi- IPGRI or FAO concerning the legal quant au statut juridique des pays, ción jurídica de países, territorios, status of any country, territory, city territoires, villes ou zones, ou de ciudades o zonas, o de sus autori- or area or its authorities, or concern- leurs autorités, ni quant au tracé de dades, ni respecto de la delimitación ing the delimitation of its frontiers or leurs frontières ou limites. Les opin- de sus fronteras o límites. Asimis- boundaries. Similarly, the views ex- ions exprimées sont celles des au- mo, las opiniones expresadas son pressed are those of the authors and teurs et ne reflètent pas nécessaire- las de sus autores y no reflejan nec- do not necessarily reflect the views ment celles de l’IPGRI ou de la FAO. esariamente la opinión del IPGRI o of IPGRI or FAO. la FAO. Cover: Cocoa fruits. This crop is dis- Couverture: Fruits de cacao. Cette Portada: Frutos de cacao. Se habla cussed in the paper by Lachenaud (pp. culture est commentée dans le de este cultivo en el documento escri- 1-6). Photo by Jan Engels, IPGRI. document de Lachenaud (pp. 1-6). to por Lachenaud (pp. 1-6). Foto de Photo Jan Engels , IPGRI. Jan Engels , IPGRI. Please note that effective 5 MARCH 2001 IPGRI's offices will be tranferred to Via dei Tre Denari 472/a 00057 MACCARESE (Fiumicino) Rome Italy Tel. (0039) 0661181 Fax (0039) 0661979661 © IPGRI/FAO 2000 ARTICLE PlantPlant Genetic Genetic Resources Resources Newsletter, Newsletter, 2000, 2000, No. No. 124: 124 1-6 1 Agronomic assessment of wild cocoa trees (Theobroma cacao L.) from the Camopi and Tanpok basins (French Guiana) Ph. Lachenaud1*, G. Oliver2 and Ph. Letourmy3 1 Cirad-Cp, 01 BP 6483, Abidjan 01, Ivory Coast. Email [email protected] 2 Cirad-Cp, BP 701, 97387 Kourou Cedex (Guyane), France 3 Cirad-Ca/Mabis, TA 70/01, Montpellier Cedex 5, France Summary Résumé Resumen Agronomic assessment of wild Evaluation agronomique des Evaluación económica de cocoa trees (Theobroma cacao cacaoyers spontanés cacao silvestre (Theobroma L.) from the Camopi and (Theobroma cacao L.) des cacao L.) de las cuencas de Tanpok basins (French Guiana) bassins du Camopi et du Camopi y Tanpok (Guayana A study was made of around 1600 indi- Tanpok (Guyane Française) Francesa) vidual cocoa trees (Theobroma cacao L.) Environ 1600 cacaoyers (Theobroma cacao Se hizo un estudio de unos 1600 ejem- representing 144 open-pollinated prog- L.) représentant 144 descendances libres plares de árboles de cacao (Theobroma enies and 11 wild populations identified appartenant à 11 populations naturelles cacao L.) representativos de 144 linajes de in two river basins of French Guiana, identifiées dans deux bassins fluviaux de polinización abierta y 11 poblaciones sil- based on the following selection criteria: Guyane Française, ont été étudiés indivi- vestres identificados en dos cuencas flu- juvenile growth (or vigour), adult duellement pour les critères de sélection viales de Guayana Francesa, con los sigu- vigour, the yield:vigour ratio, earliness suivants : la croissance (ou vigueur) juvé- ientes criterios de selección: crecimiento of production, yield, average pod weight nile, la vigueur adulte, le rapport produc- (o vigor) juvenil, vigor adulto; relación and losses due to rot in the field. Obser- tion-vigueur, la précocité de production, rendimiento-vigor, precocidad de pro- vations were carried out at CIRAD’s la production, le poids moyen d’une ca- ducción, rendimiento, peso medio de la Sinnamary station in French Guiana over bosse et les pertes par pourritures au vaina y pérdidas por podredumbre en el a total of 10 years. The analysis of vari- champ. Les observations ont été réal- campo. Las observaciones se realizaron ance carried out on the seven most nu- isées à la station CIRAD de Sinnamary en en la estación Sinamary del CIRAD en la merous populations (amounting to 97% Guyane, sur une durée totale de 10 ans. Guayana Francesa a lo largo de 10 años. of the individuals) revealed population L’analyse de la variance, effectuée sur les El análisis de varianza realizado en las and/or progeny effects for all the crite- 7 populations les plus nombreuses siete poblaciones más numerosas (que ria. It is proposed that the study material (représentant 97% des individus) permet contienen el 97% de los árboles) reveló be incorporated into genetic improve- de mettre en évidence des effets “popu- los efectos sobre la población y/o el lina- ment programmes, particularly for yield, lation” et/ou “descendance” pour tous je según todos los criterios. Se propone the yield:vigour ratio and performance les critères. Il est proposé d’intégrer le que el material del estudio se incorpore a in the field with respect to rot diseases. matériel étudié dans les programmes programas de mejoramiento genético, To that end, practical indications are d’amélioration génétique, particulière- en particular en atención al rendimiento, given to breeders for choosing from the ment pour les critères de production, de la relación rendimiento-vigor y los re- populations and progenies. rapport Production / Vigueur et de com- sultados en el campo respecto a las enfer- portement vis-à-vis des pourritures au medades de podredumbre. Con ese fin, Key words: Characterization, descrip- champ. Dans ce but, des indications pra- se dan indicaciones prácticas a los fitoge- tors, French Guiana, genetic improve- tiques sont données aux sélectionneurs netistas para escoger entre poblaciones y ment, Phytophthora, populations, quant aux populations et descendances à linajes. Theobroma cacao, wild cocoa trees préférer. Abbreviation: CIRAD: Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Montpellier, France) Introduction The wild cocoa trees of southeastern French Guiana, which 1999). Nevertheless, before it can be used for genetic improve- have been known to exist since 1729 (Capperon, 1731; Leconte ment, it needs to be described, characterized and evaluated, and Challot 1897), have been surveyed and collected on three particularly for selection criteria. occasions in 1987, 1990 and 1995 (Lachenaud and Sallée 1993; Agronomic and morphological characterization of this wild Lachenaud et al. 1997). Numerous studies of this germplasm Guianan material has been under way since 1988 near since 1987 (Lanaud 1987; Lachenaud and Sallée 1993; Laurent Sinnamary, French Guiana, where the Paracou-Combi reference et al. 1994; N’Goran et al. 1994; Lachenaud et al. 1997; Sounigo et collection is planted. The aim is twofold: to gain further knowl- al. 1996, 1999; Lachenaud et al. 1999) have all revealed its unique- edge of variability in this original material and identify origins ness among ‘Forastero’ cocoa trees (T. cacao subsp. sphaerocarpum) (populations or families) that are potentially useful in breeding, (Cuatrecasas 1964). This uniqueness is such that this group of and to provide practical indications for breeders who wish to use cocoa trees is now considered one of the four poles of the them. This article covers only the latter aspect. It presents the species’ genetic structuring (Lachenaud 1997; Lanaud et al. results of 10 years’ agronomic assessment of progenies from 2 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2000, No. 124 wild cocoa trees collected in 1987 in the basins of the Tanpok could be obtained from the results of an adjacent hybrid river (upper basin of the Maroni river) and the Camopi river comparative trial (plot C0) also monitored for 10 years, six of (upper basin of the Oyapok). The traits used, which are all which were contemporary with the study in question selection criteria, were vigour, earliness of production, yield, the (Lachenaud et al. 1994). The edapho-climatic and yield:vigour ratio, pod size and resistance to rot (caused by phytosanitary conditions at the Paracou-Combi station have various species of Phytophthora) in the field. been described in earlier work (Lachenaud et al. 1994). Material and methods Agronomic descriptors Planting material The agronomic descriptors chosen for each of the trees were as The planting material studied at the outset comprised 144 open- follows: pollinated progenies of wild cocoa trees. Each progeny came l Juvenile growth, i.e. the increase in ‘collar’ cross-section (15 from a pod taken from a wild mother-tree, and each mother-tree cm from the ground) between 1 and 2 years in the field. This was was represented by only one progeny. The 144 mother-trees calculated (in cm2) from two diameters measured with slide originated from two subbasins in the far southeast of the coun- calipers. try (between 53°27' and 53°10' W and 2°19' and 2°23' N). Trees l Adult vigour. The circumference of the tree at 10 years old collected in the Camopi basin belonged to wild populations 1, 3, was measured 50 cm from the ground with a tape measure and 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13, while those collected in the Tanpok a cross-section calculated (in cm2).
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