Phd Dissertation Is No Easy Task, and I Am Grateful for Their Thoughtful and Detailed Comments

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Phd Dissertation Is No Easy Task, and I Am Grateful for Their Thoughtful and Detailed Comments Delft University of Technology Wireless Communication onboard Spacecraft Draadloze Communicatie aan boord van Ruimtevaartuigen Amini, Rouzbeh DOI 10.4233/uuid:ef88dac7-d007-44ae-a48a-f134d6a95cf2 Publication date 2016 Document Version Final published version Citation (APA) Amini, R. (2016). Wireless Communication onboard Spacecraft: Draadloze Communicatie aan boord van Ruimtevaartuigen. https://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:ef88dac7-d007-44ae-a48a-f134d6a95cf2 Important note To cite this publication, please use the final published version (if applicable). Please check the document version above. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download, forward or distribute the text or part of it, without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license such as Creative Commons. Takedown policy Please contact us and provide details if you believe this document breaches copyrights. We will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This work is downloaded from Delft University of Technology. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to a maximum of 10. Wireless Communication onboard Spacecraft Rouzbeh Amini Draadloze Communicatie aan boord van Ruimtevaartuigen PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. ir. K.C.A.M. Luyben, voorzitter van het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 6 september 2016 om 15:00 uur door Rouzbeh AMINI Elektrotechnisch Ingenieur, Master of Science aan de Aalborg Universiteit, Denemarken geboren te Ahvaz, Iran This dissertation has been approved by the promotors: Prof. dr. E.K.A. Gill and Prof. dr. ir. G.N. Gaydadjiev Composition of the doctoral committee: Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. E.K.A. Gill, Delft University of Technology (NL), promotor Prof. dr. ir. G.N. Gaydadjiev, Imperial College London (UK), promotor Independent members: Prof. dr. ir. M.H.G. Verhaegen, Delft University of Technology (NL) Prof. dr. D.G. Simons, Delft University of Technology (NL) Prof. dr. A.V. Veidenbaum, University of California (USA) Ir. J. Leijtens, Lens R&D (NL) Prof. dr. ir. J.A. Mulder, Delft University of Technology (NL), reserve member CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Amini, Rouzbeh Wireless Communication onboard Spacecraft Delft: Technische Universiteit Delft, Faculteit Luchtvaart- en Ruimtevaarttechniek, Afdeling Space Systems Engineering. Thesis Technische Universiteit Delft. - With index, ref. - With summary in Dutch. ISBN 978-94-6186-708-7 NUR-code 910 Subject headings: onboard wireless communication, onboard energy management. This research was funded by MicroNed program managed by the Dutch government. Copyright © 2016 by Rouzbeh Amini All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without express permission of the author except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. To obtain permission to use material from this work, please contact the author. Printed by Uitgeverij BOXPress, Vianen, The Netherlands. First printing, August 2016. This document has been typeset in LATEX. To my Parents Samenvatting Dit proefschrift richt zich op draadloze communicatie in ruimtevaartuigen als een oplossing voor het verminderen van de hoeveelheid bekabeling in ruimte- vaartuigen. Ondanks de buitengewone vooruitgang in de lucht- en ruimtevaart zijn de kosten om een vaartuig in de ruimte te brengen nog steeds zeer hoog en is de hoeveelheid ingenieurswerk om ruimtevaartuigen te ontwerpen en te ontwikkelen enorm. De belangrijkste elementen die de ontwikkelings- en lanceerkosten van een ruimtevaartuig verhogen zijn de omvang, de massa en de noodzaak van een voor iedere missie op maat gemaakt ontwerp. Onder- zoeken tonen aan dat het aandeel van on-board bekabeling in de massa van het ruimtevaartuig ongeveer 6% tot 10% bedraagt. Iedere poging om de beka- beling te verminderen kan direct leiden tot verlaging van de lanceerkosten en tot een flexibeler en meer modulair ontwerp. Dit proefschrift tracht een antwoord te geven op de volgende vragen: 1. Welke problemen zijn inherent aan ingebouwde bedrade standaarden en wat zijn de voordelen en kenmerken van een draadloos netwerk in een ruimtevaartuig? 2. Welke subsystemen in ruimtevaartuigen zouden vooral kunnen profiteren van een draadloos on-board communicatieparadigma? 3. Wat is de grootste uitdaging met betrekking tot het gebruik van een draadloze standaard aan boord van ruimtevaartuigen? 4. Hoe kunnen we de aanwijsbare uitdaging van een ontwerp op systeem- niveau oplossen? Voor een antwoord op deze vragen worden in dit proefschrift de bestaande bedrade databusstandaarden in ruimtevaartuigen en grote commerciële kant- en-klare (COTS) draadloze communicatieoplossingen beoordeeld om de ar- chitectuur ervan vast te stellen en te karakteriseren. Deze draadloze stan- daarden zijn Wi-Fi, Bluetooth en ZigBee. Het karakteriseren van verschillende i on-board gegevenstypen helpt bij het bepalen van een geschikte COTS draad- loze communicatieoplossing voor alle soorten toepassingen. Vooral sensoren voor standbepalings- en controlesystemen (ADCS) kunnen enorm profiteren van een energiezuinige draadloze communicatieoplossing met een lage trans- missiesnelheid, zoals ZigBee. Maar de grootste uitdaging is de vermindering van het energieverbruik van sensoren om een draadloze architectuur mogelijk te maken en de levensduur van accu’s te optimaliseren zonder de prestaties van het systeem te beïnvloeden. Dit proefschrift stelt twee ingebouwde, op basis van sensor planningsschema’s werkende energiemanagers voor om de uitdaging op het gebied van energiebe- sparing aan te pakken. Deze oplossingen zijn afgestemd op ADCS-sensoren en hebben als doel het totale ADCS energieverbruik te verlagen zonder de nauwkeurigheid van standbepaling te beïnvloeden. Beide energiemanagers maken gebruik van vergelijkbare ontwerpelementen en beslissingsalgoritmes, maar een ervan geeft een gecentraliseerd schema weer en de ander maakt gebruik van een gedecentraliseerde architectuur. Een uniek kenmerk van deze ontwerpen is dat de energiebeheeroplossing volledig is geïntegreerd met het on-board standbepalingssysteem van het ruimtevaartuig. Uit de resultaten van een simulatie blijkt dat het inzetten van energiemanagers een totale energiebe- sparing oplevert van 20.9% tot 51% (afhankelijk van het scenario) zonder de nauwkeurigheid van standbepaling te beïnvloeden. ii Abstract This dissertation focuses on intra-spacecraft wireless communication as a so- lution for reducing the spacecraft onboard harness. Despite outstanding ad- vances in aerospace industry, the cost of accessing space is still very high and the amount of engineering work required for spacecraft design and de- velopment is enormous. The key elements which increase the development and launch cost of a spacecraft are size, mass, and the necessity of a tailored design for each mission. Studies show that the contribution of onboard har- ness to spacecraft mass is about 6% to 10%. Any effort to reduce harness can directly result in reducing the launch cost and arriving to a more modular and flexible design. This thesis aims to answer the following questions: 1. What are the problems of onboard wired standards and what are the benefits and characteristics of wireless network onboard spacecraft? 2. Which spacecraft subsystems could benefit most from a wireless onboard communication paradigm? 3. What is the major challenge regarding employing a wireless standard onboard a spacecraft? 4. How can we solve the identified system level design challenge? To answer these questions, this dissertation reviews the existing wired space- craft data bus standards and major commercial off the shelf (COTS) wireless communication solutions to identify and characterize their architectures. These wireless standards are Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and ZigBee. Categorizing different on- board data types aids to identify a suitable COTS wireless communication solution for each application category. Specifically, sensors of attitude deter- mination and control system (ADCS) can greatly benefit from a low power and low data rate wireless communication solution such as ZigBee, however, the major challenge is conserving energy on the sensors to enable a wireless iii architecture and achieve an adequate battery life without compromising the system performance. This dissertation proposes two onboard energy managers based on sensor scheduling schemes to tackle the energy conservation chal- lenge. These solutions are tailored to ADCS and aim to reduce the overall ADCS energy consumption without affecting the required accuracy of attitude determination. Both energy managers use similar design elements and deci- sion making algorithms while one of them presents a centralized scheme and the other one employs a decentralized architecture. A unique characteristic of these designs is that the energy management solution is fully integrated with the onboard attitude determination system of the spacecraft. Simulation results show that enabling the energy managers result in total energy saving between 20.9% to 51% (depending on the scenario) without compromoising accuracy of attitude determination. iv Acknowledgement This thesis is the result
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