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What Happened to the Streptococci

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What Happened to the Streptococci CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, Oct. 2002, p. 613–630 Vol. 15, No. 4 0893-8512/02/$04.00ϩ0 DOI: 10.1128/CMR.15.4.613–630.2002 What Happened to the Streptococci: Overview of Taxonomic and Nomenclature Changes Richard Facklam* Streptococcus Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................613 BETA-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI..................................................................................................................614 Streptococcus pyogenes..............................................................................................................................................614 Streptococcus agalactiae ...........................................................................................................................................616 Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae.......................................................................................................616 Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis .........................................................................................................617 Streptococcus equi subsp. equi ................................................................................................................................617 Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus................................................................................................................617 Streptococcus canis ...................................................................................................................................................617 Streptococcus anginosus Group...............................................................................................................................617 Streptococcus constellatus subsp. pharyngis ...........................................................................................................619 Streptococcus porcinus..............................................................................................................................................619 Streptococcus iniae....................................................................................................................................................619 Streptococcus phocae and Streptococcus didelphis..................................................................................................619 NON-BETA-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI .......................................................................................................619 Streptococcus pneumoniae........................................................................................................................................619 Streptococcus bovis Group: S. bovis, S. equinus, S. gallolyticus, S. infantarius, S. pasteurianus, S. lutetiensis ..........................................................................................................................................................620 Streptococcus suis .....................................................................................................................................................621 Viridans Streptococci .............................................................................................................................................621 Streptococcus mutans Group ...................................................................................................................................622 Streptococcus salivarius Group ...............................................................................................................................623 Streptococcus anginosus Group...............................................................................................................................623 Streptococcus sanguinis Group (Formerly Known as S. sanguis).......................................................................623 Streptococcus mitis Group .......................................................................................................................................623 Options for Identification of Viridans Streptococcal Species...........................................................................624 Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Viridans Streptococcal Species....................................................................624 NUTRITIONALLY VARIANT STREPTOCOCCI, ABIOTROPHIA AND GRANULICATELLA SPECIES ....625 UNUSUAL STREPTOCOCCUS SPECIES AND OTHER GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI IN CHAINS ...............625 Streptococcus acidominimis......................................................................................................................................625 Streptococcus pluranimalium ...................................................................................................................................626 Streptococcus thoraltensis.........................................................................................................................................626 Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus parauberis ................................................................................................626 Streptococcus urinalis...............................................................................................................................................626 Dolosicoccus paucivorans .........................................................................................................................................626 Facklamia species and Ignavigranum ruoffiae ......................................................................................................626 Globicatella sanguinis...............................................................................................................................................626 New Species Not Yet Tested ..................................................................................................................................626 CONCLUSIONS .........................................................................................................................................................627 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...........................................................................................................................................627 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................627 INTRODUCTION help delineate differences in bacterial genera and species. The 1984 Bergey’s Manual of Systemic Bacteriology listed only seven The purpose of this communication is to outline the changes in taxonomy and nomenclature of the Streptococcus genus that genera of faculatatively anaerobic gram-positive cocci (GPC); have occurred in the past 15 years. These changes are the Aerococcus, Leuconostoc, Micrococcus, Pediococcus, Staphylo- result of the application of DNA-DNA reassociation, 16S coccus, Streptococcus, and Stomatococcus (108). At present rDNA gene sequencing, and other molecular techniques that there are 17 different genera of GPC. The discussion is limited to the Streptococcus genus and closely related GPC that are catalase negative and display chains in the Gram stain. Tech- * Mailing address: Streptococcus Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mail Stop CO-2, Atlanta, GA 30333. Phone: nically, Leuconostoc bacteria fit into this category, but discus- (404) 639-1379. Fax: (404) 639-3123. E-mail: [email protected]. sions on changes in this genus are not included, because iden- 613 614 FACKLAM CLIN.MICROBIOL.REV. tification procedures and clinical relevance of the leuconostocs exceptions. Moreover, because these organisms grow slowly can be found in a review written in 1995 (52). Shortly before and may require additional factors for isolation and character- the publication of Bergey’s Manual in 1986, the genus Strepto- ization, as well as the somewhat cumbersome classification coccus was split into three genera (Enterococcus, Lactococcus, system, identification of streptococci to the species level is and Streptococcus) (110, 111). Changes in the Enterococcus and rarely performed in time to be relevant to the treatment of the Lactococcus genera are not detailed, but some changes are patient from whom the organism was isolated. One of the most included to explain changes in the Streptococcus genus. Many useful tools applied to the revision of the classification system new species of streptococci have been added to the genus, and for the Streptococcus genus is the application of 16S rRNA six new genera of GPC that form chains have been established gene sequencing. Figure 1 depicts a phylogenetic tree of the (Abiotrophia [35], Granulicatella [35], Dolosicoccus [34], Fack- currently available sequences for the species included in the lamia [29], Globicatella [28], and Ignavigranum [36]). The ma- Streptococcus genus. I have chosen to present the identification jority of these genera were split off the Streptococcus genus by schemes listed in the following tables based strictly on pheno- typic characteristics because I feel that the clinical microbiol- genetic and phenotypic information. ogist can easily place the species into groups that are pheno- The earliest attempt at differentiating the streptococci was typically related with only a few microbiologic tests. These
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