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Brachial Plexopathy Associated with Herpes Zoster Infection

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Brachial Plexopathy Associated with Herpes Zoster Infection Case Report / Olgu Sunumu Brachial Plexopathy Associated with Herpes Zoster Infection: Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature Herpes Zoster Enfeksiyonu İle İlişkili Brakial Pleksus Lezyonu: İki Olgu Sunumu ve Literatür Derlemesi Sevgi İkbali Afşar1, Aslıhan Uzunkulaoğlu2, Metin Karataş1 1Başkent University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara, Turkey 2Ufuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara, Turkey ABSTRACT Corresponding Author Yazışma Adresi Herpes zoster is an infectious disease caused by the reactivation of the varicella zoster virus in dorsal sensory ganglia. Herpes zoster usually affects sensory nerves but can sometimes also damage motor neurons and nerves. Here we present two cases of brachial plexopathy after herpes zoster infection. Brachial plexus Sevgi İkbali Afşar neuritis secondary to herpes zoster infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis in cases that Başkent University, Faculty of Medicine, develop acute paresis in the upper extremities. Department of Physical Medicine and Keywords: Brachial plexopathy, herpes zoster, paresis, rehabilitation Rehabilitation, Ankara, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] ÖZET Received/Geliş Tarihi: 10.03.2015 Herpes zoster, dorsal duyu ganglionlarında varisella zoster virüsünün reaktivasyonunun neden olduğu Accepted/Kabul Tarihi: 03.05.2015 enfeksiyöz bir hastalıktır. Herpes zoster, genellikle duyu sinirlerini etkiler ama bazen motor nöron ve sinirlere de zarar verebilir. Burada herpes zoster enfeksiyonu sonrası brakial pleksopati gelişen iki olgu sunulmaktadır. Herpes zoster enfeksiyonuna sekonder brakial pleksus nöriti, üst ekstremitede akut parezi gelişen durumlarda ayırıcı tanıda mutlaka düşünülmelidir. Anahtar sözcükler: Brakial pleksopati, herpes zoster, parezis, rehabilitasyon Introduction Case 1 Herpes zoster (HZ) is an infectious disease caused by A 69-year-old man with a history of weakness and the reactivation of the varicella zoster virus in the dorsal pain in his left arm was referred to our clinic. He had sensory ganglia. Vesicular skin eruptions, neuralgia, and complained of pain in his left shoulder followed by a sensory symptoms are manifestations of this infection vesicular eruption on the same area four weeks ago. (1). HZ usually affects the sensory nerves, but can also A diagnosis of HZ had been made by a dermatologist damage motor neurons and nerves (2,3). Motor paresis and medical treatment with acyclovir was started. A occurs in less than 5% of HZ patients. Brachial plexus few days later, he complained of difficulty in moving involvement is a rare occurrence (4). We present two the arm. His medical history included hypertension. cases of brachial plexopathy after HZ infection. Physical examination revealed hyperpigmented macular 55 İkbali Afşar S et al. J PMR Sci 2016; 19: 55-57 Herpes Zoster and Brachial Plexopathy FTR Bil Der 2016; 19: 55-57 lesions on the C5-C6 dermatomes in the left arm. Marked and reported denervation potentials in 40% to 50% weakness was found in the left deltoid and biceps muscles of cutaneous zoster patients with electromyographic (1/5), whereas moderate loss of muscle strength (3/5) examinations (3,11). Inflammation of the motor nerves was present in the triceps, wrist extensors and flexors, results in neurological deficits but the pathogenesis is not and finger extensors. Hypoesthesia was found in the clear (8). The association between the involved myotome left arm and additionally, reflexes of the biseps, triceps and dermatome of the rash indicates viral spread from and brachioradialis were absent. Cranial, cervical and the dorsal root ganglion to the anterior horn cells or left brachial plexus magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) anterior spinal nerve roots, resulting in inflammation. revealed no pathology. Electrodiagnostic evaluation Hanakawa et al. reported that this inflammation causes a was performed and supported a brachial plexus lesion neurological deficit by producing hypervascularity in the that affected the middle and inferior and especially the perineural structures or actual disruption of the blood superior trunks. Gabapentin and an analgesic medication nerve barrier (12). was given to the patient for neuropathic pain. A physical therapy and rehabilitation programme which consisted Fabian et al. first reported a brachial plexus of range of motion exercises of the left upper extremity inflammation associated with clinical HZ paresis. joints to prevent contractures, progressive resistance They found extensive lymphocytic infiltration, myelin exercises to improvement muscle strength and electrical breakdown, and preservation of axons without stimulation for avoiding muscle atrophy was also given vasculitis and also determined that the cervical to him. spinal cord had perivascular lymphocytic cuffing but no anterior horn necrosis. They suggested that the Case 2 brachial plexus inflammation was a distal extension of a dorsal ganglionitis (8). Eyigör et al. reported a case of A 72-year-old woman with a history of weakness and monoparesis secondary to brachial plexopathy following pain in her right shoulder was referred to our clinic. A HZ infection in a 54-year-old male and demonstrated vesicular eruption had developed on her right shoulder partial degeneration of the upper, middle and inferior two days after the onset of pain. A few days later she trunks of the brachial plexus electropyhsiologically complained of difficulty in moving the arm. Her medical (10). Jeevarethinam et al. also presented an 83-year- history included diabetes mellitus and hypertension. On old female patient with brachial plexopathy after HZ physical examination, there were vesicular lesions on infection and they treated the patient successfully with the right C5 dermatome. The motor strength of the right acyclovir, gabapentin and physiotherapy (4). Terzi et deltoid was 1/5, biceps muscle 4/5, and other muscle al. reported a case of brachial plexus lesion secondary groups 5/5. She had hypoesthesia and dysesthesia in the to HZ in a 57-year-old female patient. The patient was C5 dermatome and reflex of the biceps was absent. She administered a rehabilitation program. Pain was nearly did not accept imaging studies. The electrodiagnostic completely relieved but no change in muscle strength evaluation results supported a severe brachial plexus was detected (13). Here we present two cases with lesion of the upper trunk. Diagnosis of HZ infection was brachial plexopathy associated with HZ infection. There confirmed by a consultant dermatologist and antiviral was a lesion in all three trunks in one case but the other treatment was recommended. The patient was prescribed case only demonstrated an upper trunk lesion. gabapentin and tramadol cap to control her neuropathic pain. A physical therapy and rehabilitation programme It is not clear that why some patients develop including range of motion along with strengthening motor weakness and others do not. Mondelli et al. exercises was initiated for her. conducted a study with 158 patients and suggested that a higher age at onset significantly correlates with Discussion the incidence of segmental HZ paresis and the severity of electrophysiological abnormalities (3). It has also Herpes Zoster can affect both sensory and motor been shown that diabet is associated with neurological nerves, and lead to motor axonal injury in several sites complications in HZ infections but there is no specific such as the motor neuron, roots, plexus or peripheral data for HZ paresis (14). One of our cases had diabetes nerve (5). Rare neurological complications of HZ mellitus and both were older than 65 years. infection are myelitis, meningoencephalitis, Brown- Sequard syndrome, plexus neuritis, polyradiculitis and Choi et al. described two cases of zoster brachial segmentary zoster paresis (2,5-8). The incidence of motor plexopathy. They found T2 hyperintensity and contrast fiber involvement secondary to HZ is estimated to be enhancement in part of the brachial plexus and this result between 0.5 and 5% (4,9,10). Some studies have shown was compatible with both the clinical symptoms and the that subclinical motor involvement is not uncommon electrophysiological findings of their cases (15). Similarly, 56 İkbali Afşar S et al. J PMR Sci 2016; 19: 55-57 Herpes Zoster and Brachial Plexopathy FTR Bil Der 2016; 19: 55-57 Hanakawa et al. presented a case with HZ paresis and review of the literature. Neurologist 2007;13(5):313-7. MRI showed contrast enhancement of the anterior roots 3. Mondelli M, Romano C, Rossi S, Cioni R. Herpes zoster of of the affected segments, suggesting the presence of the head and limbs: electroneuromyographic and clinical hypervascularity or disruption of the blood-nerve barrier findings in 158 consecutive cases. Arch Phys Med Rehabil caused by viral-induced inflammation in patients with HZ 2002;83(9):1215-21. paresis (12). Unlike these reports, Yoleri et al. presented a case with brachial plexus lesion due to HZ infection and 4. Jeevarethinam A, Ihuoma A, Ahmad N. Herpes zoster also found no pathology on the MRI studies (16). Kawajiri brachial plexopathy with predominant radial nerve palsy. et al. presented three cases with HZ paresis of the limbs Clin Med 2009;9(5):500-1. where the MRI again revealed no pathology (2). We also 5. Braverman DL, Ku A, Nagler W. Herpes zoster found no pathology with MRI studies in our first cases. polyradiculopathy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(8):880-
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