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München Im Netzwerk Der Hilfe Für „Nichtarische“ Christen (1938 – 1941)

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München Im Netzwerk Der Hilfe Für „Nichtarische“ Christen (1938 – 1941) München im Netzwerk der Hilfe für „nichtarische“ Christen (1938 – 1941) Schriftliche Hausarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Magister Artium vonvon DirkDirk SchönlebeSchönlebe 1 EINLEITUNG .................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 THEMA UND FRAGESTELLUNG .................................................................................. 5 1.2 LITERATUR - UND QUELLENLAGE ............................................................................. 7 1.3 DEFINITION UND DEMOGRAPHIE DER „NICHTARISCHEN “ CHRISTEN ............. 13 1.4 VORGEHENSWEISE UND PROBLEMATIK ................................................................ 16 2 DIE HILFE FÜR „NICHTARISCHE“ CHRISTEN VOR 1938 .......... 18 2.1 DIE SITUATION DER „NICHTARISCHEN “ CHRISTEN ............................................ 18 2.2 HILFE VON EVANGELISCHER SEITE ....................................................................... 20 2.2.1 EVANGELISCHE HILFE AUF REICHSEBENE VOR 1938 .............................................. 20 2.2.2 EVANGELISCHE HILFE IN MÜNCHEN VOR 1938 ......................................................... 23 2.3 HILFE VON KATHOLISCHER SEITE ......................................................................... 24 2.3.1 KATHOLISCHE HILFE AUF REICHSEBENE VOR 1938 ............................................... 24 2.3.1.1 Der „St. Raphaelsverein zum Schutze katholischer deutscher Auswanderer“.. 25 2.3.1.2 Das „Caritas-Notwerk“ ..................................................................................... 26 2.3.1.3 Der „Hilfsausschuss für katholische Nichtarier“ .............................................. 27 2.3.2 KATHOLISCHE HILFE IN MÜNCHEN VOR 1938 ........................................................ 28 2.3.2.1 Caritas und Raphaelsverein............................................................................... 28 2.3.2.2 Kardinal Michael von Faulhaber....................................................................... 29 3 KONFESSIONELL UNGEBUNDENE HILFE .......................................... 32 3.1 ALLGEMEINE VORAUSSETZUNGEN ........................................................................ 32 3.2 SELBSTHILFE DER „NICHTARISCHEN “ CHRISTEN ............................................... 34 3.2.1 „R EICHSVERBAND CHRISTLICH -DEUTSCHER STAATSBÜRGER NICHTARISCHER ODER NICHT REIN ARISCHER ABSTAMMUNG “ UND „P AULUS -BUND “.................................... 34 3.2.2 DIE „V EREINIGUNG 1937“ ....................................................................................... 39 3.2.3 DAS „B ÜRO DR. HEINRICH SPIERO “........................................................................ 41 3.3 HILFE DURCH „D IE RELIGIÖSE GESELLSCHAFT DER FREUNDE “ (Q UÄKER ). 43 3.3.1 DIE QUÄKER AUF REICHSEBENE .............................................................................. 43 3.3.2 DIE QUÄKER IN MÜNCHEN – DAS EHEPAAR COHEN ............................................... 48 3.4 EXKURS : ÖKUMENISCHE HILFE ............................................................................. 51 4 EVANGELISCHE HILFE FÜR „NICHTARISCHE“ CHRISTEN AB 1938 54 4.1 AUF REICHSEBENE – DAS „B ÜRO PFARRER GRÜBER “ UND SEINE VERTRAUENSSTELLEN .......................................................................................................... 54 4.1.1 ENTSTEHUNG , AUFBAU UND STATUS ...................................................................... 54 4.1.2 ORGANISATION UND FINANZIERUNG ....................................................................... 56 4.1.3 AUSWANDERUNGSHILFE .......................................................................................... 58 4.1.3.1 Allgemeines................................................................................................... 58 4.1.3.2 Kooperationen............................................................................................... 60 4.1.3.3 „Zentralausschuss für die Verschickung nichtarisch-christlicher Kinder“ ....... 61 4.1.4 FÜRSORGE UND AUSBILDUNG .................................................................................. 62 4.1.5 BILANZ UND ENDE .................................................................................................... 64 4.2 HILFE IN MÜNCHEN – DIE HILFSSTELLE DER INNEREN MISSION .................... 66 4.2.1 ENTSTEHUNG UND STATUS ...................................................................................... 66 4.2.2 LEITUNG , ORGANISATION UND FINANZIERUNG ...................................................... 69 4.2.3 HELFER UND KONTAKTE .......................................................................................... 71 4.2.4 AUFGABEN ................................................................................................................ 75 4.2.4.1 Die Hilfesuchenden........................................................................................... 75 4.2.4.2 Kindertransport und Auswanderungshilfe ........................................................ 76 4.2.4.3 Fürsorge, Seelsorge und Deportationsvorbereitung.......................................... 77 4.2.4.4 Begräbnisfrage .................................................................................................. 79 4.2.4.5 Beispiel für geleistete Hilfe: Jeanne Z. ............................................................. 80 4.2.4.6 Beispiel für geleistete Hilfe: Die Familie S. ..................................................... 83 4.2. 5 BILANZ UND HILFE DER IM-STELLE AB 1942 ................................................................ 84 4.1.6 BEISPIELE FÜR HILFE JENSEITS DER IM-HILFSSTELLE ............................................ 87 4.1.6.1 Die Christuskirche in Neuhausen.................................................................. 87 4.1.6.2 Der Lempp-Kreis........................................................................................... 88 5 KATHOLISCHE HILFE FÜR „NICHTARISCHE“ CHRISTEN AB 1938 91 5.1 KATHOLISCHE HILFE AUF REICHSEBENE SEIT 1938 ................................................ 91 5.1.1 DER RAPHAELSVEREIN .................................................................................................... 91 5.1.1.1 Organisation und Finanzierung......................................................................... 91 5.1.1.2 Der „Passage-Bewilligungsausschuss“ ............................................................. 93 5.1.1.3 Kooperationen und Wege der Auswanderungshilfe.......................................... 93 5.1.1.4 Bilanz und Ende ................................................................................................ 95 5.1.2 DAS HILFSWERK BEIM BISCHÖFLICHEN ORDINARIAT BERLIN (HBOB) ..................... 97 5.1.3 DER „H ILFSAUSSCHUSS FÜR KATHOLISCHE NICHTARIER “ UND DIE CARITAS -REICHSSTELLE ................................................................................................................................................. 102 5.1.4 HILFE UND HELFER GERTRUD LUCKNERS ....................................................................... 103 5.2 KATHOLISCHE HILFE IN MÜNCHEN ..................................................................... 107 5.2.1 DIE CARITAS / RAPHAELSVEREINSSTELLE .................................................................... 107 5.2.2 MICHAEL KARDINAL VON FAULHABER ........................................................................ 109 5.2.2.1 Geheimhaltungsbemühungen.......................................................................... 109 5.2.2.2 Hilfe in Einzelfällen ........................................................................................ 110 5.2.2.3 Die „Brasil-Aktion“......................................................................................... 113 5.2.3 KONVERSIONEN , EINZELFÄLLE UND DIE HILFE FÜR FAMILIE S. ................................. 115 6 NETZWERKGEDANKE: GAB ES EIN NETZWERK ZUR RETTUNG „NICHTARISCHER“ CHRISTEN? ................................................ 117 6.1 DER NETZWERKGEDANKE AUF NATIONALER EBENE ....................................... 117 6.2 DER NETZWERKGEDANKE IN MÜNCHEN ............................................................ 122 7 ERGEBNISSE ....................................................................................................... 124 ANHANG ............................................................................................................................ 130 ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS ............................................................................................... 130 QUELLENVERZEICHNIS ....................................................................................................... 131 UNGEDRUCKTE QUELLEN ...................................................................................................... 131 GEDRUCKTE QUELLEN ........................................................................................................... 133 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS ................................................................................................... 134 1 Einleitung 1.1 Thema und Fragestellung „Der Beamte dort sah mich groß an und erwiderte […]: ‚So wenig wie aus einer Kalbshaxen eine Schweinshaxen wird, so wenig wird aus einem Juden ein Arier.’“ 1 Mit dieser Bemerkung wurde der Pfarrer Johannes Zwanzger abgekanzelt, als er zur Treuhandstelle in der Widenmayerstraße ging, um sich als Leiter der evangelischen Hilfsstelle für „nichtarische“ Christen in München vorzustellen. Zwanzger antwortete,
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