Docteur De L'université De Bordeaux

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Docteur De L'université De Bordeaux THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX ÉCOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA SANTÉ SPÉCIALITÉ ŒNOLOGIE Par Toni EL KHAWAND Extraction et hémisynthèse de stilbènes de la vigne et du vin pour une application en santé humaine et végétale Sous la direction du Dr. Alain DECENDIT la co-direction du Pr. Tristan RICHARD et le co-encadrement du Dr. Stéphanie KRISA Soutenue publiquement le 18 décembre 2019 Membres du jury M. Rémy GHIDOSSI Professeur, Université de Bordeaux Président Mme. Marielle ADRIAN Professeur, Université de Bourgogne Rapporteur Mme. Laurence VOUTQUENNE Professeur, Université de Reims Rapporteur M. Alain DECENDIT Maître de Conférences, Université de Bordeaux Directeur de thèse M. Tristan RICHARD Professeur, Université de Bordeaux Membre invité Mme. Stéphanie KRISA Maître de Conférences, Université de Bordeaux Membre invité Extraction et hémisynthèse des stilbènes de la vigne et du vin pour une application en santé humaine et végétale Les stilbènes sont des molécules de défense que produit la vigne pour lutter contre les agents pathogènes. Retrouvés dans le vin, ils acquièrent une valeur ajoutée pour leurs effets bénéfiques avérés en santé humaine. Sachant que l’efficacité des stilbènes contre certains oomycètes et champignons qui infectent la vigne augmente avec leur degré d’oligomérisation, cette thèse avait pour premier objectif d’optimiser et de procéder à des réactions de couplage oxydatif du resvératrol et de l’ɛ-viniférine extraits de sarments de vigne, en présence de sels de métaux, pour la production d’oligomères. Ces réactions d’hémisynthèse ont conduit d’une part à la formation de stilbènes à haut poids moléculaire, et à la production d’extraits à forte activité antifongique contre deux agents pathogènes majeurs de la vigne, Plasmopara viticola et Botrytis cinerea. D’autre part, ces réactions de couplage oxydatif appliquées au vin ont permis d’y étudier les mécanismes de la transformation oxydative du resvératrol, d’identifier les oligomères qui en découlent et de déterminer les conditions favorisant leur formation. Enfin, les effets potentiels de ces oligomères sur la santé humaine ont été étudiés, en évaluant leur niveau d’activité anti-inflammatoire in vitro. Mots-clés : stilbènes ; couplage oxydatif ; vigne ; activité antimicrobienne ; vin ; activité anti- inflammatoire Extraction and hemisynthesis of grapevine and wine stilbenes for an application in human and plant health Stilbenes are a group of defence molecules produced by grapevine to fight against pathogens. They are consequently found in wine, where they acquire an added value through their proven positive effects on human health. Knowing that the efficacy of stilbenes against some oomycetes and fungus pathogens that attack grapevine increases with their oligomerization degree, the first objective of this thesis was to optimize and proceed to oxidative coupling reactions of resveratrol and ɛ-viniferine extracted from grapevine canes, in the presence of metal salts, in order to produce stilbene oligomers. On the one hand, these hemisynthesis reactions led to the formation of stilbenes with high molecular weight, and to the production of extracts with high antifungal activity against two major grapevine pathogens, Plasmopara viticola and Botrytis cinerea. On the other hand, these oxidative coupling reactions carried out on wine helped study the mechanisms of the oxidative transformation of resveratrol in wine, identify the resulting oligomers and determine the conditions conducive to their formation. Finally, the potential effects of these oligomers on human health were studied, by evaluating the level of their anti-inflammatory activity. Keywords: stilbenes; oxidative coupling; grapevine; antimicrobial activity; wine; anti-inflammatory activity Unité de Recherche Œnologie – Axe Molécules d’Intérêt Biologique Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon Remerciements Je voudrais tout d’abord remercier madame Marielle Adrian, professeur de l’Université de Bourgogne, et madame Laurence Voutquenne, professeur de l’Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, de m’avoir fait l’honneur d’évaluer ce travail de thèse et d’en être les rapporteurs, ainsi que monsieur Rémy Ghidossi, professeur de l’Université de Bordeaux, qui me fait l’honneur d’examiner ce travail de thèse et de présider le jury. Je les remercie de m’avoir donné l’opportunité de discuter de ce travail avec eux le jour de ma soutenance, et tiens à leur exprimer ma sincère gratitude. Je tiens à remercier le docteur Alain Decendit, directeur de cette thèse, de sa gentillesse, de sa confiance et du niveau d’autonomie qu’il m’a accordés tout au long de ces trois années de travail, et qui m’ont poussé à m’adapter et à surmonter les difficultés de ce parcours. Je remercie particulièrement le professeur Tristan Richard, directeur de l’axe Molécules d’Intérêt Biologique (MIB), de m’avoir accueilli et donné l’opportunité de me former au sein de son équipe. Je le remercie également pour son rôle précieux de co-directeur de cette thèse, son appui scientifique, son attention et sa disponibilité. Je lui en suis profondément reconnaissant. Je tiens aussi à remercier vivement le docteur Stéphanie Krisa, co-encadrante de cette thèse, de la bienveillance et de l’engagement qu’elle a manifestés à mon égard, de ses précieux conseils et de sa contribution à mes travaux de recherche. Ce fut un honneur pour moi de réaliser cette thèse sous leur tutelle. Aussi, j’exprime mon profond respect au professeur Philippe Darriet, directeur de l’Unité de Recherche Œnologie, en le remerciant, ainsi que l’Université de Bordeaux, l’Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV) et l’Ecole Doctorale Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé (EDSVS), de m’avoir accordé l’autorisation et l’appui nécessaires pour mener mes travaux de thèse au sein de leurs structures. Je tiens également à remercier l’ensemble des membres de l’équipe de l’axe MIB, pour leur contribution à mes travaux, leur soutien permanent, leur amabilité et leur bienveillance, qui ont rapidement forgé en moi un sentiment d’appartenance à l’égard de cette équipe et à celui de l’Unité de Recherche Œnologie. Je pense particulièrement aux docteurs Stéphanie Cluzet, Josep Valls-Fonayet, Arnaud Courtois et Grégory Da Costa, ainsi qu’à madame Marie-Laure Iglesias et monsieur Eric Pedrot, pour leur participation à mes travaux de recherche, mais également aux professeurs Jean-Michel Mérillon et Pierre Waffo-Teguo, aux docteurs Alain Badoc, Caroline Rouger, Ruth Hornedo, à madame Elodie Renouf et messieurs Antonio Palos Pinto et Gérard Fondeville. Je n’oublie pas mes collègues doctorants de l’axe MIB, avec qui j’ai eu le plaisir de travailler : Cindy Quaglieri, Julien Gabaston et Louis Gougeon à présent docteurs, ainsi qu’Aleksandra Burdziej, David Taillis, Pauline Beaumont, Inès Le Mao et Iris Aja-Perez. Je les remercie pour leur soutien, pour le climat d’entente profonde et de confiance qui régnait entre nous, et pour les nombreux moments de convivialité partagés ensemble. Je souhaite remercier l’ensemble des membres de l’Unité de Recherche Œnologie, avec qui j’ai pu entretenir des relations amicales et professionnelles solides. Je pense particulièrement aux collègues doctorantes de ma promotion 2019, Adeline Vignault, Alicia Jouin, Pauline Rousserie, Fannie Thibaud et Delphine Winstel, ainsi que mes collègues Syntia Fayad et Marie Courregelongue, le docteur Soizic Lacampagne et madame Sandra Vanbrabant. Je remercie également mes collègues Margot Berger, Justine Laboyrie et Sara Windholtz, avec qui j’ai eu la chance et le plaisir de préparer et organiser la troisième édition de la Journée des Doctorants et post-Doctorants de l’ISVV en 2018. En adressant ces remerciements, je fais part d’une pensée spéciale en souvenir du professeur Martine Mietton-Peuchot, que j’ai brièvement connue à mon arrivée à l’ISVV, mais suffisamment pour garder en mémoire sa gentillesse, sa bonté et sa rigueur scientifique. Durant mon parcours de thèse, j’ai eu l’opportunité d’effectuer deux missions d’enseignement en tant que moniteur à l’ISVV, ainsi que l’honneur et le plaisir de travailler avec plusieurs membres de l’équipe pédagogique de l’ISVV. Je les remercie sincèrement de leur gentillesse, de leur confiance en moi et de l’expérience fort enrichissante que fut ma formation à la pédagogie universitaire à leurs côtés. Je pense notamment au professeur Gilles de Revel, aux docteurs Michaël Jourdes, Marina Bely, Natalia Quijada, Sophie Tempère, Stéphanie Marchand, Amélie Rabot, Axel Marchal et à mesdames Nathalie Alvarez et Caroline Baz. D’un autre côté, je remercie mesdames Catherine Ceyrac et Nathalie Vignais, membres du secrétariat de l’EDSVS, madame Lebna Mizani, mesdames Cécile Leffet et Judith Bacqué, ainsi que tous les membres de l’administration de l’ISVV, pour leur amabilité et leur présence auprès des étudiants. Je tiens également à remercier vivement tous les enseignants qui ont contribué à ma formation universitaire. Je remercie particulièrement les professeurs Herminé Aydenian, Marlène Abou Jaoudé, Dolla Karam, Joseph Matta, Hayat Azouri, Marianne Abi Fadel, et les docteurs Noelle Raad et Isabelle Baglin, qui ont profondément marqué mon parcours universitaire, durant mon cursus de Pharmacie au Liban et de Master 2 en France. Ils sont toujours une source d’inspiration pour moi, par leur bienveillance, leur intégrité, leur force d’âme et leurs parcours d’excellence. Je serai toujours reconnaissant à leur égard, pour ce qu’ils m’ont apporté tant au niveau scientifique que personnel. Enfin, je ne pourrai jamais remercier assez mes parents Kamal et Georgette, à qui je dois et dédie tous mes accomplissements et mes réussites, ainsi que mon frère Roy et ma sœur Mira. Je suis profondément reconnaissant de leurs sacrifices, leur affection, leur confiance en moi et leur soutien inconditionnel qu’ils m’ont accordé, et je tiens à leur témoigner ma plus profonde gratitude.
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