Member's Profile

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Member's Profile Member’s Profile Organization Name: Depozitarul Central S.A. (Romanian CSD) Country/ Region: Romania, European Union Name of CEO: Adriana Tanasoiu 7.77 mil US$ ( = 25.29 mil RON, exchange rate as of Capital (US$): st 31 December 2013) Number of Officers and Employees: 9 Members of the Board and 56 Directors and Employees Depozitarul Central is a joint stock company, which is Ownership and Governance 69.04% owned by the Bucharest Stock Exchange, (Main Shareholders) 18.74 % by issuers, and 12.22% by banks and brokers. Depozitarul Central started operations from 3 Brief History January 2007 and provides clearing, settlement, custody, safekeeping and registration services for securities traded on the regulated markets and alternative trading systems. It also provides safekeeping and registration services for securities that are not publicly held. In addition, Depozitarul Central performs other collateral operations in accordance with the Law 297/ 2004 regarding the capital market, acting as the administrator of the payment system which ensures the clearing of funds and the settlement of trades, according to the National Bank of Romania regulations. Since 2007, Depozitarul Central took over clearing- settlement, custody, safekeeping and registry operations from the Bucharest Stock Exchange, and the 5 independent registrars, thus offering one single point of access for the participants (brokers and custodian banks) and trading venues to the post- trading operations in the Romanian capital market. Brokers 43; Types and number of Participants Custodian banks 12; Payment banks 15; Central depositories/other international financial institutions 1; (as of 31st December 2013) Depozitarul Central is regulated by Law 297/ 2004 Regulatory Environment regarding the capital market, Regulation No 13/2005 issued by the Romanian National Securities Commission, Regulation No 1/2005 issued by the National Bank of Romania and Rule Book of Depozitarul Central. Bursa de Valori Bucuresti (Bucharest Stock Stock Exchanges Exchange) Sibex ( Sibiu Stock Exchange) Banca Nationala a Romaniei / SaFIR Other CSDs or clearing organization in Casa de Compensare Bucuresti SA your country Casa Romana de Compensatie SA Sibiu Depozitarul Sibex SA May 2014 1/3 - Clearing and settlement of securities traded on the Services Provided regulated markets, alternative trading systems and over the counter; - Cross-border settlement of trades; Depozitarul Central has established direct/indirect DvP links with 20 markets, in 13 different currencies. - Custody and registry services connected to the holding of the shareholders (change of property, modifying the identification data of the account owners, global/individual accounts management, issuance of the account statement, administration of the pledge, etc); - Services for the issuers of financial instruments (corporate actions services, holding statistics); - Shareholders communication services; - Management of the identification codes as National Numbering Agency; - Training and licensing of participants agents. Equities, subscription and preferences rights, debts Eligible Securities instruments (government securities, municipal and corporate bonds), structured products, ETFs, index certificates, turbo certificates. Corporate Action services Provided? Yes Yes/No Mandatory corporate actions Voluntary corporate actions (If yes, what kinds of services provided?) Dividends Payments AGM services (provides shareholders lists to the issuing companies, mailing to shareholders) 29,841 mil US$ (as of 31st Dec 2013) 1 USD=3.2551 Value of Securities in Custody (US$): RON Amount of Cash Settled per annum (US$): 4.236 mil US$ (as of 31st Dec 2013) Percentage of Securities Immobilized/ 100% dematerialized form Dematerialized: Market Capitalization/ Trading volume per 43,671 mil US$ (as of 31st Dec 2013) annum (US$): Total Revenue/ Expense and Net income NA Per annum (US$): -On March 2010, Depozitarul Central signed a Memorandum of Understanding/ Business Memorandum of Understanding with the Society for Agreement (Date) Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) in order to establish the National Market Practice Group for Romania. -On May 2012, Depozitarul Central signed the Framework Agreement with the ECB committing the CSD to join TARGET2 Securities (T2S) and therefore outsourcing the euro settlement activity to the Eurosystem. -On October 2012, Depozitarul Central signed a Memorandum of Understanding with National Depository Center of the Azerbaijan Republic and on November 2012 with Jasdec, Central Depository of Japan. -On 3 June 2013, Depozitarul Central signed a Memorandum of Understanding with National Settlement Depository. May 2014 2/3 Cross-border settlement services are offered for 20 Cross-Broader Transaction (Counterpart) markets: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Switzerland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, UK, Netherland, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Hungary, USA, South Africa, Bulgaria and Canada Withholding Tax Treatment of Cross- In progress Border Trading Transactions (Details) DVP Implementation (Yes/No) Yes On exchange settlement: Settlement Period Settlement of equities, rights and bonds is on T+3, Settlement of government securities is on T+2, Off exchange settlement: Settlement of OTC trades is from T+0 to T+3 Contact person: Gheorghe Tudor, Strategies Contact Information Development and Communication Manager Tel: 40214085881 Fax: 40214085814 Email: [email protected] Romania, Bucharest 2, 34-36 Carol I Boulevard 020922, 8th floor www.roclear.eu. Remarks May 2014 3/3 .
Recommended publications
  • Country Report Romania 2020
    EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 26.2.2020 SWD(2020) 522 final COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Country Report Romania 2020 Accompanying the document COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK AND THE EUROGROUP 2020 European Semester: Assessment of progress on structural reforms, prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances, and results of in-depth reviews under Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011 {COM(2020) 150 final} EN EN CONTENTS Executive summary 4 1. Economic situation and outlook 9 2. Progress with country-specific recommendations 17 3. Summary of the main findings from the MIP in-depth review 21 4. Reform priorities 25 4.1. Public finances and taxation 25 4.2. Financial sector 30 4.3. Labour market, education and social policies 33 4.4. Competitiveness, reforms and investment 45 4.5. Environmental Sustainability 63 Annex A: Overview Table 67 Annex B: Commission debt sustainability analysis and fiscal risks 75 Annex C: Standard Tables 76 Annex D: Investment guidance on Just Transition Fund 2021-2027 for Romania 82 Annex E: Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 85 References 90 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Key economic and financial indicators 16 Table 2.1: Assessment of 2019 CSR implementation 19 Table 3.1: MIP assessment matrix (*) - Romania 2020 23 Table C.1: Financial market indicators 76 Table C.2: Headline Social Scoreboard indicators 77 Table C.3: Labour market and education indicators 78 Table C.4: Social inclusion and health
    [Show full text]
  • Romanian Financial Highlights EN December
    NEWS Romanian Financial Highlights – December 2012 Currency quotations Foreign exchange rates BNR base interest December 31, 2012 Quotation Date RON/EUR RON/USD Date Inflation rate % rate EUR/USD 1,32 21.dec 4,4451 3,3636 oct.12 0,29 Oct 5.25% USD/JPY 0,86 24.dec 4,4231 3,3468 nov.12 0,04 Nov 5.25% GBP/USD 1,62 27.dec 4,4296 3,3384 dec.12 0,60 Dec 5.25% USD/CHF 0,92 28.dec 4,4291 3,3619 2011 5,79 EUR/CHF 1,21 31.dec 4,4287 3,3575 2012 4,95 Source: National Bank of Romania, National Institute of Statistics RON/USD Evolution of National Currency (2010-2012) Evolution of national Currency (last month) - RON/EUR Evolution of national Currency (last month) - RON/USD RON/EUR 4,7 4,6800 3,5500 4,6400 4,2 3,4800 4,6000 4,5600 3,4100 3,7 4,5200 3,3400 4,4800 3,2 3,2700 4,4400 4,4000 3,2000 2,7 c c c c c c c 1 2 2 ec ec ec ec ec ec e e ec ec ec ec ec ec ec ec -10 11 -11 -11 -1 -11 12 -12 12 -12 -12 -1 12 D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D b-11 r- n ct b-12 n g-1 p ct v- -De -D -De - -De ec Jan-11 e pr Ju Jul-11 Jan- e pr ay- Ju Jul-12 u e 1-Dec 3- 5-Dec 7-Dec 9-Dec 9-De 1- 3 5- 7- 9-Dec 9-De D F Ma A May-11 Aug-11 Sep-11 O Nov Dec-11 F Mar-12 A M A S O No Dec-12 11- 13- 15 17- 1 21 23-Dec 25 27-Dec 29- 31-Dec 11-Dec 13-Dec 15- 17-Dec 19- 21- 23- 25- 27- 2 31 Deposits interest Futures quotations BMFMS 1) Futures quotations BMFMS Maturity Interest Interest Contract Maturity Amount Contract Maturity Amount ROBID ROBOR RON RON 1 month 5,54% 6,04% EUR/RON mar.13 4,5050 DESNP mar.13 0,4315 3 months 5,55% 6,05% EUR/RON iun.13 4,5500 DETLV mar.13 0,8715 6 months
    [Show full text]
  • The Policy of the Exchange Rate Promoted by National Bank of Romania and Its Implications Upon the Financial Stability
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Papers in Economics THE POLICY OF THE EXCHANGE RATE PROMOTED BY NATIONAL BANK OF ROMANIA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS UPON THE FINANCIAL STABILITY Vechiu Camelia “Constantin Brâncoveanu” University Pite 2ti, Faculty of Management-Marketing in Economic Affairs, Br ;ila Enache Elena “Constantin Brâncoveanu” University Pite 2ti, Faculty of Management-Marketing in Economic Affairs, Br ;ila Marin Carmen “Constantin Brâncoveanu” University Pite 2ti, Faculty of Management-Marketing in Economic Affairs, Br ;ila Chifane Cristina “Constantin Brâncoveanu” University Pite 2ti, Faculty of Management-Marketing in Economic Affairs, Br ;ila The more profound world economic crisis has strongly marked the evolution of the Romanian financial system. The size of current account deficit, the relatively high external financing needs and the dependence of the banks on it, the high ratio between loans in foreign currency and deposits in foreign currency made of the Romanian economy, a risky destination for investors. In these conditions, since the end of 2008 and throughout 2009, the government's economic program was focused on reducing the external deficit in both public and private sector, on minimizing the effects of recession, on avoiding a crisis of the exchange rate and on cooling the inflationary pressures. Keywords: monetary policy, exchange rate, external financing, budget deficit JEL classification: E58 1. The interventions of NBR on the foreign exchange market Supported by the global financial crisis, the evolution of the Leu rate has raised major problems. As in the period 2005-2007, the currency incomings have overestimated the Romanian national currency way above the level indicated by the fundamental factors of the exchange rate, the reduction of the foreign financing and the incertitude have afterwards determined an unjustified depreciation of the Romanian Leu.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline / 1870 to After 1930 / ROMANIA
    Timeline / 1870 to After 1930 / ROMANIA Date Country Theme 1871 Romania Rediscovering The Past Alexandru Odobescu sends an archaeological questionnaire to teachers all over the country, who have to return information about archaeological discoveries or vestiges of antique monuments existing in the areas where they live or work. 1873 Romania International Exhibitions Two Romanians are members of the international jury of the Vienna International Exposition: agronomist and economist P.S. Aurelian and doctor Carol Davila. 1873 Romania Travelling The first tourism organisation from Romania, called the Alpine Association of Transylvania, is founded in Bra#ov. 1874 Romania Rediscovering The Past 18 April: decree for the founding of the Commission of Public Monuments to record the public monuments on Romanian territory and to ensure their conservation. 1874 Romania Reforms And Social Changes Issue of the first sanitation law in the United Principalities. The sanitation system is organised hierarchically and a Superior Medical Council, with a consultative role, is created. 1875 - 1893 Romania Political Context Creation of the first Romanian political parties: the Liberal Party (1875), the Conservative Party (1880), the Radical-Democratic Party (1888), and the Social- Democratic Party of Romanian Labourers (1893). 1876 Romania Reforms And Social Changes Foundation of the Romanian Red Cross. 1876 Romania Fine And Applied Arts 19 February: birth of the great Romanian sculptor Constantin Brâncu#i, author of sculptures such as Mademoiselle Pogany, The Kiss, Bird in Space, and The Endless Column. His works are today exhibited in museums in France, the USA and Romania. 1877 - 1881 Romania Political Context After Parliament declares Romania’s independence (May 1877), Romania participates alongside Russia in the Russian-Ottoman war.
    [Show full text]
  • Mugur Isărescu
    Mugur Isărescu: Is European financial integration stalling? Opening remarks by Mr Mugur Isărescu, Governor of the National Bank of Romania, at the EUROFI High Level Seminar, Bucharest, 3 April 2019. * * * Honourable guests, Ladies and gentlemen, Please allow me to welcome you here, at the Royal Palace. We are honoured to host here, in Bucharest, so many outstanding guests at such a landmark event. It is a perfect occasion to exchange views and liaise with representatives of public and banking authorities and of the financial industry across the European Union. During the talks over the past few days, and particularly on the occasion of the EUROFI High- level Seminar, I heard strong voices from the banking community which were rather pessimistic about the prospects of further banking and financial integration. We, at the Eastern frontier of the EU, are compelled to take a more positive outlook regarding the future of our continent. Speaking about the difficulties of the financial sector in Europe, it is important to point out the positive aspects and evolutions as well. Certainly, favourable developments have taken place all over Europe and we should acknowledge them and move forward with more confidence. Specifically, financial fragmentation has been mitigated as a result of broad-based non-standard policy measures taken by the ECB. Looking ahead, completing the Economic and Monetary Union, which involves risk-sharing tools and risk-reduction efforts, is the way forward to address financial fragmentation. In the case of Romania, I could say we have already taken important steps towards joining the banking union: no public funds were resorted to after the crisis outbreak to support the banking system and now its liquidity and solvency ratios are well above the prudential thresholds.
    [Show full text]
  • Investing in Central Europe 2016
    Investing in Central Europe Your move in the right direction December 2016 Investing in Central Europe | Your move in the right direction Content 1. Investing in Central Europe 3 Introduction The investment process 2. Why Central Europe? 9 3. Comparison of selected data 10 Basic facts Main macroeconomic data GDP growth in CE Taxation 4. Country guides for Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia 15 General overview of economy Tax structure Legal entities Labor and wages Education Infrastructure The most active industries / sectors Industrial parks Investment Incentive Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Expatriate life Weather and climate 5. The Social Progress Index and Foreign Direct Investment in CE Region 149 6. Deloitte Central Europe 164 Deloitte Central Europe Our expertise 7. Contact us 168 2 Investing in Central Europe | Your move in the right direction Introduction The economic and business outlook Indeed, Romania is “the new sexy” and we • When the Eurozone grows by an extra for Central Europe have “taken Romania out of the Balkans”. 1%, then the CEE region grows by In 2016-17 the core/central CEE region Growth exceeds 4% and a large majority an extra 1.3%. looks like a “safe haven” globally. When of companies report excellent business • But South-eastern Europe (SEE), with many emerging markets and developed and this is across most sectors. Romania the exception of Romania, was not ones face strained economic and is not as roller-coaster as it sued to be and performing as well due to structural political developments, core CEE looks the recent 18 months have been some economic issues such as budget comparatively much better.
    [Show full text]
  • Romania 01 2016-17 Transition for All: Equal Opportunities in an Unequal World
    TRANSITION REPORT COUNTRY ASSESSMENTS: ROMANIA 01 2016-17 TRANSITION FOR ALL: EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES IN AN UNEQUAL WORLD Highlights ROMANIA • The economy grew by 3.7 per cent in 2015 on the back of private consumption. Growth was supported by an increase in wages, better labour market conditions and subdued inflation, which has been negative since June 2015 on the back of lower food and energy prices, the reduction in VAT and lower inflation expectations. • Romania continued its progress under the Cooperation and Verification Mechanism, but challenges remain. Romania made progress in the independence of its judiciary and the fight against high-level corruption, according to the European Commission. An anti-corruption strategy was launched for public debate in July 2016. • The decline in non-performing loans (NPLs) continued. The NPL ratio decreased to 10.6 per cent in August 2016, from a peak of 22.0 per cent at the end of 2013, on the back of the central bank’s initiative to stimulate NPL write-off, and an improvement in lending to the private sector. Meanwhile, banks continued to restructure their loan portfolios. Key priorities for 2017 • The fight against corruption should be further strengthened. While Romania progressed in its fight against corruption, the country has yet to reach a full consensus on judiciary reforms and needs to consolidate existing reforms to maintain sustainable and irreversible progress. • Efforts should be made to improve infrastructure. The quality of transport infrastructure remains poor by EU standards and the lack of coordination and strategic planning hampers public investments. The legal framework on public procurement should be improved by further pursuing the ongoing reorganisation of the procurement system.
    [Show full text]
  • As of 30 June 2017
    HALF-YEARLY REPORT as of 30 June 2017 WorldReginfo - 4f9e357e-8583-4bea-b777-fb2a0acebd95 Contents Executive summary 3 Financial and operating highlights 5 Analysis of the consolidated results for the first half of 2017 6 Expectations for the second half of 2017 10 Condensed consolidated interim financial statements as at and for the six-month period ended 30 June 2017 11 Statement of persons responsible 26 Annex – Resolutions of the Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders held on 12 April 2017 27 Contact us 30 Find out more about the Bucharest Stock Exchange 30 Notes The Directors’ consolidated report herein presents the interim condensed consolidated financial statements of the Bucharest Stock Exchange, prepared in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards as adopted by the European Union, and in compliance with the rules and regulations of the Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA). The financial results as of 30 June 2017 are not audited. The financial figures presented in the executive management commentary which are expressed in million RON are rounded off to the nearest integer and may result in small reconciliation differences. Entities included in the consolidation process: Bucharest Stock Exchange, Central Depository, Bucharest Clearing House, Investors Compensation Fund. Disclaimer This English language report is a convenience translation of the Romanian language “Raport semestrial la 30 iunie 2017”. The Romanian version of the report is the official document. Bucharest Stock Exchange Half-yearly report for the period ended 30 June 2017 2 WorldReginfo - 4f9e357e-8583-4bea-b777-fb2a0acebd95 Executive summary RON 3.77 bn, +34% The Bucharest Stock Exchange (BVB) had the best quarter of the last two years, in terms of trading value in all markets, with new public offerings from private companies Total trading value, and new educational projects dedicated to both investors and entrepreneurs.
    [Show full text]
  • The National Bank of Romania Uses FT Content to Foster Its Agility and Adaptability Ft.Com/Group
    The National Bank of Romania uses FT content to foster its agility and adaptability ft.com/group The challenge The solution The benefits The strategic decisions taken by the An FT Group Subscription provides Teams and senior colleagues across National Bank of Romania originate a common source of analysis that the National Bank of Romania are in trustworthy political and economic strategists and decision-makers can on the same page when it comes to insight on Europe and beyond. Up use to gain a big picture view of the their understanding of the global to date information is constantly world and identify key themes that financial and political outlook. required in order to adapt to the their specialised teams can then Major policy decisions are informed demanding new challenges facing a explore in greater depth. by accurate analysis and trusted modern central bank. intelligence. You have to go beyond your own box and your own culture. Reading the FT enriches your knowledge and makes us more skilful as an institution. Gabriela Mihailovici Strategy consultant, National Bank of Romania Supporting Romania’s Although the long-term aim is a return to a normal monetary stance, the ‘new normal’ is likely to be rather economic health different. It’s commonly acknowledged that the core objective of Teams across the NBR therefore need to ensure they the majority of central banks is to ensure and maintain have access to accurate sources of analysis in order to price stability. be agile in their strategic decision-making. The National Bank of Romania (NBR), headquartered in Bucharest, shares this primary goal with its EU/ESCB counterparts but equally, the role of central banks is A complicated, global game ever-growing in an environment marked by unusually elevated uncertainties.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF-Xchange 4.0 Examples
    BVB Directors’ Consolidated Report for 2017 WorldReginfo - 9d2dcd2f-cde3-4735-ae49-ef198a0ef219 Table of contents Message from the BVB Chairman 3 Executive summary 4 Financial highlights 7 BVB Group information 8 Main events 10 Projects and accomplishments 13 Analysis of financial results for 2017 21 Other information 26 Corporate Governance 29 Annex 1 – Statement with regard to BVB’s compliance with the Corporate Governance Code 44 Annex 2 – Annual Environmental & Social Report 49 Statement 56 Contact us 57 Find out more about the Bucharest Stock Exchange 57 Note The report herein presents the annual consolidated financial results of the Bucharest Stock Exchange, prepared in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards as adopted by the European Union, and in compliance with the rules and regulations of the Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA). The financial results as at 31 December 2017 are audited. The financial ratios presented in the executive management commentary which are expressed in million RON are rounded to the nearest integer and may result in small reconciliation differences. The information presented in the report herein are compliant with the FSA Rule no. 39/2015 for the approval of accounting regulations compliant with the International Financial Reporting Standards, applicable to entities regulated, authorized and/or supervised by the FSA, within the Financial Instruments and Investments Sector, as well as with the FSA Regulation no. 1/2006 on issuers of and operations with securities (the information presented herein is equivalent to that required by Annex no. 32). In order to comply with the requirements of FSA Rule no. 39/2015, the BVB Board of Governors, the parent company of BVB Group, has the obligation to prepare the consolidated directors’ report that presents the development and performance as well as the financial position of the entities included in the consolidation process.
    [Show full text]
  • Adelina Stefan
    The Lure of Capitalism: Foreign Tourists and the Shadow Economy in Socialist Romania of the 1960s-1980s Adelina Stefan In 1964, a British newsreel promoting socialist Romania as a tourist destination described the country as a blend of tradition and modernity that despite its location beyond the Iron Curtain displays a capitalist mentality.1 Romanian tourist propaganda sent a similar message when advertising Romania in capitalist countries.2 In 1976, “Vacances en Roumanie,” a Romanian tourist magazine published abroad, lavishly invited Western tourists to spend their holidays on the Romanian “Riviera” of the Black Sea. “Roulette, jazz, beauty contests, night shows, music, projections, and cocktails” were all part of the vacation package that was supposed to render Western tourists productive for the rest of the year.3 Yet, despite this tourist promotion, when it came to encouraging market economy practices at the level of everyday life, the Romanian socialist government was less enthusiastic. This article examines particularly the tension between the goal of the socialist state to attract Western tourists with their coveted hard currencies and the regime’s fear of capitalist “contamination” at the everyday level. More than anything else international tourism exposed the socialist society to the Western eyes, but also the capitalist consumption patterns to the Romanian public. The first part of this chapter will explore the politics of the Romanian socialist state regarding international tourism, the second part will look at the economic interaction between foreign tourists and Romanian citizens asking to what extent these contacts eluded the state, and the last part will examine the ways in which consumer culture in socialist Romania was reshaped by the contacts between tourist workers and Western tourists.
    [Show full text]
  • Zbwleibniz-Informationszentrum
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Ghiba, Nicolae Article Exchange Rate and Economic Growth. The Case of Romania CES Working Papers Provided in Cooperation with: Centre for European Studies, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Suggested Citation: Ghiba, Nicolae (2010) : Exchange Rate and Economic Growth. The Case of Romania, CES Working Papers, ISSN 2067-7693, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Centre for European Studies, Iasi, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 73-77 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/198093 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ www.econstor.eu EXCHANGE RATE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH. THE CASE OF ROMANIA Nicolae Ghiba “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iaşi [email protected] Abstract: Considering the difficulties created by the economic crisis, many exporters have criticized the National Bank of Romania (NBR)’s policy regarding the exchange rate evolution.
    [Show full text]