Northamptonshire Archaeology
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A b _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Northamptonshire Archaeology An Archaeological Watching Brief At The SAS Institute Medmenham, Buckinghamshire July 2001 – June 2002 Mark Holmes January 2005 Report 05/13 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Northamptonshire Archaeology 2 Bolton House Wootton Hall Park Northampton NN4 8BE w. www.northantsarchaeology.co.uk t. 01604 700493/4 f. 01604 702822 e. [email protected] SAS INSTITUTE, MEDMENHAM STAFF Project Manager Steve Parry MA MIFA Text Mark Holmes MA Fieldwork Mark Holmes Steve Hayward BA Peter Masters BA HND PIFA Illustrations Hari Anne Jacklin MA Mark Holmes QUALITY CONTROL Print name Signed Date Checked by Steve Parry Verified by Pat Chapman Approved by Andy Chapman Northamptonshire Archaeology Report 05/013 SAS INSTITUTE, MEDMENHAM OASIS REPORT FORM PROJECT DETAILS Project title An Archaeological Watching Brief At The SAS Institute, Medmenham, Buckinghamshire. Short description An archaeological watching brief was undertaken by (250 words maximum) Northamptonshire Archaeology during groundworks connected with construction of new offices and associated sports facilities of the SAS Institute, Medmenham, Buckinghamshire. Scattered pits were found at various locations within the grounds, one of which produced a small quantity of Iron Age pottery. Project type Watching brief Previous work Archaeological Desk Top Assessment (Higgins 1998) (reference to organisation Archaeological Trial Trenching CAS 1999.37 or SMR numbers etc) (Northamptonshire Archaeology 1998). Future work Unknown (yes, no, unknown) Monument type Hillfort, Iron Age and period Military, Modern Significant finds Worked Flint, Prehistoric (artefact type and period) Pottery, Iron Age PROJECT LOCATION County Buckinghamshire Site address SAS Institute, Henley Road, Medmenham, Marlow, (including postcode) Bucks, SL7 2EB Easting (use 2-numeral 1817 100km grid square no.) Northing 4846 Height OD PROJECT CREATORS Organisation Northamptonshire Archaeology Project brief originator Bucks County Archaeological Service Project Design originator Northamptonshire Archaeology Director/Supervisor Mark Holmes Project Manager Steve Parry Sponsor or funding body Costain Ltd PROJECT DATE Start date July 2001 End date June 2002 ARCHIVES Location Content (eg pottery, animal bone (Accession no.) etc) Physical Pottery, flint, burnt clay, bone. Paper Sections, plans, record forms, colour slides, B&W contacts. Digital None BIBLIOGRAPHY Title Serial title & volume Author(s) Page numbers Northamptonshire Archaeology Report 05/013 SAS INSTITUTE, MEDMENHAM Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 2 BACKGROUND 3 OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY 4 THE RECORDED EVIDENCE 5 CONCLUSIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES A1 The worked flint by Andy Chapman A2 The Iron Age pottery by Andy Chapman A3 The fired ceramic by Andy Chapman Figures Fig 1: Site location Fig 2: Location of features Fig 3: Features [01], [05], [07], [09] Fig 4: Feature [03] Fig 5: Sections Plates Plate 1: Modern disturbance to the north of the hillfort ramparts Plate 2: Pit [03] Plate 3: Pit [05] Plate 4: Pit [07] Plate 5: Pit [09] Plate 6: Pits [05], [07], [09] looking south-west Plate 7: Top of icehouse exposed during groundworks Northamptonshire Archaeology Report 05/13 Page 1 of 7 SAS INSTITUTE, MEDMENHAM AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL WATCHING BRIEF AT THE SAS INSTITUTE MEDMENHAM, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE July 2001 – June 2002 ABSTRACT An archaeological watching brief was undertaken by Northamptonshire Archaeology during groundworks connected with construction of new offices and associated sports facilities for the SAS Institute, Medmenham, Buckinghamshire. Scattered pits were found at various locations within the grounds, one of which produced a small quantity of Iron Age pottery. 1 INTRODUCTION Northamptonshire Archaeology carried out an archaeological watching brief during groundworks connected with construction of new offices and sports facilities for the SAS Institute, Medmenham, Buckinghamshire (NGR SU 817846: Fig 1). The work was undertaken on behalf of Brocklehurst Architects acting for their client Costain Ltd in order to fulfil the requirements of a brief for archaeological works issued by the Buckinghamshire County Archaeological Service on the 7 June 2001. An accompanying watching brief was also maintained during associated works within part of the adjacent hillfort known as Danesfield Camp (Scheduled Ancient Monument No 27156). This watching brief was undertaken under the terms of Scheduled Monument Consent issued by the Department for Media Culture and Sport. 2 BACKGROUND 2.1 Location and Topography The development area comprised c 20ha of land located within the grounds of the former RAF Medmenham and bounded by the A4155 road to the north and west (Fig 1). The SAS Institute and Danesfield Hotel are situated at the east and south respectively. The ground slopes very gently to the south towards the River Thames, which lies c 350m away, and the underlying geology comprises plateau gravels. Overlooking the River Thames is the large multivallate, Iron Age Hillfort of Danesfield Camp. Parts of the hillfort's northern ramparts encroach into the area as surviving Northamptonshire Archaeology Report 05/13 Page 2 of 7 SAS INSTITUTE, MEDMENHAM earthworks, but were unaffected by the development. However, a former sewage treatment plant within the hillfort’s interior was decommissioned as part of the work. 2.2 Archaeological Background An archaeological evaluation comprising desk-based assessment and trial trenching was carried out prior to development (Higgins 1998, NA1998). The desk-based assessment showed that the development area was originally part of a medieval estate. Following a division of the estate in the mid 17th century, a succession of residences was built on the site. The location of the earliest of these (`Medlycotts') is unknown although it may lie in the same place as its successors (`Danesfield House' I and II) whose position, along with ancillary buildings, is marked on 19th century maps of the area. Danesfield II included the addition of a chapel designed by Augustus Pugin and finished by his son in c 1853. The building survived until c 1901 when the final demolition took place and Danesfield was rebuilt to the south of its predecessors within the interior of the hillfort (Higgins op cit, 4.3). The subsequent trial trenching identified truncated structural remains belonging to Danesfield House, as well as those of a contemporary icehouse. Scattered pits and ditches of probable Iron Age date were also revealed. A further watching brief was undertaken within the Hillfort during a programme of test-pitting, but no archaeological features were present (NA 1999). 3 OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY The aims of the watching brief were: 1) To identify, record and investigate any prehistoric remains affected by the development in order to establish their character date and extent. Particular attention would be paid to possible outworks associated with the hillfort. 2) To record any remains of the post-medieval manor revealed by the development. To achieve these aims, the groundworks in five specific areas were archaeologically monitored (Fig 2): 1) Car parks to the east and south of the phase 1 building 2) Associated access roads 3) Cricket pitch 4) Estate compound 5) Contaminated ground adjacent to the hillfort Northamptonshire Archaeology Report 05/13 Page 3 of 7 SAS INSTITUTE, MEDMENHAM A watching brief was also maintained during works within the bounds of the Scheduled Ancient Monument of the hillfort. Within these areas the removal of soil above the natural geology was undertaken using a mechanical excavator fitted with a toothless ditching bucket and supervised by an archaeologist. Where archaeological features were revealed these were cleaned by hand and then sampled and recorded. A location plan of the features was drawn at 1:200 and related to the Ordnance Survey National Grid. A photographic and written record was maintained for all observations throughout the development. 4 THE RECORDED EVIDENCE 4.1 The development area Observation of soil stripping throughout the development area revealed the following general stratigraphic sequence: the undisturbed natural geology comprised orange gravels; over this lay a grey loam subsoil, up to 300mm, deep containing frequent gravel and natural flint inclusions. The topsoil across the site was a mid grey loam, between 120mm and 200mm thick. All archaeological features were cut into the natural gravel geology and sealed by the subsoil. The exception to this general stratigraphic sequence occurred in the area immediately north of the hillfort. Here, extensive areas of modern rubbish dumps, some at least 0.90m deep, lay immediately beneath the topsoil (Plate 1). The material included 19th and early 20th - century ceramics, glass bottles, building material, a cow burial and other detritus set within a dark black humic soil. Similar material was found during the earlier evaluation of the area when it was interpreted as infilling of 20th-century quarry pits (NA 1998, 4.3). Elsewhere, observation of the groundworks revealed a total of five possible pits: Pit [01] (Fig 3, Fig 5 Section 1) An isolated, small circular pit or posthole, 0.40m diameter and 0.20m deep. It had a flat base and rounded sides and was filled with brown sandy clay with frequent gravel inclusions. There were no finds. Pit [03] (Fig 4, Fig 5 Section 2, Plate 2) A pit,