A DICTIONARY of KHAM: Taka Dialect

A DICTIONARY OF KHAM: Taka dialect

(a Tibeto-Burman language of Nepal)

David E. Watters Published by Central Department of Linguistics Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur Kathmandu, Nepal

First published 2004

Printed at Jagadamba Press Hattiban, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal Ph: 5543017

Cover: Taka alpine sheep camp

ISBN 99933-52-65-9 hardback Table of Contents

Page

Acknowledgements iv Abbreviations v Maps ix Figures xi Tables xii

Introduction 1 1. Language and classification 1 2. Language contact 1 3. Phonology 2 4. Dialects and reconstruction 6 5. Structure of an entry 15 6. Part of speech categories 21 7. Order of alphabet 28

KhamÐEnglish Dictionary 30 English Index to Kham Entries 359 References 439

iii Acknowledgements

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the many speakers of Kham I have been privileged to know in the districts of Rukum, Rolpa, and Baglung. Almost without exception, they have extended to me an extraordinary degree of hospitality and warmth. Whether in their villages, on the trail, or in their alpine sheep camps, they have generously shared with me their very best, including the warmest spot beside their hearths. My deepest debt of gratitude goes to Hasta Ram Budha Kham, the ex-Gurkha soldier who was my teacher and lifelong friend. He worked tirelessly with me for many years, sharing in hardships and sharing in joys. Whether travelling in the scorching sun or bivouacked deep in the snow, he was a cheerful and loyal companion. He patiently answered my incessant questions about his language, and opened for me a storehouse of intellectual wealth found nowhere else. I am forever indebted to him and his people. He passed away on August 29, 2002. I and all who knew him will miss him greatly.

Portrait of Hasta Ram Budha Kham painted by Hyatt Moore http://www.hyattmoore.com used with permission

iv Abbreviations

Dialects and languages. Dialects referred to in the etymological field are listed here in alphabetical order. For a description of the phonological conservatism contributed by each of the dialects, see ¤4 (Dialects and reconstruction), page 6. Bhj Bhuji/Bhujeli Bur Burmese Chan Chantyal Chep Chepang Gam Gam(ale) Ghus Ghusbang(i) Gur Gurung Hind Hindi Jang Jangkot Kai Kaike Kh Kham Khal Khaling Kot Kotgaon Luk Lukum(el) Mag Magar Mht Mahat(ale) Mk Maikot(i) Nep Nepali Nis Nisi/Nisel Nw Newari P-Kham Proto-Kham Ses Ses(i) Sk Sanskrit Sun Sunwar Tam Tamang TB Tibeto-Burman Thak Thakali Tib Tibetan Tk Taka(le) WT Written Tibetan

v vi

Part of speech categories. Abbreviations for part of speech categories are given here in alphabetical order:

adj. adjective adv. adverb adv.suff. adverbial suffix case case marker comp.root compound root coord. coordination corelative corelative adverb deictic.prim. deictic primitive dem. demonstrative expr.adv. expressive adverb g.num. grammatical number gen.n. generic noun greet. greeting indef.adv. indefinite adverb interj. interjection interrog. interrogative interrog.root interrogative root loc. locative loc.case locative case loc.root locative root n. noun neg. negative nom. nominal num.clsf. numeral classifier num.pref. numeral prefix numeral numeral part. particle pass.part. passive participle pers.pron. personal pronoun poss.pref. possessive prefix poss.pron. possessive pronoun poss.root possessive root prop.n. proper noun quant. quantifier quant.adv. quantifying adverb rel.n. relator noun vii

temp.adv. temporal adverb v.aff. verb affix v.bt. bitransitive verb v.evt. eventive verb v.recip. reciprocal verb v.refl. reflexive verb v.stem irregular verb stem vi.agt. intransitive agentive verb vi.dat. intransitive dative verb vi.pat. intransitive patientive verb vi.sta. stative intransitive verb vt.sta. stative transitive verb voc.n. vocative noun vt. transitive verb vt.evt. transitive eventive verb

Kin terms. Abbreviations for kin terms used throughout the dictionary are given below. They can be combined to create complex relationships, as in: FaElBrSi – father’s elder brother’s sister.

Br brother Da daughter El elder Fa father Hu husband Mo mother Si sister So son Wi wife Yo younger

General abbreviations. All other abbreviations, mostly editorial, occurring within entries are as follows:

abbrv. abbreviation allomorph allomorph also also Alt.root alternate root ant. antonym viii approx. pop. approximate population arch. archaic asc. associative cf. compare DEW David E. Watters e.g. for example elev. elevation esp. especially euph. euphemistic fig. figurative gen. generic Instr. instrument K-M Kham-Magar lit. literally Obj. object prob. probably qq.v. all of which see qv. which see recip. reciprocal shamanic shamanic S.I. Survey of India s.o. someone s.th. something set set Usu. usually var. variant vulg. vulgar Map 1 NEPAL

Dhaulagiri ix Annapurna

Mt Everest

Kathmandu

10,000 foot contour line

Area shown in Map 2 18250 17296 Map 2

15449 19430 20790 KHAM 18531

21442 15843 SPEAKING 23750 24158

Ranma ¥ TERRITORIES Kharbang ¥ ¥ Maikot 16799 Hukam ¥ ¥ Pelma

Nakha ¥ WESTERN Rangsi ¥ showing five major PARBATE dialect groupings: Kol ¥ ¥ Padmi ¥ Taka 14250 15199 15445 15016 ¥ Kengsi Sera ¥

¥ ¥ Kakri x MAHATALE Matah ¥ Lukum EASTERN Western Parbate 12400 c13191 PARBATE 10020 Eastern Parbate ¥ Thabang ¥ Dhorpatan 12877 ¥ Mirul 12089 13267 12750 Telkhola ¥ Gamale 11754 ¥ Bhuji 9250 ¥ Wa ¥Bhalkot 10600 ¥ Dhangsi ¥ Ghusbang Sesi Bhabang ¥ ¥ Nisi ¥ Inabang ¥ Seram GAMALE ¥ Sulpabang Jelbang ¥ Mahatale SESI ¥ Jangkot ¥ Gam 11937 Tapnang ¥ 10811 (Altitudes in feet) Figures

page

Figure 1. The syllable in Kham 4 Figure 2. The dialects of Kham 6

xi Tables

page

Table 1. Vowel phonemes in Takala Kham 2 Table 2. Consonant phonemes in Takale Kham 3

xii Introduction

1. Language and classification Kham is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the upper valleys of the Rukum, Rolpa, and Baglung districts of Mid-Western Nepal by more than 50,000 people. Scattered populations also exist in Jajarkot, Dailekh, Kalikot, Achham, and Doti. The language should not be confused with Tibetan Khams of eastern Tibet. The majority of Kham speakers are Budhas, Puns, Ghartis, and Rokas—all classified ethnically as subtribes or clans of the Magar caste. However, it should not be assumed apriori that because speakers of Kham are ethnically Magar their language too is a dialect of Magar. Kham and Magar are vastly different languages. To avoid confusion with Tibetan Kham, and to link the language with the ethnicity of its speakers, the language has sometimes been referred to as KhamÐMagar (Watters and Watters, 1973). Kham is known to Nepalis of the region as “Khamkura,” which, roughly translated, means Kham-talk or Kham-speech. The word Kham itself is of obscure origins and means simply language in its broad sense, and The Language in its strict sense. In Mid-Western Nepal, where Kham is spoken, the Nepali use of the word Kham or Khamkura has the more generalized meaning of a local, non-Nepali dialect. Consequently, at least two other languages in the region, Chantyal, and Kaike, have received the Nepali appellation Khamkura, though neither of them is related to the Kham of this dictionary (except as Tibeto-Burman languages). Before 1971, there were no word lists or descriptions of Kham, and the language was unheard-of in any of the linguistic classifications of the time. After the publication of a few elementary materials on Kham in the early 1970s, linguists were quick to add Kham to Shafer’s West-Central Himalayish along with Magar, Chepang, Raute, and Raji—a group of languages classed together because, in Shafer’s words “they have more in common with each other than with any other language or group of languages” (1966). The classification has persisted for about thirty years now, but in recent years, because of a lack of obvious shared innovations, the inclusion of Kham into a single subgroup with Magar and Chepang has become more cautious (Thurgood and LaPolla 2003). I continue to classify Kham under a Central Himalayish node (Proto-Kham-Magar- Chepang) as a sister node to East Himalayish (Kiranti) as proposed by Bradley (1997). The grounds for this classification are given in Watters 2003b.

2. Language contact Kham, situated in the western third of modern Nepal, would have been one of the first Tibeto-Burman languages encountered by the Khas speaking Aryans on their eastward migration out of northwestern India into the Himalayan foothills that now make up Nepal. 2 Introduction ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

Though the higher caste Hindu Aryans, the Brahmins and Kshatriyas, never settled in the high, remote regions of the Kham homeland, the influence of their powerful Malla kingdom in Jumla, at its zenith in the 13th and 14th centuries, certainly spread to the remotest regions of western Nepal and left its indelible mark on the local languages. Perhaps more influential linguistically were the lower caste Kamis and Damais (blacksmiths and musicians), who finding ready employment in the remote Kham villages, settled down with the Tibeto-Burmans. Through the centuries Kham has borrowed scores of words from the Aryan immigrants, much of it from the material culture of the resident artisans, so that today a full 25% of the vocabulary can be traced to Indic sources, much of it predating modern Nepali. Purists may object to the inclusion of so many Indic loans, but today, such words are fully ensconced as a part of the modern Kham working vocabulary.

3. Phonology Following is a phonological synopsis for Taka Kham (spoken in the village of Taka), the Kham dialect of this dictionary. The symbols presented here are those used throughout the dictionary.

3.1 Vowels There are nine vowels in Taka Kham, six of which are basic, and three of which can be traced to secondary developments resulting from the loss of consonants. The six basic vowels are two front, /i/ and /e/, two central, /˙/ and /a/, and two back, /u/ and /o/. Of the three secondary vowels, the front rounded vowels /ü/ and /ö/ are the reflex of a lost prefix *p- or *b- on syllables with following front vowels /i/ and /e/ (*p-Ci/*p-Ce). In some dialects, notably those from the Maikoti cluster, the prefix still occurs as a relic without semantic function, and in Nisi, prefixed *p- has become modern o-. In all other dialects, rounding on the following front vowel (i > ü, and e > ö) attests to the presence of the prefix in the proto-language (see ¤4.3 Prefixed Consonants). The high-back unrounded vowel [∑], written orthographically as //, is also a secondary development since proto-times, but of all the daughter dialects, it occurs only in Taka. The vowel occurs as a reflex of a lost velar coda in the rhyme *˙k or *˙≥ (with *-˙≥ > -~ïÚ). The reflex of a lost final velar consonant in any other environment is only compensatory lengthening (as in *ik > iÚ). Table 1 gives the full inventory of vowels in Taka Kham. 3.2 Consonants 3 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

TABLE 1. Vowel Phonemes in Taka Kham. ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ front central back Ðround +round Ðround +round high i ü u mid e ö ˙ o low a ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

All vowels in Taka Kham are contrastive for length and all vowels except /ü/ and /ö/ are contrastive for nasalization. All nasalized vowels are phonetically long. Long vowels are marked orthographically by a colon following the vowel, and nasal vowels are marked by a ‘nasal’ marker above the vowel, as in: ba-nya ‘to go’ (short vowel) baÚ-nya ‘to multiply’ (long vowel) baÚ~ ‘meadow’ (nasal vowel)

All vowels are also contrastive for voice register (or ‘phonation type’). Although voice register is properly a feature of the tonal system, it is manifested on the vowel. There are two contrastive registers — modal register, which is the default, unmarked register, and lax register (a laryngeal quality) which is indicated by an orthographic h following the vowel, as in ah, ˙ih, etc. There are many cases in which lax register can be traced to a lost prefix *s-. Diphthongs in Taka Kham occur from any starting point in the oral cavity, but terminate only on front or back vowels. Diphthongs ending in /i/ are, in the majority of cases, the reflex of a lost *-t or *-n in the coda, the loss of *-n resulting also in nasalization on the diphthong, as in /˙~îÚ/.

3.2 Consonants The consonantal inventory in Kham is simple, with only three points of articulation having phonemic status — labial, alveolar, and velar (ignoring the consonant /h/). Allophonic alveopalatal articulation occurs on sibilants with following front vowels, as in ~îÚ ‘wood’ or deÚ ‘you plural’. Table 2 gives the consonant phonemes in Taka Kham. 4 Introduction ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

TABLE 2. Consonant Phonemes in Taka Kham. ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ labial alveolar velar glottal Ðvoice +voice Ðvoice +voice Ðvoice +voice ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ stops pb t d kg + asp. pæ tæ kæ fricatives sz affricates cj + asp. cæ nasals mn≥ approximants: h liquids l r glides yw ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

Aspiration occurs only with voiceless onsets. What to the uninitiated ear might sound like aspiration on voiced obstruents /bæ/, /dæ/, /gæ/, and /jæ/ is, in fact, lax phonation on the syllable. The tonal properties of syllables with lax phonation are different from those with aspirated onsets. Orthographically, such syllables are written with an /h/ following the vowel in Roman, and as e, w, 3, and µ in Devanagri (see ¤3.4 Tonal patterns), as in: baÚh-nya efM–Gof ‘to multiply’ jaÚh-nya µfM–Gof ‘to put’ gehppa 3]Kkf ‘big’

3.3 The syllable The basic syllable in Kham is (C)(G)V(X), where ‘G’ is a glide and ‘X’ is a consonant or a vowel (see Figure 1). Only the nucleus is obligatory. The presence of a glide adds no weight to the syllable; /ka/ and /kya/ are both light syllables. Weight is determined solely by the rhyme; the presence of X always creates a heavy syllable. Where X is a vowel of the same quality as V, the result is a long vowel, and where X is a vowel of different quality, the result is a diphthong. Where X is a consonant, V is necessarily short. In terms of syllable weight and rhythm groups, then, V: and VV have the same weight as VC — all are bimoraic. 3.4 Tonal patterns 5 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

onset rhyme

nucleus coda

FIGURE 1. THE SYLLABLE IN KHAM

The minimal word in Kham is bimoraic, while the minimal syllable is monomoraic. Thus, two monomoraic syllables can make a well-formed word, as in ba-ke ‘he went.’ Monosyllabic open syllable words, on the other hand, can manifest only long vowels — even those with an inherently short vowel. Only in the presence of an additional syllable/affix can the short vowel be manifested. There are several monomoraic morphemes in Kham consisting of simple vowels, one being -e, an ergative, instrumental, genitive, and imperfective morpheme, and the other -o, a third singular actant, and a nominalizing morpheme. Affixed to long, open syllables (including diphthongs), a following -e morpheme is resyllabified as -ye, and -o as -wo. This means that VVV is resyllabified to VVGV. Affixed to short, open syllables, the suffixes can either resyllabify as -ye or -wo, or coalesce with the preceding syllable, as in the following input > output strings: no-e > noy/nweÚ, su-e > suy/swiÚ, ke-o > kyoÚ or si-o > syuÚ. Where coalescence occurs, the underlying vowels -e and -o harmonize to the height of the preceding vowel, as in si-o > syuÚ.

3.4 Tonal patterns Tone in Kham, as with many other languages of the Himalayan region, is best described as an intersection of ‘tonal melody’ and ‘voice register.’ There are two contrastive melodies — a marked, ‘accented’ tone, and an unmarked, ‘neutral’ tone. The ‘marked’ tone is indicated orthographically by a small tick mark (') at the beginning of the syllable, and the ‘unmarked’ neutral tone goes without orthographic marking, as in:

siÚ-nya ‘to sweep’ (neutral tone) 'siÚ-nya ‘to step on’ (marked tone) 6 Introduction ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

Voice register has a modifying effect on the fundamental frequencies of tone bearing units, dividing the pitch range into ‘upper’ and ‘lower’ frequencies. Thus, lax register, a marked phonation type characterized by breathiness and laryngeal laxity, induces lower frequencies on the syllable than its unmarked counterpart, modal register. The ‘marked’ laryngeal voice register is marked by /h/ following the vowel, and the ‘unmarked’ modal register goes without orthographic marking, as in:

piÚ-nya ‘to milk’ (modal register) piÚh-nya ‘to scrape’ (lax register)

Unlike what has been found for Bodish languages, the marked/low register in Kham cannot be tied to the voicing of initial consonants. Lax register occurs on syllables with voiced and voiceless onsets alike. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that laxity is tied, in at least some cases, to the loss of prefixed *s-. Again, unlike Bodish languages, the tonal melodies cannot be attributed to lost finals. Rather, it seems plausible that the ‘marked’ tone began as a simple heightened pitch, eventually spreading its features to cover the entire length of the root morpheme, whether one, two, or three syllables.

4. Dialects and reconstruction Within the Kham speaking areas, every village or hamlet represents a different dialect, of which there are well more than a hundred scattered across twenty-five different Village Development Committees (VDCs). In most cases the differences are minimal and the dialects fall into mutually intelligible dialect chains (dialect continua). There are three major dialect continua separated by major typological fault lines (usually coinciding with high mountain ridges), thus separating the Kham group of languages into three major, mutually unintelligible, dialect groupings—Sesi, Gamale, and Parbate (see Figure 2). Parbate, the largest, can be further subdivided into Eastern and Western Parbate, and though intelligibility across the two is fairly low, it is sufficiently high that speakers do not generally resort to secondary languages for communication. Within the Sesi dialects, Mahatale is considerably removed both linguistically and geographically from Jangkoti and Tapnangi (see Map 2). Wale is in a convergence zone and incorporates grammatical features from both Western Parbate and Gamale. 4.1 Initial consonants 7 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

Proto-Kham

Sesi Gamale Parbate

Western Parbate Eastern Parbate

Maikoti Mahatale Seram Takale Jangkoti Ghusbangi Lukumel Tapnangi Tamali Thabangi Nisel Bhujel Wale FIGURE 2. THE DIALECTS OF KHAM

Each of the Kham dialects has its own features of phonological conservatism, and viewed together from the vantage of several triangulation points, a fairly accurate reconstruction of Proto-Kham (P-Kham) can be adduced.

4.1 Initial Consonants Initial consonants are well preserved in most Kham dialects with some exceptions. In Sesi, the initial voiced velar consonant [*g] is regularly lost; in Bhuji less commonly so, as in:

P-Kham Taka Bhuji Sesi gloss *g˙hr g˙hr h˙r ˙hr cry, weep *goh goh woh dig *r-g˙m g˙m r-g˙m ˙m soil *r-g˙p g˙p r-g˙p ˙p needle *gogo o wo to swell *gis gis is yih heavy *gli≥ g~eÚh hy~eÚh ox

Initial *dentals followed by a high, front vowel sometimes go to velar consonants in Gamale following a process of palatalization, as in: 8 Introduction ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

P-Kham Taka Bhj Sesi Gam gloss *tek teÚ tyo÷ kyo frog *p-s-til tihl thulŸ thil khil spittle *tila tila kila coin *di di di di gi reported speech particle *jeÚ jeÚ jeÚ jeÚ geÚ you(pl)

4.2 Initial clusters Initial clusters in [r] and [l] are well preserved in most dialects of Kham except Taka. In Taka, *clusters in [r] add an epenthetic vowel [˙], and *clusters in [l] have been reduced to glides following velar consonants, as in:

P-Kham Nisi Gam Sesi Maikot Taka gloss *glah≥ ghlya≥ g˙la≥ g˙hlagy~ a:h~ level *gli≥ hy~eÚh g~eÚh ox *klah klyah k˙la kyah break *kla≥ kla~ kya≥ k˙la≥ k˙laky~ aÚ~ body *kli kli kli k˙li kiÚ feces *klik kli kli k˙lyu÷ k˙li kiÚ cry out *klin klen klyi k˙lek~ î:~ wait *kloh ko klyo÷ kolo kyoÚh catch *krit kri k˙riÚ cut meat *s-kle(t) kle k˙lai÷ sk˙le keÚh break in two *z-blet ble zb˙le b˙leÚ ruin

4.3 Prefixed consonants Prefixed consonants precede the syllable and create consonant clusters. Most prefixed consonants are preserved best in Maikoti Kham, still occurring in their original form. Where loss of a prefix is compensated for in other dialects by a phonetic reflex, we have good evidence for assigning the prefix proto-status. Prefixed *p-/*b-. Prefixed consonants *p-/*b- in Maikoti Kham occur regularly preceding sibilants, as in p-cao ‘good,’ and b-zi ‘four.’ However, the addition of *p- across large segments of the vocabulary was very likely an ongoing process in Maikoti even after the breakup of Kham into daughter branches. As such, its presence in Maikoti does not necessarily indicate its presence in P-Kham. The most reliable indicator of prefixed *p- in P-Kham is a rounding reflex on a following vowel in Gamale or Sesi Kham, both distant branches. Somewhat less reliable, because of genetic proximity to Maikoti, is the same reflex in Nisi or Bhuji Kham. 4.3 Prefixed consonants 9 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

Maikot Nisi Bhj Taka Gam gloss pcil cüil cül cil p˙cil pinch pcel cöl cöl swim bjaj˙~ oj~ î:~ bi≥ja back psis süs sis disciple

The loss of prefixed *p- is the source of two rather exceptional (rare) vowels, /ü/ and /ö/ in Taka, the dialect of this dictionary. Following is evidence of ongoing *p- prefixation in Maikoti and Nisi (but not in Takale or Gamale; WT = Written Tibetan): PTB WT Maikot Nisi Taka Gam gloss *b-l˙y bzi bzi jüi -- -- four *tsat pci: cüit ci: ci: tear, rip bzyah züah zyaÚh zyah spirit bz˙r z˙hr z˙hr strainer

Ongoing *p- prefixation in Maikoti (but nowhere else): PTB WT Maikot Nisi Taka Gam gloss *tsam pcem cem cem cem hair *tsow bzu zu zu thorn rdza bja ja ja ja pot psyah syah syah syah dance

Prefixed *s-/*z-. Prefixed consonants *s-/*z- are preserved best in Maikoti Kham. Its loss in other dialects is often compensated for by breathiness on the following vowel. PTB Magar Maikot Taka Gam gloss mha≥ sm˙m~ ~ïÚh hm˙≥ mustache *pur bhur zbur buhr buhr fly *rus rhus srus ruhs ruih bone *s-nap nap snap nahp nah snot *s-nar nha snat s˙ni: hn~î nose *s-≥a ≥has s≥a ≥ah hah~ before, face skum kuhm snare spopoh beat, hit sto toh toh trade s˙n˙m n˙hm hn˙m headband

Where *s- is followed by the liquid /l/, the result in Taka Kham is /khy/, as in: 10 Introduction ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

PTB Magar Maikot Gam Taka gloss *low lhot solo hlu khyo long *(s-)la lha s˙la hla khya leaf selepa hlepa khepa man (male human)

Ongoing *s- prefixation in Maikoti (but nowhere else): WT Magar Maikot Taka Gam gloss Îup zdu dup du÷ gather poloh spulup phulup phlu÷ invert, turn over sk˙ram k˙ram scorch spri≥ birhin sp˙r~î p˙rîpr~ ~î send spap~ a~ pa≥ speak

Prefixed *r-. Prefixed *r- occurs regularly in Maikoti Kham, and less so in other dialects. Its loss in other dialects leaves no compensatory phonetic reflex and it is therefore difficult to determine its proto-status. PTB Magar Maikot Taka Gam gloss *r-may mek rme:h rme:h ˙rme~ tail *r-min armi rmî~ min min name *r-na na rna rna na ear *r-pat lawat rp˙ti p˙ti: p˙ki leech *r-wa -- rwa wa wa rain rcorcoco cheek r≥˙ih r≥˙ih ≥˙eh÷ head

Prefixed *r- followed by a dental sibilant goes through a process of metathesis in most Kham dialects with the exception of Nisi (and sometimes other Parbate dialects), as in: P-Kham Nisi Taka Bhj Gam Sesi gloss *r-ses rses s˙res s˙res s˙re rhis know, recognize *r-zut rju zuhriÚ juht zuriÚ ruht lay egg

4.4 Rhymes and final consonants Final consonants in Proto-Kham are best described, for reconstructive purposes, in terms of their place of articulation—the labial consonants *p and *m; the dentals *t, *n, and *s; the velars *k and *≥; and the liquids *r and *l. Liquids in final position are well preserved in all Kham dialects; all other consonants are preserved with varying degrees of fidelity in various dialects. No dialect preserves them all. Of great advantage in the phonological 4.4 Rhymes and final consonants 11 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ reconstruction of rhymes and final consonants is the fact that each of the Kham languages/dialects has maintained different areas of conservativism. Dentals. Rhymes in final *-t are well preserved in Seram and Bhuji (not geographically contiguous), while in Maikot, Taka, and numerous other dialects, *-t has gone to -i, and in Gam and Sesi, it has gone to -i÷ / -‰÷. This can be seen in the following:

P-Kham Seram Bhuji Maikot Taka Gam Sesi gloss *jat jat jat j˙i j˙i j˙‰÷ make *kut kut kut kwi kwi kwi÷ hand *sit sit sit si: si: si÷ si÷ sweep *r-≥˙ht ≥˙ht r≥˙ht r≥˙ih ≥˙ih ≥˙‰h÷ head *s-co-t s˙pc˙i socoi socw‰÷ make boil

However, as can be seen in the verb for ‘sweep,’ though the loss of final *-t in Sesi results in -i÷ in the citation form and most other forms, the original consonant *-t resurfaces in object nominalizations, as in:

P-Kham Sesi gloss *sit u-sit-othat which s/he swept

In parallel fashion, the dental nasal *-n is also well preserved in Nisi and Bhuji, but also in Mahat, Kol, and other dialects. In Maikot and Taka, final *-n is lost, leaving a reflex of nasalization on the preceding vowel. In Maikot, the rhymes *-in and *-en preserve the quality of the original vowel (-~î and -~e, respectively), but in Taka, both rhymes go to -~î. In Gam, the rhyme *-in produces -i≥ (with a new consonant) while *-en produces -e~ . The treatment of *-˙n and *-un is similar in Maikot, Taka, and Gam in that all produce diphthongs: ˙~î and w~î in Maikot and Taka; -˙~‰ and -w~î in Gam. This can be seen in the following:

P-Kham Nisi Bhuji Mahat Maikot Taka Gam gloss *r˙hn r˙hn r˙hn r˙îh~ r˙îh~ r˙‰h~ be visible *s˙n s˙n s˙n s˙~îs˙~îs˙‰~ know *s-t˙n st˙n s˙t˙n st˙î~ s˙t˙î~ s˙t˙‰~ show *gwan gwan zgoîgo~ ~î measure *khwan khwan khwan kho~î kho~î khwa≥ card wool *phin phin phin pin phî:~ phî:~ phi≥ ripen *r-sin rsin sen rs~î: sin s˙ri≥ fingernail *sin sehn ps~îse:h~ sih≥ liver *chen chen chen chen chech~ îch~ e~ lift *klen klen ken k˙lek~ î:~ klyi~ wait 12 Introduction ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

*on wa≥ u wo~î wo≥ prevent *tun tun tun tw~îtw~îtî~ short *mun mun mw~îmw~îmw~î warm *suhn suhn so~îh sw~î:h fit

Final *-s is preserved well only in Nisi, Bhuji, Maikot, and Taka. In Sesi verbs, it can be recovered in object nominalizations as an -h. In Gam, final *-s contrasts with final *-t in that final *-t produces a glottal, while *-s does not. In Mahat, Sera, and other dialects, the reflex of *-s is compensatory lengthening on the preceding vowel without changing its quality. Following are examples:

P-Kham Nisi Maikot Taka Gam Sesi Mahat gloss *b-los bolos los loi÷ loÚ borrow *bles b˙les b˙les b˙le -- be ruined *cis cüis pcis cis ci: ciÚ be torn *gis yis gis gi: yih-u -- heavy *phos phos o-phoh-o phoÚ chipped *r-jihs rjihs jihs ji:h jiÚh urine *r-nas rnas nas o-nah-o naÚ struck *ras ras ras ras r˙‰ o-rah-o raÚ released *s-das zda dahs o-d˙h-o daÚ empty *s-rus ruhs srus ruhs ruih rui ru:h bone

Velars. Final *-k is preserved best in Lukum and Seram. Evidence for the consonant also surfaces in the object nominalization of Nisi and Sesi verbs. The rhyme *-˙k is the source of the exceptional high back unrounded vowel [∑] in Taka, transcribed orthographically as /ÉïÚ/. In Sesi, the rhyme *-ik produces the diphthong -iu÷. Following are examples:

P-Kham Lukum Seram Nisi Sesi Taka Gam gloss *mik mik mik mi: miu÷ mi: mi:÷ eye *sik si: sik si: siu÷ si: si:÷ step on *behk behk rbeÚh byo÷ beÚh beÚh basket *s˙k s˙k s˙: sÉïÚ s˙÷ breath *r-k˙k k˙k rk˙: kÉïÚ k˙÷ excrement *w˙k w˙k uw˙ wou: wo÷pig *r˙hk r˙hg r˙hk o-r˙hk-o rÉïÚh r˙h÷ weave *kok kok o-kok-o o-kok-o ko: ko:÷ skin *tuk tuk-otuk-otu: tu:÷ spicy 4.4 Rhymes and final consonants 13 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

Final *-≥, the nasal counterpart of *-k, produces a lengthened nasalized vowel in most dialects (indistinguishable from lost *-n in several vocalic environments), but is preserved intact in several dialects: Lukum, Gam, and Mahat. In Taka, parallel to the reflex *-˙k > ïÚÉ is the reflex *-˙≥ > ~ïÚ, as in:

P-Kham Lukum Gam Mahat Taka Maikot gloss *b-r˙h≥ r˙h≥ r˙h≥ r˙h≥ r~ïÚh b˙ra:h~ horn *k˙≥ k˙≥ kh˙≥ k˙≥ kh~ïÚ kh˙:~ foot, leg *r-b˙≥ b˙≥ b˙≥ b˙≥ b~ïÚ rb˙:~ cattle byre *r˙h≥ r˙h≥ r˙h≥ r˙h≥ r~ïÚh ra:h~ see *th˙≥ th˙≥ th˙≥ th~ïÚ th˙:~ dry out *s-me≥ meh÷ meÚh me:h~ myoforget~ *b-rih≥ rih≥ -- re:h~ bre:h~ drum *si≥ si≥ si≥ si≥ s~î: s~î: tree *ba≥ ba≥ ba≥ ba≥ ba:~ ba:~ meadow *ha≥ ha≥ ha≥ ha≥ ha:~ ha:~ cliff *cu≥ cu≥ cu≥ -- co:c~ u:~ sit, perch

Labials. Final *-m is well preserved in most Kham dialects except Gamale. In Gamale, the loss of *-m evidently produced nasalization on the preceding vowel, which was subsequently reconsonantalized to -≥.

P-Kham Taka Maikot Gam gloss *m˙n˙m m˙n˙m m˙n˙m m˙d˙≥ meal, flour *r˙hm r˙hm r˙hm r˙h≥ weed *r-jyam jyam rjyam jya≥ grab, clutch *yem yem yem ye≥ trail, road *bom bom bom-za bwo≥ light weight *kodom kodom kodom kodo≥ large basket with lid *r-pom pom rpom po≥ snow *sohm sohm sohm so≥ boil grain *chum chum chum chu≥ mortar *hum hum hum hu≥ sip *kum kum ku≥ plow yoke *pum pum pum pu≥ set (of hen) *puzum pusum puzum puzu≥ flea *r-gum gum rgum gu≥ pillow

There are numerous exceptions to *-um > -u≥, and *-em > -e≥, as in the following: 14 Introduction ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

P-Kham Taka Maikot Gam gloss *ham ham ham ha~ eat from hand *khem khem khe~ finish *dum dum dum d~u add up *rum rum rum r~u pulverize *ch˙m ch˙m ch˙m ch˙m ladder *≥˙m ≥˙m ≥˙m ≥˙m tasty *r-g˙m g˙m rg˙m g˙m earth, soil *s-n˙m n˙hm sn˙m hn˙m headband, tumpline *cem cem pcem cem hair

The rhyme *-im has a more convoluted history: *-im > *iu~ > -yu≥, as in the following:

P-Kham Taka Maikot Gam gloss *chim chim chim chyu≥ soak *khim khim khim khyu≥ search *sim sim sim syu≥ scoop up *zihm zihm jihm zyuh≥ house

An exception to *-im > *iu~ > -yu≥:

P-Kham Taka Maikot Gam gloss *achim achim achim achi≥ today *b-rim rihm brim rih≥ lay a wall

Final *-p produces patterns similar to final *-m, but without compensatory nasalization on preceding vowels. The final is well preserved in Maikot, Taka, Mahat, and Nisi; and poorly preserved in Gam and Sesi. In Sesi the rhyme *-ip produces -iu or -u, analagous to the nasal Gamale *-im > -*iu~ > (-yu≥). Following are example forms:

P-Kham Taka Mahat Maikot Nisi Gam Sesi gloss *g˙p g˙p g˙p g˙p g˙÷ draw water *r-l˙p l˙p l˙p l˙p rl˙p l˙÷ bore *r-z˙p z˙p z˙p rz˙p rj˙p z˙÷ forge *t˙p t˙p t˙p t˙p t˙:÷ beat *gap ap ap ap hap a÷ shoot *lap lap -- lap la÷ embrace *r-nahp nahp nahpu snap nah snot *cip cip cip cip cu ciu viand 5.2 Etymology 15 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

*hip hip hip hip hwyi burn *rihp rihp -- riuh spindle *gahp gahp gahp gahp gah÷ step over *lep lep lep lep le÷ lick *nup nup nup nup nu÷ set (sun) *dup dup dup zdup zdu: du÷ du:÷ gather *r-pup pup -- rpup pu÷ cave *ruhp ruhp ruhp ruhp ruh÷ sew *s-pulup phulup phulup spulup phlu÷ invert

5. Structure of an entry There are approximately 6,300 main entries (or headwords) in the dictionary, and about twice that many subentries. The structure of an entry is given below.

5.1 The headword The headword is given in bold typeface, first in Roman orthography, and then in Devanagri. Roman orthography distinguishes between ‘neutral’ and ‘marked’ tones (see §3.4), Devanagri does not. Polysemy is distinguished from homonymy. Homonymous terms (two lexical items with the same phonological form) are marked with a superscript numeral following the Roman headword, as in:

1 rfô n: tea. caÚ 2 rfô n: sifter. caÚ 5.2 Etymology The etymological field follows the Devanagri form of the headword and is enclosed in square brackets. Not every entry includes an etymology; about 40% include some kind of etymological information. Words borrowed from Nepali take three possible forms: if the meaning, pronunciation, and spelling in Kham and Nepali is identical, the etymological field is given simply as [Nep]. If the pronunciation differs, but the meaning is identical, the Nepali spelling and pronunciation is also given, as in [Nep crDd ˙c˙mm˙]. If the Kham and Nepali meanings also differ, the Nepali meaning is given inside the etymological field, as in:

cgjf/Øf;f ] [Nep cgxf/' ˙nuhar ‘appearance’] adj: unusual, amazing, ˙nnovel.˙waryaso 16 Introduction ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

About 850 words are reconstructed (some partially so) for Proto-Kham. In such cases, relevant dialect information is given, and where available, information from other Himalayan languages and Proto-Tibeto-Burman, as in:

cfO{+M;L [Kh *a-sni≥ (Mk asni, Gam ahi≥); TB *s-ni≥ ‘year’] temp.adv: this a year.~îÚhsi cfk–Gof [Kh *gap (Bhj hap); Him (Mag ≥ap, Chep ÷ap, Sun ap); TB *gaôp] 'ap-nya vt: to shoot. Abbreviations used in this field are: TB Tibeto-Burman; Kh Kham; Nep Nepali; Sk Sanskrit; Hind Hindi; WT Written Tibetan; Tib Tibetan; Bur Burmese; Mag Magar; Chep Chepang; Kai Kaike; Chan Chantyal; Thak Thakali; Tam Tamang; Gur Gurung; Nw Newari; Sun Sunwar; Khal Khaling; Sh Sherpa, Jir Jirel. Abbreviations of Kham dialects are: Tk Takale; Kol Kol; Sera Sera; Mk Maikoti; Huk Hukam; Bhj Bhujel; Nis Nisel; Luk Lukum; Gam Gamale; Ses Sesi; Kot Kotgaon; Jang Jangkot; Mht Mahat; Ghus Ghusbang. See ¤4 for a description of the phonological conservatism contributed by each of the dialects.

5.3 Part of speech The part of speech for the headword is given following the etymology field. An explanation of part of speech categories, along with their abbreviations is given in ¤6.

5.4 Definition An English definition or approximate semantic equivalent of the headword. If the definition is broader than a single word in English, the broader semantic range is given, as in: vô“ n: foot, leg. kh~ïÚ cf–/] nf\ ô n: the under-arm area; side of the body. (o)-rlaÚ If the definition is more restricted than the English suggests, or if the definition is restricted to a particular domain, the restriction is given in parenthesis, as in: afs/ n: quill, feather (esp. wing feather). ba'k˙— r nfb}l;–Gof vi.agt: 1. to entice, beguile, manipulate (esp. of a child to his ladparent˙i'sî-nya\ to get s.th. he wants). ≥a'leok˙ lad˙i'sî'hu'ker˙\ They came to entice me. 2. (of a dog) to jump all over its master in excitement.

Other possible parts of a definition are given below. 5.4 Definition 17 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ¥ Domain. If the word belongs to a specific domain of application, the domain is given in parenthesis at the beginning of the definition, as in: , (shamanic, in chant) shaman’s assistant. 'celmeÚ~ 'balmeÚ~ e/]+ n: (in flat roof construction) the cross beams or timbers which support the 'b˙roof.hreÚ~ rs/]M n: (in weaving) a multi-notched stick above the shed stick for keeping c˙kthe˙reh warp threads properly spaced; a weaver’s reed.

¥ Cultural note. Some definitions include a cultural note applicable to a fuller understanding of the word.

nfbô" n: a fermenting agent made from a root, used in the preparation of beer laduÚmalt. (Only widows or widowers are permitted to dig it up.)

¥ Grammatical note. Some words have specific grammatical restrictions, given in parenthesis after the English gloss of a word.

cGslg–Gof [Nep ˙k˙mkinu] vi.agt: to hesitate; defer doing s.th. (Though '˙nkintransitive,˙ni-nya a complement object can be expressed, marked by , as in: h˙i danya ≥ama'˙nk˙nie I don’t hesitate to tell you). -nya cfMNbØfn ¬ quant.adv: such a large thing as this. (Usu. with plural marker ahldyalu, as in: ahldyalu-r˙; or also reduplicated, as in: ahldyalu ahldyalu-r˙). -r˙ ¥ Literal rendition. Some definitions, where applicable, include a literal rendition following the free translation.

, to receive a slap (lit. ‘eat a palm’). 'l˙pta k˙i-nya ¥ Example sentence. Some entries include an example sentence illustrating the use of the word in question.

kfvf n: 1. the outside. kisti b˙hri 'pakha'ni 'daÚci~ sehdi'keo\ The whole boat he 'pakhaplastered from the outside with pitch. 2. out in the open, in full view, as in: 'pakhat˙ ta'n˙iyo Don’t leave it in the open!

¥ Alternate senses. Many words in the dictionary have alternate, but clearly related meanings. These are cases of polysemy.

P]hé adv: 1. for no apparent reason. 2. freely, without price. ˙iz˙ 18 Introduction ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

'e]+mM–Gof v.sta: 1. to be high. Ðvi.agt: 2. to win. 'j~eÚh-nya 5.5 Variant A variant is an alternative form or pronunciation of a given word, as in:

kflb part: a post-verbal particle denoting a slightly comical or amusing situation. padigurra geennazyao padi. We were off (on a little trip) to cut straw for the cattle. var. pa. a}l;–Gof v.refl: to step out of the way, move out of the way. var. 'b'bwi:'s˙i'sî-nya\ î-nya.\

5.6 Comparative forms For many words in the dictionary, immediately following the definition field, one or more related words are given, introduced by cf., as in the examples below. A is a bowl shaped iron pan for parching grain (often a cracked b˙dalih), and a 'dodor is a steel tip for an arrow. kotholyah

abfnLM n: a bowl shaped iron stew pot (without handles). cf. 'dodor. b˙dalih nfô n: a barbed arrowhead. cf. kotholyah. laÚ Antonyms are another, more specific class of ‘comparative forms,’ opposite or near opposite in meaning.

r"ô–Gof v.sta: to be narrow, tight, restricting (as a coat sleeve, door, etc.). 'cuÚ-nyaÐadj: . ant. woih'w—o. 'cuÚ'wo 5.7 Set designator Words can be members of semantic domains or sets, as the word ‘yesterday’ belongs to a set of chronological ‘day’ words like ‘today,’ ‘day before yesterday,’ ‘tomorrow,’ etc. The designator ‘–set:’ followed by a bolded Kham headword gives the location in the dictionary where the entire set can be viewed. Another set designator is ‘Ðgen:’ for ‘generic.’

cfHofM] temp.adv: yesterday. Ðset: . ahjyoÚ a'chîm— e¬ln{ n: a type of wasp. Ðgen: . buhrli 'mulza buhsuna: 5.8 Set listing Full sets are listed at their designated places throughout the dictionary. For example, following the entries for ‘yesterday,’ ‘tomorrow,’ ‘day after tomorrow,’ etc., is the designation 5.12 Subentry 19 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

Ðset: , indicating that the full set will be listed under the headword ‘today,’ as in thea'ch following:îm— a'chîm—

cf5Ld temp.adv: today. Ðchronology: tala'kao— chyam the day before a'chyesterday,îm— ahjyoÚ yesterday, a'chîm— today, p˙hraÚti tomorrow, nihmchy aÚ~ day after tomorrow, tipchy aÚ~ two days after tomorrow, kolchy aÚ~ three days after tomorrow, dohlchyaÚ~ four days after tomorrow.

Other sets can be collections of ‘related words,’ ‘parts of a whole,’ ‘types of,’ ‘specific items comprising a generic,’ and so on.

5.9 Reciprocal All kin terms have a reciprocal relationship, that is, its polar opposite, as in: the reciprocal of ‘uncle’ is ‘nephew’ or ‘niece,’ and the reciprocal of ‘nephew’ is ‘uncle’ or ‘aunt,’ etc.

kf\uf] n: 1. father’s elder brother. 2. husband of mother’s elder sister (i.e. pahgo ). (Within the confines of K-M marriage constraints, the members of 1Ð2 mahgointersect.) recip. 'b˙hrca, 'b˙hrci.

5.10 Abbreviation Some kin terms of address have an abbreviated form when accompanied by a proper name, as in: ka kirs˙n for kaka kirs˙n ‘Uncle Krishna.’

5.11 Alternate roots If a word is a Nepali loan, and a Kham form exists in one of the dialects, the form is given as an alternate root. Also, if other dialects use an entirely different etymon, it is given as an alternate root with the name of its source dialect.

[Nep ˙dhar-ma ‘in the middle’] adv: mid, midway. Ð[Kh (Mk o-m˙zem-k˙)]. ˙d˙hm˙r s}–Gof vt: to bite (as of a dog). Ð[Alt.root (Mk toi)]. k˙i-nya 5.12 Subentry Subentries, in bold typeface, are included under a headword when certain conditions apply. The major requirement is that the subentry be a different form of the headword, and one that cannot be predicted. Such unpredictable differences can include the following.

¥ Filled-out forms of a bound root. Bound roots are incomplete words, and become full words only with their obligatory affixes, as in the following: 20 Introduction ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

c5t– loc.root: separate from, apart, alone. , to a place separate. ˙ch˙t˙- , at a place separate. , at a place separate.˙ch˙t˙'da\ ˙ch˙t˙k˙ ˙ch˙t˙≥˙ ¥ Diathesis alternations. Some verbs have identical forms for intransitive and transitive senses. In such cases, the intransitive sense will be given first, and the transitive sense as a subentry, as in the following:

kfô–Gof vi.pat: to break, shatter (as a clay pot). Ðvt: 1. to break, shatter, paÚ-nyasmash. 2. (of a house) to break in and steal. 3. to break a trail through snow.

¥ Grammatical derivations. Many words have morphological variants that function as different parts of speech — derivations like nominalizations, participles, and transitivity alternations. Where the subentry occurs without a definition, as in below, the subentry can also be found as a headword elsewhere. koÚ-nya

cftôbf loc: towards this side (of an intervening barrier such as a ridge). Ðadj: a'tïÚ'd— a\ , the one towards this side (of the ridge). a'tïÚ'd— a'— ≥ao— s–Gof vt: to cover (as by putting a lid on a pot, or a stone slab over a hole). 'kÐ˙pass.part:-nya , covered. 'luÚye~ 'k˙'sîu\ covered by a stone. 'k˙'sîu\ sf];–Gof vi.pat: to peel off. Ðvt: . kos-nya koÚ-nya ¥ Special collocations. Words commonly occur within specialized phrases or figures of speech. Those which differ most from English expectations, especially, are given as subentries, as in:

cfbf xfbf] loc: this way and that; here and there. , to a'dmake—a ho'd an —aexchange. 'meÚma~ ge'za:r˙ a'da— ho'da— ge'j˙i'ya. We willa'd exchangea— ho'da— our 'j˙ daughters.i-nya , to walk about, move around; to be mobile. a'da— ho'da— 'li'na'ke. He a'dis becominga— ho'da— 'li-nya more mobile (as after an illness).

vô“ n: foot, leg. , to travel rapidly, move right along (lit. ‘cast khthe~ïÚ foot’). kh, extenuative~ïÚ khya's\î-nya of the number 20, used when discussing prices in the presencekh of~ïÚ a 'kwiÚ Nepali (lit. ‘foot hand’).

¥ Light verb constructions. In light verb constructions a nominal (or sometimes a classifier) occurs with a semantically empty verb like da-nya ‘to do,’ or ta-nya ‘to become,’ the whole of which functions as a predicate. Where the nominal is classified as nom, it cannot occur as a referring noun, but only as a nominal in a light verb construction. 6.1 Adjective 21 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

cô lg ÅôÒ nom: belch, burp. , to belch, burp. '˙Ú ni 'phuÚ '˙Ú ni 'phuÚ 'ta-nya cGo+f{ nom: villainy, orneriness. , to behave in a villainous '˙rnymanner.aÚ~ '˙rny~aÚ da-nya

Hofô n: wife. , to marry a wife (lit. ‘to do wife’). , 'jyaÚto take two wives. 'jyaÚ da-nya neh'jyaÚ da-nya

¥ Associated expressive adverbs. This part of an entry is for verbs only. Many verbs have associated expressive adverbs that collocate with them. Some verbs occur with one adverb only, and others occur with multiple ones. Following each verb is a listing of all expressives that can occur with it, as in:

e¬/–Gof vi.agt: to fly, take to the air. , fly off in a flash. , in a buhr-nyaflash (as of a bird). , of a raging river,hw as~aÚ though flying. 'phw~aÚ kw~aÚ kw~aÚ ¥ Associated verbs. This part of an entry is for expressive adverbs only. Of the 750 expressive adverbs, none of them can modify all verbs universally. Each expressive associates only with a given subset of verbs. Following the basic definition of the expressive is a list of verbs that can collocate with it, together with a definition of the whole construction.

et at expr.adv: inappropriately. , to sleep when work or b˙watchfulnessht˙ b˙t˙ is in order. 'zihm kesnya 'miÚ 'yemk˙z˙b.b. sy b˙ht˙~aÚ-nya b˙t˙ ≥asyaÚ'k~ e.\ I, one who should reach home, slept on the way. , to speak blurting everything out (esp. when confidentiality is in order). b.b. p~aÚ-nya , to do one’s own work without getting involved in others. 'kyaÚye~ o'yehnb.b. waz˙ da-nya b˙ht˙ b˙t˙ dozyao. He does only his own work (isn’t helpful to others).

6. Part of speech categories 6.1 Adjective (adj.) Apart from adjectives borrowed from Nepali, like 'batho ‘clever,’ and 'ciso ‘damp,’ most adjectivals in Kham are derived from other word classes. As such, they appear as subentries under their respective headwords, as in:

inherently an adjective: hLDé hfé adj: small, diminuitive. zimza inherently a noun: h"ôrf n: an old woman. 'juÚca 22 Introduction ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

Ðvi.pat: , to grow old (of a woman). Ðadj: 'juÚcas-nya, old (of a woman). juÚcaso inherently a verb: '3ØfM–Gof] v.sta: to become large, grow. 'gyoÚh-nyaÐadj: , big, great, important. 'gyoÚh'wo inherently an expressive adverb: xLk xLk [< Kh 'hip-nya ‘burn, roast’] expr.adv: scorching hot (of the sun). 'hip'gahme 'hip 'hip-hip 'j˙i'keo\ The sun was scorching hot. Ðadj: , scorching hot (of sun, wind, etc.). 'hip 'hibo inherently a locative: cfhLôbf loc.adv: in this area. a'jÐîÚ'd— adj:a\ , of this area. a'jî'd—— a'— ≥ao— 6.2 Adverb (adv.) Adverb is a broad class which takes in adverbs of manner, as: ˙i ‘thus,’ ca:do~ ‘quickly,’ etc.; adverbs of intensity, as: b˙n˙i ‘very,’ j˙hn ‘even more,’ etc.; and epistemic adverbs, as: ph˙ri ‘again,’ thokoi ‘nearly,’ etc. Treated separately are temporal adverbs, indefinite adverbs, and expressive adverbs. ¥ Temporal adverb (temp.adv.). Temporal adverbs belong to two broad classes: adverbs of specific time, as achim ‘today,’ ahrtani ‘last year,’ etc.; and adverbs of relative time, as ba:hza ‘recently,’ g˙hg˙ ‘early,’ t˙cha ‘one day,’ etc.; ¥ Indefinite adverb (indef.adv.). Indefinite adverbs are based on special forms of interrogative words and include notions like ‘whatever,’ ‘some thing whatever,’ ‘some place whatever,’ ‘whoever,’ ‘whenever,’ ‘some time whenever,’ ‘some ever,’ and ‘however.’ ¥ Expressive adverb (expr.adv.). Expressive adverbs are numerous in Kham and collocate with verbs. Most occur in rhyming couplets (or reduplicative structures) and express notions like manner of action, intensity of action, or sound/feeling of action (onomatopoeia), as in: kyasya kisi 'ba-nya ‘to walk knock-kneed’ cita pata cis-nya ‘to tear to shreds’ sehte: sehte: kyal-nya ‘to cut with a sawing sound’

¥ Adverbial suffix (adv.suff.). This is a small class with only three members, all related — -'a\ , -'wa,\ and -'wak˙\ . All give an approximative interpretation to quantifying adverbs, as in: a:h-'wa\ ‘about this much.’ 6.11 Interjection 23 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

6.3 Case Marker (case) Case markers include all grammatical case markers except locatives (which are classified as ‘locative cases’). They include ‘genitive,’ ‘ergative,’ ‘accusative,’ etc.

6.4 Compound root (comp.root) Compound roots are noun roots that occur as the first member in a compound, as in: ba- is the initial root occurring in the compounds ba'ce:h~ ‘bird snare,’ ba'k˙r ‘feather headdress,’ ba'ma ‘hen,’ baza ‘domestic chicken,’ etc. There are only five: fire, water, wood, bird, meat.

6.5 Coordination (coord.) Coordination includes conjunction markers, alternative markers, and various sentence and discourse relators.

6.6 Corelative Corelatives are pronominal-like forms that function semantically like relative pronouns, as in kha: n˙zyurih'zyao ha:h z˙ zyuke ‘Eat as much as you like.’ All are paired structures as in: jo... ho ‘whichever... that one,’ kitao... hitao ‘in whatever way... that way,’ and kha:... ha:h ‘however much... that much.’

6.7 Deictic primitive (deictic.prim.) Deictic primitives are bound deictic roots to which locative affixes are obligatorily added to make complex locative expressions. They include a- ‘proximate,’ n- ‘distal,’ h- ‘remote,’ ro- ‘up,’ me- ‘down,’ ≥ah- ‘front,’ chî:~ - ‘back,’ wor- ‘right,’ and dab˙rya ‘left.’

6.8 Demonstrative (dem.) The proximate, distal, and remote demonstratives in singular, dual, and plural numbers. Another four have to do with specificity — ‘that particular one.’

6.9 Grammatical number (g.num.) The grammatical numbers ‘dual’ and ‘plural.’

6.10 Greeting (greet.) Greeting formulas.

6.11 Interjection (interj.) Interjections and expletives for attracting attention, giving affirmation, expressing surprise, 24 Introduction ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ exasperation, apology, commiseration, and pain.

6.12 Interrogative (interrog.) Question words and their combinations with locative suffixes expressing notions like ‘where?’ ‘when?’ ‘why?’ ‘who?’ ‘how far?’ etc.

6.13 Interrogative root (interrog.root) The bound interrogative roots ‘where’ and ‘when’ which occur obligatorily with locative suffixes, as in: kan-'da ‘to where,’ and kan-'kin ‘from where,’ etc.

6.14 Locative (loc.) Locatives are complex structures combining a bound locative root (or deictic primitive) and any number of locative case suffixes. Thus, for example, the locative a'da ‘to here’ is composed of a-, the proximal root, plus -'da, the allative suffix. ¥ Locative root (loc.root). Locative roots specify locational relations similar to those of relator nouns, but without possession. They are juxtaposed as postpositions directly following the nouns they modify, as in: 'zihm du:h-l˙~ ‘beneath the house.’ ¥ Locative case (loc.case). Locative case markers are nominal suffixes and can be simple or complex. Simple markers are single suffixes specifying location or direction, and include notions like ‘allative,’ ‘elative,’ ‘inessive,’ ‘ablative,’ ‘lative,’ ‘superessive,’ etc. Complex markers combine a landmark locative (‘general area,’ ‘up-country area,’ ‘side of a mountain,’ and ‘side of a valley’) with one of the simple markers, as in:

a-ph˙-t˙ prox-valley.side-superessive ‘on this side of the valley’

6.15 Negative (neg.) The negative equative and negative existential copulas ma:hk˙ and 'male, respectively.

6.16 Nominal (nom.) Nominals are a special class of nouns that rarely occur apart from ‘light verb’ constructions, as in: '˙Ú ni 'phuÚ 'ta-nya ‘to belch, burp,’ or '˙rnyaÚ~ da-nya ‘to behave in a mean manner,’ in which '˙Ú ni 'phuÚ and '˙rnyaÚ~ are the nominals.

6.17 Noun (n.) The class of nouns includes both common and abstract nouns. Treated separately are 6.19 Particle 25 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ generic nouns, proper nouns, and vocative nouns. ¥ Generic noun (gen.n.). Generic nouns are superordinates formed by the concatenation of two simpler nouns. Usually they are rhyming compounds, as in:

' deersya: 'ba:bird ‘game animals and birds’ ' leopardla:eagle 'ga: ‘predators’

Given with each of the generic nouns is a listing of the specifics that comprise the class. ¥ Proper noun (prop.n.). The class of proper nouns is comprised mostly of the names of Kham-speaking villages, local rivers, and landmarks. Villages are given with their approximate population and their designation on the Survey of India maps. ¥ Vocative noun (voc.n.). Vocative nouns are terms of address for both kinsmen and people unrelated. Where the term of address is for a kinsman, it’s reciprocal is also given (see immediately below). ¥ Relator noun (rel.n.). Relator nouns specify locational relations like ‘beneath,’ ‘inside,’ ‘at the foot of,’ etc. They differ from locatives in that they are obligatorily marked for possession, as in: 'zihm-e u-du:h-l˙~ ‘the house’s beneath,’ where ‘beneath’ is possessed by ‘house.’

6.18 Numeral The cardinal numbers ‘one,’ ‘two,’ ‘three,’ etc. Only one through five are native to Kham; all others are borrowed from Nepali. ¥ Numeral classifier (num.clsf.). Numeral classifiers have an obligatory numeral prefix, as in: neh-ba:h ‘two portions,’ and are used to count volume/weight, distance, and time. Others designate units which impose a kind of structure on things that lack structured wholeness, as in to-'korlo 'ka:~ ‘a lump of meal.’ ¥ Numeral prefix (num.pref.). The numeral prefixes t˙- ‘one,’ neh- ‘two,’ and s~o:h- ‘three’ which obligatorily attach to numeral classifiers.

6.19 Particle (part.) Particles or clitics denoting pragmatic notions like reported speech, contra-expectancy, contrastiveness, and levels of epistemic certainty. 26 Introduction ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

6.20 Passive participle (pass.part.) A derivational category with a transitive or bitransitive verb as the source. The resulting construction is an adjectival with all traces of the agent deleted, as in: b˙reÚ-nya ‘to mix, combine’ > b˙reÚ's\îu ‘mixed, combined.’ 'behda-bak˙ra b˙reÚ'sîur˙\ 'lizyar˙ ‘The sheep and goats are mixed together.’ Virtually all bivalent or trivalent verbs can go through the derivation, but only the most common ones are given (as subentries).

6.21 Personal pronoun (pers.pron.) First, second, and third person pronouns in singular, dual, and plural number.

6.22 Possessive pronoun (poss.pron.) Possessive pronouns are formed by a combination of the ‘possessive root’ morpheme 'miÚ ‘possession’ preceded by one of the possessive prefixes, yielding notions like ‘mine,’ ‘yours,’ ‘his,’ etc. ¥ Possessive prefix (poss.pref.). Possessive prefixes are prefixal versions of the personal pronouns, denoting first, second, and third persons in singular, dual, and plural number. ¥ Possessive root (poss.root). The possessive root morpheme 'miÚ to which possessive prefixes are added to form possessive pronouns.

6.23 Quantifier (quant.) Quantifiers are numeral classifiers plus the numeral one, used to quantify nouns lacking structured wholeness, as in: to-'korlo 'ka:~ ‘a lump of meal,’ tupuruÚ 'ri:h ‘a small amount of water,’ t˙geÚda~ syasoi ‘a chunk of fat,’ etc.

6.24 Quantifying adverb (quant.adv.) Quantifying adverbs are based on the proximate, distal, and remote adverbs aÚh ‘this much,’ naÚh ‘that much,’ and haÚh ‘that much,’ respectively, along with their numerous inflectional combinations, as well as the inflectional combinations of the adverbs chyaÚ ‘a little bit,’ and jaÚ~ ‘somewhat.’

6.25 Verb Ten verb types are distinguished, based on morphological and syntactic characteristics. Intransitive types are Eventive, Reciprocal, Reflexive, Intransitive Stative, Intransitive Agentive, Intransitive Patientive, and Intransitive Dative. Transitive types are Transitive Eventive, Transitive, and Bitransitive. 6.25 Verb 27 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ¥ Irregular verb stem (v.stem). The irregular forms of the verbs ‘do,’ ‘say,’ ‘give,’ and ‘eat.’ ¥ Verb affix (v.aff.). All inflectional and derivational affixes on verbs including personÐnumber agreement markers, tenseÐaspect markers, directionals, speech-act indicators, causatives, reflexives, applicatives, and nominalizers. ¥ Bitransitive verb (v.bt.). The class of bitransitive verbs. Such verbs are marked for agreement with a subject and an indirect object, as in: khur'ja n˙îÚ-~ na-ke-o ‘He snatched the knife from me. ’ ¥ Eventive verb (v.evt.). Intransitive verbs for which the only possible argument is 'n˙m ‘sky,’ indicating the weather, as in: 'n˙m 'wa-'ke ‘It rained’ (lit. ‘the sky rained’). ¥ Instranstive agentive verb (vi.agt.). Verbs belonging to this class are intransitive verbs whose sole argument is in the semantic role of agent. The class includes notions like ‘to go,’ ‘to pout,’ ‘to lodge,’ ‘to leave nest,’ ‘to run,’ ‘to jump,’ etc. Such verbs reject morphological causativization (with the morpheme s˙-), a derivation that is common to patientive verbs. ¥ Intransitive dative verb (vi.dat.). A small class, the sole argument of these intransitive verbs is a dative subject, as in: n˙'m˙ya ≥a'lagi'zya ‘I love you’ (lit. ‘your love falls to me’). ¥ Intransitive patientive verb (vi.pat.). Verbs belonging to this class are intransitive verbs whose sole argument is in the semantic role of theme or patient. The class includes notions like ‘to wilt,’ ‘to collapse,’ ‘to decay,’ ‘to freeze’ etc. All such verbs regularly undergo causativization using the morpheme s˙-, thereby creating a transitive verb, as in:

‘water spilled’ 'ri:h boh-'ke ‘he spilled the water’ 'ri:h s˙-boh-'ke-o The transitive version of such verbs is also given if it cannot be predicted from the intransitive, as in the following:

‘to boil’ co-nya ‘to make boil’ (*soco-nya) socoi-nya ‘to backpour’ d˙p's\î-nya ‘to make backpour’ (*s˙d˙p's\î-nya) s˙d˙p-nya ‘to peel (on its own)’ kos-nya ‘to peel’ (*sokos-nya) koÚ-nya 28 Introduction ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ

¥ Reciprocal verb (v.recip.). Inherently reciprocal verbs are defined by their semantic and morphological characteristics. Semantically, such verbs support multiple actants that act upon one another — verbs like ‘to argue,’ ‘to marry,’ ‘to gather together,’ ‘to work communally, etc.’ Morphologically, these verbs also make use of the middle marker -'si, a marking which appears to be semantically motivated. ¥ Reflexive verb (v.refl.). Like reciprocal verbs, inherently reflexive verbs are semantically and morphologically defined. Verbs of body posture, grooming, and wearing — like ‘lie down,’ ‘wash hair,’ and ‘wear a skirt’ — are typically reflexive in Kham, and are obligatorily marked by the middle marker '-si. They are not derived from inherently transitive verbs. ¥ Stative intransitive verb (vi.sta.). Inherently stative verbs are those which do not acquire a progressive reading with the imperfective continuous morpheme -zya. (Continuous aspect is the ‘unmarked’ aspect for stative verbs.) Furthermore, the perfective -'ke imposes an ‘event’ reading on such verbs (not a perfective sense), as in: ‘He is.’ 'li-zya ‘He stayed.’ (*He was.) 'li-'ke ¥ Stative transitive verb (vt.sta.). The transitive version of the intransitive stative.

‘He knows.’ s˙î:-zya-o~ ‘He found out, came to know.’ (*He knew.) s˙î:-'ke-o~ ¥ Transitive verb (vt.). Inherently transitive verbs in Kham are those in which there is some kind of direct causation. That is, there is either direct bodily contact in performing the action, as in ‘bite,’ ‘kick,’ ‘open,’ and ‘carry,’ in which the body parts used are the teeth, feet, hands, and back, respectively; or separation from bodily contact only by an instrument, as in ‘sweep,’ ‘plow,’ and ‘cut,’ in which the instruments are a broom, a plow, and a knife, respectively. Such verbs are marked for agreement with a subject and a direct object, as in: 'no-e ≥a-lai p˙rî:-~ 'na-'ke-o ‘He sent me.’ (*He sent it to me.)

¥ Transitive eventive verb (vt.evt.). Some eventive verbs can be transitivized, yielding a ‘transitive eventive verb.’ Such verbs, though dealing with weather events, imply an agent. In such cases, the ‘agent’ is a subevent, as in: bad˙l 'hud˙ 'n˙m s˙'zy~uÚh'keo ‘Clouds coming, it (i.e. the coming of the clouds) made it cold.’

7. Order of alphabet The order of alphabet in this dictionary follows the Roman order: a, b, c, etc. with a few modifications for special vowels, tone, nasalization, aspiration, and vowel length. 7.2 Consonant order 29 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 7.1 Vowel order The order of vowels is: ˙, a, e, i, , o, ö, u, ü. Unmarked tone precedes marked tone, and short vowels precede long vowels, yielding the following order: a, 'a, aÚ, 'aÚ. Also, oral vowels precede nasal vowels, and modal register precedes lax register, yielding the following overall order for the representative vowel ‘a’: a, 'a, aÚ, 'aÚ, a:,~ 'a:,~ ah, 'ah, a:h,~ 'a:h.~

7.2 Consonant order The order of consonants is: b, c, ch, d, g, h, j, k, kh, l, m, n, ≥, p, ph, r, s, t, th, w, y, z. Aspirate consonants follow unaspirate ones, and only voiceless consonants can be aspirated. The voiced consonants b, d, g, and j followed by lax vowels sound similar to the voiced aspirates of Nepali, and are represented as such in Devanagri orthography: e, w, 3, and µ. Within the Kham phonological system, however, they are as different from voiced aspirates as pah, tah, kah, and cah (all attested) are different from pæa, tæa, kæa, and cæa (all attested). A Dictionary of Kham

David E. Watters

˙d˙hm 'lizya That man is really stupid. ˙ cwd/ [Nep ˙dhar-ma ‘in the ˙d˙hm˙rmiddle’] adv: mid, midway. ce/· n: nudity, nakedness. , midday. cf. adahla:. ˙d˙hm˙r, ˙b˙hr˙Ðadj: ≥g˙ , nude, completely na- 'laÚmidnight, middle of the night.˙d˙hm˙r cf. ahdari:. riÚ ked. cf.˙b˙hr˙ na≥gya.≥g˙o— , half-way there, as in: [Nep ˙c˙mm˙] crDa crDd ˙d˙hm˙r 'yemk˙ 'yem z˙ 'mah'k\e It got lost '˙c˙mb˙ nom: amazement, surprise. half-way there. , at a point '˙c˙mb˙ , to be amazed. Ðadj: , midway. ˙d˙hm˙rk˙, in the middle. amazing.'ta-nya '˙c˙mb˙'lao. '˙c˙mb˙o var. ˙d˙hm˙rl˙, to a point midway. Ð[Kh crlDa–Gof vi.pat: to be (Mk˙d˙hm˙r'p o-m˙zem-k˙)]˙i\ '˙c˙mbi-nyaamazed, surprised. cwkLn [Nep ˙dh˙-pilÊo ‘half- c5t– loc.root: separate from, ˙d˙hpilbruised’] nom: wound, injury. ˙ch˙t˙- apart, alone. , to a place sep- , (of a hunted animal) wounded.˙d˙hpil ˙ch˙t˙'da\ arate. , at a place separate. Ð'ta-nyan: , a wounded animal. Ðadj: ˙ch˙t˙k˙ , at a place separate. Ðadj: '˙d˙hpilcya, wounded. ˙ch˙t˙≥˙ , separate, alone. cf. o-bat˙≥˙. ˙d˙hpilcyaso cwd{ [Nep] nom: injustice, ˙ch˙t˙'≥ao— cw a}+:of n: youngish, '˙d˙hrm˙unfairness. , to act '˙d˙h b˙~îÚsya middle-aged person. ph˙ri tubu te '˙hd˙ unjustly, unfairly.'˙d˙hrm˙ –adj: da-nya . b˙~îÚsya'kao le There was another there cwld{ [Nep] '˙d˙hrm˙'lao n: an unjust who was middled aged. '˙d˙hrmiperson; sinner. abortion, miscarriage. cwsn n: cw;/ nom: wound, injury, '˙d˙hk˙l , to miscarry a child, ˙d˙hs˙rincapacity. , wounded '˙d˙hk˙l khya-nya abort (lit. ‘to throw incomplete’). cf. 'tuhi- so as to be unable˙d˙hs˙r to get 'ta-nya up; incapacitated. nya. cb}–Gof [Nep c8\ofpg' ˙Îyaunu] [Nep ˙dh˙k˙lco cwsNRof ˙d˙i-nyavt: 1. to bring to a stop by holding or '˙d˙hk˙lcya‘incomplete’] something abandoned, n: braking. cf. wo~î:-nya. , to a discontinued (as a task, or of children dead stop. 2. to brace,th˙n support, th˙n as in: with nowhere to go). Ð adj: kh~ïÚ ˙d˙inya 'poÚ a place to support the , abandoned. ˙d˙hk˙lc- foot. Ðpass.part: , braced, sup- yaso cwd [Nep cwd ˙dh˙m ‘foolish, ported. 's~îÚye ˙d˙i's˙d˙i's\îu bracedîu\ by wood. ˙d˙hmstupid’] a foolish, stupid person. n: cbS5Øf [Nep cWoIf ˙dhy˙ksh˙ (Also as modifier, as in: 'no 'mi b˙n˙i ˙d˙kchya‘supervisor’] n: head of village ward Kham Dictionary 31 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ (in panchayat system). cf. s˙desya. cnMuhfé [Nep cnu ˙l˙g cbgf [Nep ˙Î˙ni] n: pledge, ˙hl˙Úg˙za‘separate, alone’] adv: 1. secretly, pri- '˙d˙nadeposit, security, guarantee (the thing de- vately, as in: ˙hl˙Úg˙za h˙i da-nya To posited as such). , to ask secretly. 2. carefully, safely, as in: redeem s.th. held as'˙d˙na security. r~eÚh-nya , to take carefully; c2f [Nep c88f\ ˙ÎÎa] n: district ˙hl˙Úg˙za l~aÚ-nya, to remove carefully; '˙ddagovernment office. ˙hl˙Úg˙za hai-nya, to put away carefully, ˙hl˙Úg˙za 'n˙i-nya clb–Gof [Nep cl8g' ˙Îinu] safely, without knocking about. '˙di-nyavi.pat: to come to a rest, stop. Ðvt: P] adv: like this, in this manner. . ˙i , to say, or tell thus. ˙i, da-nya ˙i 'li-nya ˙d˙i-nya clwof [Nep ˙dhiya]~ n: sharecrop, to say thus. , to happen thus, ˙i 'ta-nya '˙dihyasharecropper. , to like this. sharecrop. (Land'˙dihya is lent outk˙m˙i-nya for others to P]hé adv: 1. for no apparent reason. farm, while the owner receives half the ˙iz˙2. freely, without price. Ðadj: , harvest.) commonplace, usual, normal. ˙iz˙'kao— c3rn [Nep ˙gh˙c] loc: in an cµ‹M [Nep cµ ˙jh˙] adv: still ˙g˙hc˙l˙out-of-the-way place, off the beaten track. ˙j˙ihmore, as in: aj˙ih b˙ 'li'zya There is still Ðadj: . cf. dab˙ryaso, kusu- more. , innumerable, many. jal'o.— ˙g˙hc˙'lao— ˙j˙ihr˙— , not just a few more. ˙j˙ihr˙ b˙ ma'lizya cu}–au} gen.n: domestic live- chDa/L [Nep chDd/L '˙g˙i-b˙g˙istock (including swine). Ðtypes of: '˙j˙mb˙ri˙j˙mm˙ri] adj: eternal, immortal, as in: 'b˙~îÚhsa water buffalo, 'bak˙ra goat, '˙j˙mb˙ri 'juni eternal life. 'behdaÚ sheep, 'gedya boar pig, har cow, cvTof [Nep cv§ ˙kh˙ÊÊ˙ ‘need, luÚ sheep, raÚh goat, 'uÚ pig. Ðgen: '˙kh˙tyanecessity’] n: difficulty, pressure. . Ðset: all living'j˙i , to apply pressure to beings.'j˙ntu (See 'sya'sï:)É ïÚ— 'leo b˙hri s.o.'˙kh˙tya (as in 'l˙i-nya a sales pitch). cf. g˙l-nya. cultnfj [Nep ˙g˙ti ‘damned’] Ðadj: , 1. (of a person) difficult ˙g˙ti'ladj: ao— worthless, useless in a job, unskilled. to get˙kh˙tyaso along with. , u-'y~uÚ ˙kh˙tyaso cufj [Nep ˙g˙uÊe] n: portion of stubborn, obstinate. 2. difficult to ma- '˙gaoa crop planted earlier than the rest. ant. neuver or climb (as of a cliff, etc). 'p˙chao. , early (of crops). cnl5gf [Nep ˙l˙cchin ‘ill '˙l˙china '˙gao'lao clug] afg [Sk ˙gni ‘fire’ + omen’] adj: (of a child) difficult, annoy- ˙gineNep 'banaf0f ba˘ ‘arrow’] n: (shamanic) a ing, hard to control. ant. 'l˙chin. fiery missile or stroke of lightning thrown cn°f n: wooden sticks like at an opponent in black magic. '˙l˙mock≥ka swords clacked together by pairs cx’ interj: the negative response of dancers in a dance troupe. ˙h˙÷‘No.’ cf. ï:hÉ ï÷.~ cn–dn [Nep cndn ˙lm˙l] nom: ˙l-m˙l 32 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ confusion. , to be con- 'ta'ke\ The smoke was blinding. fused, in a state˙l-m˙l of confusion. 'ta-nya , to smoke with intensity,˙.p. causing 'ku- cN;+ } [Nep ˙lse~î ‘laziness,’ cN5L obstructionnya of vision. , to '˙ls˙˙lchiîÚ~ ‘lazy’] nom: lazy, unmotivated. rain with intensity, causing˙.p. 'wa-nyaobstruction var. '˙lsi. cf. 'mi:si. , to of vision. act in a lazy, desultory'˙ls˙ manner.~îÚ da-nya clgsfn [Nep] n: famine, food- cg [Nep cGg ˙nn˙] n: crops, agri- '˙nikalshortage. ˙ncultural produce. cf. 'bali. cô lg ÅÒô [Kh (Luk ˙hk cgv n: novel; something never '˙Úli-nya); ni 'phuÚ Him (Chep ÷˙÷ phuk ‘burp’)] ˙n˙kh˙before seen. (emphatic nom: belch, burp. , of same), ˙n˙kh˙ as in: bin˙kh˙˙n˙kh˙ bin˙k˙l˙ to belch, burp. '˙Ú ni 'phuÚ 'ta-nya moÚh's~ î'n\ a'k\ e\ He went to hide in a unseen cGslg–Gof [Nep ˙k˙mkinu] place. '˙nk˙ni-nyavi.agt: 1. to hesitate; defer doing s.th. , to ˙n˙kh˙act wrongly, 'j˙i-nya, in anbin˙kh˙ unheard 'j˙i- of (Though intransitive, a complement ob- way,nya causing harm to others. ject can be expressed, marked by , cgjf/Øf [Nep cgxf/' ˙nuhar as in: h˙i danya ≥ama'˙nk˙nie I -nyadon’t '˙n˙warya‘appearance’] n: one who is difficult to hesitate to tell you). 2. to be undecided. get along with. Ðadj: , un- c·Øf [ < Nep c· ˙≥g˙ ‘limb of usual, amazing, novel (˙n˙waryasoesp. of s.th. seen '˙≥bodygya’] n: 1. image, idol, statue. 2. a or heard for the first time). person who is worthless, useless, cgfMsn [prob < Nep cgsf/0f amounting to nothing. ˙naÚhk˙n˙kar˙˘—˙l˙ ‘without reason’] adv: in vain, ck/fwL [Nep ‘criminal’] interj: futilely, uselessly. Ðadj: . ˙p˙radihthat culprit! as in: 'noÚ ˙p˙radih karao h˙i cGrn [Nep c~rn˙hnaÚk ˙¯c˙l]˙'l— ao— n: a omadaÚ'wo~ That culprit! Why didn’t he ˙nc˙lzone or state within a country. tell me? cGrnfbL; [Nep c~rnfbLz clÅ;/ [Nep < Eng ‘officer’] ˙nc˙ladis˙¯c˙ladish] n: the governor of a zone ˙phis˙rn: military officer, commander. or state within a country. c/}–Gof [Nep cXfpg' ˙hraunu] cGw lg b¬Gw [Nep ˙r˙i-nyavt: to command, exhort, enjoin. '˙nd˙hcGwf ] ˙ndhoni 'dund˙h ‘blind’] expr.adv: blinding, cu{nf [Nep] n: a bar across the obstructing vision. , to '˙rg˙lainside of a door, or a pin put into the smoke with intensity, causing˙.d. 'ku-nya obstruction door frame for holding it shut. cf. du:hs-~ of vision. , to rain with aonya. Ðset: . intensity, causing˙.d. 'wa-nya obstruction of vision. chn{ prop.n:'zihm the Kham-Magar cGw kTof]n [Nep cGwf] ˙rj˙lvillage of Arjal; it’s speakers belong to '˙nd˙h˙ndho p˙tyol˙ ‘blind’] expr.adv: blinding, ob- the Maikot dialect. (S.I. Arjalgaon). structing vision. mihkwi '˙nd˙h p˙tyol˙ csf { [Nep csf {] ˙rko] adv: another. ˙rka Kham Dictionary 33 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ˙rkae u'miÚ belonging to another. blessing upon s.o. , to give clg { [W.Nep, Mag arni] n: an a blessing. ˙sik˙ ya-nya '˙rniafternoon snack, lunch. , cl;gf kl;gf n: (see to eat an afternoon snack.'arni da-nya, '˙sina 'p˙sina). lunch and all its related entities.'˙rni 'p˙rni Ð[Kh 'p˙sina c;fh] [Nep] n: the sixth month of *pro (Mk p˙ro)]. ˙soj˙the Nepali calendar, mid-September to cGo+f{ nom: villainy, orneriness. mid-October. '˙rnyaÚ~ , to behave in a villainous ctsn nom: trial, test. manner.'˙rnyaÚ~ da-nya , villainous, ornery, '˙t˙k˙l , to try, test. cf. '˙t˙k˙li-nya.'˙t˙k˙l '˙rnyaÚ~ 'leo mean. cf. 'cacap ni 'cocobo. da-nya ctsln–Gof vt: 1. to try or cy{ [Nep] n: 1. meaning, import. '˙t˙k˙li-nyatest s.th. ma't˙ri's\îduhrihzya 'lid˙ ˙rth˙cf. o-'s˙i, 'manya. , having '˙t˙k˙li'na'k\ eo\ He went to test whether it meaning, making sense.o-˙rth˙ Ð[Kh 'leo o's˙i] 2. is crossable or not. cf. 'bicari-nya. 2. to parable or riddle. cf. 'binza bin. Ðset: tempt or prove s.o. (opaÚ~ his words, . o'yehn his deeds, or'sa his strength, etc.). g˙hrti cy–Gof{} [Nep cy{ nufpg' 1. ct/ n: hashish, a narcotic ˙rth˙i-nya˙rth˙ l˙gaunu ‘explain, expound’] vt: '˙t˙rextracted from hemp (bah≥go) . to exhort, warn. (Content of warning is 2. ct/ [Hin ‘perfume’] n: perfume, bounded by ‘saying.’ ) '˙t˙rsweet smelling scents. 'lid˙ c;} [ < Nep P; cfO < Eng S.I. cyaf [Nep] adv: or, or else. ˙s˙i ‘sub-inspector’] n: sub-inspector of po- '˙th˙ba˙th˙ba 'noÚ oma'ta'kin... or else, if that lice; the head of a thana or police head- doesn’t work... quarters. c;nf 'ªfM n: trout, a scaleless A '˙s˙lafish 'which≥aÚh lives in small streams. Ðset: cf– deictic.prim: proximate root (in a . a-three-way system: proximate, distal, '≥a:h [Sk ˙s˙tya ‘untrue’] c;t nom: remote) Ð here, (close to speaker), as in: ˙s˙t˙unfaithfulness, unreliability. a'da— (to) here, ak˙ (at) here, a'nî— (from) , to break faith. ˙s˙t˙ da- here, etc., qq.v. nya [Nep] the third month of c;f/ n: –cf adv.suff: (allomorph of: , ˙sarthe Nepali calendar, mid-June to mid- -'a\ qv., used on adverbial and numerical-'w\a July. roots ending in a consonant.) [Nep asik] blessing. cl;s cfl;s n: cfa [Nep ca ˙b˙] coord: now, so ˙sik˙ , to receive a blessing, (esp. ab˙then. the˙sik˙ results d˙i-nya of the pronouncement). ˙sik˙ cf“rf kf“rf nom: confusion, , prosperous, blessed with unusu- ~aÚca p~aÚca d˙i'wo— perplexity, bewilderment. al gifts. , to pronounce a 'yuÚ~ aÚca paÚ-~ ˙sik˙ da-nya 34 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , to be confused, perplexed, , to pass midnight. bewildered.ca 'ta-nya var.adahriÚ 'g˙hrki-nya. 'g˙hri-nya cfrf ] interj: an exclamation of pain cfbf xfbf] loc: this way and acoassociated with sharp burning or itching a'dthat;—a ho'd here—a and there. , (as from heat, stinging nettles, or insect to make an exchange.a'da— 'mho'deÚma~ a— 'j˙i-nya ge'za:r˙ bites). var. acoi. a'd—a ho'd—a ge'j˙i'ya. We will exchange cfrf]O { (emph. of: , qv.) our daughters. cf. toh'sî-nya.\ a'da— ho'da— acoi cf5Ld [Kh < *aaco ‘this’ + *chyam , to walk about, move around; to 'li-nya a'ch‘dayîm— ’ (Gam achi≥); Mag chini≥ ‘today,’ be mobile. a'da— ho'da— 'li'na'ke. He is be- tishim ‘yesterday’] temp.adv: today. coming more mobile (as after an illness). Ðchronology: tala'kao— chyam the day be- cfun n: extra, additional, more fore yesterday, ahjyoÚ yesterday, a'chîm— 'ag˙lthan necessary. today, p˙hraÚti tomorrow, nihmchyaÚ~ day cfuNof adv: extra, additional. after tomorrow, tipchyaÚ~ two days after 'ag˙lya 1. to act or perform be- tomorrow, kolchyaÚ~ three days after to- yond'ag˙lya the da-nya call of duty. 2. to go beyond morrow, dohlchyaÚ~ four days after to- one’s limits; act beyond one’s authority. morrow. , to speak unfounded cf5 ¬ interj: an exclamation of shock words,'ag˙lya fabricatep~aÚ-nya a story. achuassociated with cold. , to tell an overstatement,'ag˙lya to spec- h˙i da-nya cf5Øf temp.adv: earlier, previ- ulate. achyaously. cf. ahjya. ± , cfM [Kh *a:h (Luk alekha)] quant.adv: earlier in the day,achyak˙ a while ago.achya ≥˙ aÚhthis much. cf. na:h, ha:h. , by , this morning. achya, this time. aÚh 'j˙hriaÚh 'bad˙ 'j˙hri b˙ 'ch˙kalnyalast night. achya riÚ ≥a'huduh'kheho By this time I could have

cf5Øf ] interj: ouch, an exclamation gone and come back again. , just aÚhz—˙ achyoof pain. this much, just this far. cf5Øf] + expr.adv: the sound of a cfxflt [ ? < Sk ah˙t ‘false speech’] 'ahati achysneeze.~oÚ , to sneeze, as n: a parable, proverb, adage. Ðset: . g˙hrti in: achyoÚ~ achy ≥a'ta'ke~oÚ 'ta-nyaI sneezed. cfHof\ temp.adv: earlier, esp. the ahjya cfbnt [Nep cbfnt ˙dal˙t] n: previous season. ± , ahjyak—˙ ahjya≥—˙ 'ad˙l˙tlaw-court. last season, quite some time ago. , last summer. ahjya, cfbf [(Gam adi, Mht ˙ida)] loc: last'uhbyali winter. cf. achya. ahjya 'uÚhdyali~ a'd(to)—a here, as in: a'da— 'hunke Come here! Ðadj: , the closer (one), the (one) cfHofM] [ < *ahjya ‘previous’ + ahjyoÚ towardsa'd —a'us.≥ —aoÐ[Luk ada≥uda]. *'la ‘day’ (Mht ˙ile, Kot jela, Coya ajila)] temp.adv: yesterday. Ðset: . cfwf [Nep] adv: half. , a'chîm— adahmidday. , middle of theadahlaÚ night. cfMs quant.adv: at this time, or adahriÚ aÚhk—˙ Kham Dictionary 35 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ distance. Ðadj: , of this size or . amount. paîÚh~ aÚh'kaÚh'kaor˙— —ao 'li'zyar˙ They’re aÚh'w—a'k—ao cfMjfsLg quant.adv: from all of this size. aÚh'wabout\a'k this\în amount, time or distance. Ðadj: cfMsLg quant.adv: more than . aÚh'kthis\în amount, time, or distance. Ðadj: aÚh'w—a'k —în'k cfMjfk—ao } quant.adv: up to about aÚh'kîn'k— ao— n˙jaÚh'wo— b˙hri aÚh'wthis a'p\ amount,˙i\ time, of distance. Ðadj: 'kheraÚh'k 'ba'k—în'ke\ —aoAll that you put in more than .

this went to waste. aÚh'w a'p— cfO˙i'k— {+M;Lao— [Kh *a-sni≥ (Mk asni, cf\v temp.adv: now, at this time. a~îÚhsiGam ahi≥); TB *s-ni≥ ‘year’] temp.adv: ahkh˙Ðadj: , (of) now. p˙hraÚti'kao— this year. Ðchronology: t˙rim'k—ao 'sal maÚhk˙,ah'kh ah'kh—aoao— z˙ Not tomorrow’s, the the year before last, ahrtani last year, one (from) now. aîÚhsi~ this year, ph˙rni next year, nihmni cfMNbØfn¬ quant.adv: such a the year after next. ahldyalularge thing as this. (Usu. with plural cfO{nL kfO{nL n: spirit, marker , as in: ahldyalu-r˙; or also (o)-'ailisoul. 'paili , to move reduplicated,-r˙ as in: ahldyalu ahldyalu-r˙). or metastasizeo-'aili 'pailione’s sar˙i-nyasoul to another place. cf. ahldyu. (Certain illnesses are attributed to this cfMNbØ¬ quant.adv: so large as process, the agency of which is the sick ahldyuthis, as in: ahldyu par 'l~uÚ k˙i 'j˙id˙ person himself. Those of the Gharti clan uch~~îÚ'wo How did he lift a stone all so go towards Thulo Kh˙rk˙, while Budhas large as this? cf. ahldyalu. and Puns go towards Dhor. When a sha- cfMNofn¬ quant.adv: all this size. man makes a soul journey to retrieve a ahlyalu(Usu. with plural marker , as in: fleeing Gharti, and the Gharti steps out ahlyalu-r˙, or also reduplicated,-r˙ as in: of the way below the trail, it is a sign ahlyalu ahlyalu-r˙). cf. ahlyu. that he will not return. If, on the other cfMNo ¬ quant.adv: this size. hand, he steps above the trail he can be ahlyu , about this size. returned. If the shaman is attempting to overtake a Budha or Pun, and the fleeing ah'w\aly cfMk\u } quant.adv: up to this amount, soul has already drunk from the waters aÚh'ptime,˙i\ or distance. aÚh'p˙i\ suÚz˙ ma'ba'tar˙ of he will not return. If how- Up to now no one has yet gone there. birsya pani ever, he has drunk only from the waters Ðadj: . of s˙mjya pani he will return.) Ðset: aÚh'p cf˙i'k— tf\ gL{ ao— [Kh *rta-sni≥ (Gam . ahrtanirh˙tayi≥ ‘year before last’); Him (Kai 'purus [Nep] Sunday. thari≥); TB *s-ni≥ ‘year’] temp.adv: last cfOtaf/{ n: 'ait˙bar(Usu. ). year. Ðset: . 'ait˙bar ô chyam loc: in this area. also: cfMjfa~î:hsi quant.adv: about this cfhL bf a'ja'jîÚ'd— î:k— a\ ˙,\ a'jî:l— ˙.\ Ð , of this aÚh'wamount,\a time, or distance. Ðadj: adj: area. also: a'jî:'k— ao,— a'ja'jî:'l— î'd—— ao.— a'— ≥ao— 36 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ cfhLôª loc: in this general area. . Ðset: . a'jÐîÚ— adj:≥˙\ . 'b˙r cfdfaÚ,~ malu [Kh≥ *ama; 'b˙raÚ~ TB *ma]'zya:h n: mother. a'j cfHofufnîÚ'— ≥ao— [Nep cfhsn aj˙k˙l] ama –cfdf voc.n: 1. term of address of 'ajyagaltemp.adv: nowadays, currently. var. 'ajy- -amaa husband to his wife (who is the mother al. of one child). lit. ‘It’s mother.’ also: cfHofn temp.adv: (var. of: , ‘their [dl] mother,’ and ni- 'ajyalqv.) 'ajyagal ‘amatheir [pl] mother.’) 2. bambooya-ama which cf–s loc: here, at this place. Ðadj: has produced new shoots; a planted po- ak˙ , of this place. tato which has produced a new clump. Ðset: . a'k—ao cfsk} loc: up to this point, up to c˙hl ak˙'phere.˙i\ Ðadj: . cfgf [Nep] n: 1. (in weighing 'anagrain, etc.) a unit of weight equivalent to cfs;ak˙'p} loc:˙i'k— a ao— little bit this way. two man˙bah (one-fourth of a suka, or ak˙'sÐadj:˙i\ . one-thirty-second of a dihm). Ðset: cfsLgak˙'s˙i'k— loc:ao— away from here. Ðadj: . 2. (in weighing precious metals) a'k—în . akach˙ unit of weight one-sixteenth of a tohla. a'k—în'k —ao from now on. cflslg temp.adv: Ðset: . 3. six paisa (approx. one- akini cfs“ :of¬ [Nep ~˙kuse] n: 1. a sixteenthkach˙ of a rupee). 4. a piece of land '~aÚkusya large hook (usu. wooden) from which one-sixteenth of a ropani. to hang things. 2. a metal hook on a cflg loc: 1. away from here. 2. on khukri sheath for holding up the loose a'nthisî— side. Ðadj: , the one on ends of a dangling while walking. ka:hbul~ this side (of several).a'nî'k— ao— [Nep ~akhlo] a joint cfvnf n: cflg x¬lg loc: on this side 'akh˙la of the body; the knot or joint of a plant a'nand—î hu'n that,—î all around. stalk, as of bamboo or corn, etc. Ðset: cf–ª loc: here, in this general area. . a≥Ð˙adj: , of this area, esp. an inhabitant c˙hl cf–n loc: (in) here, inside this. Ðadj: of thisa' area.≥—ao al˙ , of here. a'lao— miÚr˙— the people of cfªnf¬ [Nep cfnf}+ ˙ola]~ n: finger. thisa'lao— place. a≥Ðula[Kh (Gam kwis˙i, Ranma kwise)] cfnLd [cf. Gur ~al~a] n: a flag or cfj dem: this; this person. , 'alimstrip of white cloth as on a grave site, or |aothis very one. Ðposs.pron: |ao z˙, the flag on a shrine. this one’s. |aoye u'miÚ cfnf] [Nep] adj: fresh (esp. of cfj–lg dem: these (dual). alotracks or spoor). ao'n| Ðposs.pron:î— , theirs (dl.). cfn¬ª a/f“ n: one of a cfj–/ao'n| dem:î— 'nimiÚ these (plural). alushaman≥ 'b˙r’s~aÚ tertiary spirits, usually associ- aor| Ðposs.pron:˙— , theirs. ated with dementia or insanity, in: aor| ae— 'yamiÚ alu≥ cfk–Gof [Kh *gap (Bhj hap); 'ap-nyaHim (Mag ≥ap, Chep ÷ap, Sun ap); TB Kham Dictionary 37 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ *gaôp] vt: to shoot. (Usu. with -d˙ in cf; [Nep cfzf asha] n: hope. an adverbial function, as in: 'b˙nduke\ 'as , to have the hope of s.th. (The'as 'apd˙\ s˙ih'keo\ He shot and killed it with objectda-nya of the hope is marked in the genitive a gun.) , with a case , as in: 'ph˙ri'kao 'juni-\e 'as banging or'bahda thundering≥ ni sound'bohdo (of≥ multiple gedo'zya-e We have the hope of the next gun shots). , with a bang or life.) , to patiently thundering sounddwah (of≥ a single shot). hope for,'as expect. dad˙ 'n˙i-nya , with a small pop. cfl:tSo ¬ afl:tSo¬ n: a p˙tyak –cfk} v.aff: (allomorph of: , astikyulodging bastikyu place and all the related entities. -'a'p\ ˙i\ -'wa'p\ ˙i\ used on verb roots ending in a conso- cf–t loc: (on) here, on top of this. nant.) at˙Ðadj: , (of) on here. cfkf [Kh *apa] (archaic except in a't cftao— ôbf loc: towards this side apa Mk, Bhj, and Nis); Him (Chep pa); TB a't(ofïÚ'd— ana\ intervening barrier such as a ridge). *pwa] n: father. cf. babu. Ðadj: , the one towards this cfÅt [Nep cfkt\ ap˙t 'emergency, side (ofa't theïÚ'd— ridge).a'— ≥ao— aph˙t disaster'] n: misfortune, difficulty (as cflt–Gof [Nep cflQg' attinu] in financial, or difficulty in finding labor- 'ati-nyavi.pat: to be anxious, impatient. ers, etc). , to fall into cflt–Gof“ [Nep cf6“ g\ ' ~aÊnu ‘ven- difficulty. aph˙t 'p˙ri-nya '~aÚti-nyature’] vt: to accept a challenge, venture cfÅ–t loc: on this side (of a task, dare. ao 'guhrnya n˙ma'aÚti'k~ e\ Do aph˙t˙ two). Ðadj: , the one on this you dare to carry this? s~oÚh'la 'ta'kin aph˙'t—ao side, esp. of a river. n˙ma'aÚtid~ uh'k\ e\ Will you venture doing cflÅ x¬lÅ loc: on both it in three days? aphi huphi sides, all around. , cftLg loc: down from here. a'tîn— aphi huphi 'kwiÚ extenuative of the number ten (used to a't'zoÚ'nikeîn— Jump from here! Ðadj: discuss secretly the price of an item, etc. , (of) down from here. in the presence of Nepali speakers). cf. a'tîn'k— cftao— ôlg loc: on this side (of an tï:ph˙'t~ ao— 'kwi:, khï:~ 'kwi:. a'tinterveningïÚ'n— î\ barrier such as a ridge). Ðadj: cf/+ } [Nep ar˙n] n: forge, smithy. , the one on this side (of the ar˙îÚ~ cf. 'dokan. , to operate or ridge).a'tïÚ'n— î'k— ao— manage a smithy.ar˙~îÚ da-nya cfy [Nep cf7 aÊh] num: eight. ô ô moving, cf/f p? expr.adv: ath˙ cfy kfnf temp.adv: this time. 'araÚanimate, 'uruÚ active. (Occurs only with neg- ath˙ pala cfyf“ [Nep ~atho ‘bundle, sheaf’] ative verb, as in: 'araÚ 'uruÚ z˙ 'male It’s '~aÚthan: 1. a sheaf, bundle, or packet. 2. a lifeless, inert.) cf. 'uru:. caravan of loaded horses, sheep, or men. , to be inanimate, not'araÚ alive, 'uruÚ in- Ðset: . capablema'li-nya of moving. 'b˙gal cfyfgf n: 1. (in weighing grain, 'athana 38 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ etc.) a unit of weight equivalent to two abnf [Nep ‘return’] n: retribution, suka (one fourth of a 'dihm). Ðset: . 'b˙d˙lareprisal. 'b˙d˙la te akh˙ ci d˙i'keo Retri- 2. (in weighing precious metal) akach˙ unit of bution has now caught up to him. weight equivalent to fifty lal. abd [Nep abfd b˙dam ‘almond’] cfyf“ ] n: a partition or wall. Ðset: 'b˙d˙mn: peanut. '~aÚtho . abf } (in: , qv.) 'zihm cfp“;L [Nep cf}+;L ˙~usi] n: new b˙d˙o abfnLMl˙d˙ n: b˙d˙oa bowl shaped iron 'a~uÚsi moon. (See comment on 'punni). b˙dalihstew pot (without handles). cf. 'dodor. cfofôn loc: around in this area. Ðset: . a'yaÚl— ˙\ also: a'y—a:k˙, a'y—a:≥˙. Ðadj: , ab'ja:]ô expr.adv: (var of: , qv.) (of) around in this area. also: a'ya:'k—aÚ'l— ao—ao,— b˙deÚ alb uft prop.n: ab˙tde large river a'ya'≥—— ao.— 'b˙diflowing 'gat south from Dhorpatan. au au expr.adv: to swarm B b˙g˙in hordes b˙g˙ or multitudes (esp. of insects a part: 1. even, also. 2. (Where is or sheep). , to swarm in an b˙post-verbal the action of the verb is char-b˙ erupting, boilingb.b. co-nya motion. acterized as being contrary to what should , to be destroyed by insects,b.b. rwiÚh-be full have been, as in: ahkh˙ n˙'j˙i'ke\ b˙ Now ofnya bugs or maggots (of foodstuff). Ðadj: you’ve really done it! ma'hu'k\e b˙ He , bug-eaten. hasn’t come (he should have).) b˙g˙ au b˙g˙o } (in: , qv.) a5/f] [Nep b˙che‹o] n: foal. b˙g˙i au}–Gof'˙g˙i-b˙g˙i [Nep aufpg ' b˙gaunu] 'b˙chera a5Øf n: 1. a cow which is b˙g˙i-nyavt: (of a current) to wash s.th. away. 'b˙chyareleased in the name of one’s father or , swiftly and silently. , leav- mother who has died. (If the deceased is s˙l˙l˙ing everything deserted andsy quiet.~oÚbeÚ 'b˙hle a male, the animal is a bull; if the deceased sy~oÚbeÚ yab˙g˙i'k\eo The current swept is a female, the animal is a cow. The them quietly away. animal is no longer anyone’s property, au}rf [Nep au}+rf b˙g˙îca]~ n: and wanders at will, mixing in with what- 'b˙g˙icaorchard, garden. cf. bari. , ever herd it wishes.) 2. wanton, libid- apple orchard. syao 'b˙g˙ica inous, licentious; unrestrained. mïÚh-ye~ au/ [Nep ‘shore’] n: dry stream m~ïÚh-ye barihd˙, tubu riÚ dulirihd˙, b˙g˙rbed, channel. b˙chya 'ras's\îu mitao 'ta'ke Wandering aufn [Nep] n: a flock of sheep about drunken, carousing the whole 'b˙galor goats; occas. a group of people. night, he became like an unrestrained an- Ðrelated words: 'aÚtha~ a caravan, 'b˙kh˙r imal. a caravan of loaded wethers, 'b˙than a

a5Øfln [Nep b˙cco ‘the young troop or train. 'b˙chyaliof animals’] n: mother animal and her young (a single unit). Kham Dictionary 39 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ alu–Gof [Nep aUg' b˙gnu] up one’s undoing’). 'b˙gi-nyavi.pat: 1. to flow (of a river). est nom: asceticism. , in great gushes. 2. to be swept'khol 'b˙hk˙t , to do devotion to God.'b˙hk˙t Ðset: away'khol in a current. Ðvt: . da-nya. ax/ [Nep] n: youngb˙g˙i-nya bull. t˙p˙s es es expr.adv: boiling, b˙h˙r eb} [Nep elthL ‘niece’] n: son 'b˙hkbubbling, 'b˙hk burbling sound (esp. of s.th. 'b˙hd˙ior daughter of 'jithu or sala, i.e. MoBr- thick). , to boil thickly (as SoSo/Da or WiErBrSo/Da. of hot mush).b.b. co-nya ebf} [Nep] n: the fifth month es aSof [Nep bh˙kbh˙ke] 'b˙hd˙oof the Nepali calendar, mid-August to b˙hkexpr.adv: b˙kya stuttering, stammering. mid-September. , to stutter intensely. Ðb.b.adj: 'bakhas-nya elb–Gof [Nep a9g\ ' b˙Îhnu] , of one who stammers. b˙hk b˙kyaso 'b˙hdi-nyavi.pat: to increase, inflate (as of prices); els–Gof [Nep aSg' b˙knu] to rise (as of a river). , to increase 'b˙hki-nyavi.agt: to witness in court. Ðvt: rapidly. Ðvt: h˙r h˙r, to increase , to get witnesses (s˙rj˙mi) tob˙hk˙i- testify. s.th. (esp. the priceb˙hd˙i-nya of s.th.). nya eSt [Nep] n: religious person, alxbf/ [Nep] n: village secre- 'b˙hkt˙devout, godly, pious. Ðadj: , reli- 'b˙hidartary, recorder, scribe (until panchayat gious, pious. aor˙ b˙n˙i 'b˙hktir˙'b˙hkti 'lizyar˙ system was initiated). These are very religious people. ehnf n: a window (esp. one en [Nep] n: flood, heavy current, 'b˙hj˙lawith a shutter). cf. bihrku:.~ Ðset: . 'b˙hlrush of water. eh]ô prop.n: an area of land'zihm near enfbld n: village elder. cf. 'b˙hjeÚDhorpatan belonging to the people of b˙hlad˙mi'sehr, 'gat 'buhda. Bhuji Khola. en] en] expr.adv: muddy, esn [Nep bh˙k˙l] nom: a 'b˙hlesilty; 'b˙hleundrinkable (esp. of flood water). 'b˙hk˙lpledge or vow to a god guaranteeing a cf. 'phete: 'phete:'wo. Ðadj: sacrifice on a certain day. (Part of the . 'b˙hle wool or hair of the pledged animal is 'b˙hleÚ'wo en]ôt ] [ < *s-ble (Gam ble ‘lower cut, permeated with incense, and hung 'b˙hleÚtelip’) + *te ‘fall’] expr.adv: sullen, sulky, in the house in a prominent place.) morose, offended; hence: drooping. , to pledge a sacrifice. , to droop (as a tree Ð'b˙hk˙l[Kh purkhi-nya] da-nya limb);'b˙hleÚte to hang 'ta-nya one's head (de:h~ ‘neck’). 1. esd n: corn which is eaten , to put on an of- b˙hk˙mbefore fully ripe. fended'b˙hleÚte air 'j˙i's (lit. \î-nya‘droop oneself’). katat˙ 2. esd n: overthrow, undoing 'b˙hleÚte n˙'j˙i'sî'zyao\ What are you act- b˙hk˙mof a foolish or pretentious act. cf. k˙m. ing offended about? Ðadj: . 'b˙hleÚteo , to bring to an eNsfTof n: a large bodied endb˙hk˙m s.o.’s mil˙idya-nya pretentious behavior (lit. ‘line 'b˙hlkatya 40 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ person with little strength. Ðadj: e/fô–Gof v.sta: to be thin, . b˙hlk- 'b˙hraÚ-nyasparse, scattered. ant. r~u:h-nya. Ðadj: atyaso elNs n: a large sack made of . 'b˙hlkicoarse cloth (esp. of hemp or puwa). 'b˙hraÚ'wo erf{ n: nephew (BoSo). voc.n: 1. eNyf n: a small pod growing 'b˙hrcaterm of address for nephew (if older than b˙hlthaaround the stems of nettle plants. ego). recip. kaka, kanchi. 2. eNyf [Mag bhaltok ‘wrist elr{ n: 1. niece (BoDa). 2. b˙hlthashield’] n: a wooden bracelet part of a 'b˙hrci'bahnj˙’s wife. voc.n: term of address shaman’s equipment. Ðset: . for niece (if older than ego). recip. kaka, eNYof;–Gofseral [prob < kanchi. b˙hlthyas-nyab˙hltha ‘nettle pods’] vi.pat: of lips to e/ô] expr.adv: outdistance, leaving be protruding (esp. of one who is sulk- 'b˙hreÚfar behind. , to leave ing). Ðadj: , sulking. Ðn: far behind, in b.the khyan˙i-nya rear. , a b˙hlthyasosulker, pouter. e/]+ [Kh (Mk b˙hr˙~î)] n: (in flat 'b˙hlthya eg expr.adv: one swift rotation. 'b˙hrroofeÚ~ construction) the cross beams or b˙hn , to turn around swiftly. timbers which support the 'k˙t˙r. Ðset: b. 'guhmi-nya , to spin round and . Ð[Alt.root (Gam g˙lsi≥)] round.b.b. guhm˙i-nya 'zihm e/]+df n: (in flat roof con- elg adv: exactly at, as in: ch˙m 'b˙hrstruction)eÚma~ the large beams or trusses b˙hnib˙hni ch˙mk˙ z˙ at exactly the place of which support the 'b˙hre:~ . Ðset: . the bridge. e/]; [Kh *b˙hres (Nis'zihm bhres eGof coord: in any case, not- b˙hres‘buckwheat’, Mk b˙hres, Kot bh˙re÷, b˙hnyawithstanding. 'noÚ b˙hnya 'hunya ma'tae Gam bhre÷)]~ n: bread, meal-cakes (esp. He, in any case, shall not be allowed to those deep-fried in oil or ghee). come. , bread baked over the fire 'mwithout~aÚda e·f/f] n: a sur made of hemp. oilb˙hres or ghee. 'b˙h≥ gorae/ [Nep bh˙rkh˙r] adv: recently. el/ [Nep] adv: all, the whole of, b˙hrcf. ba:h. , (same). b˙hrithroughout. cf. paî:h.~ 'e/ [Nepb˙hr-b˙hr ‘dependence’] n: league, el/l:t–Gof vi.pat: to be- 'b˙hragreement. 'geÚ ge'b˙hrt˙ 'n~~ïÚ, 'n~ïÚ 'b˙hristi-nyacome cluttered (as of a trail with stones, n˙'b˙hrt˙ 'geÚ You are in league with us, or of a house with junk). Ðadj: , and we are in league with you. cluttered, junky. Ð[Kh pul-nya]'b˙hristiu e/}–Gof [Nep eg'{ bharnu] 'e/\sf]O { prop.n: a Kham Magar b˙hr˙i-nyavt: 1. to load a gun. 2. to fill out a 'b˙hrkoivillage in Nisi Khola. (S.I. Bhalkot). form. Ðpass.part: , loaded, , male inhabitant of Bhalkot.'bu- filled out. b˙hr˙i's\îub˙hr˙i's 'b˙ndukîu\ a loaded hrkuti , female inhabitant of gun. Bhalkot.'b˙hrkotyani Kham Dictionary 41 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ elt { [Nep] n: military enlistment. elt [ < Nep bhat ‘cooked rice’] 'b˙hrti , to enlist in the mil- b˙htin: tea shop; trailside inn where food itary.'b˙hrti 'j˙i'sî-nya\ and lodging can be found. e/Øfk expr.adv: slapping etô n: soya bean. , 'b˙hryapsound. , to hit with a slapping b˙hta blackÉïÚ soya bean. molo b˙ht, a redÉïÚ sound. b. poh-nya soya bean. nepali b˙htÉïÚ e/\hfé [Nep ev{/ bh˙rkh˙r] eTof a· [Nep bh˙tabhu≥] b˙hrzatemp.adv: recently. cf. ba:h, b˙hr-b˙hr. 'b˙htyaexpr.adv: b˙≥ demolished;g˙ scattered in every e/\hf–sfjé [ < *b˙hr ‘recent’ direction, strewn about. b˙hr'z+ *'zaa'k— ‘diminuitiveao— ’ + *'kao ‘adjectival’] , to scatter in every direction.b.b. khya'siadj: young (of a person), adolescent. nya , to speak a confidential matterb.b. p~aÚ-nya e; a; expr.adv: voraciously. outwardly. Ðadj: , de- 'b˙htya b˙≥g˙o b˙hs˙ b˙s˙ , to eat voraciously, toss- molished, strewn about. b.b.ing handfuls ham-nya into the mouth. a–Gof} [Kh *r-b˙t (Nis rb˙t)] 'b˙i-nya et at expr.adv: inap- vt: to take, carry away. cf. la:-nya.~ Ðvt: b˙ht˙propriately. b˙t˙ , to sleep when , to lead, steer, convey s.th. or s˙b˙i-nya work or watchfulnessb.b. syaÚ-nya~ is in order. 'zihm s.o. along. kesnya 'miÚ 'yemk˙z˙ b˙ht˙ b˙t˙ ≥asyaÚ'k~ e\ e}M [Kh *b˙ih] n: large stream, I, one who should reach home, slept on b˙ihriver. the way. , to speak blurting e}M–Gof [Kh *r-b˙ht (Mk b˙ih, everythingb.b. out p(esp.~aÚ-nya when confidentiality b˙ih-nyaNis rb˙ht, Gam bh˙‰÷)] vi.pat: to decay is in order). , to do one’s (of wood). , completely own work withoutb.b. da-nya getting involved in crumbled. Ðadj:phete phete, rotten, decayed others. 'ky~aÚye o'yehn waz˙ b˙ht˙ b˙t˙ (of wood). Ðset:b˙ih'w —o. dozyao He does only his own work (isn’t e}+M–Gof ci-nya[Kh *b˙hn (Mht bh˙n, helpful to others). b˙Bhj~îÚh-nya b˙hn)] vi.agt: to agree to, approve et} + [Kh *b˙htan] prop.n: the of, condone. (Though the verb is intran- b˙ht˙village~îÚ of Tarakot. , the sitive in form, it can be used in a transitive river which flows pastb˙ht˙ Tarakot.~îÚ b˙ih sense with an ergative marked subject, etfg] prop.n: an inhabitant of as in: noÚye ≥apaÚ~ b˙îÚh'k~ e\ He agreed to 'b˙htaneTarakot. my words.) cf. 'wan-nya. b˙îÚhd~ ˙— maya- etfGh ] [ < *'b˙htan ‘Tarakot’ , to refuse or deny s.o. the right to nya 'b˙htan'j+ *'je: ‘ae\ cultivated tuber,’ i.e. ‘a Tarakot do s.th.; disallow. Ðvt: , to s˙b˙~îÚh-nya tuber’] n: potato. humor a child. et–et expr.adv: beat. 'e}+M 'e}+M expr.adv: thor- 'b˙~îÚh 'b˙~îÚh 'b˙ht-b˙ht, to beat s.o. up; give s.o. a b.b.real oughly. , to search thor- b.b. khim-nya 't˙i-nyathrashing. oughly. , to search for thoroughly.b.b. 'sap-nya 42 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 'e}+M rfn ¬ [Nep e'O“rfnf] prime of life. cf. 'job˙n. , 'b˙bhu~îÚhîcalo]~ 'calu n: earthquake. to pass one’s prime. 'b˙neb˙ ob˙îÚs˙~ îÚs˙r˙~ 'ba-nya 'ba'ke\ e}M5Øfô] [Kh *b˙ih ‘river’ + The wilderness has passed its prime (said b˙ihchyoÚchyo: ‘edge’] n: river bank. in the autumn when the countryside turns red). , to come into one’s 'e}M/f [Nep b˙hiro] n: a deaf prime.b˙ ÐîÚs˙~ [Kh 'hu-nya 'yaÚt˙ 'huÚ'wo]~ 'b˙ihraman. , a deaf woman. Ðset: 'b˙ihri. a};fu [Nep a}zfv b˙ishakh] n: b˙isag˙the first month of the Nepali calendar, p~a:cya:h 'e}M/f ;¬/\nL n: a type of mid-April to mid-May. 'b˙ihraFinch orsurli Bullfinch. to step out 'e}+M;f [Nep e}+;L bh˙~îsi] n: a}l;–Gof v.refl: 'b˙i'sî-nya\ 'b˙water~îÚhsa buffalo. , buffalo of the way, move out of the way. var. herdsman. 'b˙îÚhsa~ 'gaola, buffalo 'bwi:'sî-nya.\ cf. 't˙rki-nya. meat. 'b˙, water~îÚhsa buffalosya'k˙riÚ cow. Ðgen: a:ofjln+} n: history, ancient b˙îÚsyaoli~ 'b˙~îÚhsi. Ð[Alt.root (Bhj mïsya);É Him mythical stories. Ðset: . g˙hrti (Tib'˙g˙i-b˙g˙i ma-he)] ah ah expr.adv: mumbling, b˙j˙ b˙j˙ as+} [Nep < Eng] n: bank. muttering. , to mumble or mutter tob˙j˙ oneself. b˙j˙ 'j˙i-nya 'b˙~îÚk adfg} [Nep aOdfg] beiman] n: 'b˙imandishonesty, unreliability. ahf·f ] n: an electrical charge b˙ja≥go , to act dishonestly, be unreliable.'b˙iman da- coming out of the ground which meets with lightning stroke from the sky. (Said nya agf} n: pledge, deposit, down- to create a crater.) 'cirko. b˙inapayment. cf. [Nep] bazaar, market. agL+} [Nep alxgL b˙hini] n: 1. ahf/ n: b˙jar 'b˙youngerîÚni~ sister. 2. female parallel cousin ahfl/l;–Gof [Nep ahfg'{ 'b˙jari'sî-nya\ younger than ego. , sisters b˙jarnu] vi.pat: to be struck against s.t (younger and older).nana 'b˙~îÚni with force. Ðadj: , bruised, battered. 'b˙jari'sîu\ a}/flu [Nep ‘ascetic’] n: 1. a 'b˙iragiwooden figurine commonly found on ah] [Nep ‘chime, gong’] n: o'clock, b˙je bridges and carved into window frames. as in: paÚc~ b˙je five o'clock. cf. 'b˙ji-nya.

(Its pose is similar to Rodin’s The Think- alh–Gof [Nep aHg' b˙jnu ‘sound er.) 2. one who worries a lot. 'b˙ji-nya(as a gong)’] vi.pat: to be a certain al/} (in: , qv.) hour of the day. khaÚ o'b˙jiu What time is it? 'b˙iri 1. a}+; 'sutur [Nep 'b˙iri b˙~îs] n: a large b˙willow;~îÚs˙ Salix Tetrasperma. (It is the last aSs nom: amazement, astonish- b˙kk˙ to lose its foliage in the winter and the ment. cf. '˙c˙mb˙. , to be b˙kk˙ 'ta-nya first to bud in the spring.) amazed, astonished. 2. a}+; [Nep b˙~îs ‘youth’] n: av/ n: a caravan of loaded b˙~îÚs˙ 'b˙kh˙rwethers (sheep or goats). Ðset: . 'b˙gal Kham Dictionary 43 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ av]/–Gof vi.agt: to stray . b˙kher-nyafrom the flock and get into crops (of 'b˙leÚ-nya an+hfé] n: the shed stick of a livestock, esp. sheep and goats). Ðadj: b˙lloom.eÚza~ also: r˙hm'sî:.~ Ðset: . , of an animal which habitually alngfM] n: a wild'tana variety of b˙kher'strays (esp.o— into grain fields). b˙linohgreen onion, chives. cf. no:h. an [prob. < Nep b˙li ‘sacrifice’] n: an sM n: scape-goat sacrifice. 'b˙la lamb offered as a ‘scapegoat’ in a cere- 'b˙l(A kmaleÉïÚh lamb is led through the lanes of mony on the first day of Jeth. the village while the women throw ashes anf–Gof“ vt: to separate 'b˙la:~ from their hearths upon it proclaiming, b˙lfrom~aÚ-nya the hard, outer surface of bamboo. ‘May all my enemies come to nothing (Done subsequent to cutting away the like soot and ashes.’ The lamb is then soft, inner core.) cf. pholo:-nya. slain outside the village at 'bul 'n˙i.) 1. anf “ (in: , qv.) , a dance performed at 'b˙l the kÉïÚh cala 'b˙laÚ~ 2. anf “ n:'h˙sko the part 'b˙l ofaÚ~ bamboo ‘scape-goat’ sacrifice to the accompani- 'b˙llyingaÚ~ between the hard, outer surface and ment of a kettle drum. Ðset: . kÉï:h-nya the soft inner core. Ðset: . aNvfbf n: ditch, pit, crevice. 'b˙lkhada anf;s¬ nf¬ n: c˙hl news, gossip. cf. 'khad˙r. b˙lasukulab˙lasukular˙ gepaÚya~ Let’s gossip. aNn [Nep] adv: finally, at last. 'b˙ll˙ aNbØf n: strong man, champion. ag [Nep] n: wilderness area (with 'b˙n 'b˙ldya an]ô [Kh *r-ble (Mk o-rb˙le)] n: or without forest). cf. 'bicc˙. Ðn: 'b˙leÚchicken’s gizzard. Ð[Alt.root (Gam , those of the wilderness (al- 'b˙n'≥aor˙ to≥kol)] leged to be the cause of many inexplicable diseases). 'pï:É an]ô–Gof [Kh *z-ble (Mk cf. 'b˙leÚ-nyazb˙le)] vt: 1. to damage, ruin, impair, ag } [prob < Nep a8f≥ b˙‹a] adv: b˙n˙i harm, corrupt. , to ma- very. lign, defame, slander'min ('b˙leÚ-nyalit. ‘ruin name’). ag–Gof} [Nep agfpg ' b˙naunu] 2. to refuse marrying a girl one has caused b˙n˙i-nyavt: 1. to repair, mend, fix. 2. to prepare, to become pregnant (not simply destroy- make ready. Ðpass.part: , fixed, ing her chastity). made ready. 'poÚ b˙hri b˙n˙i'spa~îÚh b˙n˙i'sîu\ \îu an–Gof+] vt: 1. to pass, overtake u'li'zyao The place was made all ready. b˙l(as~eÚ-nya in a race). cf. gihr-nya. 2. to overlook, agb} medial.verb: having compass s.o. by (as in distribution). b˙n˙id˙pleted, as in: jaÚhd˙— b˙n˙id˙ having com- Ð[Alt.root (Mk b˙n˙i, Gam b˙ne)] pleted putting it in... var. b˙nd˙. an;–Gof] [Kh (Mk b˙les, Gam agfjnf] n: tax paid for grazing b˙les-nyab˙le)] vi.pat: 1. to become damaged, 'b˙naolorights outside the jurisdiction of one’s ruined. 2. to become leprous. Ðadj: own village. cf. sirma. , ruined, damaged; leprous. Ðvt: ag efNof n: Kalij Pheasant. b˙les'o—— 'b˙n 'bahlya 44 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Ðgen: . a· a· expr.adv: chipped aGb'sya: ( see'ba: ). b˙and≥g˙ peeled b˙≥g˙ (of a floor from wearing shoes b˙nd˙ aGbls b˙n˙id˙ [Nep b˙ndh˙ki] n: a in the house). , to crack, 'b˙nd˙kifield held as a security on borrowed mon- chipping and b.b. peeling. phos-nya Ðadj: ey. (No interest is paid, but the produce , peeled, cracked. b˙≥g˙ of the field is the lender’s until the prin- b˙ ≥ a/g˙o [Nep] n: blessing, Providential ciple is paid off in full.) cf. '˙d˙na. 'b˙rgift. zaÚye 'b˙r d˙i'wo 'mi He’s a man aGbf adv: off course. who has received the gift of a child. zaÚye 'b˙n'da , to get off course. 'b˙n'da 'b˙r nih'n\a bazya He goes to beg the 'ba-nya, to wander in speech,b˙n'da go off pthe~aÚ- blessing of a child (of one who does subject.nya puja to seek a child). cf. 'b˙rdan. alGb [Nep] n: prisoner, captive. a/aft [Nep b˙rbat] n: mauling, 'b˙ndiao sat j˙na 'b˙ndir˙ upulusr˙k˙ te Let 'b˙r˙batbattering. pohd˙ pohd˙ 'b˙r˙bat o'j˙ik˙ these seven captives go free. cf. k˙idi. ge'y~uÚ b˙ 'na'ke When he beat him up

aGbfa:t] [Nep] n: arrange- and battered him, we felt pity for him. 'b˙ndob˙st˙ments, preparations, advance plans, as a/xfô [Kh *b-rha; Mag dibara in: 'hunya b˙ndob˙st˙r˙ preparations for 'b˙r˙haÚ‘housegod’; TB *(m)hla] prop.n: a god arrival. or local deity, esp. those inhabiting natural aGb¬s [Nep] n: gun, (esp. a landmarks such as springs, swamps, 'b˙ndukmuzzle loading musket). dens, and hollow trees. (They are ap- , to sling a gun'b˙nduk across bi- the peased by the offering of a non-castrated hri'sshoulders.î-nya\ Ðparts of: 'cuci powder lock, ram.) , a natural cave above b˙r˙ha 'pup 'doka rear gunsight, 'g˙j˙ ramrod, 'masa Taka said to have once been inhabited front gunsight, 'gora hammer, 'kyap ex- by a god. Ðset: . 'deota plosive charge, 'kuÚda~ gunstock, 'lib˙riÚ a/jf n: a bush, the bark of trigger. Ðn: , hunter, gun- 'b˙r˙wawhich is used in making paper. sman. 'b˙ndukya cf–a/f] “ n: the private areas, alg–Gof v.sta: to be pleasant, (o)-b˙rgenitals.~aÚ b˙raÚ'd~ a\ bahl'sîd˙\ 'li-nya to pay 'b˙ni-nyaagreeable, satisfying. al˙ 'linya 'b˙nizya attention to only one’s own interests (lit. It’s pleasant living here. Ðadj: , ‘to stare at one’s genitals’). Ð[Alt.root pleasant (of circumstances). 'b˙niu (Mk gat˙ra,~ Gam gakhar)] aGkf aGdf (see , a/f “ n: a shaman’s tertiary spirits, b˙n'paor b˙n'ma). 'kowda 'b˙routsideaÚ~ the coterie of his familiars. (They 'kuc˙r aGtLg n: a long business journey. include various mountain gods, gods of 'b˙ntina~îÚhsi 'b˙ntin'd\a b˙ mabae, ak˙z˙ lizya the Hindu pantheon, gods of various ner- He hasn’t left on business this year, he’s vous disorders: alu≥ 'b˙r~aÚ malu≥ here. , and the spirits of various drug 'b˙raÚ~ Kham Dictionary 45 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ plants: , constantly tease and pes- , andpati 'woi'tao laduÚ 'sÉïÚ'tao ter.kucu Ð kiv.recip: kuco , (of a boy 'b˙raÚ~ puwa). cf. 'woi'tao'd~o:hwa:. bah ≥go and girl) to flirt,'b˙reÚ's dally,î-nya\ sport with one 'woi'tao ,'b˙r water~aÚ put on the fire 'b˙r as anaÚ~ another. , to be made oblation'k~aÚkhoi to the 'b˙ra:~ at the bo:h'sînya\ a laughing-stock'b˙reÚ's î\of nih-nya (lit. ‘beg for a teas- ceremony. , ing’). Ð[Alt.root (Gam gre)]~ to call up, invoke'b˙raÚ~ the 'chu-nya spirits. ±Ðset: khul-nya . –a/+ ] num.clsf: a numeral classifier a/fa/ [Nep] adj: equal,'zya:h even; -b˙rin eÚ~counting objects. (Not used with the b˙rab˙rcorresponding in size, amount, or degree. numeral ‘one’). nehb˙reÚ~ two, s~oÚhb˙r~~eÚ a/fd–Gof [Kh *bram (Mk three. 'b˙ram-nyab˙lam); Him (Khal praem)] vt: 1. to al/5 n: the largest tree in a scratch (of a thorn). 2. (of a mob) to b˙rich˙forest (the mother tree). seize upon s.o. scratching and clawing. a/ô expr.adv: ruin, demolish, a/fôl; interj: applied to one 'b˙rdestroy.ïÚÉ , (of a fire) to die in b˙raÚsiwho is charitable, gracious, helpful. the delicateb. 'si-nyastages of its kindling. b˙raÚsi o'yehn khyan˙id˙ 'huke Bless him, , to ruin s.o. by cheating or swin-b. he left his work to come (and help). dling.s˙ih-nya abfg{ [Nep] n: gift, endowment. a/ô–Gof v.sta: (of the body, 'b˙rdanb˙rdan d˙inyae 'j~uÚ'ni o'ky~aÚt˙ khya's\îd˙ 'b˙rwhenïÚ-nyaÉ eating a certain type of weed 'li'ke In order to receive the gift, he cast ba:hdya)~ to tingle, prickle; have an allergic himself upon him (i.e. he submitted to reaction. Ðadj: , tingling, prick- his will). cf. 'b˙r. ling. 'b˙rïÚ'woÉ a/]ô n: an appellation applied to ahd]{ n: coarse grass used for b˙reÚthe Kham speakers of Rolpa. b˙rjemthatch, brooms, etc. a/]ô–Gof [Kh *z-bra-t (Mk als–Gof{ vi.agt: to pout, sulk. b˙reÚ-nyazb˙ra, Gam br˙‰÷, Seram b˙rat-, Kot 'b˙rki-nyaÐvt: , to cause s.o. to pout. b˙rai); Him (Chep bras- ‘mixed’] vt: 1. b˙rk˙i-nya avf { [Nep] n: the rainy season, to mix, combine, fuse. 2. to interbreed. 'b˙rkhamonsoon. Ðpass.part: , mixed, interbred. anf { n: burlap, sackcloth (woven b˙reÚ'sîu\ 'behda-bak˙ra b˙reÚ's\îur˙ 'lizyar˙ The b˙rlafrom hemp). sheep and goats are mixed together. ad{ prop.n: the ‘terrible god of related words: mix by Ð 'g˙jyari-nya 'b˙rm˙the West.’ (It is sacrificed to only in kneading, to blend, inter- 'kh˙b˙r˙i-nya illness, as directed by a shaman; at which mingle (as colors), to mix mok˙leÚ-nya time it is given an uncastrated goat.) by stirring, 'thom-nya to converge, com- , (in: ) bine into one. b˙rm˙an offering 'sïÚÉ of sacred'b˙rm˙ leaves 's ÉïÚ,to theladuÚ visiting 'sÉïÚ a/]ô–Gof [Kh *z-brat (Mk spirit (gel) of a deceased shaman. Ðset: 'b˙reÚ-nyazbor˙i)] vt: to tease, taunt, ridicule. 46 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ . af– [Kh *bwa (Kot ba, Gam bwa); 'deota a;{ [Nep] n: year. (Used only ba-TB *(b)wa] comp.root: bird. (Used b˙rs˙with the numerals four or more.) only in compounds, such as: ba'ce:h,~ , a full year (lit. ‘a year of daysb˙rs˙’). ba'k˙r, ba'ma, baza, etc. qq.v.). Ð'din[Kh rim] af–Gof [Kh *z-ba (Mk zba, Nis atxfô n: inheritance. 'ba-nyazba, Gam bwa ‘walk’); Him (Mag hwa-, 'b˙t˙haÚ , to receive one’s inheritance.'b˙t˙haÚ Chep wah-); TB *s-wa] vi.agt: 1. to d˙i-nya atfl/–Gof [Nep e6fg{' go. , walk well (of an infant). 'b˙tari-nyabh˙Êarnu] vt: to fry meat or vegetables ch˙m ch˙m, quietly on tiptoes. in fat or oil. cf. 'kh˙r-nya. Ðpass.part: ch~oÚj˙i ch~oÚj˙i, somewhat hesitatingly, , fried in oil. 'b˙tari'sîu\ '≥˙îÚh~ butchumo quite chumowell (of an infant). , 'b˙tari'sfried vegetables.îu\ quickly in great strides. 'gahp 'gahp, gahpya gupi atf; [Nep] n: wind. one or two steps, hesitatingly (of a baby). b˙tas , to blow (of the wind), b˙tasto be , through deep snow. gahrap gohrop windy.da-nya cf. mur-nya. , pushing inward (of agargar crowd). ni gurgur , to stomp aTb] expr.adv: with full stomach. away defiantly.'johm ka 'johm, feet spread b˙tde , to lie stretched out, satisfied like a sore cowboy.koge koge , knock- withb. 'p˙lti-nya a full stomach. , to act kneed. kyasya, jumping kisi with proud, self-important. b. Ðadj: 'p˙ltiu , elbows extendedkhagap khagap(like a vulture). self-important. b˙tdeÚ'wo , limping. kh~oÚ-, alQ [Nep] n: lamp, torch, flashlight. cyain an kh ill-fitting~oÚcya way, poorlylak˙rya (as with l˙k˙re loose b˙tticf. 'dyu 'balnya. , candle. mom b˙tti fitting shoes, broken plow, etc). at"ôln n: the bazaar town of , unprepared, with only a moment'lala’s 'b˙tuÚli Butwal. notice.lulu , with the aTofln–Gof vi.agt: to be in sound of l˙p˙ryapchupples slappingl˙p˙ryap against the 'b˙tyali-nya rut, go into breeding cycle (of animals). bottom of the foot. , to aTof/ n: feast, banquet. saunter in a desultory'l˙rya manner.≥ l˙rya ≥ b˙tyar ayfg [Nep ‘flock’] n: a caravan , single file in a long'leÚleÚ line. ni 'b˙thanor train, esp. of men or horses carrying 'goroÚgor~ oÚ~ , without motivation. loads. , troop after lukhuru lukhuru, swiftly, not looking troop. Ð'b˙thanset: ka. 'b˙than back.m˙nca ka m˙nca , (of an animal) ayfGof'b˙gal n: one who waits in with head≥˙htya nodding~o ≥˙htya from~o a lame foreleg. 'b˙thanyaambush for game; a hunter. , with a slight limp. pehsyal pehsyal aog] [Nep b˙yan] n: rumor, , to creep with stealth, stalk. 'peme-peme 'b˙yenhearsay. katara≥˙ h˙i ya'li'zyao 'b˙yenr˙ , to move out of sight, 'ph˙yem 'ph˙yem n˙math˙ie Have you heard any rumors crest over a hill. , to flash by 'phy~oÚ (concerning it) anywhere? swiftly. , to scatter out on a s˙r sap Kham Dictionary 47 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ search. , to go slowly. in: 'p˙j˙id˙ b˙ mapaÚnya,~ kata naÚh 'baÚ-baÚ 'sehbeÚ, slowly, 'sehbeÚ sliding the feet. 'go'wo He won’t speak even when ad- sid˙ru sid˙ru , carelessly, recklessly. dressed, how arrogant he is! 'suhm ki 'suhm, steadily without being side- 1. afa ¬ [Nep] n: father. Ð[Kh tracked.suru suru , to speed along, whiz babu*apa (Mk 'sw~îÚ-sw~îÚ by. , like a spastic 2. afa¬ [Nep] voc.n: address to a syardap ni sirdup w/o control. , to scatter, flee. babuchild. , straightway.sy~aÚ sy 2.~aÚ (of a trail) to go, afa¬hfé voc.n: respectful term of proceed,'sy~oÚ extend from point to point. 'babuzaaddress for a younger male. cf. 'ba:. , fairly level. , slightly afrf [Nep] n: agreement, compact, uphill.'johr-jŸ ohrŸ , well travelled,'k~ïÚ-k ~ïÚbroadly. 'bacaoath (esp. to cooperate). , 3. (euph)'s˙h˙r to die, as in: 'banya 'belaÚ time to bind an agreement. 'baca poÚ-nya, to die (lit ‘time to go’). 4. (fig) to follow to break an agreement (lit.'baca ‘tear t˙ih-nya down’). in a certain teaching, follow a tradition. , to break an oath (lit. 'isore op~aÚt˙ 'bazya He follows in the 'baca phyaÚ-nya ‘snap’). Ðset: . ways of God. Ðvt: , to take, 'yahka carry away. 'b˙i-nya af–'r]+M n: bird snare. ba'c~eÚh , to set a snare. ba'c~eÚh afô–Gof vi.pat: to multiply, in- 'th~aÚ-nya baÚ-nyacrease. (Reference is usually to the off- af“lr–Gof [Nep afRg“ ' b~acnu] 'baÚci-nya~ spring, but can be the progenitor as well.) vi.pat: to survive, live through s.th. Ðvt: , to rescue, save from death. afô voc.n: respectful term of address b~aÚc˙i-nya [Nep bacho] male calf. 'baÚfor a son or a younger male. cf. 'ma:.~ af5f n: bacha af“ [Kh *ba≥; Him *s-ba≥ (Tib spa≥, afl5 [Nep] n: female calf. bachi 'bChep~aÚ banh, Tam wah≥)] n: meadow, afl5u¬d n: a species of sweet 'bachigum small depression in a mountain side. (Of- rhubarb. cf. chigum. ten compounded in village names, as in: afl5nfk n: a triangular shaped , etc.) 'bachilapplatter of woven bamboo about a hand- guhmil'b, a naturalaÚ,~ 'pilb amphitheater;aÚ~ 'gihm bowl 'gihmoshaped span in each direction; used for offering valley.'b~aÚ , broad and p˙hla: to the spirits, or for hanging in open, like'syaÚ a plain. syaÚ Ð paÚ'quant:—o 'b a ~aÚlarge amount, grainfields to frighten birds. in: , qq.v. af5Øfpm“ prop.n: a Kham- 't˙b~aÚ afan“ 'e"Mlnp adj: insane, 'bachyaMagar ~uÚvillage of the Taka panchayat, ap- baÚb˙l~ deranged. 'buÚhliu cf. dasa ni bisa. prox. pop. 750. (S.I. Bachhigaon). afô afô [ < ba:-nya ‘to multiply, , male inhabitant of Bachh- 'bachyaolya~ baÚincrease baÚ ’] expr.adv: puffed up, swollen. igaon. , female inhabitant 'bachyaolyani~ , to swell profusely, puff of Bachhigaon. b.b.up (as 'go-nya bread). , too proud afbaL/“ n: dwarf, midget. to speak to anyoneb.b. ( lit.'go'wo ‘puffed-up’), as b~aÚd˙bir 48 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ afbn [Nep] n: cloud. participants, 'kacha a share of meat based bad˙l afbnLô [Nep baÎulki] n: hiccup. on a particular weight standard, syasil shares of meat strung on a bamboo strip. bad˙liÚ afbf“ [Nep badha]~ n: a bonded or 'bindentured~aÚda servant (one who is a slave efM–Gof [Kh *ba:h; Him (Mag baÚh-nya by reason or debt). cf. 'n˙l. bhak-ke)] vt: 1. to divide, make portions. 2. to separate (as two fighting people). afbflg“ [Nep b~adha] n: female cf. chut˙i-nya. Ðpass.part: , di- 'bslave.~aÚdani cf. 'ba:da,~ 'n˙l, 'n˙lme:.~ vided. pa~îÚh'da baÚh's\îu distributedbaÚh's\îu ev- aflb [Nep] n: accuser in a law erywhere. badisuit. , accuser and defendant. 'ef“M [Kh *s-bah≥ (Mk zb~ah, Nis afubadi (in: p˙rti , qv.) 'bsb~aÚhah,~ Gam bha≥)] n: bamboo torch. bag˙ afu [Khj ~aÚkos˙ih(Mk bag˙, bag˙ Gam pag˙ ‘tip afxfg n: anything set on a fire ba'gof ˙—shoulder’)] n: collar bone, clavicle. 'bahanfor cooking (the pot and what it contains). 1. af“un [Nep b~˙garo ‘molar afxf/Lô [Nep buhari] n: 1. 'btoothaÚg˙l~ ’] n: 1. molar tooth. 2. rear lower 'bahariÚdaughter-in-law. 2. wife of 'b˙hrca. jaw. cf. 'khap. Ð[Alt.root *r-gam (Mk recip. bobo, phubu. rgam); Him (Chep gam)]. efag [Nep bahun, Kh (Mk 2. afun“ n: vulva. 'bahb˙nbab˙i)]~ n: Brahman. 'baÚg˙l~ afufk n: a short hand-span, efag ltSof n: any of ba'gdistance—ap from thumb to tip of index finger 'bahb˙nseveral species'tikya of Wagtails, most specif- on outstretched hand. Ðset: . ically the Pied Wagtail or the Grey Wag- 1. mother’s eldergoî:~ brother; af3M] n: tail. Ðgen: . bageÚhor more loosely mother’s dajyu. 2. wife’s 'baza-biza efbfª lg ef]bf]ª father (if older than ego’s father). 3. 'bahdaexpr.adv:≥ ni repeated'bohdo ≥thundering sounds. wife’s pahgo or kaka (if older than ego’s , to shoot with repeated father). 4. brother’s bage:h. shots.b.b. 'ap-nya , to sound with a

afun¬ n: brooding place for a repeatedb.b. thundering thas-nya noise (of gunfire, ba'g—ul domestic hen (a hole built into the wall forest fire, etc). of the house). Ðset: . efMbØf–Gof v.bt: to distrib- 'zihm efM adv: just recently. cf. b˙hr. baÚhdya-nyaute, dispense, share out. baÚh , (same). , (same). baÚh-baÚh baÚhza ef“MbØf n: a type of common –efM num.clsf: a division or part b~aÚhdyaweed which causes a tingling sensation -baÚh of, a portion. soÚhbaÚh'ni~ t˙baÚh one third in the body when too much is eaten. (lit. ‘one part out of three.’ Ðadv: , afxs] [Nep] adv: except, apart some (lit. ‘one portion’). t˙baÚh 'ba'kt˙baÚher˙,\ 'bahekfrom. k˙idi ≥a'li'zyao bahek, ≥alai kata t˙baÚh 'li'ker˙\ Some left, and some stayed. dukh˙ z˙ ma'le Except (for the fact) that Ðrelated words: 'juÚ~ portion, share, 'bila I’m a prisoner, I have no difficulties. a share of meat based on the number of Kham Dictionary 49 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ eflu [Nep bhagya] n: luck. , following movement with the eyes 'bahgi , lucky, fortunate. (aszuri of a baby, or of a person lying o-'bahgi, unlucky, 'leo unfortunate. o-'bahgi wrapped in a blanket but observing move- 'maleo efludfGof [Nep efUodfgL ment around him). , ram bahl's\î-nya 'bahgimanyabhagy˙mani] n: fortunate, lucky. to watch a show. , (fig) ‘to be too embarrassedbahl'sîu\ '≥ toaÚh face 'male the eflh 'ªM+} n: leafy plant world.’ 'bahjiwhich '≥ is˙ ~îÚhboiled and eaten like spinach. 1. [Nep bhale] rooster, efMs temp.adv: long ago, in efNof n: 'bahlyadomestic cock. , (male ± baÚhkformer—˙ times. cf. do:h≥~ ˙.— Ðadj: , 'bahlya puti of former times. baÚh'k—ao female) chicks. Ð[Alt.root (Gam sontriya ‘male chick,’ tome ‘female chick’)] efsf [Nep bhakha] n: agreement, 2. clitoris. 'bahkacontract (esp. regarding time). soÚhlaÚ'kao~ efNof n: 'bahlya 'bahkal˙ l~aÚd˙ 'n˙i'wo He took it on a efGh [Nep bhanjo] n: 1. sister’s 'bahnj˙ three day contract. Ðset: . son. 2. son-in-law. (Where ego is male, 1 and 2 intersect.) recip. mama, bage:h. efnfk–a'yahkan¬ k¬ expr.adv: bahlap-bulupplopping. , to descend eflGh [Nep] n: 1. female cousin 'bahnji plopping. khas˙itaob.b. 'j˙hri-nya zyaÚhr˙ te bahlap- (FaSiDa), viz. phubu's daughter. 2. sis- bulup j˙hriker˙, ≥at˙rt˙ z˙ The witches ter’s daughter. recip. mwî:jyu.~ in the walnut tree came plopping down, efMª temp.adv: long ago, in right on top of me. baÚhformer≥—˙ times. cf. do:h≥~ ˙.— Ðadj: , baÚh'≥—ao efNGof n: a sentry; (one who of former times. 'bahlnyadirects hunting from a vantage point, or ef·f] [Nep efª bha≥] n: hemp, one who sits at a vantage point to tell bahcannabis≥go sativa. (Fibers are used in the tree cutters when it is safe to fell a tree manufacture of b˙rla, and the gum is onto a trail below, etc.). extracted as a narcoticÐ'˙t˙r.) eflN;–Gof v.refl: to look at, afxfNof] Vofô] [Nep bahulo bahl'swatch\î-nya for entertainment. cf. 'cyu:-nya. 'baholya‘sleeve’ ]'khyoÚ n: a long sleeved shirt or , with nearly closed, blouse. ant. 'thutya. blinkingcim˙ru cim˙rueyes. , here and afxf/Øf] n: hired laborer. there, jerking the headmala from mulu side to side. 'bahorya , to hire help. 'ba- , barely, with flickering eyes horya da-nya efk–Gof [Tib bab ‘to fall’] (aspilam of pilama dying person). , re- bahp-nyavt: toss aside in a heap (as clothing). tul ka tul peatedly, back and forth, as when sitting ef/ [Mag bhar] n: a rack having and going to check out of a window. bahra solid back hung from the ceiling above , through half closed eyelids the fire pit. (It functions to shield the zig˙ra zig˙ra (as when getting sleepy). , ceiling from sparks, and also as a meat 'zohrtotor unblinking with blank expression. drying rack.) Ðset: . zuri 'zihm 50 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ef/ [? < Nep bhara] n: debt, eftf n: bamboo. (Usu. in second 'bahrobligation. , to be 'bahtayear of growth, old enough to be used under obligation'bahr (unable d~uÚhl˙ to 'ta-nyarepay). for baskets. Younger shoots twist after , to be obliged, indebted'bahr to drying and are inappropriate.) cf. 'ba:h.~ another.'guhr's\î-nya n˙'bahr kuduÚh ≥a'guhr's\î'k\e I efMhfé temp.adv: (var of: , am deeply indebted to you. baÚhzaqv.) baÚh 'bahr , to be overcome by debt, efO{M [Nep efO bhai] n: 1. younger 'jeÚh's~ î-nya\ no way to pay back. , baihbrother. 2. male parallel cousin younger 'bahr utar˙i-nya to pay back a debt or obligation; to honor than ego (FaBrSo, MoSiSo). Ð[Alt.root a parent (esp. by properly sending his (Mk parza)] soul to the other-world after death). afO:of{ n: liar, braggart, boaster. ef/t [Nep] n: India. 'baisyacf. 'ph˙daolya. bahr˙t ef/f [Nep bha‹a] n: hiring cost afh [Nep baj] n: hawk, falcon. 'bahra for the use of a water mill (currently one ba'jÐgen:˙— . manu per simi). afhf'la: 'ga:(in: , qv.) [Nep] load. (Used only efl/ n: 'baja aflh [Nep'gaja ‘competition 'baja ’] n: 1. a 'bahri with numerals four or more.) Ð[Kh gur] bajipoint in a game. , efhf–a{ h¬ {¬ expr.adv: 1. to gain a point. (bajilit. ‘ tod˙i-nya receive ± azya-nya point ± 'bahrja-'burju crater-like, jagged, rough (of an area to eat a point.’) 2. prize, award, mark of where a rock fall is). 2. to be pock-marked honor. cf. inam. (of the face). Ðadj: . aflh–Gof vi.agt: to face off in a var. 'buhrju-'burju'wo.'bahrja-'burju'wo baji-nyagame (esp. field hockey); to compete.

efnf{k lg ef]nf{]k afhf“ ] [Nep banjho] adj: fallow 'bahrlap ni 'bohrlop expr.adv: tumbling, plopping (with a 'b(of~aÚjo a field). , to remain crashing and banging sound). fallow. 'baÚjo~ 'r˙hi-nya , to fall with a crash and a bang.b.b. te- afHo¬ [Nep baje] n: 1. grandfather nya stone or brick wall. efgf{ n: bajyu(pat. and mat.). 2. wife’s bage:h or mama. bahrnaÐ[Alt.root (Mk brim)] voc.n: term of address by bajyu’s recip- efl; [prob. < Nep bhasha ‘lan- rocals. recip. nati. 'bahsiguage’] n: accent, brogue, manner of afsgfô n: an eye disease causing speaking. ho'da'— ≥aor˙ chut˙ 'bahsis˙ paÚr˙~ ba'k˙naÚblindness in chickens. The inhabitants of that region speak with afs/ [ < *bwa ‘bird’ + *k˙r a different accent. cf. l˙bas. ba'k‘wing˙r— ’] n: 1. quill, feather (esp. wing

efMl;–Gof v.recip: to sep- feather). 2. shaman ’s feather headdress. baÚh'sarate,\î-nya part, go separate ways. chuti- cf. Ðset: . nya. Ðadj: , separated. seral baÚh's\îu afs/f [Nep afvf« ] bakhro] n: 'efM:of n: one who is generous, 'bak˙ra 'baÚhsyamakes handouts. Kham Dictionary 51 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ goat. Ðphases of: 'uduntu a kid or lamb afnf [Nep balo] n: head or ear of still unweaned (under one year), 'jotya a balagrain. cf. hata:

yearling lamb or kid (which has begun afnf (in: , qv.) to change its teeth), 'carjaÚtya~ a kid or 'bala afln [Nep]'sela n:'bala 1. crops not yet lamb of two years, 'pura a kid or lamb 'baligone to seed. cf. ˙n. Ð[Kh 'r˙bi] 2. of three years, a kid or lamb of 'khila young, of sheep or goats. , about four years (with a full set of per- of lambs to be conceived'bali or produced.'lagi-nya manent teeth), p˙thya≥˙ri female kid. 'bali 'laginya 'belaÚ lambing season. Ðtypes of: 'bali young, 'boka uncastrated, afNsf ] [ < Nep afns bal˙k ‘baby’] 'cya≥˙ra Tibetan goat, 'jak˙nya wether. 'balkoadj: 1. young (of animals). 2. unripe Ðgen: . Ð[Alt.root (Mk ra:h)] (of vegetables, fruits, seeds). 3. not fully '˙g˙i-b˙g˙i afs/fkn¬ [ < 'bak˙ra ‘goat’ fermented (of barley malt). 'bak˙rapul+ pul ‘epilepsy’] n: a type of epilepsy afNd +] (in: , qv.) which causes one to throw himself into 'balmeÚ~ [Nep'celm balÊin]eÚ~ 'balm bucketeÚ~ or fire. cf. pul, bapul. afNtLg n: baltinpail. afs/LM (in: [Nep] sand. bak˙rih , qv.) kak˙rih syur afnjf¬ n: cf. 'baluwacham˙ra. bak˙rih 1. afs;syur [ < Nep < Eng] n: box, bak˙scrate. afNof an] expr.adv: wiry, balya b˙le 2 bent back (of a knife edge). . afs; n: a measure for ghee b.b. rul's\î- bak˙s , to curl back (of a knife edge). (one bak˙s equals half a tin). Ðset: . nya b.b. goî:~ , to turn back empty handed. Ðadj: afsfTof“ n: a useless person, 'ol-nya , curled, bent (of a knife 'b~aÚkatya without understanding. Ðset: . edge,balya axe b˙leÚ'wo blade, etc.). ô [ < *bwa + *klip~a:cya:h ‘shit’] afsL bird afdf [ < *bwa ‘bird’ + *'ma ba'k —îÚbird or chicken droppings. n: ba'm‘female—a ’] n: hen. (in mourning) ba'ma—— e\ afsf“ O] { [Kh (Mk bakoi)]~ n: firefly. o'c˙rlyaniralai 'k˙pd˙\ ora'n˙i'zy— ao\ maÚhti~ 'b~aÚkoi afsfGof] ô n: nest- 'k˙pd\˙ n˙n˙i's\î'zy\ao Like a hen protects bakonyahing place ±in ba'konyaÚ a cliff (esp. for the Danphe her chicks, you used to protect and cover Pheasant). us. afvf [Nep bh˙kbh˙ke] n: stam- afdfn¬ n: a wild, edible vegetable 'bakhamerer. bamaluwhich grows on a vine in the shape of a afvf;–Gof vi.agt: to stam- zucchini. 'bakhas-nyamer, stutter. , intensely. afg [Nep af0f ba˘ ‘arrow’] n: a b˙hk af b˙kya“lv g}–Gof vt: to 'banmissile of black magical power. 'bspare~aÚkhi s.o.,'n˙i-nya refrain from punishing. , a fiery missile or stroke of lightning˙gine afvf/] [ < *bwa ‘bird’ + *khor sent'ban against an opponent. , ba'khor‘yard’] n: chicken or goat yard. seeds turned into wasps and sentritha against 'ban an opponent. 52 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ afgL [Nep] n: habit. , afkNof¬ n: an epileptic. cf. 'banito grow used or accustomed'bani to. p˙ri-nya 'bapulyapul-nya. Ðadj: , epileptic. , bad habits, vices. 'kubani afÅ [Nepbapulyaso af˚ baph] n: steam, 'bani 'afgMn¬ (in: , baph˙vapor. 'banuhlqv.) 'kanuhl 'banuhl 1. aflÅ–Gof [Nep af˚ baph afGof [Nep b˙niya] n: a shopkeeper 'baphi-nya‘steam’] vi.pat: to emit steam. , banyaof the southern plains. with a steady flow. Ðvt: 'w~aÚ-w.~aÚ afªln–Gof vi.pat: to become 2. aflÅ–Gof bophoi-nya vi.pat: 1. to 'banicked≥˙li-nya (of a knife blade). 'baphi-nyabecome prosperous. 2. to grow prolif- afªNof [ < 'b~a:g˙l, qv. ] n: ically (esp. of vegetables). 'baone≥˙lya who has a protruding jaw. Ðset: afÅf] [ < ba ‘bird’ + pho: ‘to . baphohusk’] n: a chicken ripped apart, the p~a:cya:h af·Øf;–Gof [Nep breast from the back. (Done esp. for div- bab≥˙gyaunu]~ gyas-nya vi.pat: to become bent, crook- ination purposes. Its heart, liver, and ined. , zigzagged, twisted testines are inspected for diagnostic back gand~aÚtya forth. ni g ~uÚti , twisting signs.) , bad prognosis and turning. ga≥˙lya gu≥˙li , twisted (in an illness).macao bapho (esp. of a timber).narya Ðadj: ni gorya . Ðn: 1. af/ [Nep] n: a fence, partition. . Ðrelated words:ba≥ gyaso'giri-nya to 'barcf. 'rahu. , to erect a fence. 'bawarp,≥gya goÚhtyas-nya~ to stoop, bend, 2. af/'bar [Nep] jaÚh-nya n: day of the week. kumulyas-nya to be bent, hunched over, 'bara'ch—îm kata 'bar chyam Today is what 'l˙pki-nya droop, bend under weight. day of the week? , to afªf/ ] [Kh (Ses be≥g˙)] n: bullfrog. prohibit certain activities'bar on'bari-nya an inauspi- bacf.≥or 'te:. cious day. efjhfé n: baby, infant, small af/fd lg a¬?d [ < baohzachild. baramKh *'burumo ni 'burum ‘shredded, ragged’] ex- afjnf (in: , qv.) pr.adv: 1. frayed, shredded; dangling baola afk [Tib bab'taula-baula ‘to fall’] expr.adv: (of many strings or cords). var: 'burum bapdeadweight to the ground. , to , frayed, shredded. ka 'burum b.b. 'ta- drop deadweight. b. te-nya, repeated , to be frayed (of clothing). 2. (of nya dropping (as of manyb.b. things te-nya at once). ‘sky’) drizzling. a'ch—îm 'n˙m 'n˙m Today it drizzled afk/fM“ [ < *bwa ‘bird’ + *pa burum ka burum 'j˙i'keo\ all day. , to drizzle and bap˙r‘male~aÚh’ + *'r˙h≥ ‘pheasant’] n: male let up intermittently.b.b. 'p˙r˙p-nya Ðadj: chick. cf. o-p˙ra:h,~ o-m˙ra:h.~ or baram, frayed. ni afkn¬ [ < ba ‘bird’ + pul ‘epilepsy’] 'burumo 'burum, 'burumoshredded, raggedy; bapuln: a type of epilepsy which makes one shabbilythak˙nah dressed. 'burumo flop like a chicken. cf. pul, 'bak˙rapul. Kham Dictionary 53 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ afl/–Gof [Nep afg' { barnu] vt: af:df n: the female Himalayan 'bari-nya1. to enclose, surround with a fence. 2. bas'maTahr, (hermitragus jemlahicus). cf. 'b~ï:. to abstain from, prohibit certain foods. Ðgen: . , a day for prohibiting cer- 'sya: afl:tSo 'ba: ¬ (in: , tain'barinya activities, 'bar an inauspicious day. bastikyuqv.) astikyu bastikyu Ðpass.part: , enclosed, parti- af;“ nL¬ ô [Nep basuri]~ n: wooden 'bari'sîu\ tioned off, prohibited. 'bari'sîu\ 'yehn pro- 'bflute.~aÚsuliÚ cf. 'muruli. hibited work. af:ofs/Lô [ < *bwa ‘bird’ + af/Lô [Nep] n: vegetable garden. 'basyak˙riÚ*sya:| ‘meat’ + *'k˙ri ‘cut’] n: chicken bariÚ cf–afl/] aflt“ np] adj: meat. (o)-bari 'baÚti~ leo| fastidious, finicky, choosy. 'ao b˙n˙i aftlgsfj adj: of the lineage obari 'baÚti~ leo| mîÚ,| kohba mazyu'wo This bat˙ni'kof, descended—ao from. , is a very finicky person, he won’t eat descended from the'chin last bat˙ni'k wife. —ao just anything. , descended from the first'ris 'afl/M–Gof vi.agt: 1. to range wife.bat˙ni'k—ao 'bar\îh-nya or rove in a herd. 2. to be wont to –aftª [Kh (Nis pat˙n, Gam wander, carouse. mïÚh-e~ mïÚh-e~ 'barihzya -bat˙bat˙≥)]≥˙ adv: alone. o-bat˙≥˙ he alone, He wanders about drunken. , ≥a-bat˙≥˙ I alone, etc. cf. ˙ch˙t˙≥˙. rew˙i rew˙i to wander aimlessly. Ð[Alt.root (Mk o-pt˙ra)]~ afhf{]d df]+ n: edible, red aftLô n: the coarse flour left after 'barjom 'm~oÚ mushroom found in oak trees. batiÚseparating the phani. af; [Nep] n: a place for temporary cf–af] ltnfj“ [Nep bhati]~ adj: 'bas lodging. , to lodge for the (o)-'ball kindsaÚti'l~ ao— and types of. o'baÚti~ o'baÚti'lao~ 'bas da-nya night. , a camp, lodging place. 'yehnr˙ 'p˙leÚ'ker˙\ They invented all sorts 'bas 'poÚ af;–Gof} [caus of Nep a:g' of occupations. Ðadj: , one bas˙i-nyab˙snu ‘to sit’] vt: to shelter, give lodging. who speaks without knowingt˙b~aÚti'k the—ao real u'zihmk˙ 'caos˙ 'n˙id˙, n˙l˙ z˙ yabas˙i'keo issue (lit. ‘one of a kind’). Receiving them well at his house, he aflt“ np] (in: , gave them lodging there. 'bqv.)aÚti~ leo| o-bari 'baÚti~ leo| af;f n: leather pouch for wrapping aftf] [Nep af6f] baÊo ‘road’] n: 'basa pipe, tobacco, flint, and steel. 'bato‘way cloth’ (A long strip of white cloth afl; [Nep ‘stale’] adj: stale, left carried ahead of the body in a burial 'basiover, cold (of food). , food ceremony to escort the soul of the de- left over till the next meal.'basi 'k~aÚ ceased to its resting place.) afl;–Gof [< Nep af; bas afy+ } nom: craftiness, slyness. 'basi-nya‘lodge’] vi.agt: to lodge for the night. bath˙~îÚ , to act in a crafty, sly Ðvt: , to put s.o. up for the mannerobath˙~îÚ to da-nya gain a selfish end. night.bas˙i-nya obath˙~îÚ 54 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , crafty, wily, sly. Swift, 'cuÚ baza Rock Bunting, chaÚcur~ 'leo afyf“ n: (in string making) a Mountain Thrush, 'cherpatya Warbler, 'bcross~aÚtha shaped stick used for twisting pu- dan c˙ri Weaver Bird, 'guhskira White wa; a distaff. cf. 'ce:h.~ Collered Blackbird, 'jahlya tis˙raÚ~ Spotted

afyf] [Nep af7f] baÊho] adj: clever, Forktail, kurpilah Bulbul, kusku Cuckoo,

'bathoperceptive, quick-witted. kyarWoodpecker, 'kh˙galya reÚ Laughing

, to act cleverly (esp. outo'batho of self 'j˙i- in- Thrush, mw~îÚza baza Rosefinch,

terest.nya , low, base, greedy 'nac˙nya baza White Crested Laughing

(lit. ‘dogkaÚh craftiness 'batho’). Thrush, nirg˙ti Black-capped Sibia, p˙riwadomestic pigeon, 'pom baza Snow efpM [Nep bhau] n: the current Bird, Brown Dipper, bauhprice, rate of exchange. rihsiltîh— rïÚhci~ 'piciu Sunbird, 'rowa batih Hoopoe, siltih bird afp:of“ [Nep buw~aso ‘wolf’] with flicking tail, tiririh Plumberous Red- 'ban:~usya a popular name for a dog. start, tis˙raÚ~ Whistling Thrush, titiw˙i 'é an evil spirit afof ] HofM n: Lapwing or Plover, 'thap˙lya rihsilt—îh 'bayowhich 'zyaÚh throws its victims to an unnatural White Capped River Chat. Ðset: death. also: s˙ra: 'zya:h. Ðset: . , all living beings. (See 'sya'sï:)É —ÉïÚ é [Kh *bwa (Kot ba, Gam'zya:h bwa); afhf 'leo b˙hri af hfé sf]t n: children’s game bazaHim (Chep wa÷); TB *(b)wa] bird, n: bazasimilar kot to London Bridges. fowl; domestic chicken. (Where wild and afhé “ " [ < *bwa ‘bird’ + *zu≥ ‘boil’] domestic fowl must be differentiated: 'b˙n bazn: ~uÚ small type of boil, pimple. bazawild bird, 'zihm bazadomestic fowl.) , a chicken whose feathers afhé /LM' [Kh *(ba)r-zut (Bhj bar- bazuhriÚ 'ultyalie forward, baza contrary to normal; used in zut, Nis barju, Kot bahrui); Him *r-zu (Mag mi-rhu)] egg. certain ‘reversal’ ceremonies. cf. ugar˙i- n: bazuhriÚye nya. , egg yolk (lit. ‘red of the egg’). Ðo'gyahmo[Alt.root (Mahat balo)] af“hfé (in: , qv.) afhé /LM' df+] n: Red Polypore 'b~aÚza afhf–laé 'luhzahfé gen.n: 'baÚza~ birds, rats, bazuhriÚmushroom 'moÚ~ (lit. ‘egg mushroom’). 'baza-bizaand small creatures. (pl. 'baza-bizar˙). [Kh *be] woman ’s wrap-around Ðanimals of this class include the follow- a]ô n: beÚskirt. ing: biza rat, 'm˙lcapya marten, 'musur 'leÚdya~ marmot, 'n~oÚlo musa mongoose, arfj] n: blanket made for sale; becao nyahn squirrel, yahp flying squirrel. marketable. ant. kwasim. Ðbirds of this class include the following: e]M [Kh *r-beh(k) (Mk rbe:h, Nis 'bahb˙n 'tikya Wagtail, 'bih≥˙rya Spar- beÚhrbe:h, Seram behk, Kot byo÷); Mag phe row, c˙rereh Minivet, 'cehbya Black ‘small basket’] n: carrying basket. Drongo, cerk eÚ~ 'bahlyaÚ Wren Babbler, Ðtypes of: behza miniature be:h, ben any 'cic~îÚ kutya Titmouse, cilbatih House small bamboo basket or container, bum a large, tightly woven basket plastered Kham Dictionary 55 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ with mud used to store grain, ciru≥gah black-necked, 'lahpya large-eared, basket cage for chickens, cyaÚ basket for 'surkya black head with brown stripe on keeping carded wool, dabiben basket for face, 'thap˙lya black head with white strip spoons, ladles, etc. duÚh tightly-woven on crown. Ðgen: . Ð[Alt.root basket for carrying grain, flour, etc. jaben (Mk lu: < *luk); TB'˙g˙i-b˙g˙i *luk] basket for storing pots and pans, juhrnu e]n n: a leather liner dried in the tightly-woven, medium-sized basket, 'behlshape of a basket and placed inside for kodom basket with lid for storing clothes, carrying water, milk, whey, etc.

'korka\ a small basket for throwing dirt e]gf [Nep bhena] n: 1. male

from a hole, ≥ahben fish creel, 'ra≥gya behnapaternal cross cousin older than ego (i.e.

large basket for carrying leaves, 'piru≥ga phubu’s son, or FaSiSo older than ego). small purse-like basket, phumulih a small 2. elder sister’s husband. 3. husband’s

bum for storing grain, 'phu≥ga tightly- elder brother. (Where ego is female,

woven, cylindrical basket for storing 1Ð3 intersect.) ground meal, 'sim˙li flat-shaped bamboo e]/ n: large cow bell. cf. 'k˙hle:.~ basket, thi≥ulih small basket for keeping 'behr e]/f n: people split off from one kitchen utensils. 'behravillage area and migrated to a new area; basketful. –/\e]M num.clsf: t˙rbeÚh remote kinsmen. 'buhjyal 'nam'lao -rbeÚhone basketful, two baskets full, nehrbeÚh 'buhdaÚr˙ 'geÚ ge'behrar˙ z˙ The Budhas

s~oÚhbeÚh three baskets full. of the Bhujel area are our kinsmen.

axf/] adv: immediately, right away. e/fNof] [Nep bhiralo ‘precip- behar e]bfô [Nep e]+8f bheÎa]~ n: sheep. 'behralyaitous’] n: hillside, slope. cf. 'dim dihmya. 'behdaÚ , sheep and goats. Ðadj: , sloping, inclined (of 'behda-bak˙ra 'beh- , shepherd. Ðphases of: 'uduntu a hillside).behralyaso adaÚ kid 'gaola or lamb still unweaned (under one e]lt [Nep bheÊi ‘offering’] n: fee year), a yearling lamb or kid (which 'jotya 'behtipaid to a master shaman by his apprentice. has begun to change its teeth), 'carjaÚtya~ e]hfé n: a small basket; a miniature a kid or lamb of two years, 'pura a kid behza be:h. Ðset: . or lamb of three years, 'khila a kid or be:h lamb of about four years (with a full set ast] –Gof} vt: to sort, separate, bek˙t˙i-nyapick out one type from another. of permanent teeth). Ðtypes of: 'bali 'gehppa I sorted out the young, cyaÚhlu~ Tibetan sheep, 'dohralya zimzar˙ ≥arabek˙t˙i'ke\ big and the small. highland sheep of Khams, 'jak˙nya weth- cao cao waz˙ bek˙t˙ike Pick out only the good ones! chut˙i- er, 'jusya sacrificial, 'lohmba lead sheep, cf. nya. Ð[Alt.root (Kot chel-nya)]. 'mudukya blind, 'nah.worya ram with wild-sheep-like horns. Ðmarkings: 'curya an] [W.Nep < Tamil vel ‘shining, 'bel black patches on face, 'doÚhwalya~ gray- bright’] n: 1. sun. (Shamanic only, nou headed, 'd~uÚhsya gray-bodied, 'kharkya 'bel nou jun nine suns, nine moons.) 2. the nine metal disks hanging from a sha- 56 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ man’s costume representing the nine 1. ay] n: a work force consisting suns. Ðset: . beth˙of one’s relatives or clan. cf. 'jahra, m˙n. an–Gof] seral [Kh *bel (Mht be, Kot , to employ, use such a 'bel-nyabel ‘heal’)] v.evt: (of the weather) to workbeth˙ force. jaÚh-nya clear, in: . , 2. ay] [Nep bet] n: menopause. completely.'n˙m Ð vt.evt:'bel-nya pharyaÚ~ . phereÚ~ beth˙ , to pass the age of child anf] ô [Nep] n: s˙bel-nya time. haÚh 'belaÚk˙ beth˙bearing, ruhm-nya go through menopause. 'belaÚat that time. , sufficiently early. ayf] [Nep] n: contagious disease, 'belaÚk˙ 'ba'kin'belaÚk˙ kes's\î If one goes early 'bethaepidemic.

enough it can be reached. larf/ [Nep ‘thought’] n: a test, aNrf] [Nep] n: spade, shovel. 'bicaran attempt. , to test or try belca ag] [Kh *r-ben (Nis rben)] n: small out. 'bicar da-nya benbamboo basket or container. Ðtypes of: larfl/–Gof [< Nep larf/ dabiben basket for spoons, ladles, etc. 'bicari-nyabicar ‘thought’] vt: 1. to test or try out. jaben basket for storing pots and pans, 'noÚ wahs˙Úlai 'bicarid˙ ≥a'n˙i I have tried ≥ahben fish creel. Ðset: . that medicine. cf. '˙t˙k˙li-nya. 2. to arbi- cf–a] gf] [Nep bina]be:h n: musk; trate, decide a case. Ðset: . (o)-'benamusk gland of the Himalayan Musk Deer. Ðrelated words: '˙t˙k˙li-nya tophal-nya prove or a]g a]g expr.adv: dangling test, 'jaÚci-nya~ to test, try, assess, phal-nya 'benuselessly 'ben (as a broken limb). to judge. , long, stretching off intob.b. the 'khy- dis- laRr [Nep] n: wilderness, unin- tance.oÚ'wo Ðadj: , long and strung 'bicc˙habited region. cf. 'b˙n. out. Ðadj: 'ben 'beno , long and lalrt [Nep bicet ‘unconscious’] flowing (as'reÚ of a'reÚ garment). 'ben 'beno bicit˙n: crazed, mad, hysterical. , akf/] [Nep] n: trade, commerce. to be crazed, hysterical. bicit˙ 'ta-nya 'bepar , to engage in trade, com- lal5 [Nep laR5L bicchi] n: scor- merce.bepar da-nya(Usu. implies buying goods in a 'bichipion. bazaar town and selling them in villages.) labf [Nep] n: leave, authorized akf/L] ô [Nep] n: trader, merchant. bidaabsence. , to ask for leave. 'bepariÚ , to engage in trad- labftfbida [Nep nih-nya bidhata ‘the Creator’] 'bepari 'yehn da-nya ing. bidatavoc.n: lord, a term of veneration to a aô] l;–Gof v.refl: to wear a great personage. cf. 'data beÚ's\î-nya skirt. , to wear a wrap- lalu n: swollen glands in the upper beÚ beÚ's\î-nya around skirt. bigileg. cf. cirgul. a;f] ] n: excuse, pretense. paÚnya~ lalu–Gof vi.agt: to flee. cf. 'beso 'besos˙ 'huke He came with a pretense 'bigi-nya'do:h-nya.~ to talk. cf. nyu:.~ Kham Dictionary 57 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ eLM–Gof [Kh *r-bi:h (Mk rbi:h, aLxØfô [Nep laxf biha] n: mar- biÚh-nyaGam bh˙li, Ghus bh˙lin); Him (Tib byin- 'bihyaÚriage, wedding. , to mar- pa)] v.bt: to insult by returning; to ry. cf. 'jya: da-nya,'bihyaÚ 're: da-nya, da-nya 'res-nya. reject, spurn; give to s.o. in anger after 1. lalh–Gof vi.pat: (of an axe) he ruins it. , throw back the 'biji-nyato sink deeply into a tree. 1. remains in anger.gar gor without bouncing back. 2. (ofcep words)cep leS:of [Nep leÔf bhiksha] n: to be encouraging; to sink deeply, striking bihksyaalms. , to beg for alms. the emotions. bihksya nih-nya, to give alms. 2. lalh–Gof vi.pat: to be com- bihksya les ya-nya¬lt [Nep bigh˙uti] n: thick, 'biji-nyapletely sold out, out of stock. bihkuticreamy substance produced in early lac- lahnL¬ ô [Nep lahnL' bijuli] n: tation; colostrum. 'bijuliÚlightning, electricity. les¬Tof n: sleet. aLôHoft [Nep] n: dishonor, 'bihkutya eLn–Gof [Kh *bihl] vi.pat: to biÚjyatdisgrace. , to disgrace bihl-nyachoke on liquid or s.th. spicy. 'riÚh-e s.o. biÚjyat 'j˙i-nya ≥abihl'ke\ I choked on water. (Instr. ) lasfDnfj [Nep bekam] adj: cf. 'kha-nya. , gasp or hic--e bikam'lworthless,ao— good for nothing (of a person). h˙p˙k h˙p˙k cup, esp. from s.th. spicy. lasf; [Nep] n: development, leª/Øf [Nep bh˙≥ero] n: bikasimprovement, advancement (esp. eco- 'bihsparrow.≥˙rya Ðgen: . nomic and industrial). 'baza-biza lel/·Øf [Nep bhir~î:gi] n: lals–Gof [Nep biknu] vi.pat: 'bihrivenereal≥gya disease. 'biki-nyato sell; be a saleable item. Ðvt: , lel/l;–Gof v.refl: to wrap to make s.th. sell. bik˙i-nya bihri'soneselfî-nya\ with a towel. aLôv n: placenta, afterbirth (esp. , to sling a gun across'b˙nduk the shoulders. bihri'sî-\ biÚkh˙of humans). cf. 'sal. nya , to wrap over shoulder aLnx/ [Nep ‘spoils of the chase’] 'laÚl˙ bihri'sî-nya\ and under arm (of a sur). 'bil˙h˙rn: a great massacre. , eL/\sÒ“ n: window; window hole. to ruin s.o.; make poor,'bil˙h˙r destitute. 'j˙i-nya bihrk~uÚ cf. 'b˙hj˙la. Ðset: . lan–Gof} [Nep lanLg' bilinu] 'zihm leyf [Nep leQf bhitta] n: wall bil˙i-nyavi.pat: to melt, dissolve. , quickly bihthaof a house, esp. its surface. cf. bahrna. away. , completely,h˙rl˙k no trace. Ðset: . lanfhugurup [Nep bilo ‘share in the spoils’] 'zihm laxl/–Gof¬ [Nep] vt: to bear 'bilan: share of meat from a butchered animal. 'bihuri-nyathe cost, responsibility. Ð[Kh 'guhr's\î- (Division is not by weight, but by number nya] of participants.) Ðset: . laxØf n: the wooden axle around , to cut up an animal-ba:h into shares.'bila 'j˙i- bihyawhich a millstone revolves. Ðset: . nya ra:th˙i~ 58 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ aLn aLn expr.adv: heartburn, lakmaf/} [Nep lalxaf/ bihibar] bilindigestion bil from eating too much fat. 'biph˙ibarn: Thursday. (Usu. ). , to experience heartburn,'y~uÚ la/–Gof} [Nep'biph˙ibar la/fpg ' chyambiraunu] indigestion.bil bil 'ta-nya Ðadj: , causing indi- 'bir˙i-nyavt: 1. to err in s.th., make a mistake. gestion. 'uÚsoi bil bil'obil 'tazyabil'o pig fat causes (The object of the verb is usually ex- indigestion. pressed in a separate dependent clause, lagv (in: , as in: beÚh ≥a'j˙izyak˙ ≥a'bir˙i'wo oleo bin˙kh˙qv.) ˙n˙kh˙ bin˙kh˙ While making a basket I erred it. OR laGtL (in: , qv.) jelai ≥a'g˙ni'cî'zyao\ ≥a'bir˙i'cî'k\ e\ In count- binti laGtL [Nep]g˙hrti n: bintirequest, petition. ing you, I erred you. 2. to miss a target. 'binti , (Asc. ) to make a re- , to err in keeping 'kahnun 'bir˙i-nya 'bintiquest. obabu-s˙da-nya 'binti do'k-s˙ eo\ He made a the law, to break the law. 'kahnun request of his father. ma'bir˙id˙z˙ do'keo\ He acted without err- ing in the law. lag¬ [Nep bina] adv: without. binu binu'meÚh gema'liduh.i We cannot live without la/fnM" [Nep la/fnf] biralo] n: biraluh fire. domestic cat. Ðgen: . Ð[Alt.root (Nis wor, Mk orjakah'za < or baza+ *za lag ¬ efRof{ adv: foolishly, 'diminutive'); Him (Chep karja)] binuthoughtlessly. 'bahrcya binu 'bahrcya tap~aÚni [Alt.root (Gam, Ses manu] Don’t speak foolishly. Ð , foolish, careless. cf.binu o-'sor 'bahr- 'mala/fdL [Nep] n: a sick person, birami cya'laoleo. one who is ill. aLGhfé aLg n: riddle, puzzling aL/jf\ [Nep la?jf biruwa] n: a 'birwa 'binzaquestion. bin cf. ˙rth˙. Ðset: . plant (esp. a seedling). , the opening phraseg˙hrti to a riddle.'binza aL; [Nep] num: twenty. Ðnum.suff: bis bin≥˙ lak5Øf n: the opposition (in a score. s~oÚhbis three score. cf. 'kuri, bip˙chyaa court case). khï:~ 'kwi:. laKof [Nep biply~aÊo] adj: back- la;ô (in: , qv.) bis˙Ú wahs˙Ú bis˙ 'bipyawards, inside out, contrary to normal. la;}–Gof vt: to buy supplemental ant. 'sipya. , funeral dirge bis˙i-nyafood supplies. cf. bisa. played on a 'bipyadrum. d˙m˙ya (shaman- 1. la;f n: food bought to supplement ic) water scooped 'bipyafrom a 'riÚhstream with a bisaan insufficient harvest. aor˙ bisa'da downhill motion, used in certain cere- 'h~uÚ'wor˙ These have come for food sup- monies. , of plies. Ðset: . one who isu'y evil~uÚ ('bipya'dalit. ‘one whose jaÚh's heart\îu is 2. la;f 'zyao (in: , qv.) turned wrong’). , bisa lal;–Gofdasa [Nep] ni bisa vi.pat: to u'yuÚ~ 'bipya'da taÚ'sîu\ of an evil bent, having evil inclinations 'bisi-nyabecome infected, septic (of a wound). (lit. ‘one whose heart is installed back- Ðadj: , infected, septic. Ð[Kh s˙nis- wards’). nya] 'bisiu Kham Dictionary 59 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ aL:t [Nep bishÊ˙ ‘non-untouchable wanton, free, fanciful; always following bist˙caste’] n: the higher castes as opposed after festivals and pleasure. to the occupational castes, specifically afaf] ] n: 1. phubu's husband, viz. the Kham-Magars. boboFaSiHu. 2. husband’s father; or hus- aL:tf interj: the best of all, as in: band’s father’s brother. 3. sister’s bobo. bista'hoÚ bista doÚh-doÚh kes'k\e, aor˙ kata (Within the confines of K-M marriage kesduhr˙— He, the best of all, had a hard constraints, the members of 1Ð3 intersect, time getting there, what chance do these or stand in a brother-sister relationship.) have of making it? voc.n: term of address by bobo’s recip- la:oô" ln n: (in weighing grain, rocals. recip. 'b˙hd˙i, 'bahari:. Ðabbrv: bisyuÚlietc.) a unit of weight equivalent to two (precedes proper name as a title. bo bo suka (half a 'dihm). Ðset: . b˙lman Father-in-Law Balman).

latfln–Gof vi.agt:kach˙ (in: afaf] gf] (in: , qv.) bobona totona bobona bitali-nya , qv.) 'yaÚh afb+] } n: Eurasian Kestrel. Ðgen: 'boÚd˙i~ bitali-nya lay¬ n: a tasselled amaranth grain . 'la: 'ga:1 bithurelated to narca. . ef]–Gof [Kh *boh] vi.pat: boh-nya lahfé [Kh *bi (Mk biza, Bhj bi, to spill (of liquid or granular substances). bizaGam bi); Him *byu (Mag byu, Kai yu); cf. te-nya. , gushing in large quanti- 'hol TB *b-y˙w] n: rat, mouse, rodent. ties. 'b˙hlki 'phud˙ gedaÚ 'hol boh'ke\ The

, birds, rats, and small crea- sack burst and grain spilled all over. tures.'baza-biza Ðgen: . , with the sound of pouring grain. syoÚh , to lose blood (from a cut, a“ô n: the'baza-biza male Himalayan Tahr, etc.).'jiÚh boh-nya 'bhermitragus~ïÚ jemlahicus. , 2 male and female of the Himalayan'b~ïÚ bas'ma Tahr. . ef–Gof] [ ? < Sk bhu] vi.pat: boh-nya Tahr kid. Ðgen: . (shamanic) to be born, come into being. Ð'b[Alt.rootïÚye~ patha (Gam kholbya ‘Tahr'sya: kid ’'ba:)] , with comeliness, majesty. ≥war ≥war1 a“ô [Kh *r-b˙≥ (Mk rb~˙, Nis rb~˙, Bhj . efM–Gof] vt: to cause or give boÚh-nya b~ïÚb~ø); Him (Kai b˙≥] n: lower level of a reincarnation to the spirit of a deceased house for keeping cattle, byre. Ðset: shaman. , (of shamans) to boÚh's\î-nya . participate in the initiation ceremony of a new shaman, at which time the spirit 'zihm aô“ –Gof [ < *r-b˙≥ ‘stable’] vt: of the ancestor shaman is said to be rein- b~ïÚ-nyato put animals in a stable. carnated. Ðset: . a“ôa“ô (in: , qv.) 2. efk]M–GofÉï:h-nya [Kh *bohk (Nis 'b~ïÚb~ïÚ cf–/] \'e's“M ~ïÚs [Kh~ïÚ ni*r-b˙h≥] 'b~ïÚb~ïÚ n: the boÚh-nyabo:h, -bohk-); Him (Tib bog(s)-pa)] vt: (o)-r'btassel~ïÚh of a tail (horse, cow, or buffalo). to pull up, uproot; to pull a tooth. af–Gof+] [Kh *bo≥] vi.agt: (of , about to come loose. caraÚ, 'bchicks)~oÚ-nya to leave the nest. , Ðadj: c˙rpullïÚÉ loose, roots and all. Ð[Alt.rootph~oÚgal *pun 'b~oÚ'wo 60 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ (Mk pw~î), cf. phwî:-nya]~ efnf] { efnf] { [ < Kh 'bohrla ef]+MRof [Kh (Mk b˙ce, Nis po:cya,~ 'bohrla‘tuft, sheaf 'bohrla’] expr.adv: prolifically, in b~oÚhcyaGam puncya)] n: a chicken’s crop, sheaves. , to bear seed pro- craw. lifically. Ðb.b.adj: s˙i-nya , pro- ef]uf]g [ ? < Nep bhorj˙n ‘feast’] lific, full, furry'bohrla (as of an 'bohrlaÚ'wo animal’s tail). 'bohgonn: the curse of past sin or cruelty. efnf] ;f{ ] [ < Kh 'bohrla ‘tuft, , to bear the curse of 'bo-past bohrlasosheaf’] adj: fluffy, furry. sin.hgon 'ta-nya , the curse ef/f] ô] l;–Gof vi.agt: to of havingkaÚ gidd˙raeone’s corpse 'bohgon devoured by vul- bohroÚ'smob s.o.,\î-nya assault in a mob. (Obj. marked tures (lit. ‘vulture feast’). by ‘on the person of,’ as in: 'hoe , the curse of deathrwiÚhrae (lit. ‘maggot 'bo- o'ky'kyaÚt˙~ ~aÚt˙ bohroÚ'sî'k\ er˙\ They mobbed him; hgonfeast’). Ð[Kh zyas] OR used in an adverbial function, as in: ef]+Ms/ n: a long copper horn or pa~îÚh bohroÚ's\îd˙ 'kh˙p'k\er˙ They all at- b~oÚhk˙rtrumpet used for ceremonial purposes. tacked him in a mob.). 'efMsf+] /f] n: throat. cf. ga:hti.~ ef];–Gof [Kh *bohs; Him (Tib 'b'b~oÚhkora~oÚhkora phyaÚ'wa phyaÚ'wa h˙i da-nya bohs-nyabog(s)-pa)] vi.pat: to become uprooted; to shout or scream at s.o. (lit. ‘to say to pull loose (as from a wall). until one’s throat is about to tear’). , loose, wiggling. , comecaraÚ efsf] tf] ô n: 1. a wrap-around c˙rloose,ïÚÉ roots and all. Ðvt: ph~oÚgal . bohkotaÚquilt made of scraps. 2. worthless (as ef]t [Nep ef]6 bhoÊ] boÚh-nya prop.n: Tibet, firewood which does not burn well; a 'bohtesp. the Dolpo District of Nepal. person who is unskilled; etc.). (shamanic in chant)jado ef]k expr.adv: plop. , a'boht, designation kana of'boht Tibet. , a Tibet- 'bohpto drop with a heavy plop. b. te-nya an; a person of Tibetan 'bohtyarace. efk–af] k] [TB *bop ‘swelling, afsGofM] (in: , 'bohp-bopprotrusion’] expr.adv: swollen (as of bok˙nyahqv.) 'jaÚd˙~ bok˙nyah grain soaked in water). , to afsf] [Nep boko] n: uncastrated swell profusely. Ðadj:b.b. 'go-nya , 'bokagoat. cf. 'jak˙nya. swollen from hydration. 'bohp-bobo afsf+] Rof] n: a person with efKsf] n: a brass or copper 'bbulging,~oÚkocya puffy features; a dwarf. Ðset: 'bohpkawater vessel with a narrow neck and . Ðadj: , dwarfish; broad mouth, used for drinking. Ðset: shortp~a:cya:h and bulging.b~oÚkocyaso . afsf] nfM] [Nep afs] f| bokra] n: 'ja: efnf] { n: a tuft of fur, hair, or bokolahthe bark of a tree; the peeling of fruit or 'bohrlagrass; a sheaf of grain. num.suff: a vegetables. tuft, as in: to'bohrla one tuft. Ðadj: afsf] /f] M] n: 1. toad. cf. 'p˙yu:. , fluffy, furry (as of a tail).o- bokoroh2. (contemptuously) of a leper. bohrla 'leo Kham Dictionary 61 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ afsf] /f] d–Gof] vt: to hold mae'keo\ He overcame him clearly in de- bokorom-nyain a group (esp. sheep); not allow to bate. (Can refer to physical as well as graze. , to be crowded, verbal contesting.) packedbokorom's into a small\î-nya space. afÅf] O] –Gof{ vt: to steam, afvf/+] n: a stand for pots 'bophoi-nyacook by steaming. cf. supum-nya. 'bmade~oÚkhar from a single stem of wood with af/–Gof] [Kh *bor] vt: to heap, several branches protruding at various bor-nyapile in a heap (esp. grain, leaves, etc.). angles. cf. d˙hm-nya. , to fall afn] –Gof} [Nep afnfpg‡ ' bolaunu behind in a job.'yehn cf. bor's'yehn\î-nya th~u:'s\î-nya. 'bol˙i-nya‘call’] vt: to read aloud for s.o. Ðpass.part: , heaped, piled. bor's\îu af]ôn}–Gof [< Nep afnfxf} tubuk˙ bor'sîu\ piled in one heap. boÚl˙i-nyab˙ulaha] vt: to drive mad, make crazy. af/–af] /] [Him (Chep phorh- 'bor-bor afnf] ]ô (in: , qv.) ‘blow gently’)] expr.adv: blowing-up, inflating. , to swell from boloÚ afd] [Nep'chal < Eng] boloÚ n: dynamite; a baking (as b.b.bread). 'go-nya , to bom‘bomb’ used for fishing. flatter s.o. in a self-deprecatingb.b. mwiÚh-nya way. afd–Gof] [Kh *bom (Mk bomza, u'kikuÚt˙~ bor bor mwiÚhzya He’s blowing bom-nyaNis bom, Bhj bo,~ Gam bwo≥); Him (Kai up his butt-hole. , to bo≥)] v.sta: to be light in weight. ant. inflate, blow-up (as b.b.a balloon). phul˙i-nya gis-nya. , easy to carry (as of a ô to want more load beingkaÚsa used up). 'ky~aÚr˙ kaÚsa bom- af/f] ] –Gof v.sta: boroÚ-nyato eat, be unsatiated. nya refreshed in body, revived. 'sohm'o zyad˙ b˙ boroÚzya He wants even after eating. Ð , 'riÚh od˙ ≥a'ky~aÚr˙ kaÚsaÚ bom'k\e After adj: boroÚ'—o drinking cool water I feel refreshed. unsatiated. , light as air (as of dried mush- af/f] n–Gof] vi.pat: to resemble, borol-nya rooms).phembata Ðadj: , light. , look alike; be hard to distinguish. Ðvt: inexpensive (bom'lit. ‘light—o priceo-eÚh’). bom'o— , to confuse, be unable to soborol-nya , eager, willing, alacritousu-'p˙gil (lit. distinguish. bom'‘light —obutt’). af/f] ]ôl;–Gof v.recip: to 'boroÚ's\î-nya af]d af]d expr.adv: lightly. share, esp. in the spoils of a kill. bom bom , to carry easily, lightly. 'boroÚ's\îd˙ zyu'k\er˙ They divided the spoils. b.b. 'guhr-nya 1. afDÅf] n: a marigold. [Nep bot˙l] a glass 'bompha 2. af]DÅf n: yak tail hanging aftf] n] n: 'botol 'bomphafrom the back of a shaman’s costume. bottle. Ðset: . arf¬ [Nep phuco ‘small boy,’ Tib 'bucabutsha ‘boy’] voc.n: term of address to seral aflK;–Gof] vi.pat: to emerge. a young boy. bop's(Usu.\î-nya in the construction: bop'sîu\ maya- nya to overcome in clear defeat (lit. ‘not a¬lr [Nep phuci ‘small girl’] voc.n: 'buci allow to emerge’).) p~aÚnyat˙ bop's\îu term of address to a young girl. 62 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ a5¬ nf¬ [Nep b˙sulo] n: an 'daino o'tao How lucky can I get! 'buchulaadze. , noble, princely, highly'buh- re- gan s˙ri'lao— a5¬ Nof¬ n: a person with a garded. (Used mostly as a term of vener- 'buchulyaprotruding, adze-like tooth. Ðset: ation when addressing an imposing per- . son.) p~a:cya:h abaf/¬ [Nep awaf/' budh˙bar] e¬lu n: addict. 'sulpae 'buhgi 'buhgi 'bud˙barn: Wednesday. (Usu. ). 'lizya He’s a pipe addict. cf. ≥˙hm-nya. al2¬ [Nep al4' 'bud˙barbuddhi ‘wisdom chyam’] e¬lu–Gof [Nep bhognu ‘en- 'buhgi-nya buddin: plan, scheme, strategy. dure pain’] vt: to pay through suffering , to mature in understanding,buddi 'chip- wis- the curse of past sins. o'pap˙ 'buhgi'keo\ dom.nya , to plan, scheme, He paid for his sins. plot. s˙ihnyabuddi buddi da-nya do'ker˙\ They planned e¬hfln n: a broad sword without to kill him. , to plot, 'buhjalia point. conspire. kata'nibuddi ges˙ih'k k˙l˙i-nya\e 'lid˙ buddi e¬lh prop.n: the Kham-Magar k˙l˙i'ker˙\ They plotted how they would 'buhjivillage of Bhuji in Dhorpatan valley, in- kill him. habited by the people of Bhuji Khola. alb–Gof¬ vi.agt: to go back on , the river system of Bhuji 'budi-nyaa promise, esp. to get out of it by clever Khola.'buhji khola means. eHofn¬ prop.n: an inhabitant of alb"“ n: the area of a house between 'buhjyalBhuji Khola. , male inhabitant 'bthe~uÚdi door and fire pit. ant. guhr. Ðset: of Bhuji Khola.'buhjyali , female in- . habitant of Bhuji Khola.'buhjyalni 'buhjyal 'nam 'zihm e¬–Gof [Nep e'Sg' bhuknu] vi.agt: ‘the country’ of the Bhujels, one of the buh-nyato bark (of a dog). traditional centers of Kham-Magar hab- itation. , the boundary e“"M [Kh *rbuh≥ (Mk rb~uh, Gam between'buhjyale Bhujel and 'l~uÚ Takalyat~uÚ grazing b~uÚhbhu≥)] n: Himalayan Spruce. lands (on the ridge immediately west of ea¬ /f¬ [Nep bhubro] n: live Jalpa). 'buhburacoals. cta mehr˙i. es–a¬ s¬ expr.adv: first traces e¬bfô prop.n: the Budha clan of 'buhk-bukof light. , to dawn with the 'buhdaÚthe Kham-Magars. (The majority of first tracesb.b. of 'sdaylight.~~ïÚ-nya , Kham speakers are Budhas.) to become just light enoughb.b. to 'z˙l see.aÚ-nya~ e“"Mlb [Nep bh~u‹i] n: the inner e¬ln n: stone mason. b~uÚhdistomach. cf. phu: belly. 'buhli eNsf¬ [Nep bhulko ‘spouting e¬ufg [Nep 'buhlkaup of water’] n: turbulent water, a swell 'buhganbh˙gwan] ± n:'buhgwan God (with certain implica- in a river. tions to the sun). , for- a medicinal root; tune, luck, providence.'buhgan ≥alai kata'daino 'buhgan eNSof¬ n: 'buhlkyaSpikenard. Kham Dictionary 63 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ e¬d e¬d expr.adv: violent allotment. u'juÚ~ yad˙ b˙ buhriszya Given 'buhmtrembling. 'buhm , to shake, trem- his portion he still wants more. Ð related bling violently.b.b. 'guÚ-nya words: korl˙îÚ~ da-nya to covet, esp. in

e¬Dn¬ufô [cf. Nw bhulu:ka] regard to food, lob˙h da-nya to covet buhmlu'gn: Indian—aÚ Eagle-Owl. Ðgen: . and make dishonest gain, boroÚ-nya to

Ð[Alt.root (Mk khu≥gu)] 'la: 'ga: be greedy. e¬lg n: sow pig. Ðset: . e¬l;–Gof vi.pat: unclaimed, 'buhsi-nyaunused (of house, money, etc.). 'buhni e¬/–Gof [Kh *s-bur (Mk'u: zbur); buhr-nyaHim (Mag bhur, Chep phur ‘flying e¬;¬gfô [Nep bhusunu] n: a buhsunaÚ away,’ Thak pyuhr); TB *pur] vi.agt: small biting fly, midge. Ðgen: 'mulza to fly, take to the air. , fly off in a . buhsuna: flash. , in a flashhw (as~aÚ of a bird). e¬t [Nep e"6 bhuÊ] n: ghost, 'phw, ~aÚof a raging river, as though buht˙demon, evil spirit. , to kwflying.~aÚ kw ~aÚ , high in the air. become demon possessed.buht˙ 'lagi-nya Ðset: . phur, phurhigh, lofty (esp. of a build-phur e¬tg n: lard, animal fat; 'zya:hghee. phuring). buhro 'buht˙n 1. e¬t¬–a¬t¬ expr.adv: (of eh¬ –a{¬ h¬ { ¬ expr.adv: 1. 'buhtu-butuheart) beating with fear or anxiety. 'buhrju-'burjucrater-like, jagged, rough (of an area 2. e¬t¬–a¬t¬ expr.adv: (of where a rock fall is). 2. to be pock-marked 'buhtu-butuknife) nicked and blunted. Ðadj: (of the face). Ðadj: . , dull. 'buhtu- 'buhrju-'burju'wo var. 'bahrja-'burju'wo. butuÚ'wo et¬ Nof¬ n: a medicinal root. esf¬ jgf{ n: the driving club 'buhtulya e¬t¬Gof n: a stick with a strip 'buhrkaona in field hockey. buhtunyaof cloth wound around one end (for stir- e¬sf{jGof n: field hockey. ring grain while parching). Ðadj: 'buhrkaonya e¬s¬{lt prop.n: male inhabitant , blunt ended (having the buhtu-quality 'buhrkutiof Bhalkot. , female in- ofnyaso a buhtunya). habitant of Bhalkot.'b˙hrkotyani e¬t¬·Øf n: a person who is e¬ln{ n: a type of wasp. Ðgen: 'buhtupoor,≥ destitute.gya (Usu. buhrli . ). Ðset: na. ≥gya 'buh- 'mulza buhsuna: e¬n¬{d expr.adv: (in: tu≥gya e¬t¬/fô p n:~a:cya:h strips of dried meat, buhrlum ) tossinga'da andbu- buhturaÚjerky. hrlumturning, ni unable ho'da to buhrlum sleep; restless, fitful. e¬Tof;–Gof [Nep bhutte] e¬?n–Gof [Kh *s-brul (Mk buhtyas-nyavi.pat: to become blunt, dull of edge. buhrul-nyazburul)] vi.pat: to sprain or twist a Ðadj: . limb. buhtyaso ah¬ –Gof} [Nep aµfpg' ' bujhaunu e¬/ØL;–Gof [Kh *b-rihs] 'buj˙i-nya‘pay’] v.bt: to pay a debt, settle accounts. buhrvi.agt:Ÿus-nya to covet, desire more than fair tala'kao— o'b˙i'wo 'rupiya 'buj˙i'na'keo\ He

64 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ paid me back the money he took the a dog) to become mad, rabid. Ðadj: other day. , crazy, insane, deranged; rabid 'buÚ-(of a ahfnf¬ ] [Nep bujh] adj: intelligible, dog).liu Ðset: . Ðvt: , to 'bujaloeasy to comprehend. drive mad, makepag˙l crazy. boÚl˙i-nya alh–Gof¬ [Nep a‰g' ' bujhnu] a¬n¬k a¬n¬k expr.adv: be- 'buji-nyavt: to understand. Ðpass.part: , bulupginning bulup boil, bubbling. , to understood. opaÚ~ b˙hri 'buji'sîu\ 'buji's 'lizya Allîu\ begin boiling. b.b., toco-nya begin to he says is understandable. snow; to snow lightly.b.b. te-nya a¬hLl;–Gof vi.pat: to be ad¬ [ ? < Tib bum ‘vase’] n: a 'buji'sintelligible.î-nya\ norae yapaÚ~ ma'buji'sîÚ\ Their 'bumlarge, tightly woven basket usually plas- speech is unintelligible. tered with mud and used to store grain. aHo¬ ¬ [Nep aHo } b˙jy˙i] n: 1. Ðset: . be:h, 'd˙hnsar bujyugrandmother (pat. or mat.). 2. wife of a/¬ [TB *bwﬂar ‘to cast, toss’] ex- bajyu. voc.n: term of address by bujyu’s burpr.adv: a single twist. , to reciprocals. recip. nati. twist (as of string or rope).b. 'kil-nya b. ph˙rleÚ- as¬ nfM¬ [Kh *bukula] n: wild , to toss with a single twist (as a nya bukulahduck. sheep for castration). , twisting and twisting. bur-bur, to twist a¬lv n: alpine country. round and roundb.b. (as of'kil-nya string or rope). 'bukhi , a fine textured grass above'bukhi tim- , (of snow) to whirl and 'bwberline.~îÚh , a large slug twistb.b. 'kil's about.\î-nya , (of found above'bukhi'tao timberline rwiÚh (used as medicine clouds) to comeb.b. twisting ph˙rleÚ'hu-nya and swirling for ‘hot diseases’ like fevers or malaria). from a distance. , to become ill with altitude'bukhi sickness. 'lagi-nya as¬ tL{¬ ô prop.n: the peak above 'burkutiÚTaka lying between 'n˙rs~~î: and ma:j˙~ an¬ n: human corpse wrapped and 'khag˙r. (S.I. 14,250 ft.). 'bultied in a mat ready for burial. cf. 'mohro. , a rest stand outside the village a?¬ [Nep b˙ru] coord: rather. buru at'bul which 'n˙i mourners stop to wail on their tak˙i'nayo buru 'ryaÚh~ gin'l˙i's— îya\ Don’t way to a burial. (Also the place of the eat me, rather let’s become blood broth- b˙l kï:hÉ sacrifice.) ers. var. burutu. anflv¬ [Nep bulaki] n: an a?d–a¬ ?d¬ (in: 'burum-burum 's~eÚ-s~eÚ 'bulakhiornamental nose ring hung from the sep- , qv.) 'burum-burum tum. a?df¬ ] adj: frayed, shredded, 'burumo a"ôln–Gof [< Nep afnfxf} hanging in strings. , thak˙nah 'burumo 'buÚli-nyab˙ulaha] vi.pat: 1. to become crazy, ‘raggedy, shredded.’ insane, demented. , (of aTof;f¬ ] (in: , a river) to rage, be atb˙ih flood 'buÚli-nya stage. 2. (of butyasoqv.) utyaso ni butyaso Kham Dictionary 65 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 'eÒO“M n: a fine textured alpine ge'byal'ke\ We filled up in the house.) 'bwgrass,~îÚh considered to be the best sheep , jam-packed, full to ca- pasturage. pacity.sw~îÚh masw Ð[Alt.root~îÚh *pli≥ (Mk p˙l~e, Nis 'eOMÒ 'eÒOM expr.adv: shred- plin, Kot p˙li≥); Him *pli≥ (Mag pi≥, 'bwiÚhded (as'bwiÚh from a cow chewing cloth; a Chep bli≥); TB *pli≥] dull axe on wood; a child with a ball of Ao"ô/Øf (in: , string). , to chew long and 'byuÚryaqv.) 'syu'rya 'byu'rya thoroughly.b.b. 'j˙i-nya , to chew Ao“"tf :o“"tf [Nep bi~ut˙nu long and thoroughly.b.b. nyahm-nya by‘~recoveruÚta sy ~uÚtasenses’] n: (shamanic) waking 'eÒO“Mof/ n: the back wall of and sleeping. 'bwa b~îÚh.yarï:~ (where the stable runs into the moun- lAhé [Kh *b-zi (Mk bzi, Nis jwyi); tain slope). Ðset: . bziHim (Mag buli, Chep play); TB *b-l˙y , a buttress stone.'zihm (Houses'bwîÚh.yar'la~~ built ono— (Tib bzi)] num: the numeral ‘four.’ steep'luÚ~ mountain sides are anchored to a (Archaic except in Mk, Nis, and Bhj buttress stone to prevent them from slid- dialects.) ing.) aO" ôl;–Gof (var of: C 'bwiÚ's\î-nya 'b˙i'sî-\ , qv.) r–Gof [Mag cak-ke ‘tie together’] nya Aof interj: an interjection denoting c˙-nyavt: to stick an adhesive substance onto byaimpatience. caÚdo~ bya Hurry up! a surface (as of clay, wax). , EofM adv: much, many. (Archaic, to be stuck to. c˙'sî-nya\ byaÚhexcept in: byaÚh-byaÚh 'jyuÚni~ Live long!) rô nom: feel of a pin-prick. Aofxfln] [Nep byauli] n: bride. c˙Ú , to feel a slight pin-prick. var.c˙Ú 'byaholi AofxfNof] [Nep byauli] n: bride- c˙:'ta-nya c˙: 'ta-nya. 'byaholyagroom. rag} adv: completely, exactly, EofM–Gof“ (o "“ vi.pat: 1. 'c˙b˙n˙iwholly. 'c˙b˙n˙i borolzya'ni They look byto~aÚh-nya become ('y bored.~uÚ) 2. to be sad with the exactly alike. coming of winter (because the carefree rx rx expr.adv: excited, days of fun and flirting have passed). c˙h˙enthusiastic, c˙h˙ worked up. cf. maya muyu. Aofh [Nep byaj] n: interest on Ðadj: , excited. byaj˙money. , to exact interest. rMnc˙h˙\ n: c˙h˙o bamboo (esp. that which is byaj˙ Aofn–Gof hai-nya vi.pat: to become c˙hlpliable and useful in weaving). , 'byal-nyafull, filled up. (Object of the verb can be any implement made of wovenc˙hl bamboo 'jaÚ the liquid, as in: 'riÚh 'byal'ke\ the water (baskets, winnowing trays, etc.) Ðphases filled, or the object can be the vessel, as of: o-ama bamboo which has produced in: gahg˙riÚ 'byal'ke\ the jug filled, but new shoots, 'bahta bamboo in second not both except where the container is in year of growth, 'doborsya bamboo a year the locative case, as in: 'geÚ 'zihml˙ 66 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ old or more, kh˙rg˙i bamboo shoots. r}t [Nep c˙it] n: the twelfth Ðtypes of: 'guÚdya~ lowland bamboo, 'suÚ 'c˙it˙month of the Nepali calendar, mid-March type of bamboo, zeÚh~ village bamboo to mid-April.

which grows between eight and ten thou- rs rs expr.adv: cleaned sand feet altitude, 'zir highland bamboo c˙k˙up, c˙k˙tidy. , to clear (of the

found above ten thousand feet altitude. weather). a'chc.c.îm— 'j˙i-nya b˙n˙i c˙k˙ c˙k˙ 'j˙i'keo\ Ðparts of: 'akh˙la bamboo joint, 'b˙laÚ~ por- It really cleared off today. ,

tion of bamboo between the hard, outer to pick clean (of dry stockc.c. for 'k˙l˙i-nyacooking). surface and the soft inner core, gaÚtha~ , to throw off clouds; clear the knot separating sections of bamboo, upc.c. (as khya-nya in a brisk breeze). , 'kahthya inner, soft portion of bamboo, to sweep clean. c.c. ,'siÚ-nya to clear

o-syaÚ outer part of bamboo used for trail of stones. Ðadj:c.c. 'syas-nya , swept

weaving, 'paÚp˙lya~ quarter section of clean. c˙k˙ c˙k˙'o— bamboo. rs/s expr.adv: come to naught. rMd\–Gof [Kh *r-ts˙hm (Nis c˙k˙r˙k , to come to naught. 'miÚr˙ c˙hm-nya rc˙hm); Him (Mag cam-khe ‘cut in piec- c.c˙k˙r˙k 'ta-nya 'ta-nya of people to loiter around es,’ Chep dz˙mp˙n)] vt: to chop, cleave because of nothing to do. , to (by chopping on a block). , dry completely (of a flow,c. as saÚ-nya a stream, kutu kutu into small pieces. Ðset: . or an animal giving milk). , 'kyal-nya Ðpass.part: , chopped up. to come to naught. c. th~ïÚ-nya c˙hm'sîu\ r/}M–Gof [Nep r9fpg' rs/]M n: (in weaving) a multi- c˙hr˙i-nya c˙Îhaunu] vt: to offer a sacrifice, a c˙k˙rehnotched stick above the shed stick for request ( ), or thanks ( ). keeping the warp threads properly 'binti 'd˙hnyabat , quote a text from spaced; a weaver’s reed. Ðset: . yaÚhtmemory\˙ c˙hr˙i-nya (lit. ‘offer on the mouth’). rsTof n: a small blankettana or , commit to writing 'c˙k˙tyamat. Ðadj: , small in area (of (kag˙tt˙ ‘offer c˙hr˙i-nya on paper’). lit. Ðpass.part: blankets, mats,c˙k˙tyaso etc.). , sacrificed. c˙hr˙i's\îu 'mahr rSs/ [Nep ‘whirl’] n: finger- c˙hr˙i'ssacrificedîu\ animal. 'c˙kk˙rprint. r/]M–Gof vt: to grind grain rn–Gof vt: (of a master shaman) c˙hreÚ-nyainto a coarse meal. , into c˙l-nyato test a novice shaman. , to coarse chunks. d˙g˙la d˙g˙la test a novice shaman’s familiarc˙ldya-nya spirits. quite. r} adv: 'ho chyam c˙i g˙hg˙ z˙ Ðset: . c˙ige'bao o'leo That day we went quite early. kÉï:h-nya rn}–Gof [Nep rnfpg ' c˙launu] bread, fried in r} r/l· n: c˙l˙i-nyavt: 1. to use, operate. 2. to manage, c˙ioil, 'c˙r˙ and≥ gimolded into the shapes of men administer. 'yehn c˙l˙i-nya to manage a and horses (as an offering to the ancestor task, rac c˙l˙i-nya to manage a kingdom. spirits). 3. to touch, finger, handle s.th. tac˙l˙icyo Kham Dictionary 67 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Don’t mess with it! Ðpass.part: , ered to be a full life.) used. t˙khep waz˙ c˙l˙i's\îu usedc˙l˙i's onlyîu\ 1. rk–Gof vi.pat: to be tender once. c˙p-nyato the touch, raw and sore. ≥akhïÚ~ c˙pzya rng [Nep] n: custom, practice. My foot is tender (sore). 'c˙l˙n rnfs [Nep] adj: clever, quick- 2. rk–Gof vt: to cut a notch in 'c˙lakwitted. cf. 'batho. c˙p-nyaa tree as a marker. Ðset: . rln–Gof [Nep rNg ' c˙lnu] vi.agt: rks expr.adv: tightly.'kyal-nya 'c˙li-nya1. to move, stir. cf. can's\î-nya. 2. to be c˙p˙k, to hold tightly. Ðadj: c. kyoÚh-, of a in working condition. lidnya or cover which fits well onc˙p˙k' a container;o— rlNt n: practice, custom. tight fitting. cf. piso. c˙lti cf]–/\rd n: shallow soil. rKkL;–Gof vi.pat: to be bit- c˙ppis-nya (o)-rc˙m rd–rd expr.adv: tenderizing, terly cold. Ðset: . Ðadj: 'zy~u:h-nya c˙pp- 'c˙m-c˙mpulverizing. , to chop , bitterly cold. iso without severing'c˙m-c˙m (as of 'j˙i-nyaa piece of meat), r/ expr.adv: peeling easily. var. c˙r tenderize. c˙rc˙r. 1. to skin quickly and c. koÚ-nya rlDs–Gof [Nep rDsg' easily. 2. (of strong liquor) to burn the 'c˙mki-nyac˙mk˙nu] vi.pat: to shine, sparkle. throat. , shining, sparkling. 'tilik-, r/ô–Gof v.sta: to sting or shining,tilik sparkling. 'jihlik-jihlik, c˙r˙Ú-nyaburn (as a sore). Ðadj: , burning, flashing, twinkling. Ðvt:jihmik jihmik. stinging. c˙r˙Ú'wo rg}–Gof [Nepc˙mk˙i-nya l5Gg' chinnu] r/g [Nep] n: pasture, grazing 'c˙n˙i-nyavt: to cut into thin slices (as potatoes 'c˙r˙nland. 'no 'poÚl˙ 'cao c˙r˙n d˙inya je'le In for frying). Ðset: . Ðpass.part: that place you’ll find good pasture. , sliced.'kyal-nya 'c˙n˙i's\îu 'b˙htan'j\e r/ r/Øf;f ] adj: burning 'c˙n˙i'ssliced potatoes.îu\ c˙rwith c˙ryaso crackling and sparking (as of dry rgfM [Kh ts˙na≥ (Kot c˙na≥)] leaves). c˙'nn: —aÚh a sifter (tambourine shaped made of r/ Rofk expr.adv: from many calf-skin stretched over a wooden hoop c˙rholes. cyap , to leak from many and punched full of holes). cf. ca:. holes. c.c. 'yuÚ-nya rGb/\Vof n: the name of r/]/]M n: any of several species 'c˙nd˙rkhyaan ox in shaman stories from whose hide c˙rerehof Minivet. (Flies in flocks and is said the tie straps on the first drum were made. to devastate wheat fields.) Ðgen: rGbfn [Sk c˙nÎal ‘outcast’] n: . 'baza- 'c˙ndal(in: ) thief, robber. biza rl/–Gof [Nep r9\g' c˙Îhnu ‘to 'cor rf}sf 'c˙ndal (in: , qv.) 'c˙ri-nyaclimb, ascend’] vi.agt: (of a spirit) to c˙oka rf}/fl; [Nep]'car cowka num: eighty four. move on, reincarnate in a new body. (Obj. c˙orasi(An age of special significance; consid- marked by ‘on the body of,’ as ky~aÚt˙ 68 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ in: obabue o'd~oÚhwa'r˙ oky~aÚt˙ 'c˙ri'k\er˙ to slap s.o. Ðset: . The familiars of the father reincarnated rTsfjlgpoh-nya n: a slap. on the body of the son.) 'c˙tkaoni, to receive a slap (lit. ‘eat'c˙tkaoni a slap’). rl/k} + n: epilepsy. cf. 'bapulya. k˙i-nya rlTs–Gof vi.agt: to be offend- c˙rip˙îÚ~ r/\sfjlg (var of: , 'c˙tki-nyaed, angry. 'c˙tkid˙ 'ba'ke He went off 'c˙rkaoniqv.) 'c˙tkaoni angry. r/\sf;f] [Nep c˙rko] adj: 1. rf–Gof [Kh *p-tsa (Mk pcao); c˙rkasoexcessively salty. 2. hot (of the sun). ca-nyaHim (Chep syaw ‘right,’ Thak sah, Tam 1. rls{–Gof vi.pat: to burn cyah-pa)] v.sta: to be good, nice, beau- 'c˙rki-nyaor sting (as a cut or sore). tiful. Ðadj: , good, nice, beautiful. ca'o— 2. rls{–Gof vi.pat: to be , well, in peace (lit. ‘with good’). ca'os˙— 'c˙rki-nyaabout to break or split (esp. in an unseen caos˙ 'bani Go in peace. , proper- ca'o'ni— place), as of a timber to be used as a ly, in a good manner, with favor (lit. beam; of a mountain side about to slide ‘from good’). ca'o'ni— 'rïÚh'k~ eo\ He looked

or peel away. cf. re:'sî-nya.\ at him favorably. 1 r/\Noflg [Nep c˙llo] n: a . rfô [Kh *tsa; Him (Tib dza)] n: caÚ 'c˙rlyanidomestic chick. Ð[Alt.roots (Mk tea. baphuza;~ Gam ci≥na)] 2. rfô n: a bamboo sifter in which caÚ rgf{ n: a cloth flap decorated grains pass through and the chaff remains 'c˙rnawith coins and other sequins which hangs on top. cf. c˙'na:h. like a loin-cloth over the front of a danc- 3. rfô n: (shamanic) flower. er’s trousers. caÚ , a shamanic ceremony caÚ in s˙rahl-nya r;s nom: sharp, piercing pain. which flowers are arranged in patterns. c˙s˙k , to feel a sharp, piercing Ðset: . kÉï:h-nya c˙s˙kpain. ≥'ta-nyaakh~ïÚ c˙s˙k o'ta'zyao, ubuhrul'—o rfô–Gof vt: to add to s.th. o'leo I have a sharp pain in my foot, I caÚ-nya , adding on and on. th˙p, see I sprained it. toka addth˙p oneself to, to join. caÚ'sÐpass.part:\î-nya r:df [Nep] n: glasses, spectacles. , added. al˙ kata ca:'sîu\ u'li'zyao? WhatcaÚ's\îu’s been added to this? c˙sma rt rt expr.adv: into small c˙t˙pieces. c˙t˙ , to eat meat (by rfaNof n: a wooden jug smaller 'cab˙lya biting offc.c. chunks d˙~îÚh-nya with the teeth). than a theka. Ðset: . 'patya , to pull matted wool apart c.c.for rfrf gfgf n: toys, trinkets, carding.kho~îÚ-nya cacasmall nana frippery. rt} n: a small, bamboo sitting mat. rfrfk lg rf]rf]k ex- 'cacap ni 'cocop c˙t˙i rtô [Nep] (in: , qv.) pr.adv: mischievous, ornery, mean. cf. '˙rnya:~ 'leo. Ðadj: . cf. c˙tïÚÉ rTs}–Gof cataÚ[Nep c˙‹kaunu]c˙tïÚÉ vt: 'cacap ni 'cocobo 'c˙tk˙i-nya ˙rnya:~ 'leo, u'yu:'ni~ kubat˙î:~ 'hu:'wo.~ Kham Dictionary 69 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ rf“lr–Gof vt: to fit rafters side rfs [Nep cak ‘rump’] n: genital 'caÚci-nya~by side. cf. s˙rahl-nya. cak˙area. cf. 'p˙re: 1. rfbL“ [Nep] n: silver. rfs/ [Nep] nom: service, devo- 'caÚdi~ 2. rfbL“ [W.Nep cado]~ n: forehead. 'cak˙rtion. , to serve, minister 'cak˙r da-nya 'caÚdi~ rf“bf] [Nep c~a‹o] adv: quickly, to (esp. religious devotion, but can apply 'c~aÚdohurriedly. to people or government as well). Ðset: . rf“M–Gof [Kh*tsah≥ (Kot tsya≥)] 'sewa c~aÚh-nyavi.pat: (of a fire) to burn, emit flames. rfs/Øf [Nep cak˙riya ‘ser- 'cak˙rya cf. ehr-nya, muh-nya. , vant’] n: a devotee (esp. in service to a to burn with a flickeringdihp˙l flame.aÚ~ dihp˙laÚ~ , god); a spiritual being in service to God, to burn steadily. , brightly,'d˙p-d˙p with angel. leaping flames. h~oÚ h~oÚ , with small, rfs“" [ < cak ‘buttocks’ + k~u: hesitating flame.pilam pilam, ignite with a cak‘hole~uÚ ’] n: the anus. cf. kiku:.~ ‘poof.’ , with'ph~aÚ roaring, leaping rfs¬t¬n [Kh (Gam tulku~ ‘anus’)] flames. 'w ~îÚ-w~îÚ , blaze, flare up cakutuln: red tissue inside the anus; rectum. suddenly. 'wuhr-wuhr , with small, steady rfVof“ n: name for a Tibetan flame. zwaÚ~ zwaÚ~ 'c~aÚkhyamastiff having the typical markings: rfxfl/–Gof [Nep rfxfg'{ brown with reddish chest and reddish 'cahari-nyacaharnu ‘look for’] vt: to chase after. eyebrows. Ðset: . cf. khep˙i-nya (which also implies ‘to –rfn [Tib ‘noise,'patya’ Nep ‘movement’] chase away’). , right on the heels -'caln: sound, noise. 'khas˙rya khos˙re of the other. 'reÚ 'reÚ thaszya, katae o'cal, th˙isaÚ~ I hear a rus- rflx–Gof [Nep rflxg ' cahinu] tling noise, what is it the sound of? Listen! 'cahi-nyavi.dat: to be needed, required. nitao 'miÚ rfnf n: drum beat, rhythm; a dance. ≥alai 'cahizya I need such a person. cala , a dance done to the ac- rfxLt [Nep cah~îdo] n: need, companiment'jahm˙rya cala of a ma:d˙l~ drum. 'cahituse, value. , needed, useful, , a dance performed at 'b˙l the valuable, important.o-'cahit 'leo 1. ‘kscape-goatÉïÚh cala ’ ceremony, done to the ac- unnecessary. 2. bad, evil.o-'cahit o'cahit 'maleo 'maleo companiment of a d˙m˙ya drum. paÚ~ evil words. rfnf r¬n ¬ expr.adv: strong, rfMn\–Gof vt: to lop the limbs calahealthy, culu cheerful (esp. of a baby). Ðadj: cahl-nyaoff a tree (of: ‘wood,’ or . ‘branch’). 's~îÚ o'khar cala culu'w rfnf/] o — n: children (Sera dialect). 'rfgf–Gof vt: to go off to calor˙cf. 'luhzar˙. cah'nfetch.—a-nya ant. cih'hu-nya.— rfd r¬d expr.adv: silence, a 'rf/Øf n "“ n: a hard, white camquieting cum down. , to 'cahryastone used 'luÚ~ for striking fires; quartz. cf. quiet a mob down.cam cum 'j˙i-nya 'du:hga~ ‘flint.’ 70 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ rflG;–Gof vi.agt: to move, rf/\vf·f lg can'sstir about,\î-nya begin daily activities. can'sînya\ carkharf]/\vf≥]·fga ] niexpr.adv: corkho ≥fallengo over back- 'belaÚ time to begin daily activities. cf. wards, head-over-heels, as in: c. ni c. 'c˙li-nya. , for de- 'tad˙ pa'ke\ He fell tumbling over back- mons to be'zyaÚhr˙ active. can's\î-nya wards. rf–'ªM+} [ < *tsa ‘tea’ + * s-≥˙n rf/ lg r/ expr.adv: peeling 'ca'‘greens≥˙îÚh~ ’] n: a type of wild, edible green. careasily. ni c˙r , to skin s.th. quickly rf“kf ls/f [Nep] n: a and easily.c.c. koÚ-nya , to peel off in 'c~threadwormaÚpa kira or tapeworm. large sections.c.c. kos-nya (fig) to be car c˙r kos'o— rfk rfk expr.adv: clean, washed the exact likeness of one’s father (lit. cap(esp. cap of a baby). Ðadj: . ‘peeled right off’). , to strip off clothes. c.c. piÚh-nya, to get badly rflk–Gof vt: tocap move cab' oro— expand skinned up.c.c. piÚh'sî-nya\ 'capi-nyaborder; to include new land into the old. ot˙r'ni'kao 'patalai 'capid˙ bahrna ho'da rfô/f] [Nep] n: 1. chicken feed. 'caÚro sar˙i'ker˙ They brought the upper terrace 2. bait for a trap or fish line. into the new and moved the wall further rf/Øfk r/Lk expr.adv: a over. caryapcrackling c˙rip sound. , to break c.c. keÚh-nya rf/ n: mercy, amnesty. at˙ palaÚ very small sticks with a crackling sound. carn˙car 'ta'ke\ This time I’ll let you go (re- Ðadj: , crackling underfoot caryap c˙ribo ward you with mercy). cf. 'par. (as leaves on a forest floor). var. cirip ciribo. rf/ [Nep] num: the numeral ‘four.’ 'car , the four directions, the four rf; nom: sprouted en masse, of cas points'car cowka of the compass. , (same). uniform height. , to be sprout- cas 'ta-nya Ð[Kh (Mk bzi)] 'car 'disa ed en masse of a whole field. cf. ch˙~î: j˙î:,~ 't˙m˙r˙m, chelala. rf/fô r/ô expr.adv: loose, caraÚwiggling. c˙rïÚÉ , to come loose, rf; bf–Gof vt: to like, cas da-nya begin wigglingc.c. bohs-nya (as of a tooth). want. nolai cas dozyao He likes him.

, to pull tufts of hair, wool,c.c. rftfô rtô expr.adv: com- orkhulk˙i-nya grass with a yanking motion. Ðadj: cataÚpletely. c˙tÉïÚ , to annihilate , loose, about to pull loose. completely.c.c. s˙phyaÚnya caraÚ c˙rïÚ'woÉ rf/fk lg r?k¬ expr.adv: rftftfô expr.adv: 1. (of food) carapcrumpling, ni curup crackling. , to catataÚsalty. 2. (of words) sharp, angry. Ðadj: crumple leaves and smallc.c. kyah-nya twigs. . , to dry and crumple up. Ðadj:c.c. catataÚ'w—o rfTofª lg rtLª ex- th~ïÚ-nya , dried, crumpling. 'catyapr.adv:≥ ni sharp 'c˙ti claps≥ of lightning and thun- carap curubo rfh n: a kid or lamb of two der. 'n˙mr˙ 'g˙rji'ke, 'catya≥ ni 'c˙ti≥ 'j˙id˙ 'carjyears.aÚtya~ Ðset: . te 'tis˙r˙ir˙ b˙n˙i jaÚh'keo The sky thun- 'behda: dered, and there were sharp claps of light- Kham Dictionary 71 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ning. r]Nd]+ n: shaman’s assistant, ser- r]ô n: a wooden eating spoon. 'celmvant,eÚ~ and messenger. ceÚ r]ô expr.adv: well satiated. (shamanic, in chant) shaman'celm’s~eÚ assistant. 'balm~eÚ 'ceÚ , to be satiated comfortably withc. w food.~aÚh- r]d [Kh *p-tsem (Mk p-cem, Gam nya r]ô af“ prop.n: the large, flat 'cemcem); Mag mi-cham; TB *tsam] n: hu- 'ceÚfield 'b~aÚ in front of Taka village used as man hair (of the head). cf. 'muhl, 'muhs. crop land. r]d–Gof vi.pat: to have a night- r]r]d]M n: the constellation of cem-nyamare or an oppressive night time attack cecemeÚhthe Pleiades. (attributed to evil spirits). r]M–Gof vt: to break a green r]dô] n: tuft of hair grown by ceÚh-nyatwig (without breaking clean in half). cf. 'cemeÚmen on the crown of the head; topknot. 'cirki-nya. cf. l˙ta. 'r]+M [Kh *tsih≥ (Mk ch~î, Gam r]DgfM n: decorative metal orna- 'ceÚh~chi≥, Mht ci≥); Him (Tib btsi≥s-pa)] n: cemnaÚhments hung from a baby’s cap. 1. cord, string. , to make, r]g r]g expr.adv: (of parched or ‘twist’ string. 'c ~eÚh kil-nya , of 'cengrain) 'cen not crisp because grain was not one who is hard to o-'ccollect~eÚh from,'khyoÚ'wo reluctant properly dried before parching. (Some- to give what is due (lit. ‘long-stringed’). times deliberately soaked in water to make 2. a trap or snare with a noose at the chewy after parching.) Ðadj: . end. , to be caught in a r]k–Gof [Kh *tsep;'cen Him 'cen'o (Tib snare.'c eÚhl˙~Ðtypes g˙i-nya of: 'daÚh~ tethering rope, 'cep-nyachib(s)-pa)]| vt: to ride a horse, sit astride 'g˙reÚ tethering rope (bamboo), 'k˙s˙ri flat an animal. , jumping directly woolen strap, 'p˙tar cord, 'riju large bam- onto animal.gyahp Ðpass.part: gehp , ridden. boo rope for pulling logs, 'tar wire, steel Ð[Alt.root (Mk rbu)]~ 'cep'sîu\

cable, rope, thaÚ'pa flat woolen strap for rk] rk] expr.adv: sinking deeply.

tying packs on animals. cep cep , to sink deeply without 'r]Aof n: Black Drongo. Ðgen: bouncingc.c. 'biji-nya back (of an axe). 'cehbya . (fig. of words) to be encouraging;c.c. 'bijiu to 'baza-biza cf]–r]Md n: the pulpy hull which sink deeply, affecting the emotions. (o)-cehmcovers a walnut. cf. o-chol. r]/] r]/ ] expr.adv: (of a litter) r]sfk r]sfk expr.adv: cerelarge cere in number; hanging like clumps. cekapchomping cekap of teeth. , to o'zaÚr˙ cere cere 'lizyar˙ Her offspring chew, chomping teeth.c.c. nyahm-nya are many. , to be many. Ðadj: r]sf]k expr.adv: suddenly, unex- ,c.c. (of 'ta-nyapups, piglets, etc.) hanging cekoppectedly. ≥azihmk˙ ci cekop hud˙ ≥ale allcere over cereo the mother in great numbers. Suddenly, quite unexpectedly, I had ar- r]/] d]/ ] expr.adv: piled up, rived home. cerehanging mere with odds and ends (of a load). 72 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , to carry a hanging or –lr v.aff: 1. the second person piledc.m. 'guhr-nyaload. Ðadj: 1. (of a -'ciplural object suffix: ‘you (pl.),’ as in: load) piled or hanging.cere mereo2. (of a person) 'rïÚh-'c~ î'k\ eo\ He saw you (pl.). (Occurs having a large, hanging goiter. in transitive verbs of all moods except r] n: Wren Babbler. imperative.) 2. the second person plural cerkÐgen:~eÚ 'bahlyaÚ . subject suffix: ‘you (pl.),’ as in: 'ba'cîke\ r]t'baza-biza [Nep cet ‘sense’] n: memory. Go (you pl)! (Occurs in imperative mood cet˙o-cet˙ 'male He has no memory. only, in transitive or intransitive verbs.) , to lose one’s senses, too-cet˙ have p–lr n: the hind cuts of meat emotional'mah-nya shock. , (u)-cifrom a chicken. also: cu:ti.~ to regain one’s senses,o-cet˙ to 'ph˙rki-nyarecover from lr–Gof [Kh *tsik (Ses *cik < emotional shock. ci-nyaciu÷, cik- ‘rotten’); Him (Tib bzig); TB r]t}–Gof [Nep lrtfpg' citaunu *tsw˙y] vi.pat: 1. (of meat or fruit) to cet˙i-nya‘long for’] vt: 1. to remember a person spoil, rot. , putrid, foul- (esp. by doing s.th. for him). o'zaÚlai smelling. ci ci 'siÚ ≥, ˙ro soft from rot. cet˙i'keo\ He remembered his child. gola, golato wane (of the moon). , to think of often and affection- 2.syahwoi (fig) to ci-nya‘rot’ in jail. Ðadj: , spoiled, ately.'kh˙r ïÚÉ 2. to remember a particular matter. rotten. Ðrelated words: b˙ih-nya'ciu to decay h˙i odo'wo b˙hri cet˙i'k\eo He remem- (of wood), pu-nya to decay (of teeth, bered everything he told him. Ðset: corn, etc.), naÚh-nya~ to rot (of wool blan- . kets, etc.) 's˙mji-nya r]ts [Nep c˙Ê˙k] n: a magical rLô–Gof [Kh *p-tsit (Mk pci:, 'cet˙ktrick, hoax, ruse. ciÚ-nyaNis cwyit, Bhj cit, Seram cit-); Him (Mag r]t/fô–Gof vt: (of a chicken) cyat- ‘torn’); TB *tsat] vt: 1. to tear, cet˙raÚ-nyato scratch in the dirt, scatter leaves etc. rip, rend. cf. cis-nya. , to in search of insects. cf. phurbu:-nya. shred, tear up. d˙hra, toph˙ra rip up, tarya t˙reÚ r]tfjlg [Nep] n: warning, tear in all directions. 2. to buy cloth 'cetaonidiscipline, chastisement. from a bolt. '≥aÚ soÚh'g~ uÚ~ ≥aciÚ'ke\ I bought

, to receive warning, chastisement.cetaoni d˙i- three cubits of cloth (lit. ‘tore off three 'cetaoninya d˙i'w—o 'miÚ chut˙ z˙ tae A man cubits’). 3. to pluck grass. cf. 'khulk˙i- who’s been disciplined acts differently. nya. lr part: a particle denoting that the rL+ô–Gof [Kh *tsing (Mht ce≥)] c~îÚ-nya ci presupposition of an assertion is or has vt: to draw, stretch, tug. , (of a leÚ leÚ been discovered to be false; contra- dog) to hang out the tongue while panting. expectancy particle. '≥aÚ te 'luÚ~ ci ≥a'leo I oseÚ leÚ leÚ c~îÚ'k\eo He hung his tongue

thought it was a stone (but I see it’s out (panting). , smoke a swak swak not). pipe quickly. swak swak c~îÚd˙ p˙ttyol˙ Kham Dictionary 73 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ haisinke Quickly smoke your pipe and . get out. , ( ‘breath’) to crave, 'baza-biza rLNuflb [Nep cil ‘eagle’ + ga‹i yearn after.t˙raÚ 'nw's~îÚÉïÚ onyat˙ u'sÉïÚ t˙raÚ 'cilgadi‘carriage’] n: airplane. cîÚzyao~ He yearns to suckle the breast lrln ldln expr.adv: shining

(lit. ‘draws his breath on sucking the ciliradiantly, 'mili brilliantly, resplendently, col- breast’). , to smoke a orfully. cf. jili 'mili. Ðadj: , 'sulpa c~îÚ-nya pipe (lit. ‘draw on a pipe’). radiant, colorful. cili 'miliu rihgacili o~ 'miliu syaso k~aÚhbul , to stretch a blanket (part of the z˙ r˙îÚh'ke~ It shone colorfully like a rain- c~îÚ-nya process of making). Ð[Alt.root (Mk tul)] bow. lrrL+ô s¬Tof [Mag chichin rLd [Nep ‘closing the eyes’] nom: 'cic~îÚ kutya kotya] n: any of several species of 'cima cessation. , to quit, cease Titmice, most specifically the Green doing. 'cim da-nya, to be silent. Backed Titmouse, or the Yellow Cheeked 'cim dad˙, 'li-nyato shut the eyes. Titmouse. Ðgen: . 'miÚ 'cim 'j˙i-nya rLdSof { n: a person who 'baza-biza 'lrx¬–Gof vt: to come to 'cim˙rkyablinks a lot. Ðset: . Ðadj: cih'h—u-nya fetch. cf. cah'na-nya.— , habituallyp~a:cya:h blinking (of a lrsnfMd\ lrsnfMd\ person).cim˙rkyaso cik˙lahm cik˙lahm expr.adv: blinking, twitching (of the lrd? lrd? expr.adv: eyes, as from an irritation). cf. cim˙ru cim˙rublinking cim˙ru (with eyes nearly shut). cf. cim˙ru. , to watch with cik˙lahm cik˙lahm. , to c.c. bahl'sî-nya\ blinking eyes. watch with nearly closed,c.c. bahl's blinkingî-nya\ eyes. lrsfô [Him (Thak cika)] n: barley. 1. lrd/Øf n: maize having cikaÚ Ðset: . 'cim˙ryasmall, flat grains. (It grows tall and is hata: lrs¬n¬d nom: splash, plunge. unable to withstand the winds.) Ðadj: 'cikulum , to splash when plung- . 'cikulum 'ta-nya ing into water. cim˙ryaso 2. lrd/Øf n: a person with a rLn–Gof [Kh *p-tsil (Mk pcil, 'cim˙ryadrooping eyelid. Ðset: . Ðadj: cil-nyaNis cwyil, Gam p˙cil, Bhj cŸul)] vt: 1. . p~a:cya:h to pinch, nip, crush between the thumb cim˙ryaso rLDtf [Nep cimÊa] n: tongs in and forefinger (as a chilli pepper into 'cimtathe shape of a “V.” –[Kh 'thondoro] broth). , slightly (as to attract rLg [Nep] n: the country of China. attention).k˙t˙k Ðset: k˙t˙k . 2. to kill cin –rLg v.aff: 1. the second person a small chicken byk˙rtyap-nya pinching its head off. -'cdualîn\ object suffix: ‘you (dl.),’ as in: Snow Partridge. Ð lrnfp“ n: gen: 'rïÚh'c~ în'k\ eo\ He saw you (dl.).. (Occurs cilauÚ~ . in transitive verbs of all moods except 'sya: 'ba: rLNaftLM [Him (Gur cilipaÊe)] imperative.) 2. the second person dual cilbatih n: House Swift. cf. lambatih. Ðgen: subject suffix: ‘you (dl.),’ as in: 'ba'cîn'k\ e\ Go (you dl.)! (Occurs only in imperative 74 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ mood, in transitive or intransitive verbs.) lrl/–Gof vi.pat: to become lrgf [Nep cinu] n: a token, souvenir, 'ciri-nyawatery, thin in consistency. Ðadj: , 'cinagift of remembrance. (Usu. watery, thin. 'ciriu ‘token of the hand’). Ð[Kh'kwiÚ'tao s˙res] 'ci- lrls{–Gof vi.pat: (of a stick) na lrlg [Nep] n: sugar. 'cirki-nyato break without breaking in two. cf. 'cini lrg ¬ n: a variety of dry rice. Ðset: ce:h-nya. cinu . rL/\sf ] [Nep cirak ‘torch’] n: 'chal rLk [Kh *tsip (Mk cip, Gam cu)] 'cirkolightning stroke. cf. b˙ja≥go. 'cipn: viand, curry; a side dish of meat, rLn{ lg aLn{ expr.adv: vegetable, or potatoes eaten with the main cirl˙wailing ni birl˙ and shrieking. , meal. , soup or broth (lit. to cry with great wailing andc.b. commotion g˙hr-nya ‘water of'cipe the u-'riÚhcurry’). (esp. of a crowd). lrk} n: large brass bowl for kneading rL/\nÒM [Tib cu-li]| n: wild apricot. 'cip˙ibeer malt. Ðset: . cirluhcf. koralih. lrknf [Nep'ja: cipro] n: eye mucus. lr?ª3f\ n: a basket-like cage 'cip˙la lr/fô–Gof [Nep lrg{' cirnu] vt: cirufor≥ keepinggah chickens. Ðset: . ciraÚ-nya1. to cut open an animal. 2. to split long rL;–Gof [Kh *p-tsisbe:h (Mk pcis, lengths of firewood into narrow strips. cis-nyaNis cwyis, Gam ci:); Him (Mag cyas)] cf. seh-nya. , starting at one end vi.pat: to become torn, rent. , and working t˙rto thet˙r other. Ðset: shredded (as though clawed).cita pata . Ðpass.part: , split. ciraÚ's'kyal-îu\ , ragged, shabby, in tatters.'cherla- 'snya~îÚ split firewood.ciraÚ'sîu\ cherla, shredded (as though in ribbons).'d˙hja rL/ rL/ [Mag ciri≥-ke ‘squeel’] 'd˙hja , frayed, tattered. cirexpr.adv: cir screaming, shrieking. l˙kh˙r l˙kh˙r, to be crumpled and tornkacyaÚ (esp. , to cry with screaming, shrieking.c.c. kih- ofni bambookuciÚ baskets). , suddenly khwas nya rL/\ufNtLM n: 1. a bird with a and unexpectedly (esp. while being cirgal'tihshrill cry. 2. a woman with a shrill, worked on). Ðadj: , torn, ripped. cis'o— raucous voice; loud-mouthed. Ðvt: . Ðrelated words: koi-nya rip a ciÚ-nyahole in clothing, poros-nya rip on a rL/u¬n n: swollen glands in the seam, ph˙laÚ-nya~ rip on a seam, phu-nya cirgularmpits. cf. bigi. burst open at seams. rL/u¬n–Gof vi.pat: (of a rope cirgul-nyabeing manufactured) to knot up when lr;f] [Nep] adj: damp. cf. 'chero. 'ciso twisted too tightly. lrt a¬lh–Gof [Nep lrQ 'cit˙ 'buji-nya citt˙ bujhnu ‘satisfied’] to rL/u¬n h}l;–Gof vi.agt: a‰g' ' vi.agt: cirgulto make 'j˙i's oneî-nya\ ’s skin oily by rubbing in be in agreement, have mutual understanding ( on the price of s.th.). animal fat or butter. cf. r˙p 'r˙bo. esp. lrt/f“ k¬t/f“ expr.adv: cit˙rscattered,~aÚ put˙r dispersed~aÚ (esp. of people). Kham Dictionary 75 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Ðadj: , scattered, dis- , beginning to boil. persed.cit˙r~aÚ put˙r~aÚ'wo bulup, to bulup ferment till foam forms ong˙j˙ the rL+ôt? n: a red, edible thorn top.g˙j˙ , rolling boil (of water). 'cîÚt˙ru~berry; Indian Berbery. kh˙l kh˙l, to be angry (lit. ‘heart to 'y~uÚ co-nya lrtfô–Gof vt: to tug or claw at boil’). 2. (of insects) to swarm. b˙g˙ citaÚ-nya(as knots in matted wool before carding; , swarm in an erupting motion. b˙g˙ of a vulture ripping at carrion; or a cat , in a rolling, erupting motion. 'kh˙s-kh˙s exercising it’s claws). Ðset: . Ðvt: . socoi-nya Ðpass.part: , ripped,pur-nya clawed. rf]ô nom: itch between the toes. o'kyaÚ~ b˙hri citaÚ'scitaÚ'sîu\ îu\ 'u'li'zyao His whole coÚ , to itch. coÚye do'zyao It itches.coÚ body was clawed. da-nya cf–/] rf\ ]ô [Kh *r-tso (Mk rco, lrtf lrtf [ < *cita:-nya ‘claw (o)-rcoÚGam co)] n: cheek, esp. upper cheek, citaat’ cita] expr.adv: ripped, torn, shredded. cheek bone. , to tear to shreds. Ðadj: rf]ô–Gof vi.pat: to itch between c.c. 'j˙i-nya, shredded, torn. coÚ-nyathe toes (from tramping in livestock mud). cita citaÚ'w lrtfo— kftf expr.adv: ripped, , itch between the toes. coÚye do'zyao citatorn, pata shredded. , to tear to ItcoÚ itches. shreds (as thoughc.p. clawed). cis-nya Ðadj: 1. rf]+–Gof [Kh *tsu≥ ‘sit’ (Mk , ripped, shredded, torn. cita 'c~oÚ-nyac~u, Mht cu≥); Him (Chep tsyu≥÷ ‘sit’); pataÚ'w —op–lrt¬ n: the wattles of the TB *tuô≥] vi.agt: (of a bird) to alight, (u)-citudomestic cock. perch. Ðvt: , to seat s.o. soco~îÚ-nya lrjf“ (in: , qv.) , to employ the ser- 'jvicesaÚhk˙ri~ of a socoshaman.îÚ-nya~ ciw~aÚ lrjfkaw lrjf~aÚ ciw expr.adv:~aÚ finely 2 ciwasplit, ciwa cut into slivers. , to . rf–Gof+] vi.pat: to be heaping, 'c~oÚ-nya split firewood into fine chunks.c.c. seh-nya more than level full; coming to a mound. rLôj adj: dense, thick (of forest). rf]+Rof n: a bulge or protruberance; 'coÚcya~ 'ciÚ'wocf. ru:h'w~ o.— ant. b˙hra:'wo.— a protruding corner. , having bulges, protrudingo-'c oÚcya~ corners. 'leo rL+ôj [Kh *tsin; Him (Tib cin-te)] Ðadj: , having protrusions or bulges cîÚ'w~ adj:o— heavy, solid, sturdy (of stones, (asc~oÚcyaso of a basket where it should curve in wood, etc.). cf. 'giso. at the top). r“ô–Gof vi.pat: (of clothing) stiff 1 c~ïÚ-nyafrom dirt. , filthy dirty. . rf]+uf]/ [Nep c˙~uri ‘yak’] n: 'coÚgor~ , (same).'kahn 'kahn yak tail. cf. 'bompha. 2 p˙t˙ p˙t˙ rf]–Gof [Kh *tso (Mk co, Gam . rf]+uf]/ n: corn tassel. cf. 'coÚgor~ co-nyaco); TB *tsyow (Tib btsos, Bur tshu, 'dahn. Lusei so)] vi.pat: 1. to boil, bubble. rf]Mn\–Gof vt: to dress a stone. cohl-nya , boil thickly (as of mush). rf]+Mk (in: , qv.) 'b˙hk 'b˙hk c~oÚhp˙ l~aÚp˙ c~oÚhp˙ 76 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ rf]M/\–rf]M/\ expr.adv: popping rf]vf] [Nep] adj: ceremonially cohr-cohrand sizzling. , to roast siz- 'cokhopure, undefiled (esp. of eating or cooking zling in the fire.c.c. 'hip-nya , rowdy, vessels). cf. ch˙î:'w~ o.— making a lot of racketc.c. (kih-nyaesp. of boys). rf]vf]O{–Gof [Nep rfVofpg] ' rftf] /f] M] [< Kh cohtoro:-nya ‘to 'cokhoi-nyacokhyaunu] vt: to cleanse from defile- cohtoroÚburst, throw sparks’] nom: burst, crack- ment (esp. eating vessels, or the fire pit le. , to burst and crackle on new and full moons). cf. s˙ch˙î:-nya.~ whencohtoroÚ burning. 'ta-nya var. cohtoro: cohtoro: 'ta- Ðpass.part: , purified. patie nya. Ðadj: , of firewood 'cokhoi'sîu\ purified'cokhoi's byîu\ a sacred plant (in which bursts cohtoroÚ'wand crackles—o when burning. shamanism). rftf] /f] M–Gof] vi.pat: (of rfn] rfn] expr.adv: slight prick. cohtoroÚ-nyafirewood) to burst, crackle, and throw col col , to poke or stab slightly. sparks when burning. 'meÚhl˙ jaÚhk—˙ c.c. khyoÚ-nya rfn] rfnf] ] adj: cute, good-looking cohtoroÚzya When put in the fire it crack- col(of col' a o—baby).

les. cf–rf] k] [Nep] n: gum, resin, –/rf\ O] { [Kh *r-tso-t (Gam coh ‘hit’, (o)-coptree sap. -r'coi Nis to-cot ‘once’)] num.clsf: number rf]k [ < *cop-nya ‘touch’] expr.adv: of times hit or struck. (With verbs poh- 'cop(of fire) touched off. , to touch nya hit, 'p˙l-nya chop, s˙nas-nya hit tar- fire to s.th. c. 'l˙i-nya, touching

get, etc.) tor'coi once, nehr'coi twice, here and touchingat˙ cop there; ni hot˙ flitting cop from one

soÚh'coi~ thrice. Ðadv: , immedi- job to another in a trivial manner. Ðquant: tor'coit˙ ately, in an instant. , a small amount, a little bit, a touch rf]O{M–Gof vi.pat: to hurtle, bound of'tocop s.th. (esp. of things which are picked coih-nya(as a stone down a slope). , up between the thumb and forefingers, with great force and speed. 'phir-phir like grain, flour, etc.). cf–/] rf\ O] { np] adj: forceful, rf]k–Gof vt: 1. to touch, as sun (o)-r'coistrong inleo| hitting. cop-nyatouching a mountain. 2. to pick up, pluck rf]O{; adv: with force, vigorously. between the thumb and forefingers. 'cois˙'cois˙ kihke Call out loudly. rf]/ [Nep] n: thief. , rf]hf ]/Øf n: gravel, coarse sand. 'corthief, robber. 'cor 'c˙ndal, more 'cojoryacf. cham˙ra. Ðadj: , having crafty than a thief'cor ('c˙ndalelit. ‘a thief obabu’s father’). the consistency of gravel.cojoryaso rf]/\sfM [ < cor ‘thief’ + ka:h rf]+sf n: shelf, rack. Ðset: . corkah‘dog’] n: a thieving dog. c~oÚka rfsf] Tof] prop.n: a high,'zihm bowl- rf]+of/ [ < 'c~o:-nya ‘heaping’] n: 'cokotyashaped, alpine valley at the foot of 'd˙ihlya 'coÚyar~the cone or point of s.th. heaped in a 'khag˙r where sheep are taken for summer mound. pasturage. rØf]rØf] nfnf expr.adv: cŸocstretchedŸo lala out, limbs extended. cf. cosŸ 'li- Kham Dictionary 77 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ nya. , to sleep stretched Ðgen: . out. c.c.l.l. syaÚ-nya~ , to lie stretched r'baza-biza¬lr [Nep chuci] n: the powder out, limbsc.c.l.l. extended. 'j˙i'sî-nya\ 'cucilock on a musket. Ðset: . rØf]n–Gof [Kh *p-tsel (Mk pcol,Ÿ r¬,l;–Gof [Kh'b˙nduk *tsu≥ (Mk c~u, 'col-nyaŸGam col)]Ÿ vi.agt: to swim. cuh'sGam\î-nya cu≥, Bhj cu); Him (Chep tsyu≥÷, rØf]n rØf]n expr.adv: burping, cuh- ‘wait at ambush’); TBtuô≥] vi.agt: colŸ spitting colŸ up. , to burp up a 1. to sit; to perch. , on little (as a baby).c.c. woih-nya haunches. chom, cross-legged. jom 'lid˙ rØf]/ expr.adv: a cupping of the , headdehs˙reÚte hanging (as in sadness); 'corŸhands. , to cup the hands. huddled,gugutuÚ hunched (as from cold). n˙'kwiÚ 'c'cŸororŸ 'j˙id˙ 'j˙i-nya 'th~aÚke Hold out your , with menacing demeanor (as'≥˙s- of hands cupped. at˙r-t˙r large dog), with pretended importance. –rØf]/ num.clsf: a measure of , unconcerned, unalert, ≥˙t˙t˙ ± ≥˙t˙t˙m -'ccupped-handfuls.orŸ careless, heedless. , cross- legged. , one legp˙hleÚte over the other, rØf]; expr.adv: a stretching out. in a relaxed'purguti attitude. , as cŸos , to stretch out. cosŸ 'lid˙ syaÚ-~ though too important'sehte to work. 'teh nyacosŸ 'li-nyato sleep stretched out. , , alone in the darkness. to stretch out one’s leg. ≥akhcosŸ ïÚ~ c'j˙i-nyaosŸ 'j˙id˙ sumtutum , scattered here and ≥asyaÚ'k~ e\ I slept with my legs stretched there.'takarak tukuruk, still, quietly. 2. (of sed- out. cf. ch ochŸ oŸ lala. iment) th˙p˙kto settle. . 3. rØf]; lg s¬?k [ < cŸos to guide, as in:o-thene o'yaÚht˙ cuh's cuh's\î-nya\î-nya to cŸos‘stretch ni kurup out’ + kurup ‘crumple up’] guide another’s speech (lit. ‘sit on his vi.pat: restless, fidgety, twitching about, mouth’), u'kwiÚt˙ cuh'sî-nya\ , to guide an- constantly stirring. other’s actions (lit. ‘sit on his hand’). 4. , to be restless, unablecŸos ni to kurup sit still. 'ta- nya (of a field) to be useless, unproductive. r"ô–Gof [Kh *tsu (Mk cu:za); (Said to be caused by plowing the field 'cuÚ-nyaHim (Sun cup)] to be narrow, v.sta: while a corpse is still unburied). cf. tight, restricting (as a coat sleeve, door, ugar˙i-nya. Ðvt: , to seat s.o. etc.). Ðadj: . ant. woih'w—o. r¬ls–Gofsoco ~îÚ-nya [Nep r'Sg' cuknu Ðrelated words:'cuÚ'wo juhm'o— narrow, dark (of 'cuki-nya‘overlook’] vi.pat: to miss an opportu- a valley), 'sa≥oro narrow in space (as a nity (as when the thing needed is no valley, house, etc.), sirkyaso narrow in longer available). Ðvt: , to width (as a plank). cause s.o. to miss an opportunity,cuk˙i-nya delude

r"ô alGb [Nep c˙ub˙ndi] n: into overlooking. 'cuÚan 'b˙ndielbow-length shirt with tie strings 1. r"ôls n: a low stool (used by across the breast. 'cuÚkishamans during seance). cf. cw~î:. Ðset: rô" afhfé n: Rock Bunting. . 'cuÚ baza 'ja:hk˙ri~ ja:r˙ 78 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 2. r"ôls [Nep cowki] n: 1. guard , smoked fish. , 'cuÚkihouse, police station. haÚht˙ z˙ gelai smoked≥ahcurum frog. 2. boiled, dried'teÚ greens. curum 'cuÚkit˙ b˙isiker˙ Then they took us to , boiled, dried greens. the police station. 2. a guard, watchman, '≥˙~îÚhcurum r¬?k–r¬?k expr.adv: shriv- custodian; esp. a person of low caste curup-curupelled, dried up. , to shrivel hired to keep watch over a summer village up, curling at thec.c. edges. th~~ïÚ-nya Ðadj: while it is vacated during the winter. , shriveled up, parched. curup r¬N;f n: dried cow dung used as curubo r¬/Øf n: 1. a sheep having black 'culsafuel. 'curyapatches around the face. 2. a black dog r¬d r¬d [Kh *tsum; Him having white patches around the face. cum(Mag 'cum chum, Dim sum); TB *syim] ex- Ðset: . Ðadj: , having a pr.adv: dark, dim, gloomy. Ðadj: patched'patya face. curyaso 1. dark, dim, gloomy, unlit.cum r“"lt n: the hind cuts of meat from 'cumo , of one who is c~uÚtia chicken. also: u-ci. o-'scowling,≥aÚh cum frowning, 'cumo sulking. 2. (of sky) r“"ly [Nep c˙~uÊhi ‘large wooden cloudy, rainy, dismal. c~uÚthivessel’] n: small, wooden jug for carry- r¬gfj [Nep cunau] n: election of ing ghee on the trail. Ðset: . cunaopanchayat officials. r¬ofk expr.adv: disintegrated,'ja: r¬lg–Gof [Nep r'Gg' cunnu] cuyapcoming to nothing, turned to ash. 'cuni-nyavt: to elect members for the local pan- ≥a'suturr˙ duhliÚ d~uÚhs˙ m~aÚhti cuyap chayat. Ðset: . o'tar˙k˙ May my enemies, like ashes and 1. rª¬ 'ch/L¬ ôa:ti-nya~ [Nep c˙uri]~ n: yak. soot, come to nothing. , cuyap khya-nya 'cu≥uriÚ 2. r¬ª¬/Lô prop.n: name of the to turn s.th. to ash, cause it to disintegrate. 'cupeak≥uriÚ above Sera village. (S.I. 13,191 ft.) , (of a fire) to die because ofcuyap lack 'si-nyaof fuel. r¬lk n: top-knot on a quail’s head. 1 cupi , having a top-knot. . RjL+ô [Kh *p-tsun (Mk pcw~î, cwMht~îÚ cun)] n: a meat chopping block. u-cupi r 'leo¬Kk [Nep cup] adj: pitch dark. , the winter solstice ( ‘sky 'cupp˙ , (of clouds) to make dark lit. chopping'n˙m cw~îÚ block’). like'cupp˙ night. 'j˙i-nya 2. ô a low stool upon which r¬lKk adj: selfish, grasping, un- RjL+ n: cw~îÚ 'cuppiwilling to let go. a shaman sits during a seance. cf. 'cu:ki. the second person plural r¬/f [Nep] n: a bangle, bracelet. –Rof v.aff: -'cyaindirect object marker on the verb ‘to 'curacf. b˙hltha. give’ in remote future. cah'nad˙ ≥aya'cya r¬?d n: 1. dried, smoked meat I’ll go get it for you. cf. 'cyo. curumskewered whole on a metal rod and hung

above the fire to dry. , smoked Rofô n: a small basket for keeping cyaÚ chicken meat. bacurum, smoked rat. carded wool, or for swinging a baby. bizacurum Kham Dictionary 79 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Ðset: . , alert and ready. , sud- be:h Rofô–Gof vi.pat: to become kh˙b˙rdardenly (from sitting). th˙r, upright, cyaÚ-nyahaggard, gaunt. , worn down. at attention. th, ~ïÚlanding d~ïÚ on feet thyar dyar Rofô Rofhuliô expr.adv: huli haggard, without bending the knees. 2. to stand cyaÚgaunt. cyaÚ Ðadj: , haggard, still (cease from walking). Ðadj: gaunt. Ðadj: cyaÚ cyaÚ'w—o , gaunt, , standing erect; stationary. Ðvt: cy~aÚh's\îu worn-out (as fromhuli huliwork). cyaÚ'w—o , to make s.o. stand. s˙'cy~aÚh-nya RofRofô lrrLô [ < ci-nya RofOaO" {ô expr.adv: tangled, 'cyaibwiÚ 'cyacyaÚ‘to rot’ ]ciciÚ expr.adv: spoil, rot, deteriorate. matted, snarled (as of a ball of yarn). vr: 1. (of meat) to Ðadj: , tangled, matted. 'cyaibwiÚ'wo slightly'cyacya spoil. cici 'ta-nya 2. to turn to dusk, twilight. Rofs/fk lrs?k¬ ex- cf. 'rihmk˙. , to begin 'cyak˙rappr.adv: dried cikurup up, shrivelled. cf. 'curup- to turn dark.c.c. Ð adj:jyah'na-nya , curup. , to shrivel up, curl- spoiled, rotten, deteriorated.'cyacyaÚ ciciÚ'wo ing at thec.c. edges. th~~ïÚ-nya Ðadj: 'cyak˙rap ciku- Rof“Rof“ rLô+ rL+ô n: the , dried up, curled at edges. rub'—o 1 cychirping~aÚcy~aÚ c~îÚc of~îÚ birds and small creatures . Rofsfk lrsk¬ expr.adv: (baza-biza). , to cyakapinto tiny cikup pieces. , to break, chirp. cy~aÚcy~aÚ c~îÚc~îÚ 'li-nya shatter into tiny pieces.c.c. paÚ-nya u'miÚ c.c. paÚd˙ RofRofn lrrLn [ < Kh 'le He is totally blind. Ðadj: cyakap cyacyalcil-nya cicil ‘to pinch’] expr.adv: welts all , broken into tiny pieces. cikub'—o 2 over. , to itch with welts all . Rofsfk lrsk¬ expr.adv: over. Ðc.c.adj: 'so-nya , to be itchy. cyakapsour. cikup , to be very sour. c.c. 'sŸuhr-nya cyacyal RofRof/ cicil' lrRØo— ¬/ [ < Kh Ðadj: , sour. cyakap cikub'—o cyacyar'suhr-nyaŸ cic ‘urŸ to be sour’] expr.adv: slightly Rofs“ ¬ n: the slag off smelted sour (esp. of beer). , to cycopper~aÚku ore. be slightly sour. Ðadj:c.c. 'sŸuhr-nya , Rof“s¬ nfô [C.Tib cha≥-ku < soured. cyacyar cicur'Ÿ o— cy*spya≥-ku~aÚku 'laÚ ‘wolf’] n: Leopard Cat (felis Rof“M–Gof vi.pat: (of the penis) bengalensis). Ðgen: . cyto~aÚh-nya be erect. cf. cya:h's~ î-nya.\ Rofs/f¬ n: Chukar'la: 'ga: Quail. Ðgen: RofsTof\ n: 1. a small basket 'cyakura . 'cyahk˙tyaor bag. 2. a person of slight build. Ðset: 'sya: 'ba: RofNofô lrnLô expr.adv: . Ðadj: , small 'cyalyaÚhaving 'ciliÚ sore muscles; unable to move p(esp.~a:cya:h of baskets, bags,cyahk˙tyaso etc.). about. cf. kyasya kisi. Ðadj: RofMn“ ¬ n: Tibetan breed of sheep. , unable to move. 'cyalyaÚ 'ciliÚwo— cy~aÚhlu Rof“Ml;–Gof [Kh *tsyah≥; Rofª/f n: a breed of Tibetan cyHim~aÚh's (Chep\î-nya tsi≥, Kai tsyan)] vi.agt: 1. 'cyagoat.≥˙ra to stand up (from a sitting position). Rofª rLª expr.adv: shocked, cyadismayed,≥ ci≥ surprised. odajyurae cya≥ ci≥ 80 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 'tad˙ gaih z˙ ma'liduh'ker˙ His elder broth- , frightened. ers were so shocked they couldn’t answer 'patu cyar'o Rof/–Gof vi.pat: (of grain) to a word. 'cyar-nyacome back out of the intake hole while Rof·f n: a Tibetan-style, striped being ground in a mill; to back up. 'cyaapron≥ga worn by women. cf. 'pa≥ga. cf–/] Rof\ [Kh (Gam cyak)] n: Rofj/Øfô Ro"ô/Lô [Nep (o)-rcyapatience. , to lose patience, 'cyaoryaÚciura] expr.adv:cyuÚriÚ wrinkled, shrivelled become annoyedo-rcya 'si-nya with s.th. cf. 'nal kyah- up (as a prune, etc.). Ðadj: nya. , to annoy s.o., , wrinkled (as from old'cyaoryaÚ age). causeo-rcya him tos˙ihdya-nya lose patience. cf. 'nal cyuriÚ'w o— Rofk–Gof [ < xyap < Kh *klap ke:hdya-nya. , troublesome, an- cyap-nya(Bhj k˙la); Him (Chep krap-, Sun khrap, noying, exasperating.cyaÚ 'siu Ð[Alt.root (Mk Tib gyap-mo); TB *krap] vt: to winnow rgwa)] grain (geda:) by flapping up and down. Rof/ Rof/f] [Kh *tsyar; Him cf. 'mo-nya. cyar(Thak cyar' chyar)]o— adj: pointed, spiked. Rofk–Gof vt: 1. to strike s.th. Rofô l;p adj: troublesome, 'cyap-nyawith a pointed instrument. 2. (of birds cyaÚannoying, 'siu exasperating, miserable. 'no or serpents) to peck or strike at s.th. 'yem b˙n˙i cyaÚ 'siu 'lizya That trail is Rofknf lrkn¬ expr.adv: really miserable (to travel). cyap˙laslightly cip˙lu rinsing, splashing. Roft/Øfô lrt/Lô ex- , to bathe with a slight rinsing.c.c. hur'sî-\ cyat˙ryaÚpr.adv: sparse,cit˙riÚ uncombed, frizzled, go- nya Rofk Rofk expr.adv: picking ing in every direction (as of hair, grass, cyapwith cyap a pick. , to dig with a etc.) . Ðadj: , un- small pick. c.c. goh-nya combed, frizzled,cyat˙ryaÚ sparse. cit˙riÚ'w—o Roflk–Gof vt: to carry s.th. Rofp“ lg Dofp“ expr.adv: 'cyapi-nya(as a small lamb) by pinning or pressing cyafussing~u ni mya and~u whining. , it under the arm. (Used mostly as a man- to cry with fussing and whiningc.m. g˙hr-nya (esp. of ner adverb, as in: 'cyapid˙ laÚ'k~ eo\ He took a houseful of children). adj: it carrying it under his arm.) , one who fusses and whines.cya~u ni mya~u'w—o Rof/ n: a metal poker for stabbing –Rof ] v.aff: 1. the second person 'cyarbread, etc. while deep-frying in oil. -'cyoplural indirect object marker on the verb Rof/–Gof [Kh *tser (Bhj cyer, ‘to give’ and ‘to say’ in immediate future. cyar-nyaKot cer); Him (Chep cyar÷ ‘crush,’ Thak h˙i ≥ada'cyo I say to you (now). cta.

cyohr, Tib bcer-ba); TB *tsur] vt: 1. to 'cya. 2. the contracted form of 'ci-yo wring, to squeeze out (as a boil). 2. to ‘plural remote imperative.’ ba'cyo Go

press out beer mash. , (pl.)! with force. 3. (in: pyaÚc˙rya~ peÚc˙re~ ) to Rofô] Rofô] interj: a call for frighten (lit. ‘wring out'satu the spiritcyar-nya’). cyoÚsummoning cyoÚ a dog. cta. dur. 'satu Kham Dictionary 81 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Rof]ô Rofô] µfM–Gof (of water or sky). 3. to be pure in motives, cyoÚvt: cyoÚ 1. ( jaÚh-nya ‘body’) to throw oneself undefiled in character. Ðadj: . headlongjyuÚ into s.th. without regard for cf. 'cokho. ch˙îÚ'w~ o— consequences. 2. to shove, push one’s 5 +} h+} expr.adv: equal in height, way in. syak˙riÚt˙ ujyuÚ cyoÚ cyoÚ jaÚh'zyao ch˙symmetrical,îÚ~ j˙îÚ~ uniform. , He shoves himself forward to get meat. to sprouted evenly of ach˙ crop,îÚ~ j˙ uniformîÚ~ 'ta-nya in Ro"ô–Gof [Kh (Ses *cik < ciu÷, height. . cf. cyuÚ-nyacik- ‘soaked’)] vi.pat: to become wet, cas, 't˙m˙r˙m,'gohga-r˙ chelala. ch˙îÚ~ j˙ îÚ~ Ð'ta'kadj: er˙\ soaked. , soaking wet. , equal in height, uniform. ch˙îÚ~ , plasteredl˙p˙ l˙p˙ wet (of clothing).pyaku j˙îÚ'wo~ 5s–Gof} [Nep 5sfpg' pyaku , wet (not nec. clothing). 'ph- ch˙k˙i-nyach˙kaunu] vt: to beguile, mislead, de- eteÚ, 'pheteÚ drenched, dripping wet. Ð'tor-adj: ceive. (Implies making off with s.th. of tor , wet, soaked. better quality than one has led the other cyuÚ'w—o Ro"ô–Gof [Kh *p-tsyu (Nis cw- party to believe.) cf. juhk˙i-nya, ch˙l˙i- 'cyuÚ-nyaya); Him (Chep cy˙w÷- ‘see,’ Tam cya:)] nya. Ðpass.part: , deceived. vt: 1. to look at, watch. , 5sfNGofch˙k˙i's n: îu\ morning. cf. askance, out of the corner ofd˙hsar'ni the eye. 'ch˙kalnya'rihjani. , with stealth, tilting the head. 5n [Nep] nom: trickery, deceit. gyal gyal, with anger, indignation. 'ch˙l , to deceive. kuhr'ni laÚl~ aÚ~ , to stare at. 'ch˙l da-nya 5n–Gof} [caus of Nep 5Ng ' ‘to l~ïÚl~ïÚ ± l~ïÚ l~ïÚ ± loÚ loÚ t~oÚ , with the head high (as when in a ch˙l˙i-nyadeceive’] vt: to trick, delude, outwit (as 'lid˙ crowd). , to look at oneself in sending s.o. to fetch s.th. while making 'cyuÚ's\î-nya in a mirror. 2. to watch after, care for. a getaway). cf. ch˙k˙i-nya, juhk˙i-nya. Ðset: . Ð[Alt.root (Gam 5nfs 5nfs expr.adv: hn˙)] 's˙mari-nya ch˙laksloshing, ch˙lak spilling. , Rotf"“ [Nep cimÊa] n: small tweezers to spill by jarring, sloshing.ch.ch. 'ch˙lk˙i-nya cy(for~uÚta pulling splinters, etc.). 5n 5t/ n: a curse, bane, 'ch˙lill fortune. ch˙t˙r , to be CH overtaken by'ch˙l ill fortune. ch˙t˙r 'lagi-nya 5 [Nep] num: six. 5ln–Gof vt: (of a god) to 'ch˙ 5b}–Gof vt: 1. to sever in 'ch˙li-nyacause evil to befall s.o. ch˙d˙i-nyahalf. 2. to behead, decapitate. Ð[Kh 5Ns–Gof} [Nep 5Nsfpg' 'jyo:-nya] 'ch˙lk˙i-nyach˙lkaunu] vt: to splash, slosh, throw 5–Gof+} [Kh *tshan (Mht chano); against (as blood against an altar). ch˙Him~îÚ-nya (Mag jo≥- ‘wash out,’ Chep ch˙y≥- , spill by jarring, slosh. ch˙lak ‘pure,’ Thak sa≥, Tib gtsa≥-pa, Bur tsa≥); ch˙lak 5Nsf [Nep ch˙l˙kk˙] n: a wave TB *sya≥] v.sta: 1. to be clean, pure 'ch˙lkaor splash of water. (as of an eating vessel). 2. to be clear 82 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 5Nof n: milk which has not yet (of a grindstone). Ðadj: , quick, ch˙lyasolidified for churning (in the production efficient (of a woman). cf.'ch˙nkiu 'phirkiu. Ðvt: of ghee). , to turn a grindstone. 'ch˙nk˙i-nya2 5d [Kh *tsh˙m; TB (Thak tsam, . 5lGs–Gof vi.pat: to 'ch˙mJir sampa, Kan tsum, Tib zam-pa)] n: 'ch˙nki-nyaring, jingle (of a bell). 1. a bridge. cf. 'jehlo≥ga 'pul. 2. a ladder 5· g· expr.adv: clear made of a log with hollowed out steps. ch˙(of≥ g˙weather n˙≥g˙ after a storm). 'n˙m b˙n˙i cf. 'gohptya. Ðset: . ch˙≥g˙ n˙≥g˙ 'j˙i'keo The sky became 5d 5d'zihm expr.adv: walking very clear. ch˙mwell, ch˙m toddling. , to be 5ks expr.adv: secretive, unseen, walking well (of ach.ch. baby). 'ba-nya ch˙p˙kunnoticed, unmoving, still. 5D5d–Gof} [Nep , to completely cover withch. a blanket. kwaih- ch˙mch˙m˙i-nya5fd5'd chamchum ‘gropingÆ] vt: to nya , to sit still, quietly. ch˙p˙k search for, feel out a way (undecided). dad˙ch. 'li-nya cuh'sîd˙\ 'lini Sit still, quietly, with- ≥ a'zihm'da 'banya 'yem out moving. , to hide ≥ach˙mch˙m˙izyak˙ while I was looking completely. ch. m~oÚh's\î-nya, to crouch for a way to get home... quietly (esp. whilech. 'pem-nya stalking). chapak 5Ds–Gof} [Nep 5Dsg' v.compl: (same) of many. chapak ch˙p˙k 'ch˙mk˙i-nyach˙mk˙nu] vt: 1. (Obj. 'ri:h) to sprinkle ch˙p˙k dad˙ 'li'cike Everyone sit still.

water; ('namk˙ ± -l˙) ‘to sprinkle water , to cover a house with ch.ch. chai-nya on s.th.’ (as on a floor when sweeping). a roof. , to cover a shed ch.ch. 'k˙p-nya 2. (Inst. 'ri:h-ye) to sprinkle s.th. with with mats. water (as bamboo strips to prevent from 5/–Gof} [Nep 5g '{ ch˙rnu drying while making a basket). c˙hllai 'ch˙r˙i-nya‘scatter’] vt: 1. (Obj. 'ri:h) to sprinkle 'riÚh-ye 'ch˙mk˙i'k\eo He sprinkled the water. 2. (Inst. 'ri:h-e) to sprinkle with bamboo with water. Ð[Kh phurup-nya] water (Esp. in relation to a purification 5Dt" “ [ < 'ch˙m ‘bridge’ + tu≥ ceremony, administered by a woman who 'ch˙mt‘pillar~uÚ’] prop.n: a major bridge which sprinkles people before they enter the crosses the Uttar Ganga at Nisel Dhor. village upon their return from a funeral). , to have a water fight. 5g 5g expr.adv: swiftly 'ch˙r˙i'sî-nya\ . 'riÚh ch˙n˙w/o stopping. ch˙n˙ , to hack 'ch˙r˙i'sî-nya\ brush swiftly. ch.ch. phwîÚ-nya~ , to count 5/jf n: birdshot, buckshot. 'ch˙r˙wa large amounts ch.ch.of money. 'g˙ni-nya 5l/ n: the spur on a chicken’s 'ch˙ri 5Gb w· adv: (in: leg. 'ch˙nd˙ 'd˙h≥g˙ ) by your care- 1. 5sf{ [Nep ch˙rch˙re] n: n˙'ch˙nd˙lessness. cf. n˙'d˙h 'kh˙nd˙.≥g˙-e 'ch˙rkawaterfall, cataract. 2 1. 5lGs–Gof vi.pat: to spin . 5sf { prop.n: an area in 'ch˙nki-nya 'ch˙rkaDolpo directly north of the Kham-Magar Kham Dictionary 83 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ area. (S.I. Charkabhot.)— 5fô [Tib «zag] n: a day (period of 5n·{ [Nep ch˙rl˙g˙]~ expr.adv: 'chaÚtime). t˙'chaÚ one day, neh'chaÚ two days, ch˙rl˙clearly.≥g˙ , to be seen clearly, etc. cf. 'la:. , on a certain day. totally ch. exposed r˙îÚh-nya~ to view. Ðadj: , t˙'chaÚ(of) one day. ta'chaÚ'kao 'yem , clear (esp. of the sky). At˙'chaÚ'kao day’s journey. cf. neh'la:kao, ch˙rl˙ 5t/≥g˙o (in: , qv.) so:h'la:'kao.~ ch˙t˙r 5t/ [Nep'ch˙l ch˙tr˙ ch˙t˙r ‘parasol’] n: 5fô–Gof [Nep chaknu (Nis 'ch˙t˙rumbrella. 'chaÚ-nyachak)] vt: to pour into the mouth. (Used 5Ts–Gof} vt: 1. to sever, normally as a manner adverb, as in: 'ch˙tk˙i-nyacut off. , with swift blow. 'chaÚd˙ o-nya to drink by pouring into

ch˙tyak , to speak adamantly, the mouth. , with gurgling keka keka uncompromisingly.'ch˙tk˙id˙ paÚ-nya~ Ðset: . 2. sound. to clear a debt. 'kyal-nya 5f–Gof“ vt: to pluck lice; to 'ch~aÚ-nya 5TSof n: (in: ) a pluck kernels of corn ('gohga ± hata:) 'ch˙tkyaperson who is adamant, stubborn.ek 'ch˙tkya Ðset: from a roasted ear; to pluck weeds from . Ðadj: (in: , ad- terrace wall; shake off pursuers hanging amant,p~a:cya:h uncompromising,ek ch˙tkyaso stubborn. to clothing. , with a jerking motion. pataÚpataÚ p˙tiÚ chp˙taÚd˙~ ÉïÚ ≥akhyan˙i'ke\ I 5Tofs expr.adv: with a swift shook off my pursuers. , ch˙tyakblow. , to sever, cut of corn at the stage at 'chwhichaÚd˙~ itk˙inya is ap- off withch. a swift 'ch˙tk˙i-nya blow. , to propriate to roast the ears and eat by sever, behead in a singlech. blow. 'jyoÚ-nya plucking the kernels. 5of“ [Nep 5fof“ chaya]~ n: shade. Mountain Thrush (a 'ch˙ycf. o-saÚ~ a:.~ 5f“r¬/ n: chtype~aÚcur of black-bodied, white-throated bird 5f–Gof [Kh *p-tsha (Nis chwao); living at timberline). Ðgen: . cha-nyaHim (Chep cha÷-, Kai tsha)] v.sta: to [Nep 'baza-biza chaunu] be sharp, keen (of a cutting edge). Ðadj: 5fO–Gof{ 5fpg' chai-nya , sharp, keen. vt: to roof a house (with a pitched roof). , layer upon layer, fitting (with'chao negative) to be uselesslyphyas˙lya dull, phis˙li non- chapak ch˙p˙k penetrating. well. Ðpass.part: , having a pitched roof. 'chiÚye chai'sîu\ îu\ roofed with 5fô n: hex, evil, spell. var. cha: ba:. grass, s~îÚye chai's\îu roofed with shin- chaÚ , to cast off an evil spell gles, 'l~uÚye chai's\îu roofed with slate. chaÚby making khya-nya an offering of p˙hla:. Ðrelated words: 'k˙p-nya roof a flat- , to be struck by an chaÚevil house, kwaih-nya cover a shed with mats. spellbaÚ 'lagi-nya (caused by a syu:rya passing over

one’s food). , (same), as in: 5fn n: rice (uncooked grains). 'chal , a rice meal. zyas'ka:.~ chaÚ choÚr˙ 'lagiuchaÚ sa, choÚ woihzya He must cf. 'chal 'kaÚ~ chal have been struck by an evil spell, he’s , rice tossed about as part of a man- boloÚ vomiting. 84 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ tra. Ðtypes of: cinu variety of dry rice, to hobble an animal. , to 'dahn rice paddy, m˙laÚ rice (southern tie a hobble to an animal'chan’s legs. jaÚh-nya dialects). Ðset: . Ð[Alt.root (Mk 5flg–Gof [Nep ch~adnu] vt: m˙la, Gam mola)]hata: 'chani-nyato hobble an animal. 5fn–Gof [Kh *p-tshal (Mk 5fª/fô [ < Tib cha≥ ‘beer’ + chal-nyapchal); Mag archal- ‘prune’] vt: to pull 'chara ‘≥goat˙raÚ’] n: bride-price. (Nowadays a the lower leaves or shoots off a corn buffalo is paid to the extended family of stalk or potato plant (Obj. 'gohga ‘corn,’ the bride, which is then eaten during Da- 'b˙htan'j\e ‘potato,’ ~e:h ‘field’). Ðset: sain.) . 5f·f 5fl· n: cliffs and r˙hm-nya 5fd–Gof vt: (of the spirit of a chaprecipices;≥ga cha≥ agi steep mountainside broken cham-nyadeceased shaman) to select an appropriate up by rock faces. cf. 'ha:.~ successor by moving from one candidate 5fk–Gof vt: to touch. cf. to another. 'chap-nya'chu-nya. 5fd/f n: river sand, gravel. cf. 5fk/f [ ? Nep] n: shelter, cham˙ra 'cojorya. chap˙ralean-to, wickiup, esp. a rough, temporary 5fd 5fd [Nep chamchum] shelter made in the forest of branches 'chamexpr.adv: 'cham feeling, groping one’s way and leaves. around. , to go in the 5fkf [Nep] n: a mark of dye put ch.ch. 'ba-nya dark, groping. 'n˙mr˙ jyahd˙ 'cham 'cham 'chapaon sheep to aid in identifying. ≥a'ba'ke It grew dark and I groped my 5fk 5fk bf–Gof vt: way. , so dark that Ðadj: chapto work 'chap sporadically. da-nya one must grope'cham around. cham'o— , to work on s.th. sporadicallychap 'chap until'j˙i- 1 . 5fd 5d¬ expr.adv: having itnya is finished. chamlost allchum one’s possessions. 1. 5flk–Gof [Nep 5fKg' chapnu] , to put s.o. into a state ofch.ch. poverty. jaÚh- 'chapi-nyavt: to stamp with a seal, make an im- nya , to throw s.o. into a pression in wax or clay; to print a book. statech.ch. of khya-nyapoverty. 2. 5flk–Gof vt: to whitewash 2 . 5fd 5¬d [ < *chum-nya 'chapi-nyathe outside of a house. cham‘put awaychum’] expr.adv: putting everything 5fk–/fk [ < 'chap-nya ‘touch’] in order. cham chum 'j˙id˙ khyan˙i'k\eo 'chap-rapexpr.adv: a touching, sifting through. He left, having put everything in order. , to touch; sift through Ðadj: , neat, in order (of everything'chap-rap as'li-nya though searching. 'chap-rap things,cham a person chum'’s appearance,—o etc.). 'linya maÚhk˙ Don’t touch everything. 1. 5fg n: a strainer. cf. 'k˙pp˙r 5fKof wfgL{ n: a dharni 'chan'chan. 'chapyaweight 'dahrnilarger than the standard dharni 2. [Nep ch~ad] rope used 5fg n: (by one suka, or one-eighth larger). cf. 'chan Kham Dictionary 85 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 'k˙t˙wa 'dahrni. Ðset: . pa)] vi.pat: to fear, be afraid. (Obj. 5f/f [Nep ch˙h˙ro]kach˙ n: waterfall. bounded by ‘seeing,’ or 'rïÚhd˙~~ -'ni chara 5f/Øf n: an arthritic condition ‘from.’) kaÚh rïÚhd˙~~ ≥a'che'zya I am afraid

'charyain adults. cf. 'r~a:g˙n, 'simya. of dogs (lit. ‘seeing dogs’). kh~ïÚ≥˙ri ± , to rid oneself of 'charya'charya by a , to start, be startled. , t˙khïÚ~ ≥˙ri 'tuhr shamanickhya-nya rite. Ðset: . alarmed by a frightening condition (as s.o.’s bad health). cf–5ftf] n:k Éï:h-nya the turned out lip (o)-'chataof a jug. cf. o-'gor. 5+ ] n: (in: ) bamboo 'ch(theeÚ~ butt ends of which'ch~eÚ are'bahta left untrimmed 5ftL [Nep] n: chest (of the body). for securing a rope). , to 'chati , of one who endures hard- bring a load of bamboo ch.with r˙i-nya a rope se- shipo-'chati well. 'leo curing the butt ends. 5flt–Gof“ [Nep 5f6“ g\ ' chaÊnu~ a load of bamboo. 'ch‘make~aÚti-nya selection’] vt: to select members –/5\ +] num.clsf: -r'cheÚ~ one load, two loads, to make up a group. Ðpass.part: t˙r'cheÚ~ nehr'cheÚ~ etc. , chosen. 'b˙gal b˙hri'ni 'chaÚti's~ 'ch~aÚ-îu\ ti'schosenîu\ from the whole flock. Ðrelated 5] 5] ªlD;p adj: 'che 'che ≥˙m's\îu words: 'ruji-nya choose, select one from frightening, awesome, fearsome. a set, kh˙t˙i-nya appoint to a task, 'cuni- 5bf] n: mountain pass. cf. 'la: nya elect to a council. 'cheda'la:'wo. , to cross a pass. 'cheda kati-nya 5fj“ [Kh *tsha≥ (Mk ch˙o,~ Kot 5bf] ] adj: (of a trail) the most 'chc˙≥u);~aÚ'wo Him (Thak sa≥, Tib gtsa≥-pa, Bur 'chedodirect route, the fast way. tsa≥); TB *sya≥] adj: undefiled, esp. in 5nfnf] ô expr.adv: totally, en regard to black magic. (The kind of per- 'chelalaÚmasse. 'dahn 'c~oÚgor 'chelalaÚ 'ta'k\e All son the spirit of a deceased shaman will the corn has become completely tasseled. chamnya). cf. ch˙î:'wo.~ cf. cas, ch˙î:~ j˙î:,~ 't˙m˙r˙m. , 5fof“ “ n: a gourd used in shamanic to fully dawn. ch. ,'s toïÚ-nya~~ fully 'chceremonies.~aÚy~aÚ cf. 'thumbu. hatch, as in: ba'maech. 'chelalaÚph˙i-nya yaph˙i'keo\ , gourd held in the hand'ch of~aÚy a~aÚ bahnj˙ mur- The hen hatched them all. whiledi he dances with shamans. Ðset: 5nfd] [Him (Tam chelem)] n: . 'chelambrass cymbal. 'ja:hk˙ri~ 5 –Gof]ja:r˙ [Kh *tse (Mk che, Gam 5nf] nf] ô] (var of: , qv.) che-nyache, Mht ce, Kot ce)] vt: 1. to wash 'cheloloÚ 5]d–Gof [Him 'chelalaÚ(Mag cha lhem- clothing, wool. 2. to detatch oneself from 'chem-nyake, Chep chyam- ‘insipid’)] v.sta: to an evil deed. 'no paÚ'ni~ ched˙ ≥a'n˙i I’ve be tasteless, insipid. Ðadj: . detatched myself from that evil. 5d] 5d] expr.adv:'chemo tasteless, Ðpass.part: , washed. 'cheminsipid. 'chem , to be che'sîu\ 5]ô–Gof [Kh *p-tshet (Bhj chet, tasteless. 'chemÐadj: 'chem 'ta-nya. 'cheÚ-nyaNis chwyet, Kot chya÷); Him (Tib |zed- 'chem 'chemo 86 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 5k/f] ô n: type of lizard (smooth- ≥ache'sî'k\ e\ I am not in your counsels, I chep˙raÚskinned). cf. je:hp˙lyat~ îh.— Ðgen: cleared myself. . rwihza 5]qL [Nep] n: a person of the wanza 5kf] jf] n: a person who is chetriChetri caste. 'chepowacowardly, fearful. 5Qf] ] expr.adv: throw, toss. 5/–Gof] [Kh *tsher] v.sta: 1. 'chetto , to throw angrily. ch. 'cher-nyato be cold (against the body). khya-nya , to cast aside, as in anger.ch. , to have epigastric pain 'ydescribeduÚ~ 'cher- 'l˙pd˙i-nya , an assuasive gesture to asnya ‘cold.’ 2. to be damp, chilly (of a thes˙kk˙ spirits, 'chetto in which crumbs of food or room). Ðset: . Ðadj: , drops of beer are tossed into the air before cold (against the'zy ~u:h-nyabody). cf. toso. 'chero eating. 5/] –Gof} [Nep l5/fpg' chiraunu 5Lô [Kh *tshi; Him (Thak chi)] n: cher˙i-nya‘to pierce’] vt: 1. to strain through a 'chiÚgrass, hay. , grasses and other sieve (as beer). 2. to shoot an arrow plants eaten bychiÚr˙ herbivorous animals. through a hole. 3. to put thread through 5L+ô– [Kh *chin (Mht chin, Kol the eye of a needle. chchin)]~îÚ- deictic.prim: after, later, behind, 5/] –Gof} [Nep 5g] '{ chernu] as in: chîÚ'd~ a— later on, chîÚk˙~ at a later 'cher˙i-nyavt: (of stomach) to run, to suffer from time, ch~îÚt˙ in the rear, etc., qq.v. Ðrela- diarrhoea. tor.noun: (with possessive prefixes), as 5nf] { n: animal skins, metal trinkets, in: u-chîÚ'd~ a— towards his rear, u-ch~îÚ'n—î cherlaand other apparatus which hang from from behind him, u-ch~îÚt˙ behind him,

the back of a shaman’s costume. Ðset: etc. , following along be- u-ch~îÚ u-ch~îÚ . hind. uchîÚ~ uchîÚ~ 'ba-nya to follow along behind, to repeat seral 5nf] –5{ nf] { [ < cherla ‘skins uch~îÚ uch~îÚ h˙i 'li-nya after another. 'cherla-cherlahanging from a shaman’s waist’] expr.adv: shabby, ragged, worn (esp. of 5L+ô–Gof [Kh*tshen (Mk ch~e, ch~îÚ-nya clothing). cf. cis-nya. , to Nis chen, Bhj chen, Kot chen)] vt: to tear ragged, shabby. ch.ch. cis-nya lift. 'kwiÚ'ni chîÚd˙~ laÚ-nya~ to carry in one’s hands. 'p~oÚt˙ ch~îÚd˙ l~aÚ-nya to carry on 5k] t{ hl;–Gof} v.refl: one’s shoulder. , to grap 'cherp˙t˙to get dirty, 'j˙i's î-nya\messy (esp. of a baby by up suddenly and putjarak-juruk on shoulder. defecating, getting in mud, soot, etc.). cf. l˙t˙ l˙t˙. 5L+ôbf temp.adv: later on, at a chfuture~îÚ'da time. Ðadj: , of a later 5kf] Tof{ n: any of several time. , fromch~îÚ'da' behind.≥ao 'cherpatyaspecies of Warblers. Ðgen: . u-ch,~îÚ'da from behind oneu-ch’s back.~îÚ'da 5]l;–Gof vi.pat:'baza-biza 1. to be u-chuchîÚ'da~ ~îÚ'da uchîÚ'da~ do'keo\ He did it from che'swashedî-nya\ (of clothing). 2. to refuse partic- behind his back. , to ipation in an evil act. 'ao jepaÚl˙~ ≥ama'le, gossip, speak behindu-ch another~îÚ'da p’s~aÚ-nya back. Kham Dictionary 87 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ l5b¬n n: broth or beer made thick 5L+ôª temp.adv: at a later time. chidulby adding roasted barley flour. cf. ma:do.~ ch~îÚ≥˙ , far in the future. , l5u¬d n: an alpine variety of untilchîÚ~ chfarîÚ~ ≥into˙ the future; forever.chîÚ~ ≥ ˙'p˙i Ðadj: chigumwild rhubarb. , a sweet vari- , of a later time. ety of rhubarb.'bachigum , a variety ch~îÚ'≥ao 5Lk–Gof [Nep chipinu] vi.pat: of rhubarb with 'guhllong runners chigum (lit. ‘snake 'chip-nya1. to ripen (esp. of squash and pumpkins). rhubarb’). , ripe and resonant sound- 5L+ôs temp.adv: at a later time. ing.khot ~oÚ 2. khot to ferment~oÚ (of beer malt). cf. chÐ~îÚk˙adj: , of a later time. sos-nya. 3. to grow to full stature (of a ch ~îÚ'kao5Ln–Gof [Kh *tshil] vt: to man); become an adult. buddi 'chip- chil-nyatrample. , to become trampled , to mature in understanding, wis- nya (esp. of chil's crops).î-nya\ Ðpass.part: , dom. Ðadj: . 1 'chibo trampled. khïÚye~ chil'sîu\ trampledchil's underîu\ . l5l/–Gof [Nep l5g '{ chirnu] foot. chiri-nyavi.pat: to pierce, penetrate, pass through l5ln·f l5ln·f ex- (as of an arrow). Ðvt: . 2 cher˙i-nya 'chilipr.adv:≥ga 'chilishattered,≥ga smashed into shards. . l5l/–Gof vi.pat: to gasp for , to smash a pot into piec- chiri-nyaair. (Usu. in an adverbial function. chirid˙ ch.ch.es. paÚ-nya g˙hr-nya ± 'sas-nya to cry ± laugh, gasp-

5Ld–Gof [Kh ing for air.) , gasp- hugurup hugurup chim-nya*tshim; TB± 'chim-nya *tsim (DEW) (Mag tshim ing, unable to catch one’s breath, as in: ‘wet,’ Bur tsim, Chinese tsim)] vt: to hugurup hugurup chiri chiri ge'sas'ke\ We

soak s.th. in water. Ðpass.part: , laughed and laughed gasping for air. soaked. riÚhl˙ chim'sîu\ soakedchim's in water.îu\ 5L/nLª\ (in: , 'chirli≥ 'chyarlyaÚ~ ni 'chirli≥ 5Lg n: child of one’s youngest qv.) 'chinwife. pl. chin-r˙. , the 5L;–Gof [Kh *p-tshis (Mk pchis, children descended'chin from bat˙ni'k one’s youngestao— chis-nyaNis chwyis); Him (Mag chis)] vi.pat: wife. cf. 'ris bat˙ni'kao. to sneeze. 5L+ôlg temp.adv: 1. later (in a 5L+ôl;–Gof vi.pat: (of a boat) chstory).îÚ'ni~ 2. in the future. chîÚ'ni~~ 'tanya paÚ~ chto~îÚ's float.\î-nya 'riÚh t˙rt˙ ch~îÚ's\î'k\e It floated on things that will happen later on. Ðloc: top of the water. Ðv.refl: to lift oneself backwards. u-chîÚ'ni~~ u-chîÚ'ni~ 'ba'ke\ He (magically), to ascend. walked backwards. Ðadj: , 5L+ôt loc: in the rear. chîÚt~ ˙ 'huzya of a later, future time. chîÚ'ni'kao~~ chHeîÚt˙~ ’s coming in the rear. , behind 5LGs}–Gof [Nep chink˙nu] it. Ðadj: , the lastu-ch one,~îÚt˙ the one 'chink˙i-nyavt: to separate coarse from fine flour in the rear.chîÚ'tao~ (m˙n˙m) by shaking in a winnowing tray. 5f–Gof] [Kh *tsho; Him (Tib Ð[Kh el-nya] cho-nya'tsho-ba)] vt: to herd livestock. 88 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 5f]ô n: a spell cast on food by a (as a blanket). okaÚhbul~ r˙≥g˙e choi'keo\ choÚwandering spirit. u'purus a'd—a choÚ ni He worked colors into his blanket. 2. to ho'd—a choÚ 'j˙i'k\eo His spirit wandered arrange by color (as flowers, etc.). here and there causing illness. var. cha: Ðpass.part: , arranged by color. cho:. choi's, a bouquetîu\ of flowers. choi's\îu was 5f +] [ < Kh 'ch~o:-nya ‘to thrust out, 5f]+h} 5f]+h} expr.adv: on 'chprotrude~oÚ ’] expr.adv: thrusting out, point- chtiptoes.oÚj˙i~ ch oÚj˙i~ , to go quietly ing at. , (Inst. on tiptoes.ch.ch. 'ba-nya , to step on ) to point'ch~oÚ a da-nyafinger or± 'j˙i-nyaa stick at s.th. with tiptoes, carefully.ch.ch. siÚ-nya (The-e thing pointed to is marked by 5fhf] k] expr.adv: precarious. or ). o'leo'da u'kwiÚye 'choÚ~ 'j˙i'k-'daeo\ 'chojop 1. precariously bal- He'leo'da pointed (thrust) his hand toward him. anced,o-'chojop-t˙ held back 'li-nya by s.th. very slight. 2. 5f–Gof+] vi.agt: 1. (of an animal) (of a person) waiting for the slightest 'chto~oÚ-nya break off from the main herd and graze reason or excuse to come. separately; to stray. 2. to be out of line 5fsf] /fM] [ ? < Nep chokro (as a stone in a wall); to protrude, bulge. chokorah‘solid part of fruit’] n: beer, malt liquor. Ðadj: 1. of an animal which (Prepared by kneading fermented barley strays.'ch 2.~oÚ'wo of a stone which protrudes. grains in water and straining out the 5f]+ 5f]+ [ < Kh 'ch~o:-nya ‘to hulls.) , any liquor, in- chthrust~oÚ ch ~out,oÚ protrude’] expr.adv: gushing, toxicatingm˙d˙ drink. chokorah Ðphases of: sejo beer squirting (as a squeezed boil, or a cut malt (still in the hull), 'balko sejo new artery). , to gush with beer malt (not yet fully aged), 'pos grains diarrhea. ch.ch. eh-nya , to piss far. steeped in water and set out to ferment, ch.ch. 5f5f] ] jiÚh'snfnf \î-nya [ < cho ‘herd’ + nahk˙îÚ~ malt hulls, laduÚ fermenting chochola ‘graze lala’] expr.adv: dissatisfied, stray- agent, Ð[Alt.root (Mk, Nis lis, Ses lih)] ing. , always straying. 1. 5fn–Gof] vt: 1. (Obj. ) Ðadj: ch.ch.l.l. 'tazya , dissatisfied, al- chol-nyato remove a walnut from its pod.khas˙i 2. to ways strayingchocho inlalaÚw search—o of s.th. better. separate the hulls ( ) from millet. 'pul 5fO] { expr.adv: a light touch. Ðpass.part: , hulled. 2 chol'sîu\ choi , to touch lightly. ˙hl˙Úg˙za choi . 5f]n–Gof vt: to masturbate. 'j˙i-nya'j˙i'keo\ He carefully touched it with a chol-nya'duhr chold˙ hai-nya to remove sperm light touch. by masturbation. 1. 5f]O{–Gof [Kh *tshot (Nis cf–5f] n] [Kh *p-tshal (Mk choi-nyachot)] vt: to dip (as bread into sauce). (o)-cholopchal)] n: the nut of the walnut (as 2. 5f]O{–Gof [Kh *tshoi; Him distinguished from the pod). cf. o-cehm, choi-nya(Thak choi ‘dye’)] vt: 1. (Inst. khas˙i. ‘color’) to incorporate colors intor˙≥ s.th.g˙-e 5fd] hfd] expr.adv: on haunch- chom jom Kham Dictionary 89 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ es. , to sit on haunches. holy book. 'nam 'n˙m 'chud˙ tapaÚni~ Do ch.j. 'li-nya . not swear by heaven or earth! o'd~oÚh- chom 5fjomk] 'lid˙[Nep] cuh's n: î-nya\ salt, pepper, and waÚr˙ 'chudya-nya, (of shamans) to in- 'chopspices ground and mixed for dipping food voke various spirits for a new shaman (esp. potatoes). to determine which is his main do:hwa~ 5f]k 5f]af] adj: spotted, (gel). (He begins to shake when the cor- 'chopspeckled. chobo rect one is invoked). Ðset: . kÉï:h-nya 5fkf] /f] M] [Nep chopi] n: a 5¬r¬Gbl/ [Nep chucundro 'chucund˙ri choporohbirch bark rain-shield (supported in a ‘muscrat’] n: shrew. bamboo framework). 5n¬ + } nom: lies, evil reports, false chul˙îÚ~ 5f]k Hof;é n: a ceremonial rumors. , to lie, circulate chul˙îÚ~ da-nya 'chopfight zyas between men and women at the evil reports, calumniate or malign some- 'ra:khya~ festival. one. , (same, intensified).chul˙~îÚ pul˙~îÚ da-nya 5f/Øf] [Nep 5f/f] chora ‘son’] n: choryaa boy; male adolescent. , boy- 5Nof¬ [Nep chulyaha ‘talebearing’] 'chulya ish, youngish. choryaza, ‘He was n: a talebearer, one who circulates false quite young.’ choryaza z˙ le reports or rumors. Ðrelated words: one who causes dissention, 5f;–Gof] [Kh *tsos (Mht cho, ph˙t˙ha 'paji a liar, deceiver. chos-nyaBhj sos)] vi.pat: (in: ) to thirst (lit. ‘to thirst water'riÚh’). chos-nya var. rihcho. 5¬d [Kh *tshum; TB *t|sum] n: 'chum Ðvt: , to make thirsty. mortar (for pulverizing). cf. 'pilu:.~ 1 sochos-nya 1. 5¬–Gof [Nep 5g' ' chunu; . 5¬d–Gof [Him (Chep chum-nya 'chu-nyaMag chu-ke] vt: 1. to touch. , tyumh-)] vi.pat: to be put away, arranged brushing against, touching lightly.chwas in order. , (of one of the Gharti clan)~eÚh to 2. 5¬d–Gof vi.pat: to be of ceremonially'chu-nya break ground for the sea- chum-nyaone persuasion (thus having opportunity son’s plowing. , (of to discuss secret matters). paîÚh~ chumd˙ a blacksmith) to'khad˙r ceremonially 'chu-nya break ge'le We are all of one persuasion. ground in digging his client’s grave. 2. 5df¬ ] 5df¬ ] expr.adv: tod- (of occupational castes) to defile food or chumodling, chumowalking slowly. , water by touching. , to be- to walk fairly well, but stillch.ch. hesitatingly 'banya come defiled (of 'chu's food \î-nya or water). (of a baby). , to dance Ðpass.part: , defiled. 'chu'sîu\ riÚh slowly. ch.ch. syah-nya defiled water.'chu's\îu 5¬k adv: (in: 2. 5¬–Gof vt: to invoke a 'chup ) flitting from oneak˙ house 'chup to nianother, hok˙ 'chu-nyaname, etc. in an oath. 'deotar˙ 'chud˙ paÚ-~ trifling'chup in other’s affairs. nya to make an oath touching a god or 5¬lk–Gof [Nep 5fKg] ' chopnu 'chupi-nya‘seize opportunity’] vt: to seize, pounce 90 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ upon. , to pounce upon by surprise. 5O" ôl;–Gof v.refl: to crowd h˙p, repeatedly. chwiÚ'sinto a\î-nya small space, to press in. cf. boko- h˙p, h˙pto seize an opportunity.'moÚka 'chupi- rom'sî-nya.\ , packed be- nya 5/f¬ ] adj: (of livestock) looking yond capacitysw (lit.~îÚh ‘ maswfitting ~îÚhnot-fitting’). chur'for opportunityo— to get into crops, etc. 5Øf–Gof [Kh *r-tshya (Nis 5¬l;–Gof vi.pat: to become 'chya-nyarchya)] vt: to shadow a field and cause 'chu'sdefiled\î-nya (of food or water). it to be unproductive. s~îÚye ~eÚhlai 5t¬ [Nep 5'§f] chuÊÊo ‘separated’] 'chyazyao The tree casts a shadow over chut˙adv: another, a different one. Ðadj: the field. , foreign, of another place. 5Øfô [Mag ceces] quant.adv: a Ðchut˙'[Alt.root≥—ao (Mk g˙:h)]~ chyaÚlittle bit, small amount. cf. j~a:. 5t¬ –Gof} [Nep 5'6\6Øfpg' , (same). chyaÚ chut˙i-nyachuÊÊyaunu] vt: 1. to sort or separate chyaÚ 5Øfa/Øf l5a/Lô (esp. two types, as sheep and goats). cf. chyab˙rya[Nep chirbire] chib˙riÚ expr.adv: splattered; bek˙t˙i-nya. 2. to distinguish. blotched in coloring. Ðadj: , to be distinguishable. , having a splatteredchyab˙rya or chut˙i'sÐpass.part:î-nya\ , separated. blotchedchib˙riÚ'w coloring.o— Ð[Kh phurup phu- 'bahlya 'pothichut˙i's chut˙i'sîu\îu\ 'li'zyar˙ The male rub'o]— and female chicks are distinguishable. cf–5Øfr] ]ô n: fear. (Often 5¬lt–Gof [Nep 5'l§g' chuÊÊinu] (o)-chyaceÚused in an adverbial function with Instr. chuti-nyavi.agt: to separate, split. (Used esp. when marking, as in: ochyaceÚ-e 'doÚh'k~ e\ He a son separates from the family at mar- ran-e out of fear.) Ðadj: , riage, or when brothers are separated at dangerous, fearsome. cf. o-chyaceÚo'chyas 'leo. 'leo the division of inheritance.) dajyu baih 5Øfôs quant.adv: in a little chuti'ki'ni The two brothers separated. chyaÚk˙while. , in (some) little while.

cf. ba:h'sî-nya.\ chyaÚ'wak˙ 5ØfôsLg quant.adv: after a 5lQ¬ expr.adv: battered, mauled, chyaÚ'klittle while.\în , after (some) chuttiinjured. , to hurt oneself. little while. chyaÚ'wa'kin ch. 'j˙i'sî-nya\ /5jf; expr.adv: touching, brush- 5ØfNbØfn¬ quant.adv: all chwasing against. chwas ta'j˙inayo Don’t touch chyaldyalurather small in size or importanceÐof plume! , to brush against, light- ral items. (Used only with negative verb, ly touch.ch. 'chu-nya , to speak a confi- hence: enormous, of tremendous size, dential matterch. popenly.~aÚ-nya as in: chyaldyalur˙ b˙ ma'ta'ker˙\ b˙ They 5O" ô–Gof [Kh *r-tshut (Bhj will grow to no small size!) chwiÚ-nyachut, Nis rchut); Him (Thak tshui)] vt: 5ØfNbØ ¬ quant.adv: rather to stuff, cram, compress. Ðpass.part: chyaldyusmall in size or importanceÐof a single , compressed. item. (Used only with negative verb, chwiÚ's\îu hence: enormous, of tremendous size, Kham Dictionary 91 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ as in: chyaldyu b˙ ma'ta'k\e b˙ He will 5Øf/]Nofª lg grow to no small size!) 'chyarlya5L/nLª\ expr.adv:≥ ni 'chirli ringing,≥ clanging, the 5ØfNofn¬ quant.adv: all rather sound of a cymbal. , to chyalyalusmallÐof plural items. sound with a clanging,ch.ch. ringing thas-nya sound. 5ØfNo" quant.adv: rather Ðadj: , clanging, chyalyusmallÐof a single item. , ringing.'chyarlya≥ ni 'chirli≥'o— somewhat smallish. chya'walyu 5Øf; n: danger, risk. 5Øfd [Kh *tshyam] n: a certain 'chyas, dangerous, full of risk. 'aoo-'chyas 'zihm chyamday, as in: m˙≥g˙lbar chyam Tuesday b˙n˙i'leo o'chyas 'leo 'lizya This house is (day), ge'bazyao chyam the day we were very dangerous (might fall, is haunted, going, u'j˙rmiu chyam the day of his etc.). , safe, without dan- birth, u'sîu\ chyam the day of his death. ger. o-'chyas 'maleo , the day before yester- 5Øf;–Gof v.sta: to be dan- day.tala'k Ðao— set: chyam . 'chyas-nyagerous, risky, vulnerable. Ðadj: , a'ch 5Øfd–Gofîm— vi.pat: 1. (of vulnerable. 'chyasok˙ 'lizya It’s 'chyasoin a vul- chyam-nyachildren) to be many, born in close suc- nerable spot. cession. 5Øf“t¬/Lô n: an epic or historical ‘My children≥a'zaÚr˙ were bornpa~îÚh in chyam'ker˙close succes- 'chyballadaÚturiÚ~ sung in chant. cf. 'juhmuri, b˙î:sya-~ sion. 2. (of crops) of different height; oli. some more fully grown than the rest. 5Øfôjf quant.adv: only a small Ðadj: . chyaÚ'wamount.\a chyam'or˙— 5Øfg aLg nom: discussion. 5Øfôjf sk} quant.adv: chyan bin , to discuss, talk over, chyaÚ'wfor justa\ ak˙'p little˙i— while. chyan bin da-nya decide. 5Øfô] [Nep 5]p cheu] n: the edge. 5Øflg–Gof vt: to judge, chyoÚ , the youngest child of the 'chyani-nyadecide an issue. 'ao paÚ~ 'isore o'chyaniuk˙ familychyoÚ't ao—(lit. 'zaÚ ‘child of the edge’). Ðrela- May God judge this matter! 'ao p~aÚlai tor.noun: (with possessive prefixes), as 'jeÚ z˙ 'chyani'cîke\ You (pl) decide this in: , at the edge. matter. o-chyoÚk˙, all along its edge. Ðadv:o-chyoÚ o- 5Øfªnfª lg chyoÚ, in a row, lined up in a singlet˙chy- row. chya5Øf≥ªf] ˙lanf] ≥ª] ni expr.adv: chŸo≥olo sound≥ of a foreign oÚ'ni 5Øf]ôaf n: parched buckwheat language. , to sound chyoÚbatossed about during a seance. ch.ch. thas-nya like a foreign language. Ðadj: 5Øf]ôgfd n: parched grain chya≥˙la≥ , unintelligible. chyoÚnamand specially prepared beer which is ofni chŸo≥olo≥'—o 5Øfôk} quant.adv: for a little fered as an oblation when a shaman’s chyaÚ'pwhile.˙i\ , for (some) little suwa is being cut. while. chyaÚ'wa'p˙i 92 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ bushes and other natural objects as part D of spirit worship). cf. 'alim. –b v.aff: 1. same subject clause , red and white strips of cloth'jumuli at- -d˙chaining suffix with a meaning similar tached'd˙hja to a shaman’s l˙ta. cf. 'alim. to: ‘having done.’ 'kaÚ~ zya-d˙ 'ba'ke\ Hav- whf whf expr.adv: shred- ing eaten he went. baza buhrd˙ 'ba'k \e 'd˙hjaded (as 'd˙hja though in ribbons). , The bird flew away (lit. ‘flying went’). to tear into shreds. d.d. cis-nya 2. (with negative) ‘before having done,’ ws/Lô n: a white-barked tree as in: ≥ama'hu-d˙ z˙ before I came, 'd˙hk˙riÚhaving edible berries. oma'hu-d˙'kao at a time before his com- wns wns expr.adv: ing. 3. (with double negative) ‘neces- d˙hl˙kunstable, d˙hl˙k tottering. , to sary,’ as in: ma'ba-d˙ ma'tae It’s neces- totter back and forth.d.d. 'd˙hlki-nya sary that he go (lit. ‘won’t do that he not expr.adv: dirty, filthy, go’). wn–wn 'd˙hl-d˙hlunswept (of 'zihm siÚ house dirt) . Ðadj: coord: a concessive –b a , thick with dust, dirt (of a -d˙construction b˙ ‘though, even when.’ (Oc- 'd˙hl-d˙hl'house floor).o— curs with disjunct agents, as in: u'juÚ~ ya-d˙ wln–Gof [Nep 9Ng' Îh˙lnu] b˙ buhriszya Even when (someone) gives 'd˙hli-nyavi.pat: to fall, topple (of upright objects). (him) his portion, he still wants more. , of heavy objects. [Nep Îubaunu ba–Gof} 8afpg' ' 'gahram 'gohrom, of heavy objects (but d˙b˙i-nya‘submerge’] vt: to suppress, subdue. smaller'gahdaÚ than 'guhduÚ above). , of a single baf [Nep 8Aaf Î˙bba] n: a con- heavy object. 'guhduÚ, suddenly (esp. 'd˙ba tainer, esp. a tin can. of a young childgohjyaÚ trying to walk). , bu bu expr.adv: aqueous, en masse, all in the same direction.'syoÚlo d˙g˙uncongealed, d˙g˙ swamp-like. Ðadj: , to be about . d˙g˙ to'd˙hli'wa topple. Ð'd˙hli'waset: 'ta-nya. Ðvt: , d˙g˙'o bunf bunf expr.adv: made to fell, knock pa-nya down (as ofd˙hl˙i-nya wind to a d˙g˙lacoarse d˙g˙la (when grinding). crop of corn). , to grind into coarse chunks.d.d. c˙hreÚ- wNs–Gof} [Nep 9Nsfpg' nya , to split wood into large chunks.d.d. d˙hlk˙i-nyaÎh˙lkaunu] vt: 1. to cause to lean, tip Ðseh-nyaadj: , coarse. to one side. 2. to steer a ship. d˙g˙la d˙g˙laÚwo bx [Nep] n: pond, small lake. wlNs–Gof [Nep 9Nsg' d˙h˙Ð[Kh (Mk rbi ‘pond’)] 'd˙hlki-nyaÎh˙lk˙nu] vi.pat: 1. to totter. bx/f n: a clay storage bin for , to walk tottering. 2. (in:d˙hl˙k 'd˙h˙ragrain. Ðset: . d˙hl˙k ) to become afternoon'n˙m (lit. bxLô [Nep]'d˙hnsar n: milk curd, yogurt. 'd˙hlki-nya‘the sky to lean’). Ðvt: , to 'd˙hiÚ whf [Nep dh˙jo ‘ribbon’] n: red cause to lean, tip to one side.d˙hlk˙i-nya 'd˙hjaand white strips of cloth (attached to Kham Dictionary 93 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ –wd num.clsf: in: t˙d˙hm many, terly, with deep sobbing. , -d˙hma large amount (of things stockpiled). to split wood into slabs fromd.d. oneciraÚ-nya end to wd–Gof [Kh *d˙hm] vt: to the other in a splitting sound. d.d. cis- d˙hm-nyastack (esp. long objects like firewood). , to rip with a ripping sound. nya cf. bor-nya. , to fall on wn{]k expr.adv: solid, compact, top of one anotherd˙hm's in \î-nyaa heap (as sheep 'd˙hrlepheavier than it looks. , to be off a cliff). Ðpass.part: , plen- surprisingly heavy. Ðadj:d. gis-nya , sol- tiful. n˙'jiÚ'da\ 'sîÚ~ d˙hm'sd˙hm'sîu\ 'li'zya\îuIn that id, sturdy, compact, surprisingly'd˙hrlebo heavy. area firewood is plentiful. wd{ [Nep] n: 1. religious duty, wlD;p adj: abundant, copious, 'd˙hrm˙piety, good-will. , of one d˙hm'sreadily\îu available. who is righteous,o-'d˙hrm˙ just, pious. 'leo 2. merit. wg [Nep] n: riches, wealth. itao n˙do'kin n~ïÚlai 'd˙hrm˙ 'tae If you

'd˙hn , wealth and possessions. do this it will be merit for you. 'd˙hn 's˙mp˙tiwgL [Nep] adj: rich, wealthy. wld{ [Nep] n: 1. religious, just, 'd˙hrmi 'd˙hniÐ[Kh yo:'wo] pious. 2. savior. a'ch—îm ≥a'd˙hrmi 'n~ïÚ n˙'take, ≥alai n˙b~aÚc˙i'na'k\e Today you wG;f/ [Nep] n: a tightly have become my savior, you saved my 'd˙hnsarconstructed wooden bin for storing life. [Nep data ‘patron’], shelled grain. Ðrelated words: 'bum plas- a term'd˙hrmi of address 'data implying deference. tered basket for storing grain, 'd˙h˙ra clay storage bin for grain, 'dohkora bam- w/flt] [Nep] n: bail, security 'd˙hroti boo bin for storing corn on rooftops, for release, bond money. 'd˙hroti jaÚh- phumulih a small bum. , to pay bail. nya wGofsfj [Nep dh˙nya wk{g [Sk d˙rp˙n˙] n: a brass 'd˙hrp˙n 'd˙hnya'kao‘blessed’] adj: praiseworthy (esp. for mirror. endurance in suffering). w;f/–lg expr.adv: out of the d˙hsar'ni w· (in: , qv.) corner of the eye. , to look out of the corner ofd. the 'cyuÚ-nya eye. 'd˙h≥g˙ 'ch˙nd˙ cf]–w· 'd˙h dfn≥g˙]p [Nep (o)-'d˙hÎh˙≥g˙≥ g˙‘conduct 'maleo’] adj: careless, slip- b}–Gof [Kh *z-d˙t (Mk zd˙i, Ses d˙i-nya shod, maladroit. cf. binu 'bahrcya. *dot < do‰÷, -dot- ‘found’); TB *du-t ‘join’] vt: 1. to find. Ðset: . w/nf n: nurse, baby-sitter. 2. to receive, obtain. a'chîm— thaÚpahl-nya ≥ad˙i'ke\ 'd˙hr˙la w/f Å/f expr.adv: torn I received news today. 3. (in: d˙hraup, shredded. ph˙ra , to tear to ) to bear a child. 4. (Instr.'zaÚ d˙i-) to shreds. d.ph. ciÚ-nya nyareceive punishment. o'bani-e d˙i'keo\-e He w/ w/ [Nep dhuru-dhuru] received (punishment) according to his 'd˙hr 'd˙hr expr.adv: heavy ripping sound (as of conduct. 5. to catch up with, overtake. sturdy cloth when caught on a nail). cf. 6. to be ‘caught’ by disease. 'joroe d˙id˙ 't˙hr 't˙hr. , to weep bit- d.d. g˙hr-nya 94 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 'n˙i'nao Disease has overtaken me (I have fore. oma'hu-d˙'kao at a time before he become ill). o'ky~aÚ'taoye d˙id˙ 'n˙i'wo came. That of her body has overtaken her (she bvLg [Nep blI0f d˙kshi˘] n: has her monthly period). 'd˙khinsouth. , to the south. 'o ± -'wo d˙i- , to be permitted by circumstances. bnjf'd˙khin (in: 't ÉïÚ'da , qv.) Ðnyavt: , to introduce, bring two d˙l˙wa bnfln [Nep]'m n:aÚth˙~ the d˙l˙waone in charge. partiess˙d˙i-nya together for conference. 'd˙lalihokin te ge'd˙lali b˙ ol z˙ 'li'ke From [Alt.root *phro (Gam phro, Nis phoro); Ð then on he himself was the one in charge Him (Tib sprod-pa ‘make meet’)] of us. [Nep daunu] 1. b}–Gof bfpg' vt: bdof [Nep d˙maha] n: a large 'd˙i-nya to break in an ox for plowing; train. 2. d˙m˙yakettle-like drum used for weddings, fu- to keep one’s children in control. nerals, and work parties. , Aren’t you able n˙zaÚralai n˙ma'd˙iduh'ke\ funeral dirge played on a 'bipyadrum ( lit.d˙m˙ya ‘back- to control your children? wards beat’). , any b} b]ptf gen.n: gods and rhythm other than'sipya a funeral d˙m˙ya dirge (lit. d˙i 'deota godlings. Ðset: . ‘correct beat’). 'deota wM–Gof+} [Kh *d˙hn] vt: to eat bdf:t¬n [Nep tul ‘red cloth’] d˙~îÚh-nya meat (by pulling off chunks with the d˙mastuln: red cotton cloth worn on a shaman’s teeth). , biting off small pieces. belt. Ðset: . c˙t c˙t, to be eating meat together bDrseral}+ prop.n: a Kham-Magar (ofd˙~îÚh's a group).\î-nya d˙mc˙villageîÚ~ of about 40 houses in the Shera 'w}MNof vfu/ prop.n: panchayat. (S.I. Damchan). 'd˙ihlya 'khag˙r a pass east of Taka which must be crossed , male inhabitant of Dam- before entering Ghustu≥ valley. (S.I. chan.'d˙mc˙ ≥gya , female inhabitant 15,199 ft.) of Damchan.'d˙mc˙≥gyani b}l;–Gof v.recip: 1. to meet bDr·Øf prop.n: male in- d˙i'sî-nya\ together; to meet with. (Asc. ). 'd˙mc˙habitant≥gya of Damchan. , -s˙ , to meet straightway. , female inhabitant of Damchan.'d˙mc˙≥gyani j˙hp˙lyakto meet unexpectedly, by surprise.jyahp˙ 2. to bDofgL n: a type of large be available. Ð[Alt.root *phro (Gam ph- 'd˙mphyanieagle notorious for stealing lambs, prob. ro, Nis phoro); Him (Tib sprod-pa ‘make the Golden Eagle. Ðgen: . meet’)] blD;Nof [Nep 'la:dumsy˙ilo] 'ga: n: [Sk d˙itya] bTof+} bfgjf¬ 'd˙msilyaa level spot on a steep hill. Ðadj: 'd˙îÚtya~ 'danuwa gen.n: devils and demons. Ðset: . , level (on a steep hill). d˙msil- 'zya:h –bsfj v.aff: of a time when. yaso bGb}–Gof [Nep 8f8“ g\ ' Î~aÎnu] -d˙'kao ‘at the time 'd~o:h-d˙'kao o'bao 'belaÚk˙ d˙nd˙i-nyavt: to fine, exact a fine. he fled.’ Ð(with negative) of a time be- wf}ln b]/f n: section of the d˙ohlivillage dera where people of the damai caste Kham Dictionary 95 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ live. Ðpass.part: , rolled up. wfNoflg} n: a female of the bnf { [Nep'd˙rl˙i's 8Nnfîu\ ] Î˙llo] n: 1. a ball 'd˙ohlyanimusician-tailor caste. cf. 'du:hli. 'd˙rlaof string or wool. 2. a lump or clod of wfNof} [Sk dh˙ula ‘white’] n: a earth. 'd˙ohlyawhite-footed ox. cf. 'du:hli. Ðset: . b/ g;f [Nep dh˙rn˙so] n: Ðadj: , white-footed (of'patya a male 'd˙rAchilles 'n˙sa tendon, tendon at the back of bovine).d˙ohlyaso an animal’s hock, hamstring. cf. 'tara. bk}–Gof [Nep wkfpg' b;}{–Gof vt: to repeat words 'd˙p˙i-nyadh˙paunu] vt: to chase or drive away. 'd˙rs˙i-nya(as of the line of a song, or s.th. spoken). cf. khep˙i-nya. cf. dohor˙i-nya. bk–bk [Nep dhip-dhip] ex- b?:t [Nep durust˙] adv: exactly, 'd˙p-d˙ppr.adv: steadily burning. , 'd˙rust˙the exact likeness. to burn steadily. d.d. c~aÚh-nya b; [Nep] num: ten. cf. aphi huphi bKsf n: large brass bowl for 'd˙s'kwi:. 'd˙pkakneading beer malt. Ðset: . b;} + [Nep] n: the Dasain festival. 'ja: blK;–Gof vi.pat: (of liquid) d˙s˙~îÚ b;f [Nep d˙saha] n: hex, spell, d˙p'sto pour\î-nya back over the lip of a pot. Ðvt: 'd˙saevil fortune. o'd˙sa hud˙ le Evil fortune . has come to him. cf. zyahban. s˙d˙p-nya b/fk–Gof v.sta: to be sticky. b;–b; expr.adv: full of grief. d˙rap-nyaÐadj: . 'd˙s-d˙s , to sob or weep with pain d˙rab' b/fko— b/fk expr.adv: sticky. ord.d. grief g˙hr-nya (quietly to self). d˙rap d˙rap , to be sticky. Ðadj: b:st [Nep d˙stkh˙t] n: signature. d˙rap d˙rap 'ta-nya , sticky. d˙sk˙t bof [Nep] n: kindness, mercy. d˙rap d˙rab'o— b/af/ [Nep] n: palace, esp. the d˙ya , to show kindness, mercy. 'd˙rbarresidence of a king. Ðd˙ya[Kh yahl-nya]da-nya blanf{ ] [Nep ‘firm’] adj: heavy, bf part: first...then... ≥azyu da First 'd˙rbilosturdy, stout (as of a club). cf. 'giso. daI'll eat, then... sya'k˙riÚ 'j˙id˙ ≥ay ~aÚ da b/]g b/]g expr.adv: to be First I'll prepare you some meat, then... d˙renelastic, d˙ren stringy, syrupy, gooey (as of tof- var. das˙r˙. , if...then... u'hu'kin fy). Ðadj: , elastic, stringy, da If he comes,-'kin then... da syrupy (liked˙ren sap). d˙ren'o— bf– irreg.v: the form of the verb ‘to bn}{–Gof [Nep 8NNofpg' da-do’ where the object is first or second 'd˙rl˙i-nyaÎ˙llyaunu] vt: to form s.th. into a ball. person dual or plural. cf. 'lumb˙i-nya. , into a ball. 1. bf–Gof [Kh *da] vt: 1. to do. lum lum, to roll oneself da-nya(Used commonly with verbal comple- uplam in lum a blanket.'d˙rl˙i's \î-nyalam lum 'd˙rl˙i's\îd˙ ments, or with certain nouns, as in: 'meÚh syaÚ'k~ e\ He slept rolled up in a blanket.

96 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ da-nya do fire (keep a fire burning), 'yehn before, o'kyaÚ-'da'~ ≥aor˙ his relatives (lit. da-nya do work, etc. Used also with ‘the towards-his-body-being-ones ’) etc. nouns borrowed from Nepali, as in: bfô–Gof [Kh *r-da: (Mk rda, 'bihyaÚ da-nya do marriage, 'puja da-nya daÚ-nyaKot d˙:)] vt: to sting (of serpents, insects, do sacrifice, etc.) 2. (Inst. ) to ac- nettles). -e complish, perform duties. u'kwiÚ-e ma- bf“ n: pine tree. do'wo He doesn’t fulfil his duties (lit. d~aÚ bf–“ irreg.v: form of the verb stem ‘doesn’t do with his hand’). 3. imper- d~aÚ-‘to tell’ where the object is first person sonal or involuntary action (with verbal singular. 'banya ma'tae h˙i daÚ'k~ eo\ “You complements having an option between can’t go, ” he told me. and ). Contrast: 'yuÚ~ 'thuÚ bf–Gof“ [Kh *da≥ (Mk zd~a; Him da-nya'j˙i-nya to take'j˙i-nya (active) interest, and 'y~uÚ d~aÚ-nya(Chep dhe≥, Tib dra≥-po)] 1. v.sta: to 'thuÚ da-nya to be (involuntarily) con- be straight. , tall and straight cerned. , do’s and (esp. of a tree).phir phir , straight on don’ts. danyadanya madanya madanya d˙s paÚ~ The Ten the level. Ðadj: phy~oÚ by, straight.~oÚ cf. 'so- Commandments (lit. ‘ten words of do’s hjo. 'd~aÚ'wo, perfectly straight and don’ts’). Ðv.aux: an impersonalizing (not nec.'s˙l-s˙l standing). 'd~aÚ'wo 2. vi.agt: with auxiliary used with verbs having a human , go without wandering. chwatt˙ object, as in: s˙cheÚ'wo— do'zyao It fright- chwatt˙daÚni~ Go straight (home)! 3. to be just ens one (lit. ‘does fright to one’ ); k˙i'wo— or righteous. ge'leo'da odaÚk˙~ May he be do'zyao It bites one (lit. ‘does a biting to just towards us. one’). bf“ [Kh *da≥ (Gam da≥gul)] n: 2. bf–Gof [Kh *da] v.bt: (in: 'dlarge~aÚ constricting snake, python. cf. 'guhl. da-nya ) 1. to tell s.th. to s.o. cf. h˙i Ðgen: . , 'li-nya.h˙i da-nya 2. to call s.o. or s.th. by a name. serpentrwihza spirit (one wanza of a shaman'd~aÚ 'd’~oÚhwaÚs famil- 'tïÚÉ yadozyao naÚkhar A village they call iars). Ðset: . Taka. ≥alai suÚ h˙i yad~aÚzyao Who do 'zya:h they call me? bfanLM n: a woman who doesn’t dab˙lihwear bracelets. dab˙lih z˙ 'lizya She’s –bf [Kh *da (Gam -di)] loc.case: without bracelets. -'dthe\a allative case marker: ‘to, toward,’ as [Nep dabre] in: u'zihm-'da\ 'ba'ke\ He went to his house. bfa/Øf deic- 'dab˙rya (Affixed to deictic primitives and locative tic.prim: left, as in: 'dab˙rya'da— to the

roots to form complex adverbial phrases, left 'dab˙rya'ni from the left, etc. Ðn: a left-handed person. Ð . as in: me-'da\ downward, yaÚ-'da\ upward, set: , the left hand.p~a:cya:h upriver, chîÚ-'d~ a\ later, ≥ah-'da\ earlier, etc.) 'dab˙rya, to 'kwiÚthe left. 'dab˙rya Ðadj: , the nominalized form of 'tïÚ'dÉ a\ the allative-'da'≥ ao , as in: a-'da'≥ao the one bfa/Øf;f] adj: (of a place) dab˙ryaso towards here,-'da ≥ah-'da'≥ao the one from out-of-the-way, unfrequented, difficult to get to. cf. kusujal'o,— ˙g˙hc˙'lao.— Kham Dictionary 97 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ bfaLô [Nep dabilo] n: a wooden ing moisture. dabiÚstirring spoon or paddle. cf. p˙hne:. wfbf wfbf n: large skin bflaag] n: a basket for spoons, 'dahdaeruptions 'dahda (as from bee stings); hives. dabibenladles, etc. Ðset: . wfbfª lg wb¬ ª¬ ex- bf“lr n: pinebe:h pitch. 'dahdapr.adv:≥ ni great 'duhdu crashing≥ noise (esp. of 'daÚci~ bfb/f [Nep dadura] n: measles. thunder). , to thunder with great crashing.d.d. 'g˙rji-nya 'dad˙ra bfbf“ [Nep 8f8f“ ÎaÎa]~ n: a mountain 1 'dridge.~aÚda , along the crest . wfbØf [Nep dad] n: scabies, 'dahdya of a ridge.'d~aÚdae 'd~aÚda ringworm, itchy skin disease. 2 bf“lb [Nep 808L Îa˘Îi ‘pole’] n: . wfbØf [Nep Îha‹e] n: tomcat. 'dahdya 'd1.~aÚdi the wooden bar which connects the wfufô [Nep dhago] n: thread, plow to the yoke harness. Ðset: . dahgaÚfiber. 2. bier, usu. made of a plow bar.'gohr 3. wfsf t¬lk n: a printed, pole for suspending and carrying a slain 'dahkacotton tupiNepali cap. Ðset: . animal. wfn [Nep] n: 1.tupi a shield, usu. bfbô" [Nep Îa‹u] n: a drinking 'dahlmade of thick leather for warding off daduÚladle (with the handle channeled out to arrows. 2. a small shield tied to the form a drinking spout). cf. 'kyo:h. Ðset: back of a dancer’s hand which he clacks . together with other dancer’s shields in 'ja: wfM–Gof vi.pat: to be free of rhythm. daÚh-nyaobligations, not busy, having free time. wfdf [Nep ‘industry’] nom: an a'chîm— n˙madaÚhzya Are you free today? 'dahmaeffort, attempt (esp. to restore some- Ðvt: . thing). cf. 'dyauhna, 'udim, 'jor. mas˙daÚh-nya 'wfM“ [Kh *r-dah≥ (Nis rd~a:h)] n: , to make an effort to restore'dahma s.th. 'da~aÚh tethering rope for looping around the 'taeda-nya s˙îÚ~ 'lid˙ 'dahma dozyao Hes making neck of a calf. Ðset: . an attempt in hopes that it can be restored.’ wfrf [Nep 'c Îhe:h~ ~aca ‘form’] n: Ðadv: , diligently, with effort. 'dahmas˙ 'dahcadesign, pattern, style. n˙'zihm kitao wfd+ ] [Kh *dahme (Bhj dahmit)] 'dahca'lao u'lizyao Of what design is your 'dahmn: maiden,~eÚ unmarried girl (with some house? , stylish, dandy implication of being flirtatious). cf. (esp. of ao-'dahca person). 'leo . 'luh'za. , (of a girl) , o'dahcato speak 'leo highly 'miÚ of to flirt, dally,'dahm behave~eÚ 'j˙i's in \î-nyaa coquettish man- o-'dahcaoneself, making p~aÚ-nya oneself sound rich. ner. , young (of a wom- 'dahmeÚ'za'kao~ wfMb“ n: rocky; strewn with rocks an); maidenish. d~aÚhd˙(as at the foot of a rockfall). wfld [Nep] n: sorcerer, wizard. 'dahmi cf–wfb/] n: thin soil on top wfld–Gof [Nep 8fDg' Îamnu] (o)-'dahd˙rof a boulder; stony soil incapable of hold- 'dahmi-nyavt: to sear, brand with a hot iron. (Done to relieve persistent pain, as in a torn 98 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ligament, etc. Also done to young male 2. wf/f [Nep dahro] n: the tusk sheep at the roots of the horns to make 'dahraof an animal. them grow straight out.) cf. 'nahworya. 1. wfl/–Gof vt: to wound, 1 . wfg [Nep] n: rice paddy. 'dahri-nyaattack without killing (esp. of predators 'dahnÐset: . to livestock). 2'chal . wfg n: corn tassel. 2. wfl/–Gof vt: to impound, 'dahn wflg–Gof vt: to manage, care 'dahri-nyaconfiscate for the public treasury (as a 'dahni-nyafor s.th., protect in s.o.’s absence. Ðset: penalty). . Ðn: , stew- wf/Lô [Nep da‹hi ‘beard’] n: ard,'s˙mari-nya manager. 'dahnidizyao 'dahriÚchin; chin whiskers. wfªf/L] ô [Nep Îhyagro]~ n: sha- wfgL{ [Nep] n: a unit of weight dahman≥oriÚ’s drum (shaped like a tambourine 'dahrniequivalent to about four and a half with loosely fitted handles inside). cf. pounds. (The term is used with 're:hgor.~ Ðset: . units of four or more,'dahrni otherwise the Kham wfkf [Kh'ja:hk˙ri~ *dahpa] ja:r˙ n: a young term is used, qv.) Ðset: . 'dahpaman of marriageable age. 'dihm , the standard dharni.kach˙ , (of a young man) to be'dahpa flirta- 'k˙t˙wa 'dahrni , the standard dharni tious,'j˙i'sî-nya\ sport with the girls. plus'chapya one suka'dahrni. Ð[Kh 'dihm]. , (of young men) to 'dahpameet at 1 wf/Øf [Nep darhe ‘tusked’] cuh'snight \î-nya with the girls for courting (lit. 'dahryan: the male Barking Deer (muntiacus ‘young men to sit’). , a muntjac). Ðgen: . 'dahpa kergeÚh older man who makes advances with the 2 wf/Øf'sya: [ <'ba: o'dahr ‘path of girls; lecher. 'dahryaleast resistence’] n: one who looks for 'dahpa 'dahm~e 'j˙i's\î- , (of both sexes) to flirt, make sport easy work, avoids the difficult. withnya one another. voc.n: term of address wf/Øf [Nep dhar ‘blade’] n: used by old men when addressing young- 3 'dahrya1. a sharp edged stone. 2. a person er men. whose front tooth protrudes. cf. 'buchu- 1 . cf]–wf/ [Nep dhar] n: the lya. Ðset: . Ðadj: , (o)-'dahr blade of a knife. knife-edgedp (of~a:cya:h a stone, ridge,dahryaso etc.). 2 . cf]–wf/ n: 1. the outside wf/Øfô w¬/Lô expr.adv: (o)-'dahr edge of a furrow (the line which should 'dahryaÚ(of a trail) 'duhriÚ poorly marked and hard to be followed on the pass back, covering follow. , to be hard to the original furrow). 2. the path of least see (of a trail).d.d. Ðr˙adj:~îÚh-nya . resistance. o'dahr o'dahrt˙ 'bao p˙îÚzyao~ wf; n: a thorn'dahrya bush 'duhriÚ'wowith edible He wants to take the path of least resis- 'dahsroots. tance (wants the easy jobs). cf. 'dahrya. cf–wf;] [Kh *r-dahs (Mk rdah, 1 . wf/f [Nep dhar] n: water (o)-'dahsNis rdas, Gam dah); Nep Îasnu ‘to 'dahraspout, fountain. sting’] n: the stinger of a bee or wasp. Kham Dictionary 99 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , having a stinger. Ðpass.part: , compared, exam- o-'dahs 'leo wf;–Gof [Kh *s-das (Mk zda, ined. 'daÚji's~ îu\ 'dahs-nyaMht da:, Ses *d˙s < d˙i, d˙h- ‘empty’)] bfHo" [Nep bfh' daju] n: 1. elder vi.pat: to become empty. Ðvt: to empty. dajyubrother. 2. male parallel cousin older also: s˙das-nya. Ðadj: , empty than ego (FaBrSo, MoSiSo). Ðabbrv: (as of a container). cf. rito:.'dahso Ð[Alt.root (precedes proper name as a title. da (Mk ya,~ Gam yeh≥)] c˙nd˙rda man Elder-Brother Chandra bfO{ [Nep] n: tread mill. (Oxen are Man). 'daiattached by a wooden bar to a central bfsNof“ n: reed, bulrush. post which they rotate round and round 'daÚk˙lya~ bfs/Øf n: traveller. for threshing out grain.) , dak˙rya bfsf“ [Nep] n: thief, robber. 'dai jaÚh-nya (of oxen) to thresh out grain in a tread d~aÚka , thieves and robbers. cor mill. d~aÚka bfSb/ [Nep] n: doctor. [Nep] dowry (given by bfOhf{ ] n: dakd˙r bfn n: cloth or rags used for wrapping 'daijo the bride’s father). dala newborn baby; swaddling clothes. blessings, peace, good bfOgf{ ] n: bfn–Gof vt: to wrap a newborn 'daino fortune. (Used esp. in formulas to the dal-nyababy in cloth or rags. gods, as in: a'lao 'thane o'm˙nd˙lir˙ 'daino bfnf [Nep Îalo ‘branch’] n: foliage 'tacyo Blessings be to the gods of this 'dalacut from the forest for feeding livestock shrine!) , boon, good kept at home. fortune, Providence.'buhgan 'daino bfd [Nep] n: a coin. cf]–bf“ hLô+ n: 1. entrails, 'dam Weaver Bird. (o)-'dguts.~aÚ var. 'j~îÚ o'da:~ u'jî:.~ , bfg rl/ n: dan c˙ri to strip or pull the o-'d entrailsaÚ~ 'jîÚ~ outwal-nya of an Ðgen: . 'baza-biza animal. cf–bfGsfj] adj: (of crops) (o)-'dan'kao , (fig)o-'d ‘gutsaÚ~ 'j nearlyîÚ~ wal's strippedî'wa\ 't˙lk˙l out from 'ta- average, ordinary. var. o'dans˙'kao. anger.nya ’ , to re- cf–bfG;sfj] adj: suitable, veal oneo-'d’s feelings~aÚ 'j~îÚ s˙t˙ (lit.~îÚdya-nya ‘to show one’s (o)-'dans˙'kaofitting, just right. ugur o'dahns˙'kao 'lizya guts’). 2. pumpkins, beans, etc. growing His load is just right. 'nigur 'ni'dahns˙'kao in the midst of corn. 'lizya Their (dl) load is just right.

bf“lh–Gof [Nep bfHg“ ' d~ajnu] bfgjf¬ (in: , 'dvt:~aÚji-nya to compare, examine one on the basis 'danuwaqv.) 'd˙~îÚtya 'danuwa of others. 'ni'daÚji'k~ eo\ He compared the bf· n: Dang Valley, a winter two. (Also with , as in: aolai chut˙ras˙ 'datrading≥g˙ area near the Indian border. 'daÚji'k~ eo\ He compared-s˙ this with the oth- bf·f [Nep dago]~ n: male dog.

ers.) Ðv.recip: , to compete da≥ga bfj dfof–Gof vt: to 'daÚji's~ î-nya\ against one another (esp. in a race). da'forbid—o maya-nya to do, not allow. 100 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ bf“kf ntf n: (in: daÚ'pa~ l˙ta, bf;f lg la;f expr.adv: daÚ'pa~ d~aÚ'ma l˙ta l˙ta he-snake braid, she-snake 'dasacrazy, ni daft,'bisa eccentric. Ðadj: braid) (shamanic) long braid of hair made . Ðset: . 'dasa ni from the top-knots of preceding gener- 'bisao bftf (in:pag˙l , qv.) ations of ancestor shamans. (Worn by a 'data bfYof“ 'd˙hrmin: 1. a sterile 'data plant, pro- shaman on the crown of his head and d~aÚthyaducing no grain. 2. a barren woman. said to represent a serpent). Ðset: . wfpm“ wfpm“ expr.adv: sound seral bf/–Gof vt: to taste. Ðvi: daof~uÚh a dashaman~uÚh ’s drum. , 'dar-nya 'dar- , to have taste, savor; to have strength (of a shaman’s drum) to d.d.sound thas-nya out. (asnya the sun). Ðadj: , having savor, wfpjf n: shamanic ceremony relish, strength. daro sweet sugar, daro 'cini 'dauhwain which the shaman makes an ecstatic salty salt, hot sun. daro sapiÚ daro 'gahm journey to the underworld to retrieve a

bf/\l;–Gof vi.agt: 1. to sense, soul. (The journey is made to the east dar's\î-nya feel. 'kh˙r-kh˙r o'ta'zyao ≥adar'sîzya\ I feel over Jaljala Pass.) Ðset: . something tingling on me. cf. ≥˙m'sî-nya.\ bfjg n: metal ore.kÉï:h-nya 2. to experience (lit. ‘get a taste of’). daw˙n b] interj: an interjection indicating pa~îÚh dar's\îd˙ ≥a'le I have experienced dereadiness, as in: de ge'ba Up! Let’s go! everything. 3. (Asc. ) to discern, get [Kh *r-deh≥ (Bhj rdeh,~ Mk deh,~ a feel for s.th. or s.o. -s˙'noÚ miÚs˙ dar's\îd˙ wM+] d~eÚhMht dhe≥)] the back of the neck. ≥a'le, o'bani macao 'lizya I got a feel for n: that man, his habits are bad. w]d–Gof [Kh *s-dem ± *them dehm-nya(Mk zdem, Kot dem, Ghus them); Him bf? [Nep] n: gunpowder. daru *tem (Mag tem; TB *nem] v.sta: to be 'daru'j˙ik˙ g˙nd˙k 'cahizya When making gun- low. , low (of objects); powder sulphur is needed. Ðadj: having a broad,dehmo short stature (of a per- bf “ ?M;\ n: 1. a snake skeleton son). 'dworn~aÚ ruhs by shamans as a garland. 2. a

thorny vine resembling a snake skeleton. w·] } nom: reluctance, lethargy, dehlack≥g˙i of enthusiasm. , bf“; [Nep Î~as] n: horsefly. Ðgen: to stall; be reluctant, lackingdeh≥g˙i in da-nyaenthusi- d~aÚs˙ . asm, not fully committed. 'banyat˙ 'mulza buhsuna: pine cone ( ‘pine fruit’). bf“;} n: lit. deh≥g˙i do'zyao He’s stalling in going. d~aÚs˙i 1. , bf;/ part: (var. of: qv.) w;/] ]ôt ] expr.adv: cross-legged. das˙r˙first... then... 2. granted, as in: da a'da— ho'da— dehs˙reÚtecf. p˙hle:te. , to sit cross- das˙r˙ ma'bae He didn’t, I grant you, legged. d. cuh's\î-nya move around much. poh's\îu 'laÚ kata –w;f] temp.root: in: , in o'gaih 'li'k\e das˙r˙ What open wound, -dehsaa short while, in a moment. t˙dehsa grant you, would be found on a blud- geoned leopard? b]vf coord: rather than. chut˙lai dekha Kham Dictionary 101 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ≥aezyao dekha n~ïÚlai ≥ay~aÚ Rather than contraction of morphemes + .) give it to s.o. else, I'll give it to you. –lb a coord: -d˙ a concessive~îÚ b]p wfd [Nep deu ‘god’] -diconstruction b˙ ‘though, even though.’ 'n˙i deogen.n: 'dahm gods and divinities. Ðset: . o'j˙i'na-di b˙ even though he does such b]j/ [Nep] n: husband’s younger'deota to me... deorbrother. Ð[Kh m˙s] lw–Gof vi.agt: to be attentive, bjtf] [Nep bjtf] dew˙ta] n: a dih-nyaearnest, steadfast. (Usu. in an adverbial 'deotagod, local deity. Ðlocal deities: 'b˙r˙haÚ function, as in: dihd˙ da-nya to do stead- the chief god, 'b˙rm˙ god of the west, fastly. 'ao ≥ap~aÚ dihd˙ th˙i'c \îke Listen sacrificed to for illness, d˙i 'deota gods attentively to these my words. al˙ dihd˙ and godlings, deo 'dahm gods and divin- 'male He doesn’t live here permanently.) ities, 'm˙nd˙li god of a shrine, 'pitt˙r an- lwaNSof n: 1. a flat, thick cestor spirits and gods, 'sepa ser~oÚ god 'dihb˙lkyabladed knife. 2. a small, thick-set child. of the underworld. cf. 'tip˙lkya. Ðadj: , flat and b]/Øf n: a person with one eye thick (as of a knifedihb˙lkyaso blade); thick, heavy, 'deryasmaller than the other. Ðset: . crude. Ðadj: , small eyed. p~a:cya:h wLs n: 1. terrace wall. cf. kand˙lah. b];deryaso [Nep b]z desh] n: 1. country, dihk˙2. a slightly sloping terrace not yet com- 'desregion, territory. 2. India. 'des'da 'ba'ker˙\ pleted. They left for India. , an Indian. lwsnf¬ n: dumpling; a lump of b:oft+] n¬ n:'desi small variety of dihkulabuckwheat dough boiled in water, dried, d~eÚsyatuledible grasshopper. Ðgen. t˙ri: kosyo:. and used for trail food. lb part: the ‘reported speech’ particle; lwsNof¬ [ < dihkula ‘buckwheat diputative aspect. 'banke di Go! (you're 'dihkulyadumpling’] n: a small, thick-set child. told). h˙iz˙ di So it’s said. Ðadj: , roundish, small and dihkulyaso –bLô v.aux: the form of the benefactive thick-set. -diÚauxiliary verb where the benefactor is lwnf] [Nep l9nf] Îhilo] adj: late, third person singular, as in: 'j˙i-diÚ'keo\ 'dihlotime consuming. , to take He made it for him. (Morphophonemic a lot of time in doing'dihlo s.th. da-nya b˙n˙i 'dihlo contraction of the morphemes + .) do'zyao He’s taking a lot of time. bL+ô– irreg.v: the form of the-d˙ verbe ‘to wLd n: a stone used as a standard d~îÚ-tell’ where the object is second singular, 'dihmdharni weight. Ðnum.clsf: a unit of as in: n~ïÚlai h˙i d~îÚ'zyao He’s saying it weight equivalent to a dharni (about 4 to you. 1/2 pounds). t˙'dihm one unit, neh'dihm

–bL+ô v.aux: the form of the benefactive two units. (Used only with the numerals -dauxiliary~îÚ verb where the benefactor is 1 - 3, after which 'dahrni is used.) second person singular, as in: 'j˙idîÚ'k~ eo\ , a 'dihm one suka larger 'chapya 'dihm He made it for you. (Morphophonemic than the standard (one-eighth larger). 102 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , the standard 'dihm. Ðset: bLk–Gof vi.pat: to be qualified, 'k˙t˙wa. Ð'dihm[Alt.root (Mk pe)].~ dip-nyafully trained. 'zyaÚh madipd˙ oc˙l˙i'kin kach˙ wLDa expr.adv: packed, crowded, 'buÚhlizya If one manages a spirit while 'dihmb˙swarming. Ðadj: , swarming. unqualified, he will go insane. aÚh'p˙i jat˙ra b˙ b˙n˙i z˙ 'dihmb˙o ulizyao The madip'tae He’s not yet qualified. Ðadj: festival was swarming (with people). , qualified, competent. Ðset: wLd–bLd expr.adv: depressed, dip'o . , unqualified, incompe-u-hil 'dihm-dimbowl shaped (of a valley). cf. 'gihm- tent,hai'w maladroit.—o madip'o gim'o. Ðadj: . p–lblk [Nep Îhipi ‘insistence’] wLd–bLDof'dihm-dim'o n: a gentle slope. (u)-'dipin: insistent, nagging. 'male 'leo s˙nc˙ b˙ 'dihm-dimyacf. 'behralya. mayaÚ'k~ eo,\ u-'dipi macao Even when told lwknf “ lwknf “ expr.adv: no“ ” he wouldn’t give me peace, his insis- dihp˙l(of fireaÚ~ dihp˙lor light)aÚ~ flickering, glimmering. tence is bad. cf. u-'dyu:di. , to burn with a flickering lb;f [Nep disha ‘direction’] n: d.d.flame. c ~aÚh-nya , to be visible from 'disa(in: 'car 'disa the four compass points.) afar (asd.d. a fire, r˙îÚh-nya~ or a distant star). Ðadj: b“ô n: amount. aÚh d~ïÚ r˙i'k\eo He , flickering, glim- d~ïÚbrought this amount. dihp˙lmering.~aÚ dihp˙l~aÚ'wo b“ô–Gof vi.pat: to overfill the pot bLs [Nep Îik] n: mortgage (on a d~ïÚ-nya(of cooked grain after swelling). dikfield or a house). cf. 'b˙nd˙ki. bô bô expr.adv: full; unable to , to put one’s dikproperty 'n˙i- dÉïÚeat d ÉïÚmore. , to be full so nyainto mortgage.± 'j˙i-nya as to be unabled.d. wto~aÚh-nya eat more. Ðadj: lbs/f“ n: type of fern; Woodwar- , full, unable to eat more. dÉïÚ dik˙rdia. ~aÚ dÉïÚ'w—o cf–/] \'wM“ [Kh *r-d˙h≥ (Mk rdïh,~ lbs/Øf n: a dance in which the (o)-r'dGam ~ïÚhd˙≥)] n: the calf of the leg. cf. dik˙ryaleader plays a ma:d˙l~ and the rest follow tik˙rah. in a circle. 'wM;f“ n: tendon at the back of bLSs [Nep] n: boredom, monoto- 'dthe~ïÚhsa knee connecting lower leg with thigh. dikk˙ny, weariness. , to become b“ôsLn (in: , qv.) dikk˙ 'ta-nya bored, weary of s.th. 'dïÚkil~ bf–] irreg.v: form'sïÚkil~ of theni 'd verbïÚkil~ ‘to do’ lbg [Nep] n: day (an interval of do-and ‘to say’ where the object is third 'dintime). (Used only with numerals 4 and person. up.) a'chîm— 'car 'din ≥a'ta'ke\ Today I have bf]ô n: coral; a red stone from Tibet

been (here) four days. cf. 'la:, 'cha:. 'doÚworn by women. cf. mugi. , (of a seer) to check a daydin to bfaf] /] [Nep bfa/] dob˙r ‘double’] determine'cyuÚ-nya whether or not it is auspicious 'doborn: fold, specified number of times. sat for a particular purpose. Ðadj: , 'dobor sevenfold. din˙kao daily. Kham Dictionary 103 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ bfaf] /] –Gof} [Nep bfa¥ofpg] ' , to run, race. dobor˙i-nyadobryaunu] vt: to fold over, double. cf. d~oÚh'na-nya bfxf] n: village lane. 'p˙t˙i-nya. Ðpass.part: , fold- doha dohar˙ syas- ed. dobor˙i'sîu\ “‘cike,Clean zihmr˙ the lanes sehcike, and plaster” h˙i the dasiker˙ houses,’ bfaf] :of] { n: 1. bamboo a year they told us.” 'doborsyaold or more. Ðset: . 2. yearling pig. wfbf] /f] [Nep dhotro] n: hollow Ðset: . c˙hl 'dohdoralog. 'u: bf5] nom: bane, evil fortune. wfbØf] n: coarse, heavy thread. 'doch˙ , to strike s.o. with evil 'dohdyaant. 'ma:tya.~ fortune.'doch˙ da-nya (Said to be caused by seeing wfsf] [Nep wfsf] dhoka ‘fraud’] s.th. terrifying. The thing seen is marked 'dohkan: fraud, deceit. , to by Instr. ). cf. nuhl-nya. betray, deceive (esp.'dohka with the ya-nya intent to bf]+b-e n: canal (from stream to a ensnare the person in evil). cf. ch˙k˙i-nya. d~oÚd˙mill). cf. kul˙, nali. wfsf] /f] [Nep Êokra ‘large bas- bfbf] /] n: an iron pan for parching 'dohkoraket’] n: a large bin made of 'kathya 'dodorgrain. (Usu. a cracked b˙dalih). Ðset: used for storing maize on rooftops. Ðset: . . 'ja: 1. wf]M [Nep 9fs] Îhok] nom: a 'd˙hnsar wfn] n: mud and grass which clings doÚhbow of obeisance (done by touching dohlto a plow. one’s hand to the superior’s foot and wfN5Øf] “ temp.adv: four days then raising the hand to the forehead). dohlchyafter tomorrow;~aÚ five days hence. Ðset: , to do a bow of obeisance. . doÚh2 da-nya . wf]M [Nep dh˙u] adv: with a'chîm— wfn] kfuf] n] expr.adv: super- doÚhdifficulty. doÚh s˙kh˙i'wo 'tazya It is dif- 'dohlabundant, pogol plentiful. cf. d˙hm's\îu, 'leo ficult to align. doÚh kha'sîd˙\ 'linya 'j˙i'keo\ 'maleo. Ðadj: , plentiful. He made it difficult for him living as an wfgf] [Nep'dohl ‘pogol'leaf cupo— ’] n: cone alien. 1. with difficulty. 2. 'dohnashaped leaf cup used in certain shamanic doÚh-doÚh an interjection, as in, nitao'ni n˙'j˙i'zyao ceremonies. dekha doÚh-doÚh itao'ni 'j˙ike Rather than wfMª+] temp.adv: long ago; once do it that way, do of all the hard things, d~oÚhupon≥˙ a time. , long, long it this way! ago. 'd~oÚh d~oÚh≥˙ ' to flee, run wfM–Gof+] vi.agt: wfªf] /f] n: 1. a hollow tube 'daway.~oÚh-nya , stampeding in doh(esp.≥ora a bamboo cylinder for storing salt). panic throughgargar a narrowgurgur space, trampling 2. (in weaving) an unattached stick below on one another. , the heddles to facilitate keeping the even with small, rapid steps.khururu khururu, and odd threads of the warp separate. of a herd or flock (esp. of wild'syam-syam animals). bfxf] O] l;–Gof{ vi.agt: to fre- dohoi's\î-nya 104 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ quent the same route, go back and forth. . Ðadj: , gray headed bfxf] /] –Gof} [Nep bfxf] ¥ofpg] ' (of'patya a sheep). d~oÚhwalyaso dohor˙i-nyadohoryaunu] vt: to repeat an action; to wfO] { expr.adv: long and white (as reiterate a statement. , 'doihof a cloud or trail stretching into distance). to breathe (lit. ‘'srepeatÉïÚ dohor˙i-nya breath’). Ðset: . , stretching plainly Ðpass.part: , repeated. into distance.palo d. 'yem 'bao b˙n˙i 'doih 'bao 'lizya dohor˙i'sîu\ ka dohor˙i'sîu\ îu\ u'li'zyao It was The road stretches long and plainly into repeated over and over again. the distance. , standing great wf/fNof] n: variety of sheep and white. Ðadj:d. cy aÚh's~ îu\ , straight, 'dohralyaraised by highlanders (including Kham- clear and plain. 'doih 'doih'wo Magars). bfsf] n: the rear sight of a gun. wf/f] /f] ] expr.adv: broadly. 'dokaÐset: . 'dohroro , to go broadly and clearly (ofd. a 'b˙nduk bf +] sfsnLM n: a sweet, red trail).'ba-nya Ðadj: , broad and 'dberry~oÚ kak˙lih which grows on vines in the forest. straight (of a trail).'dohroro'wo bfsfg] [Nep] n: 1. a shop. wfMyf+] ] n: trough, usu. a hewn 'dokan , shopkeeper. 2. the smithy d~oÚhthoout log for slopping pigs or watering of'dokanya a blacksmith. . livestock. m˙hrrae 'dokan, (sha- wfj] + } n: wild rose. tharyamanic) the'dokan first, mythologicalterchya 'dokan smithy be- dohw˙~îÚ 'wfMjf+] ô n: 1. a shaman’s familiar longing to Tiku of the underworld. 'dor~oÚhwaÚ helping spirits. (They include the fol- bf]sfGoflg [Nep] n: a woman lowing eight, which with the gel makes 'dokanyanishopkeeper. cf. 'dokanya, 'p˙s˙lya. a total of nine: 'daÚ~ serpent, 'g˙l wild bfsf] of] ô n: an edible forest boar, 'laÚ leopard, lama Tibetan lama, 'lata 'dokoyaÚplant. deaf-mute, 'nim bear, yuÚh monkey, and cf–bf] n] n: the dew-lap on a bull.

zyahphi a nondescript spirit.) Ðset: (o)-dol bfdf:of] [Nep domase] n: lan-

. 2. fierceness of character, per- 'domasyaguage interpreter. sonality.'zya:h obabue o'doÚhwaÚ~ r˙i'keo\ He re- bf]Gof;–Gof vi.pat: 1. to be ceived the fierce character of his father. donyas-nyaelliptical (esp. the mouth of a jug). 2. his personality is vi- o'doÚhwaÚr˙~ macao (of a wall) to be made with a crook or olent. o'doÚhwaÚs˙~ p aÚzya~ he speaks with bulge. Ðadj: , elliptical. anger, fierceness. bf·f] [Nepdonyaso Îu≥o] n: small boat, ' n: a person’s 1 wfMjfNof+] 'docanoe.≥ga cf. kisti. 'dtemperment,~oÚhwalya disposition, inclination. bf·f] bfnf] ] adj: expansive, , to control one’s dolarge≥ga 'dolo(as of a house). cf. 'dwa≥ 'dwa≥o. disposition,'d~oÚhwalya temper.tham-nya bf]ô/f n: a child’s dress (like a 'wfMjfNof+] [Nep dhuw~aso 2 'doÚratunic). 'd‘~oÚhwalyasmoky’] n: a gray headed sheep. Ðset: Kham Dictionary 105 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ bf/f] ô] n: tax paid for fishing or wSs¬ expr.adv: confidence, hav- doroÚroot-digging rights. cf. 'b˙naolo, 'ju:hki,~ duhkk˙ing no hesitation or scruples. j˙gat, sirma. , to be unhinderedduhkk˙ by scru- bafn¬ (in: , qv.) ples,'j˙i-nya uninhibited, ('yuÚ)~ without hesitation. dubal b¬b [Nep 'galbw" dudh dubal ‘milk’] n: a wnL¬ ô n: ashes. dud˙blood relation. 'n~ïÚ ≥adud˙ z˙ You are duhliÚ , (shamanic)duhliÚ ashes walwal, and fire my flesh and blood. blackm˙sïÚ~ (markingswalwal on the road to the un- b“"bf [Nep Î~u‹o] n: a person who derworld). cf. s˙ra: riri, 'syargwa thiri. 'dis~uÚda maimed, crippled. 1. 'w"Mln [W.Nep Îholi] n: a 'duÚhli b“"lb n: a small drum used by a person of the damai caste (the service d~uÚdidance troupe. (It is shaped like a ma:d˙l~ caste of musicians and tailors). Ð[Alt.root but beat on with sticks instead of the (Wale thuplal)]. hands.) 2. 'w"Mln n: a white-footed cow. 'duÚhli –w¬ v.aff: 1. already (completed cf. 'd˙ohlya. Ðset: . 'patya -duhaction), as in: ≥a'j˙i-duh'ke\ I already made wnf¬ ] [Nep dhulo] n: powder, it. (Occurs in this sense only with even- duhlodust. Ðadj: muddy, murky (of water). tive tense .) 2. to be able, can, as in: 'wgL¬ [Nep dh˙nu ‘bow’] n: a ma'j˙i-duh'wo-'ke\ He isn’t able to make it. 'duhnibow for teasing or fluffing wool. (Occurs in this sense with any tense but 'wlg–Gof¬ [Nep w'Gg' dhunnu] .) 'duhni-nyavt: to tease or fluff wool with a bow. -'ke\ w–Gof¬ vi.pat: to become weak, w¬k–Gof [Kh *r-duhp (Nis duh-nyaexhausted (with negative). maduhd˙ duhp-nyarduhp); Him (Mag dap-ke, Chep duh- 'n˙i'wo He is exhausted. ‘butt’)] vt: to butt, strike with the head.

wM" [Kh *r-duh (Mk rduh, Gam w"k [Nep dhup] n: incense. duÚh duh)] n: a large basket woven tightly 'duhp˙ w"kL [Nep] n: Juniper tree (Juni- so as not to leak grain. Ðset: . 'duhpiprus Sabina). be:h wM–"“ loc.root: beneath, below, as w/¬ n: an epic ballad of the myth- d~uÚh- in: d~uÚhl˙ beneath, duÚh'ni~ from beneath, duhrological age of the first shaman (chanted

d~uÚhk˙'s˙i further beneath, etc. 'zihm by shamans in certain ceremonies). d~uÚhl˙ beneath the house. , w/¬ [Kh *duhr] n: seed; breeding younger ( ‘the one underd~uÚh'd’).\a' ≥\ao lit. ant. 'duhrstock. , to plant crops. t˙r'da'≥ao. (with posses- Ðrelator.noun: 'duhr jaÚh-nya, to keep the best rams, sive prefixes), as in: beneath it, u-d~uÚhl—˙ bulls,'duhr etc.'n˙i-nya for breeding purposes. etc. 1. the one beneath Ðadj: , to sow seed. 'duhr it. 2. the youngeru-d~uÚh'lao one. was-nya w/L¬ [Nep] n: 1. a high mountain

'w“"Muf [Nep Îh~ugo ‘stone’] n: 'duhriridge. 2. the ridge pole of a pitched 'dflint.~uÚhga 106 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ roof. Ðset: . sukh˙na paîÚh~ z˙ gepaÚke~ We told all about w'zihml/–Gof¬ vt: to stand behind our sorrows and joys. 'duhri-nyaor support s.o. (esp. in a fight or court b¬lv [Nep] n: afflicted, poor; a case). ≥aÚ ≥ajuÚni~ 'duhridyaÚ'k~ eo\ He stood 'dukhiperson whose life is surrounded by hard- up for me. ship and difficulties. w/Øf¬ n: an advocate, champion, b¬n}–Gof [Nep 8'nfpg' Îulaunu] 'duhryasupporter. dul˙i-nyavt: to peddle wares. , pace w¬;–Gof vt: to butt, ram, strike back and forth rockingrew˙i a baby rew˙i on one’s duhs-nyawith the head. Ðadj: , of an ox or back. ram which habituallyduhso butts. b¬ln–Gof [Nep 8Ng' ' Îulnu] w“"M; [Nep dhuw~aso] n: soot. cf. 'duli-nyavi.agt: to stroll, walk about. d~uÚhs˙m˙sï:.~ , in a large group. 'syam- syam w“"M;fjGof n: a door lock, bln–¬ 'l/M–Gof vi.agt: to roam d~uÚhsaonyadoor stop (a pole propped against the 'dulirih-nyaabout homeless. door from the inside). cf. '˙rg˙la. Ðset: b¬d–Gof [Kh *(s-)dum (Mk . dum-nyazdum, Gam d~u)] vi.pat: to add up, be 'zihm 'wM:of"“ [ < d~u:hs˙ ‘soot’] n: a totally accounted for. cf. yo:-nya. 'dgray-colored~uÚhsya sheep or cow. Ðset: . , the first part of the 'dauhwariÚh Ðadj: , gray, soot-colored.'patya ceremonydum'nanya in which the shaman makes d '~uÚhsyasowt¬ [Nep dhut ‘extortion’] n: a an ecstatic night journey to the entrance 'duht˙lie, falsehood. , to lie. of the underworld to gather up evil spells and omens which have been directed wt¬ –Gof} 'duht˙ [Nep p ~aÚ-nyadhutnu ‘extort’] against his patient. duht˙i-nyavt: to lie, deceive s.o. ≥alai duht˙i'na'keo\ He deceived me. b¬k–Gof [Kh *z-dup (Mk zdu, 'dup-nyaNis zdu:, Gam du÷, Mht dup, Ses *dup wtL¬ ô [Nep dhoti] n: loin-cloth. < du:÷, -dup- ‘gathered’); Him (Mag Îup duhtiÚÐ[Alt.root *z-d˙p (Mk zd˙p)] ‘meet’)] vt: to gather, collect, accumulate. b¬v [Nep b'Mv] n: hardship, cf. 'syo:-nya. , to dukh˙trouble, difficulty. , to bring together 'dupea group 'dupe by gathering r˙i-nya one receive hardship. dukh˙ d˙i-nya here and one there. Ðpass.part: , (fig) ‘trials kaÚh.a dog—e wouldnomad˙i'wo’t re- gathered together. 'dup'sîu\ 'miÚr˙'dup's kuduÚh\îu ceive.dukh˙’ , to be in z˙ 'ta'ker˙ The people who gathered were ritual mourningdukh˙ d(ceremonially~uÚhl˙ 'li-nya impure). many. , to endure hardship.

dukh˙ 's˙hi-nya , to mourn for one who b¬lK;–Gof v.refl: 1. to as- 'dup's\î-nya dukh˙has died. 'guhr-nya , of one who semble, gather together. gajarak is in difficultdukh˙l˙ straits. 'li'zyao , to gather from every quarter. g˙j˙r˙k , from various quarters; from b¬vgf ;¬vgf n: sor- 'gara guru dukh˙narows and sukh˙na joys, news. cao macao dukh˙na Kham Dictionary 107 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ here and there. , at a moment’s , brownish, dirty color. notice. 'jahp-jup, in great crowds. dwiÚhryaso –bØf–Gof v.aux: infinitive form 'kalaÚ-muluÚ, for a few to meet together -dya-nyaof the benefactive auxiliary. (Morpho- (scattered,khap 'khop not in a crowd). 2. to ac- phonemic representation of the mor- cumulate (as soot on a ceiling). phemes + .) b¬/ interj: scat! (used to chase a dog –bØf-d˙ “ v.aff:ya-nya form of the benefactive duraway). -dyauxiliary~aÚ where the beneficiary is first b¬/ n: sperm. , person singular, as in: 'j˙i-dyaÚ'keo~ He 'durto remove sperm by'dur masturbation. chold˙ hai-nya made it for me. (Morphophonemic con- b“"l;–Gof vi.pat: (of a trail) to traction of the morphemes + .) d~uÚ'scome\î-nya to an end, fizzle out. wofg\ [Nep dhyan-d˙ ‘contempla-y~aÚ wjfª\ expr.adv: thud; a clashing 'dyahntion’] nom: worship (esp. the rituals dwahsound.≥ , to shoot with a single and formulas of worship). Ðset: . bangingd. sound. 'ap-nya , to sound , to worship, do the'sewa rituals with the sound ofd. a thudthas-nya (as of clashing of'dyahn worship da-nya (meditation, chanting, burn- rams’ horns, or of a gunshot). ing incense, etc.). bjfª bjfª [TB *dwaô≥ wofKk\ expr.adv: clearly, hiding 'dwa‘hole,≥ 'dwacave’≥] expr.adv: expansive, cav- dyahpp˙nothing. , to be seen clearly. ernous (as of a large room). cf. do≥ga d. r˙îÚh-nya~ , to reveal, hiding nothing. 'dolo. Ðadj: . d. s˙r˙îÚh-nya~ 'wofpgf\ [Nep dhyaunn˙ ‘per- bÒO{ô–Gof'dwa ≥vt: 'dwa to be≥o brought low 'dyauhnasistent’] n: concentrated effort, exclusive dwiÚ-nyaor made poor by things foolishly wasted occupation. o'dyauhna harr˙ chonya waz˙ in earlier years. (The Agt. is that which His exclusive occupation is herding cat- was wasted, though not usually explicit.) tle. n˙'yehn j˙mma r˙ih's\înya 'dyauhna 'noÚ 'zyao takhyayo, dwiÚ'n\î'w\a Don’t waz˙ Your attention is directed to playing throw that food away, it will make you only. , to act persis- poor. tently, 'dyauhnamake a concerted da-nya effort. 'dyauhna 'wOÒ MgL++{ n: morning fog. doke, k˙saÚ ma'tae Try hard, perhaps it will work. 'dw~îÚhni 'wOÒ M/f{ ] n: dust or haze in the 'dwiÚhroatmosphere. b"Øô afNGof n: a lamp 'dyuÚstand 'balnya for burning pitch pine (a metal dish 'wOÒ M/Øf{ n: an aggressive attached to a long, pointed leg for jabbing 'dwiÚhryabull that casts up dirt with its horns; a into the fire pit). belligerent person (esp. of a drunk who is also dirty from sleeping in the gutter). p–b"Øôlb n: insistent, stub- (u)-'dyuÚdi , (of cattle) to cast born, unyielding. u'dyuÚdi macao His in-

updwiÚhryaso dirt with the'j˙i's hornsî-nya\ (as when challeng- sistence is bad. cf. u-'dipi. ing another animal). Ðset: . Ðadj: 'patya 108 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ cultivation. cf. 'ba:.~ , to cer- E emonially break the eÚh~ soil chu-nya for the season’s 1 –P v.aff: imperfective aspect. (Implies plowing. (Done by one of the Gharti -ethat the action has been done at least clan. The day and person are chosen by once.) a seer. Also, in weeding fields the 2 –P case: the ergative case marker. mukhya’s wife goes first.) -e(Occurs only on third person agents of Px/f] [Nep ˙heri, Chep ˙hilya] n: transitive verbs.) allomorph: - (fol- 'eherahunting. var. 'ihiri. , lowing long vowels or diphthongs).ye to hunt for game (lit.'ehera ‘play r˙ih's huntingî-nya\ ’). 3 –P case: the genitive case marker. , hunting dog (used esp. in -es˙n-e kwa: woolen clothing. (Occurs capturing'ehera kaÚh musk deer). only on third persons.) allomorph: - PM/–Gof\ vt: to burn firewood. (following long vowels or diphthongs).ye ehr-nya , firewood (lit. ‘wood for 4 –P case: the instrumental case ehrnyaburning ’).'s~îÚ -emarker. rowa-e p˙l'keo He cut it with PsDGof adv: always, constantly. an axe. allomorph: - (following long ek˙mnya Pstf/ [Nep ektar ‘often’] adv: vowels or diphthongs).ye ek˙taralways, every time. P–Gof\ [Kh *eh (Ses *e < eo Psfl; [Nep PSsfl; ekkasi ‘sud- eh-nya‘defecated’); TB (Khal e, K-N *eôk)] 'ekasidenly’] adv: directly, in a single leap. vi.agt: to defecate. , with diar- d˙s 'rupiya'kao 'ekasi bis 'rupiya h˙i 'li'ke\ rhea. , messily,choÚ~ challoÚ~ over every- For a ten rupee item he all at once said thing (esp.l˙t˙ l˙t˙of a baby). twenty rupees. cf–PM] [Kh *e:h; TB (Tib gla, Ps 5TSof [ < Kh ch˙tk˙i-nya (o)-eÚhglie)] n: price, the cost of s.th. ek‘ to'ch˙tkya strike off with a single blow’] n: a , costly (lit. ‘having price’). o-eÚh person who is adamant, stubborn. Ðset: 'leo , free (lit. ‘without price’). o-eÚh . Ðadj: , adamant, 'maleo, inexpensive, cheap (lit. ‘o-eÚhlight pstubborn,~a:cya:h uncompromising.ek ch˙tkyaso 'bomo cost’). , expensive, dear (lit. Ps cfxf] /] [Nep Psfxf] /f] ] ekohoro o-eÚh 'giso ‘heavy cost’). , to accept ek‘ one'ohor sided’] n: one-way, with no return. o-eÚh kyoÚh-nya payment (lit. ‘take hold of the price’). cta. 'ohor 'dohor. Ðadj: , o-eÚh g˙hkyoÚhyo— Please accept payment. adamant, uncompromising;ek ohoryaso single-

, to pay the price. minded. Ðn: , an uncompro- o-eÚh 'phoÚ-nya o-eÚh , to exact payment (lit. ‘eat the mising person.ek 'ohorya pricezya-nya’). o-eÚh ≥amazyu ‘I won’t charge Ps ;AbØf adv: directly, for it.’ Ð[Alt.root (Mk bdur)] ekwith 's˙bdya no stopovers. PM“ [Kh *eh≥ (Mk y~ah, Gam yeh≥); –P cf]– case: the third person ~eÚhTB *gling ‘ground’] n: a field under -esingular o- genitive marker plus possessive Kham Dictionary 109 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ marker. ( is suffixed to the possessor, occurs with in intransitive verbs, and is prefixed-e to the possessed item.) asg˙h- in: g˙h'ba-ni -niPlease do go! or with ao-e| o- o-kaÚh This one’s dog. allomorph: in transitive verbs, as in: g˙hzyu-yo - - (preceding syllables with high vow- Please-yo do eat it!) els).e u ux n: sadness. , choked P:sn¬ [Nep] n: school. , 'g˙h˙up with emotion, o-'g˙h˙s˙ about to cry. eskulschool students. 'eskulyar˙ , ‘He spoke choked upo-'g˙h˙ras˙ with emotion. p~aÚ'ke’ G uxs n: intelligence, skill. cf. 'g˙h˙k uafô–Gof vt: to hobble an sip˙. , intelligent, skillful. o-'g˙h˙k 'leo 'g˙baÚ-nyaanimal. 'ao harlai 'g˙baÚd˙ waz˙ piÚnya , unintelligent, un- o-'g˙h˙k 'maleo 'tae This cow can be milked only after skilled. , (in the heart) 'g˙h˙k p˙si-nya hobbling it. cf. 'chani-nya. to acquire a skill, catch on quickly. ubxfô [Nep uwf g˙dha] n: uxg [Nep uxgf g˙h˙na] n: 'g˙h˙n˙ 'g˙d˙haÚass, donkey. jewelry, ornaments. ub}–Gof [Nep u8fpg ' g˙Îaunu] uxlg–Gof vi.agt: to groan g˙h˙ni-nya g˙d˙i-nyavt: to submerge into water. with pain. ubfGt [Nep uf8wg ‘buried 3r n: inconvenience (esp. from 'g˙hc˙ g˙dant˙treasure’] n: treasure. (Usu. considered continual guests). to be in a gahg˙ri: buried from a past 3r}–Gof vt: to trouble s.o., age.) g˙hc˙i-nyacause inconvenience. cf. pehr˙i-nya. ulb–Gof [Nep u8\g' g˙Înu] 3u temp.adv: early. 'ch˙kalnya 'g˙di-nyavi.pat: to sink. , completely g˙hg˙g˙hg˙ z˙ Early in the morning. submerged. 'sam ,'sum (same). 3n–Gof} vt: to persuade or , tozyamzim be overcome by difficulties.dukh˙l˙ 'g˙hl˙i-nyaconvince s.o. to do s.th. (esp. by coer- Ð'g˙di-nyavt: . cion). cf. g˙l-nya. g˙d˙i-nya uutô expr.adv: blush, having a 3nô–Gof vt: to pry. g˙g˙tflushed,ïÚÉ guilty expression. olaj˙e g˙g˙tïÚÉ 'g˙hlïÚ-nyaÉ 3lN;–Gof [Kh *s-g˙l (Nis 'tad˙ 'le He blushed with embarrassment. g˙hl'szg˙l,î-nya\ Gam g˙hl)] v.refl: to hurry.

cf. 'gyahm 'gyahm zu: zu:. Ðadj: 3Dsf [Nep] n: heat. meÚh-ye , of a leech which is swollen, 'g˙hmkao'g˙hmkae, bichi tubu pulusd˙ u'kwiÚt˙ g˙g˙tïÚ'wÉ o— full of blood. daÚdi'keo From the heat of the fire, a 3– v.aff: 1. hortatory marker. (Oc- scorpion emerged and stung him on the g˙h-curs only with third person agent and hand. suffixed at the end, as in: 3gô [Nep gh˙n] n: a hammer -k˙ g˙h-'cyuÚ'nazyar˙-k˙ Let them go ahead g˙hn˙Ú(with an iron head). and watch me.) 2. polite imperative (For second person singular constructions, 110 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 1. 3Gs–Gof} [Nep 3Gsgfpg' but too ripe to be used for good roasting g˙hnk˙i-nyagh˙nk˙naunu] vt: to stir up a nest of ears. cf. 'cha:d˙~ k˙i-nya. bees. 3b{Gof;f] adj: large necked, 2. 3Gs}–Gof vt: to do a g˙hrd˙nyasostrong (of animals or men). g˙hnk˙i-nyagood job, excel at s.th. (used ironically). –3/L num.clsf: the amount of cf. j˙hmk˙i-nya. -g˙hritime required for water to fill an hour 1. 3lGs–Gof [Nep 3Gsg' glass (from a hole in the bottom). , 'g˙hnki-nyagh˙nk˙nu] vi.pat: 1. (of insects) to hum, in a moment, quickly. t˙g˙hri, re- drone. 2. (of people) to be making a lot peatedly, many times. g˙hri 'pala of clamor, racket. Ðvt: , to 1. 3/L [Nep gh˙ri ‘stem of bananas’] stir up a nest of bees. g˙hnk˙i-nya 'g˙hrin: banana. 2. 3lGs–Gof vi.pat: good 2. 3/L [Nep 38L gh˙Îi] n: clock, 'g˙hnki-nyalooking, well behaved. 'g˙hriwatch, timepiece. 3Gtf [Nep] n: hour. , 3s–Gof{} vi.pat: to cause to 'g˙hnta‘one hour,’ , ‘twot˙'g˙hnta hours,’ g˙hrk˙i-nyalean. , to stay up etc. 'bad˙ 'hunyaneh'g˙hnta neh'g˙hnta 'lagizya To past midnight.ahdariÚ g˙hrk˙i-nya go and come back takes two hours. 3ls–Gof{ vi.pat: 1. to lean, 3/–Gof [Kh *g˙hr (Bhj h˙r, 'g˙hrki-nyabegin to fall (as of a stone wall). 2. to g˙hr-nyaKot, ˙hr); Him (Mag rap, Chan kara-, pass midnight. var. 'g˙hri-nya. Tam kraô); TB krap] vi.agt: to weep, , to pass midnight.ahdariÚ Ðvt: cry. , with great noise and 'g˙hrki-nya , to stay up past midnight. commotioncirl˙ ni ( esp.birl˙ of a crowd). , g˙hrk˙i-nya 3ln–Gof{ vi.pat: to travail in short gasps after crying oneselfhik out. hik g˙hrli-nyachildbirth. Ðvt: , to cause , bitterly, with deep sobbing. travail in childbirth.g˙hrl˙i-nya 'd˙hr 'd˙hr , with pain or grief. 3/klt [Nep ‘landlord’] n: 'd˙s-d˙s 'kaw~aÚ , of a crowd. , of a 'g˙hrp˙timaster (of a servant). cf. o-r'ge:, 'khoyan. ziw~aÚ kawa zima crowd. , about to burst , mistress (of a servant). into tears.khes ~eÚ khes~eÚ , with great 'g˙hrp˙tyani 3/l/MHofjé [ < Kh g˙hr ‘to sobs (as thoughkw ~aÚmooing). ki kw ~aÚ , g˙hrrih'zyweep’] adj:ao— ugly, uncomely. slight tears. 2. to blurt outp˙r˙p s.th. p˙r˙p that 3lt{ n: story, parable. should have been kept secret; to speak g˙hrti , stories, parables, riddles. Ðrelatedg˙hrti obscenely where inappropriate. 3. to jab- words:binti 'ahati proverb, b˙îÚsyaoli~ history, ber on and on w/o sense. cf. lï:'s~ î-nya.\ ancient mythical stories, ˙rth˙ parable [Nep gr˙h˙n] eclipse. 3/g n: with a moral, binza bin riddle, 'sast˙r 'g˙hr˙n , eclipse of the sun. story. 'nimiÚ 'g˙hr˙n , eclipse of the moon. '3/tL prop.n: the Gharti clan syahwoi 'g˙hr˙n 3b{Gof n: grain (esp. wheat 'g˙hrti(one of the four Kham-Magar clans). 'g˙hrd˙nyaand barley) not ripe enough for storage, Kham Dictionary 111 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , ex-slaves who were given '3MTof} [Nep] n: something the'n˙l status 'g˙hrti of Ghartis in the slave act of 'g˙ihtyawounded, a casualty. 1927. u}kf [Kh < *kwi ‘hand’ + *pa '3/jf n: a fish trap. (Made by g˙i'pa‘male’ (Mk kwipa, Gam g˙ipa)] n: 'g˙hrwapiling large stones into the river to provide thumb, big toe. , to snap a winter nesting spot. The fish are ex- the fingers. g˙i'pa 't˙p-nya tracted when the water is close to freez- uh [Nep hu j˙g] n: foundation ing.) g˙'j˙(for a building). 3/Øf;–Gof vi.pat: to sputter uh n: ramrod of a musket. Ðset: g˙hryas-nya and pop (of ghee adulterated with water). 'g˙j˙ . , the eyelets on Ðadj: , sputtery. the'b˙nduk side of a'g˙j˙e gun barrel u'sip for holding the g˙hryaso 3t–Gof} [Nep 36fpg' ramrod. g˙ht˙i-nya gh˙Êaunu] vt: to diminish, lessen. uh uh expr.adv: ripe through o-eÚh , to lower the price. g˙j˙and g˙j˙ through. , to become g˙ht˙i-nya 3tgfô [Nep 36gf gh˙Êna] n: thoroughly cookedg.g. 'm (ofîÚh-nya~ food). g˙ht˙naÚevent, esp. an amazing event. , to boil food thoroughly (ofg.g. chunky phîÚ-~ 3lt–Gof [Nep 36g\ ' gh˙Ênu] foods,nya as potatoes). , to fer- 'g˙hti-nyavi.pat: to decrease, lessen. Ðvt: ment till foam forms g.g.on the co-nya top. , to cause to decrease (as of ag˙ht˙i- price). uhGof n: a gigantic person nya 3tô n: a water driven mill. 'g˙j˙nyawith a large neck. Ðset: . Ðadj: g˙htÉïÚ u}–Gof [Kh *gat (Nis gat)] vi.pat: , enormous, giganticp~a:cya:h (esp. the g˙i-nya1. to stick, jam (as a door). 2. to get neckg˙j˙nyaso of a large animal). caught (as a foot in the crotch of a tree, uh/ [Nep j˙g˙r] n: bristles along an animal in a trap, etc.). 'g˙j˙ran animal’s spine. , 1. u}–Gof vt: to help s.o., give to raise bristles (on the'g˙j˙r back). phul˙i-nya 'g˙i-nyaaid. cf. s˙g˙i-nya. , in whatever uhl/–Gof vi.pat: to be in way (in lack, work,'gaih etc.). 'goi 'g˙j˙ri-nyareadiness for butting (of bulls and rams). 2. u}–Gof [Nep ufpg' gaunu] Ðadj: . 'g˙i-nyavt: to sing (a song). , uhf'g˙j˙riuô n: drumstick for a shaman’s loudly and unrestrained.rwa≥ ki rwa≥ g˙jaÚdrum. Ðset: . 3M–Gof} vi.pat: to suffer from ulh–Gof'ja:hk˙ri~ vi.pat: ja:r˙ to be contemp- g˙ih-nyalong illness. g˙ihd˙ g˙ihd˙ 'si'ke\ He died 'g˙ji-nyatuous, disdainful, refusing association after a long illness. with inferiors. Ðadj: , having a '3M/f} [Nep g˙hiro] n: gully, superior attitude. 'g˙jiu, intensely supe- 'g˙ihraravine, deep cut in a mountain. rior attitude. h˙s˙k 3Mlt+} n: a clay jar for storing uHof expr.adv: foamy, oozey, g˙beer.îÚhti~ Ðset: . Ð[Alt.root (Mk ske)]~ 'g˙jyafrothy. , to emit foam. 'ja: g. 'p˙leÚ-nya 112 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , ‘He have performed the ceremony of ‘wild- waso'yaÚh'ni foaming phwiÚ and 'g˙jya the mouth. 'p˙leÚ'keo’ boaring.’ Ðset: . , muddy, oozing, sloshing.g.g. 'ta- uNa (in: kÉï:h-nya , qv.) nya hila , ‘The mud was ooz- g˙lb˙ g~oÚda g˙lb˙ uNbØf 'g˙jya 'g˙jya 'ta'ke ing.’ Ðadj: , foamy, frothy, 'g˙ldyawf/fC 'dahra,uNb ¬ wf/f 'g˙ldu n: wild 'dahra boar tusks on 'g˙jyaÚwo— oozing. a shaman’s costume. Ðset: . uHofl/–Gof vt: 1. to slosh un]d prop.n: the passseral west of 'g˙jyari-nya s.th. around in water (as clothing, pota- 'g˙lemNarsi≥ on the trail between Taka and toes, etc.). 2. to mix mud by kneading. Hukam. Ðset: . uln–Gof [Nep uNg' g˙lnu] vi.pat: b˙re:-nya uVof n: a bush having red berries. 'g˙li-nyato fall (esp. of overripe fruit). Ðvt: g˙khya (The wood is used for making staffs.) , to cause fruit to fall from a tree.g˙l˙i- un n: an attic, loft, area above the nya unô–Gof (var. of: , g˙l rafters. Ðset: . 'g˙lqv.)ïÚ-nyaÉ 'g˙hlïÚ-nyaÉ 'zihm un [Kh *g˙l (Mk g˙l, Gam g˙l); unô“ –Gof vi.agt: to lie on the 'g˙l Him (Mag g˙l)] n: wild boar. Ðgen: 'g˙lstomach.ïÚ-nya~ (Usu. as a manner adverb, as . , wild boar spirit in: 'g˙l~ïÚd˙ sy~aÚ-nya to sleep lying on 'sya: 'ba: 'g˙l 'doÚhwaÚ~ (one of a shaman’s familiars). Ðset: the stomach.) . uNtL [Nep] n: guilt, fault, mistake. 'zya:h1 . un–Gof [Kh *g˙l; Him (Tib 'g˙lti ± , to err, make a g˙l-nya gal-ba)] vt: to force, compel, press s.o. mistake.'g˙lti 'j˙i-nya da-nya , to establish to take s.th. tag˙l'nayo, '≥aÚ da z˙ ≥amadoe as guilty (as'g˙lti in a'th˙Úr˙i-nya court case). Don’t press me, I refuse to do it. Ðrelated uNyf dyf¬ n: small gifts words: persuade, coerce, 'g˙hl˙i-nya 'g˙lthacustomarily 'mutha given to those of the service pressure in a sales pitch, '˙kh˙tya 'l˙i-nya castes (smiths and tailors) during harvest s˙k˙s khya-nya make tense. time. cf. 'jiwa:.~ 2 . un–Gof [Kh *r-g˙l (Mk rg˙l)] ud [Kh *r-g˙m (Mk rg˙m, Nis g˙l-nya to shut, close. , to vt: 'g˙mrg˙m, Kot ˙m) TB *r-ka] n: earth, soil. shut up, lock up. g˙ld˙ 'n˙i-nya , Ðpass.part: , topsoil, good earth. locked up, closed in. g˙l'sîu\ , g˙m'sy uda— (in: , qv.) ‘closed up in the cattle byre.b~ïÚl˙’ g˙l's\îu 'g˙m˙ udfNof's˙m˙ prop.n: 'g˙m˙ male inhabitant 3. un–Gof vt: (of a shaman) to 'g˙malyaof Gam. , female inhabitant g˙l-nyacarry a patient on his back in a ceremony of Gam. 'g˙malyani for the prevention of illness. (The shaman to radiate embodies his wild boar spirit, 'g˙l, and ulDs–Gof v.sta: 'g˙mki-nya is thus said to be ‘wild-boaring’ his pa- heat, be extremely hot. Ðadj: , extremely hot, radiant with heat.'g˙mkiu tient.) cf. gor~o:-nya. , (of a shaman and his patient)g˙l's to î-nya\perform and Kham Dictionary 113 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ uD:of n: topsoil, good earth. . wanza g˙m'sya— uGbs [Nep] n: saltpeter, potas- u·fbf [Nep g~˙gaÊo] n: a 'g˙nd˙ksium nitrate, ammonium nitrate. (It forms 'g˙small,≥gada fresh-water crab. spontaneously out of the urea saturated u·f? n: a type of crab apple. earth in cattle sheds after the compost 'g˙cf.≥ garuga≥˙la, na:h.~ has been removed. It appears in the form uk [Kh *r-g˙p (Mk rg˙p, Nis rg˙p, of white crystals, and is used in the prep- 'g˙pBhj birg˙p, Gam g˙, Kot ˙p); Him (Chep aration of gunpowder.) daru 'j˙ik˙ 'g˙nd˙k gyap); TB *k˙p] n: a small needle. 'cahizya When making gunpowder salt- Ðrelated words: khap large needle, khip peter is needed. safety pin. uGbsL [Nep –uk num.clsf: one finger width. 'g˙nd˙ki ± 'g˙nd˙khi g˙nÎ˙ki] prop.n: the bazaar town of -'g˙p uk–Gof [Kh *g˙p; Mag gap-ke; Riri on the Gandaki River. 'g˙p-nyaTB *kaôp] vt: to draw water. ug]t [Nep] n: arithmetic. ulk–Gof vi.pat: 1. to fit, be g˙net ug ug [Nep g˙n-g˙n] expr.adv: g˙pi-nyaaligned (as rafters). cf. 'ca:ci-nya,~ kh˙i- 'g˙ncomplaining, 'g˙n grumbling. nya. 2. to settle in (of a newcomer). 'g˙n 'g˙n 'li- , to complain, grumble. u/ [Kh *g˙r; Him (Tib sgar)] n: a nya ug ug}–Gof [Nep g˙rfortress; fighting wall with a trench. g˙n g˙n˙i-nya ga≥anaunu] vi.agt: to complain, grumble. u/–Gof vi.pat: to get stuck, ulg–Gof [Nep uGg ' g˙nnu] vt: g˙r-nyastranded (esp. in a tree or on a cliff so 'g˙ni-nya1. to count. , to count large as to be unable to move up or down). amounts of money.ch˙n˙ ch˙n˙2. (Ins. ) to reckon, cf. g˙i-nya. -l˙ count as. cf. 'th˙:r˙i-nya. , –u/s adv: in: , on time, 'g˙ni'sî-nya\ to be counted in, esteemed, honored. -'g˙r˙kpromptly. 't˙g˙r˙k Ðpass.part: , esteemed, hon- u/f“–Gof [Kh *gra≥] vi.pat: ored. 'g˙ni's, îu\ of no esteem. g˙rto~aÚ-nya heal, recover from illness. , mag˙ni'sîu\ ugf]t [Nep] n: counting, reckon- perfectly, completely. kalya-k˙leÚ, swift- 'g˙not ing, inclusion. 'noni '≥aÚ ≥ag˙notl˙ ly and completely. Ðadj:hal aÚ~ holoÚ~ , well, g˙ni'sîu\ 'lizya'ni Those two are counted in good health. g˙raÚ'w~ ,o— gener-

in my counting (i.e. subsumed or included ous, gracious. u-'yÐ[Alt.root~uÚ g˙r~aÚ'w (Gam—o s˙m); under my name). Him (Chep s˙m÷-, sy˙m÷ ‘subside’)] uGyg dGyg ex- u/fp“Nof [Sera dialect] n: a 'g˙nth˙n 'm˙nth˙n pr.adv: tangled, knotted, snarled. cf. g˙rameasureulya~ of about one quart (two 'rya:). 'cyaibwi. Ðadj: , cf. manu. tangled, matted,'g˙nth˙n snarled. 'm˙nth˙n' —o ua { n: womb (only in: o'zaÚ g˙rb˙l˙ , confused speech.'g˙nth˙n g˙rb˙'siu her child died in the womb). 'm˙nth˙n'o— paÚr˙~ uª/f n: mosquito. Ðgen: 'g˙≥˙ra rwihza 114 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ua{/ [Nep u8≥a8≥ g˙‹b˙‹] ex- ug}{ (in: , qv.) 'g˙rb˙rpr.adv: jumbled, mixed up. Ðadj: 'g˙rn˙i u;}–Gof'zern˙i [Nep ni 'g˙rn˙i u“f; ‘grass’] , jumbled, mixed up, not prop- 'g˙s˙i-nyavt: to feed grass. erly'g˙rb˙ro sorted. , place for feedingbacharae calves, manger.'g˙s˙inya uw{g [Nep] n: the neck of a 'poÚ u;/]ôl;–Gof vi.agt: 1. to 'g˙rd˙hnlarge animal (esp. a bull). g˙s˙reÚ'scrawl orî-nya\ slide; to sidle up to s.o. 2. to u/]ô n: a tethering rope made of rub or scratch against s.th. (as of a purring 'g˙reÚbamboo strips. Ðset: . cat, or a cow against a post). u/]ô–Gof v.evt:'ce:h~ (of sky) to ut ] [Nep] n: date, day of the g˙reÚ-nyagrow threatening, become dark with g˙temonth. a'ch—îm kata g˙te o'tao What is clouds, in: . the date today? u/Lk 'n˙m[Nep ul/ag˙reÚ-nya g˙rib] adj: poor. ufô n: a variety of wild onion or g˙rip u/“ô n: grain given to a shaman as gaÚgarlic; Nepalese Lily (Ban Lasun). g˙rpaymentïÚ~ for his services. , a cf–/] uf\ ô [Kh *r-ga; Him (Tib shaman’s payment (in money'tila and g˙r grain).ïÚ~ (o)-rgaÚsgra, Lad ra)] n: voice; the sound of u/“ô–Gof vi.pat: (of eyes) to s.th. cf. o-'cal. , to g˙rhaveïÚ-nya~ sufficient sleep, be refreshed with raise one’s voice soo-rgaÚ as to bes˙thas-nya heard. sleep. ≥a'miÚr˙ mag˙rïÚtae~ I haven’t had , (of the voice) to becomeo-rgaÚ raspy enough sleep. sounding,roÚ-nya to lose one’s voice. ulh{–Gof [Nep uh{g g˙rj˙n˙ 1. ufô (in: qv.) 'g˙rji-nya‘roaring’] v.evt: (of sky) to thunder, 'gaÚ 2. ufô gen.n:'gaÚ ('gaÚin: ) birds of in: . 'gaÚprey. cf. buhmlu'ga:,— 'kapcya'ga.'laÚ 'gaÚ 'n˙m, with 'g˙rji-nya great crashing'gahda and banging.≥ ni 'go- uf“–Gof [Kh (Mk zga,~ Gam ga≥); hdo≥ , (same). 'gHim~aÚ-nya (Tib ga≥s ‘ice’)] vi.pat: to become 'gahd˙ra ulh≥{p niadj: 'guhd˙ru large, strong≥ (of animals numb and stiff from the cold. 'g˙rjiuor men). , stiff, unable to move.kak˙rak –us{g num.clsf: the distance kïk˙rÉ ïÚÉ , to freeze to death, die of'g expo-~aÚd˙ -g˙rk˙nfrom one rest stand to another. Ðset: sure.'si-nya . ufa n: red heart-wood (noted for goî:~ u/\vGofn prop.n: male 'gab˙its durability). , of a solid, 'g˙rkh˙hnyalinhabitant of Garkhani.—— large tree with goodo'gab˙ heart-wood. 'leo , female inhabitant of Garkh'g˙rkh˙hnyak-ani.—— ufb}–Gof [Nep uf8\g' gaÎnu] ni u/\v}+M prop.n: the Kham- gad˙i-nyavt: to bury (as a body, or potatoes for g˙rkh˙Magar~îÚh village of Garkhani;— approx. pop. storage). Ðpass.part: , buried. 500. , male inhabitant of gad˙i's\îu g˙dant˙ gad˙i'sburiedîu\ treasure. Garkh'g˙rkh˙hnyal—ani. , female in- Ð[Alt.root (Gam puri≥ ‘bury object,’ rhi≥ habitant of Garkh'g˙rkh˙hnyakniani.—— ‘bury body’)] Kham Dictionary 115 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ufb/Øf; lg ub¬ /L;¬ 3fb/fª lg 3b?ª¬ gad˙ryasexpr.adv: ni fallingguduris flat. , to 'gahd˙raexpr.adv:≥ ni with 'guhd˙ru great crashing≥ and bang- fall flat, stumble onto face.g.g. pa-nya ing. , to thunder with cf–/] uf\ bf“ [Nep ga‹]~ n: enlarged great crashing.g.g. 'g˙rji-nya (o)-rggoiter.~aÚda 3fbfô 3¬b"ô expr.adv: uf“bf t]ô n: tadpole (at the 'gahdaÚtopple over,'guhduÚ crash. , to g~aÚdastage 'teÚ before losing its tail). topple (of heavy objects).g.g. 'd˙hli-nya ufbL [Nep uf8L gaÎi ‘carriage’] n: 3fbfª lg 3f]bf]ª gadia motorized vehicle; car, truck, bus. 'gahdaexpr.adv:≥ ni with'gohdo great≥ crashing and bang- , airplane. , train (lit. ‘'cil-rail ing. , to thunder with vehiclegadi ’). rel gadi great crashing.g.g. 'g˙rji-nya uf“bf] [Nep ganÊo ‘tumor’] n: a 3fu/fô [Nep ghagro ‘petticoat’] g~aÚdopoint behind the navel where the pulse gahg˙raÚn: apron. can be felt when pressing the finger di- 3fu/Lô [Nep ufu|L gagri] n: a rectly into its center. , to be gahg˙riÚcopper water jar. Ðset: . ill with a lump or tumorg~aÚdo in the 'bao stomach. , an earthen water jar.'ja: 'g˙m (Many stomach illnesses, especially gahg˙riÚ 3fvfd n: crotch. cf. gahp, stomach aches, are said to be a result of gahkhamgaht˙ra:.~ the pulse moving away from the center 3f“M n“" [Kh *gah≥ ‘river’] n: of the navel.) g~aÚhan iron'l~uÚ stone (found on river banks and ufb¬ n: a small, brass water jar used for gun shot). gadu (shaped like a gahg˙ri:). Ðset: . 3fd [Nep] n: 1. the sun, sunlight. 'ja: uf“bØf [Nep g~a‹e] n: a person 'gahmcf. 'nimi: , to rise (of g~aÚdyawith an enlarged goiter. Ðset: . the sun). 'gahm 'p˙leÚ-nya , to bask , a woman with an enlargedp~a:cya:h goi- in the sun. 'gahm2. heat mw(from~îÚ's the\î-nya sun). ter.g~aÚdyani , to become hot (in the 'gahmsun). cf–] '3fM n: the fork of the legs, 'ta-nya , to be blazing hot (o)-'gaÚhcrotch. cf. gahp, gaht˙ra:,~ gahkham. ('gahmlit. ‘to fall,pop of te-nya heat’). 3. sweat, perspira- 3f–Gof [Kh *gah] vi.pat: to be tion. cf. 'p˙sina. , to gah-nyascorched, burnt (esp. of food). , sweat. ≥a'gahm b˙n˙i'gahm 'huzya 'hu-nya I’m really badly burnt. p˙t˙ p˙t˙ sweating (lit. ‘my sweat comes’). 'gahm 3fa n: the leaves of the je: plant, , to sweat great drops sota sota 'ta-nya 'gahb˙eaten as a vegetable. from heavy toil. 3frf] (in: , qv.) 3fd hf/f] ] n: illness charac- gahmterized 'joro by fever and chills; malaria. (Said gahco 3f5d¬ rihco [Kh gahco*gahp ‘crotch’ + to be caused by lowland dew.) cf. si't˙. 'gahchum*tshum; TB *t|sum ‘mortar’] n: the sides of the hip; the hip joint, socket. cf–3fk] [Kh *gahp; Him (Chep (o)-gahpgha- ‘legs spread’; TB *kap] n: a per- 116 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ son’s stride. 3f/Øfk–u/Lk expr.adv: –3fk [Kh *r-gahp (Nis t˙rgahp gahryap-g˙riplarge sticks, with a cracking sound. -gahp‘one stride’)] num.clsf: the distance of , to snap large sticks. g.g. one step forward. cf. 'ga:h. Ðset: . keÚh-nya 3fl;–Gof v.recip: to bicker, 3fk–Gof [Kh *gahp ‘gostride;î:~ ’ gah'sargue,\î-nya be at disharmony (esp. of husband- gahp-nyaHim (Chep gha÷- ‘spoil by stepping wife). , bickering and over’); TB *kap] vt: 1. to step over arguing.u'sŸ înya\ gah'sînya\ s.th., jump across. , quickly, in a cf]–/\3f“Mt kf“–Gof single leap. th˙r gahpd˙th˙r khyan˙i'k\eo (o)-rgvi.agt:~aÚht˙ to speculate,p~aÚ-nya speak w/o clear ev- Jumping across, he left him behind. 2. idence. , speculation. to trespass. 'saÚdi~ gahpd˙ n˙'hu'kin If you 3ft/fo-rg~aÚh'tao “ [ < *gahp p~aÚ ‘stride’ + *t˙ra≥

step over the boundary... gaht˙r‘right~aÚ side up’] n: the spread of the 3fk 3fk expr.adv: long legs. , to stand with 'gahpstrides. 'gahp , to go quickly with legs spanninggaht˙r~aÚ a 'li-nyagap; to sit with knees great strides.g.g. 'ba-nya , to trample on straight, legs spread apart. gaht˙raÚ~ lid˙ carelessly. g.g. siÚ-nya mwîÚsi-nya~ to warm oneself with legs 3fKof ulk¬ expr.adv: tod- spread over fire. num.suff: distance be- gahpyadling, gupi walking with hesitating, short tween the feet with legs spread apart. steps. , to go with hesitating t˙gaht˙raÚ~ one leg-spread, nehgaht˙raÚ~ steps (ofg.g. an 'banya infant). two leg-spreads. Ðset: . 3f/ n: a wooden jug with a narrow 3fMlt“ [Nep 3f6L“ ghgoaÊi]~î:~ n: throat. gahrneck (used for storing ghee). Ðset: . g~aÚhticf. 'bo:hkora.~ , to wet 3f/fd 3f/f] d] expr.adv:'ja: the throat withg ~aÚhtia swallow s˙cyuÚ-nya (where water 'gahramtopple over,'gohrom crash. , to is not readily available). topple (of heavy objects).g.g. 'd˙hli-nya , to refrain from eatingg~aÚhti ( esp.toroÚd˙ be- 'li-nya 3f/fk lg 3f]/f]k ex- cause of the scarcity of food). ogaÚhti~ gahrappr.adv: ni trudgegohrop with crunching sound toroÚd˙ ozaÚralai yae'keo\ Refraining from

(as through snow). , to eating she gave to her children. trudge through deep snow.g.g. 'ba-nya ufO{ uf]O { expr.adv: helpful, 'gai 'goi cf–3f/L] ôs loc: directly supportive. , to help, assist g.g. 'g˙i-nya (o)-gahriÚkabove (on—˙ a hillside). in whatever way. 1 3fnf { 3fnf] ]{ expr.adv: slam- . '3fOM{ [Nep 3fp ghau] n: a 'gaih gahrlaming gohrloshut. , to shut by sore, wound. slamming. g.g. ruhp-nya 2. '3fOM{ n: answer, reply. (Only 'gaih 3fNof–3n+{ + ]{ expr.adv: the with negative, as in: 'gaih tadoyo Don’t gahrlysoundaÚ-g˙hrl~ of rattlingeÚ~ metal. , answer!) , (same as above, 'gaih gwiÚ (of metal) to make a rattlingg.g. sound. thas-nya but emphatic) as in: 'gaih gwiÚ 'male He didn’t answer a word. Kham Dictionary 117 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ufhf afhf [Nep baja ‘musical to understand, pick up the gist. 'gajainstrument 'baja ’] gen.n: music and merri- . 6. to endure abuse. p~aÚ gal- ment. nya . macao p~aÚ gal-nya ufhf/fs uh/s ex- ufnf [Nep galo] n: cheek. cf. gajarakpr.adv: g˙j˙r˙k from every quarter. 'galar-co. , to gather from every quar-g.g. ufd prop.n: 1. the village of Gam. dup'ster. \î-nya , to bring sheep 'gam2. the dialect area of the Gamale-Kham togetherg.g. and kh˙rk˙i-nya bed them down. speakers. , male inhabitant of ufô sf ufô [Him (Chep ga- Gam. 'g˙malya, female inhabitant of 'gaÚ‘hold ka mouth'gaÚ open’); TB *m-ka ‘mouth’] Gam. 'g˙malyani expr.adv: having the mouth open, gasp- ufôdf prop.n: an area under ing (as when overcome by fits of laughter gaÚ'macultivation near Taka. (Also, a summer or sobbing). 'sasd˙ 'sasd˙ b˙n˙i 'gaÚ ka village between 'mahs 'ba:~ and 'ku:hdya~ .) 'gaÚ ge'ta'ke\ Laughing and laughing we ufGof n: a hard cheese made were gasping (for air). , 'ganyafrom staining m˙hi and drying. g.g. ph˙i-nya to open wide the mouth (as of young ufGof 'of]M n: type of birds). Ðadj: , (of mouth) 'ganyaturnip. 'yoÚh open without 'gaÚshutting. ka 'gaÚw—o ufªnf n: the coarse part of ufn [Nep] n: curses, abuse. noÚye 'gaanything≥˙la from which the fine part has 'gal o'yaÚh'ni 'gal waz˙ 'huzya Only curses been separated. cf. 'kh˙s˙ra. come from his mouth. , (em- ufªNofô uªnL¬ ô expr.adv: phatic). 'gal dubal gatwisted.≥˙lyaÚ gu ≥˙liÚ , to twist and 1 . ufn–Gof [Kh *r-gal (Nis turn (as g.g. of aba piece≥gyas-nya of wood). Ðadj: gal-nya rgal)] vi.pat: to get dirty, soil one’s , twisted, crooked. clothing. 'dwiÚhro galke He got dirty with ga≥˙lya ufjnf gu≥ [Nep˙li'u— gwala] n: herdsman. dust. 'gaola'b˙îÚhsa~ 'gaola buffalo herdsman, 'behdaÚ 2 . ufn–Gof [Kh *r-gal (Mk 'gaola shepherd, har 'gaola cattle herds- gal-nya rgal, Gam gal)] vt: 1. to swallow. man. , to do the work 'karla , to gulp down. , whole, of a herdsman.'gaola 'j˙i'sî-nya\ withoutni 'kurlu chewing. k~eÚ, one after ufk ufk [TB *m-ka ‘mouth’] another in swift succession.kh˙l˙ kh˙l˙ 2. (of a 'gapexpr.adv: 'gap gasping for air; in an extremely weed) to choke a plant. 3. to seize control, weak state before death (such that one is usurp (as of one country to another). 4. unable to speak and can only move his (Instr. ) to be overcome by s.th. evil. mouth). n˙'pap˙-e-e gal'nirih'zyao You will be over- uf/ [Kh *s-gar (Nis zgar, Gam come by your sin. 'isor-e ogal'naok˙ May 'gargaro)] n: jaw, jawbone; molar. God swallow me up (used in oaths). 5. uf/–Gof vi.pat: to be speechless gar-nya(esp. from fear). cf. totas-nya, lotas-nya. 118 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ uf/f [Nep garo] n: mud mortar. knots. , to bear seed in large g.g. s˙i-nya 'gara uf/f u¬? expr.adv: from knots (like millet). 'garaevery guru direction. , to 1. u]– poss.pref: the first person assemble quickly fromg.g. every'dup's quarter.\î-nya ge-plural possessive prefix: ‘our,’ as in: ufuf/{ lg uu¬¬ /{ expr.adv: ge-'zihm our house. , ours. 2 'gemiÚ gargarpushing ni gurgurand trampling. , to . u]– v.aff: the first person plural push inward (of a crowd).g.g. 'ba-nya ge-subject prefix: ‘we,’ as in: ge-'hu'ke\ We , to stampede through a narrowg.g. space.'d~oÚh- came. nya , to push forward into a cf–u] ô] n: personality, character, narrowg.g. 'li'na-nya space, trampling on one another. (o)-geÚtraits. obabue ogeÚ r˙i'k\eo He received uf/ uf]/ expr.adv: gathering up his father’s personality. garthe gor remains. , to throw cf–/] u\ ] n: owner, master. cf. back the remainsg.g. in anger.biÚh-nya , (o)-r'ge'g˙hrp˙ti. , a curse to animals to scrape out the remains. g.g. piÚh-nya, (lit. ‘may itsor'ger˙ masters 'siu die’). , to scoop up the remains. g.g. sim-nya, a curse to a tool or instrumentor'gerae (lit. 'tila‘the to scoop towards oneself withg.g. two wal-nya hands coin of [in the mouth of] your master’s (as grain). corpse’). uf/Øfô u/L¬ ô n: a scribble. u]ô pers.pron: first person plural 'garyaÚ 'guriÚ , to scribble. 'geÚpronoun: ‘we.’ cf. 'gin. Ðposs.pron: 'garya 'guri uf 'j˙i-nya“;}–Gof [Nep u“f:g' g~asnu] , ours. 'geÚ g~aÚs˙i-nyavt: to join end for end. Ðset: . 'gemiÚ u]+b}–Gof vt: to divide, halve Ðpass.part: , joined.jor˙i-nya 'gs.th.eÚd˙i-nya~ lengthwise. Ðpass.part: , g ~aÚs˙i'suft e\îu¬bf n: the village divided in half. 'g~eÚd˙i's\îu 'm'g~uÚdaeÚd˙i's~ a logîu\ 'gatcouncil, 'buhda body of elders. cut in two lengths. uf“Tof lg u“"lt expr.adv: u]bfô [Nep ge‹a ‘bead’] n: grain, g~aÚtyazigzagged, ni g~uÚti twisted. , gedaÚkernel. to become bent, twistedg.g. back ba≥ gyas-nyaand forth. –u]+bf [ < 'g~e:d˙i-nya ‘to divide Ðadj: , zigzagged, winding -glengthwise~eÚda ’] num.clsf: in: , a back gandaÚtya~ forth 'guÚti'u~ (as of a trail up a steep small chunk or lump (esp. dividedt˙g ~eÚdalength- hillside). wise). kaÚ 'hud˙ syasoi t˙geÚda~ 'thar tiÚd˙ ufyf“ [Nep g~aÊho] n: 1. a knot. sîÚt˙~ laÚ'k~ eo\ A crow came along, snatched g~aÚtha , the tying place on a tum- up a lump of fat and carried it into a pline't˙ola ( usu.gaÚtha~ having a lot of knots). tree. , to tie a knot. 2. theg ~aÚthajoint u]bØf n: male pig, boar. Ðset: par˙i-nyaseparating sections of bamboo. cf. 'gedya. 'akh˙la. Ðset: . 'u: 3M–Gof] vi.pat: (of a cow) to be c˙hluf“yf uf“yf expr.adv: in geÚh-nyaready for milking; (its milk dropped in g~aÚtha g~aÚtha the udder). Kham Dictionary 119 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ '3M+] [Kh *gli≥ (Mht gih≥, Gam uLn–Gof v.sta: to be quick, fast, 'gyih≥,~eÚh Mk îh,~ Nis hye:h);~ Him (Tib gla≥)] gil-nyaswift-footed. Ðadj: , quick, fast, n: a (castrated) plowing ox. Ðadj: swift-footed. gilo , asinine, stupid (lit. ‘ox-like’).'g~eÚh uLNn}–Gof [Nep gilla ‘mockery’] syaso 3Kkf] [Kh *gehp; Him (Tam 'gill˙i-nyavt: to mock, ridicule. cf. 'h˙s˙i-nya. gehppacehp-pa)] adj: big, great, important. cf. 1. uLg– poss.pref: the first person 'gyo:h'wo gin-dual possessive prefix: ‘ours (dl.)’ as u]n [Kh *gel; Him (Tib rgyal ‘saint’)] in: gin'zîhm— Our (dl.) house. , geln: a shaman’s tutelary, ancestor spirit. ours (dual). 'ginmiÚ Ðset: . , (of sha- 2. uLg– v.aff: the first person dual mans)'zya:h to invokegel the'chudya-nya ancestor spirit of a gin-subject prefix: ‘we two,’ as in: gin'hu'k— e\ novice shaman (to test his authenticity). We two came. (shamanic) ancestor spirit. uLg pers.pron: first person dual gel lab˙n u]d–Gof vi.pat: (of a muscle) 'ginpronoun: ‘we two.’ Ðposs.pron: gem-nyato cramp, go into a spasm. , ours (dl.). 'gin u]dLô poss.pron: first person plural 'ginmiÚ uLGdLô poss.pron: first person 'gemiÚpossessive pronoun: ‘ours.’ 'ginmiÚdual possessive pronoun: ‘ours (dl.)’. uL2 [Nep giddh˙] n: vulture; any uL/ n: area of the back between the gidd˙large carrion eating bird. Ðgen: 'girshoulder blades. Ðset: . ka: . uL/\uf“bØf n:u-r'j a personï:~ who is gidd˙ 3LM–Gof vt: 1. to eat the center 'girgenormous,aÚdya~ strong (esp. of legs or calf); giÚh-nyaout of s.th. without taking off the peel a strong legged giant. deotar˙ sonoÚh (as a cucumber). 2. to eat dirt in search munukhyar˙ yar˙i'sî'zyak˙,\ yazaÚr˙ b˙n˙i of salt (of wild sheep). cheÚ cheÚ ≥˙m's\îu girg~aÚdyasor˙ 'ta'ker˙ p–/\3Ld n: the depth of de- When the gods married humans, their (u)-rgihmpression. cf. u-r'jî:.~ offspring became terrifying giants. Ðset: 3Ld–Gof vi.pat: to be made . Ðadj: , gigantic. gihm-nyalow, with a depression (as of a spot in a p~a:cya:h lul/–Gof girg vi.pat:~aÚdyaso to warp. Ðset: floor). Ðadj: , low, depressed, 'giri-nya . Ðadj: , warped. sunk in. gihm'o , a bowl ba≥gyas-nya uL;–Gof [Kh 'giriu*gis < *s-lis (Bhj shaped valley.'gihm-gim'o 'b~aÚ gis-nyaiso, Nis yis, Gam gi, Ses *gis < yih); 3L/–Gof vt: to pass, overtake. Him *s-lis (Mag lis, Chep li÷-, Kai lhi); gihr-nya, to cut in front of to turn back (as TB *(s-)l˙y] v.sta: to be heavy. aph˙s runaway animal). Ð[Kh b˙le:-nya]~ , surprisingly heavy. 'd˙hr-, l3l/–Gof [Nep 3g] '{ ghernu] lepto be feeling tired, ill, ailing'kyaÚr˙~ (lit. gis-nya ‘heavy 'gihri-nyavt: to surround, encircle, hem in, ambush. bodied’). Ðadj: , heavy. , cf. wo~î's\î-nya. , to encircle expensive, dear'giso (lit. ‘heavyo-eÚh price 'giso’). in a moment. 'jahp-jup 120 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Ðrelated words: c~îÚ'wo heavy, solid, 3f–Gof] [Kh *goh (Kot woh); 'd˙hrlebo surprisingly heavy, 'd˙rilo goh-nyaHim (Mag ko-khe, Chan kho-, Tib rko- heavy, sturdy. ba); TB *r-go-t] vt: 1. to dig things uLt [Nep git] n: song, melody. from the ground (as potatoes, roots, etc.). 'git˙ , to sing a song. 2. to dig the earth (as a field, pit, hole, 'git˙ 'g˙i-nya uô–Gof [Kh *g˙k (Luk g˙k); trail, etc., but not things placed in the 'gHimÉïÚ-nya (Tib khyags ‘freeze, coagulate’)] ground, as stored potatoes, treasure, etc.). vi.pat: 1. to solidify, freeze. 2. of a , with kodalih. , man stiff from cold who begins to move, cyapwith largecyap pick. jyahp jyahp thaw. gïÚnakeÉ He’s thawing. 1. 3f]M–Gof vt: (Agt. u“ôb n: a blue swamp flower. goÚh-nya‘everything’ or ‘illness’pa) to~îÚh-e be 'joro-e g~ïÚd˙ uf]–Gof [Kh *go (Bhj o, Kot wo, plagued with much illness. 2 'go-nyaMht go)] vi.pat: 1. to swell. , . 3f]M–Gof vt: of a rooster to profusely (esp. of bread). 'baÚ-baÚ, goÚh-nyamate a hen. profusely. , blown-up.bop bop ufxf] n: street or lane within the , puffinessbor bor in face. phapha, 'gohavillage. cf. 'gora:ta.~ disproportionatelyphuphu large. 2.'s˙n˙ (fig) 'r˙n˙to be ufxfO] { [Nep] n: witness, testifier, puffed-up, proud. Ðvt: . 'gohaideponent (esp. in a court of law). cf–uf] ô] [Kh *r-gosogoi-nya (Mk rgo, Gam , to bear witness; testify in 'gohaicourt. (o)-goÚgo)] n: 1. the meat of a walnut. 2. ya-nya 3fuf] [Nep ghogo ‘ear of corn,’ profit, gain. cf. o'ya:h'tao, phaida, napha. 'gohgaMag ghoga] n: maize, corn. Ðset: . , profitable. , to be 3fHof] ô expr.adv: sudden toppling.hata: ogoÚ 'leo ogoÚ 'ta-nya profitable of an enterprise. , gohjyaÚ , to topple suddenly (esp. ogoÚ ya-nya to give gain, profit. ofg. 'd˙hli-nya a young child trying to walk). uf]+ [Kh *go≥; Him (Thak kah≥, Nw , to push over with force. g. 'g~oÚ g~u)] n: mountains, highlands (esp. the 'hut˙i-nya 3fNbf] +] 3fNbf] +] expr.adv: highlands above villages where potatoes gohldthe sound~oÚ gohld of a~oÚ large bell. , are grown). ant. nahm. (of a bell) to toll, gong, as in:g.g. 'behr thas-nya gohldoÚ~ uf]+bf n: a type of defilement which gohldoÚ~ thas'ke The great bell tolled. g~oÚda brings with it evil fortune or calamity. '3fNbf] 1+] f n: 1. a large bodied , (of shamans) to cast 'gohldperson~oÚgya who is dull-witted, incompetent. g~oÚda khya-nya away, by ceremony, certain defilements 2. a person of uneven proportions (large which bring evil fortune. Ðset: . in stomach, but weak bodied, etc.). Ðset: kÉï:h-nya (shamanic) defilement and . Ðadj: , dull- g~oÚda g˙lb˙ impurity. witted,p~a:cya:h bell shaped.gohld~oÚgyaso uf]bfd [Nep] n: storehouse. 3fd] expr.adv: stooping, ducking 'godam 'godam 'zihm b˙hri t˙siÚ z˙ ta'ker˙ All gohmthe head. , to duck, stoop.

the storehouses became filled. (Usu. in adverbialgohm 'li-nya function, as in: gohm Kham Dictionary 121 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 'lid˙ 'banke Go stooping (with your head 3fnf] ]{ 3fnf] j]{ adj: du- low). , to tilt s.th. 'gohrlorable, long-lasting'gohrlo'wo (of clothing). cf. 'nu:-~ gohm 3f 'j˙i-nyagfd] + ] n: (in: nya. gohna'm~eÚ ) witch, demon,zyahna'm evil spirit.~eÚ, 3f:of] { n: furrow of a plow. gohna'm~eÚ Ðset: . 'gohrsya 3f;] [Kh (Mk gohs, Gam gwyah); 'zya:h 3fKTof] [Nep ghopÊe ‘trapdoor’] 'gohsHim (Chep gwas)] n: a cliff-dwelling 'gohptyan: a wooden stairway. cf. 'ch˙m, 'th˙pka. bee. Ðgen: . Ðset: . 3f;f] 'mulza] adj: 1.buhsuna: (of a hen) which 'zihm 3f/] [Kh *gohr (Mht gohr, Gam gohs'pecks—o at other chickens. 2. (of a person) 'gohrwohr, Bhj hwor); Him (Thak kohr)] n: who chides and scolds children constant- plow. , furrow of a plow. Ðparts ly. 'gohrsya of: 'daÚdi~ wooden bar which connects 3ftf] ] n: funeral obsequies per-

the plow to the yoke harness, 'jotora rope 'gohtoformed several months after death. (For

tying the sticks of a yoke together under cleansing the village of the dead person’s an oxen’s neck, kotholah steel plow-tip, soul.) yoke, wooden pin at the upper kum 'nakira 3fMTof;–Gof+] [Him (Chep end of the draw bar on a plow for holding g~oÚhtyas-nyago≥÷- ‘bent’)] adj: to be stooped, bent the leather hitch, 'nara leather hitch for over, hunched. Ðset: . Ðadj: joining the draw bar of a plow to the , stooped,ba bent≥gyas-nya over, hunched. yoke, s˙ilo vertical pins on a yoke which Ð'gn:~oÚhtyaso , a person who is stooped, fit on either side of an oxen’s neck. bent.'g ~oÚhtyaÐset: . Ðnum.suff: 1. a pair of oxen (lit. ‘plow uf]O{–Gofp~a:cya:h vt: (Agt. ‘ev- of oxen’). 2. a measure for a field which goi-nyaerything’) to prosper. ora'≥a'zyaopa~îÚh-e b˙hri, takes one day to plow. to'gohra 'poÚ 'lizya odo'zyao b˙hri, paîÚh-ye~ z˙ goi'zyao All It’s a plot of about one plow. that he raises, all that he does, everything [Nep gho‹a] horse. 3f/f] 3f8] f≥ n: prospers him. cf. ki-nya. 'gohraÐ[Kh (Mk rta)] uf]O{+ n: 1. dimension, measurement.

3f]nf{+ 3f]nf{+ expr.adv: gooy~îÚaÚ'wo~ goîÚ'ni~ ≥a'j˙i'ke\ I made it accord- gohrl~aÚ gohrl~aÚ clattering, rattling, shaking. var. 'gohrlo ing to the measurement he gave me. 2. 'gohrlo. , to open with a any instrument of measure (esp. linear rattling soundg.g. ph˙i-nya(as of a door in the wind). or volume). 3. (with negative, in: 3fn] ]ô{ –Gof vt: 1. to pick at, ) careless, slipshod (lit. ‘withoutogo~îÚ gohrleÚ-nya poke. 2. to bother, pester s.o. measure'maleo ’). cf. o-'d˙h≥g˙ 'maleo, o-'sor 3fnf] ]{ 3fnf] ]{ expr.adv: 1. 'maleo. Ðlength measure: t˙-'g˙p one fin- 'gohrlothick and 'gohrlo noisy sounding (of leather when ger width, ba'gap— short hand-span (thumb being shaken). 2. the rattling sound of a to index finger), t˙-rjyaÚh full hand-span door being shaken. (thumb to middle finger), 'g~uÚth~uÚ short

122 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ cubit (elbow to closed fist), tu-'guÚ~ one uf]n–Gof [Kh *gol] vi.agt: 1. cubit (elbow to finger tips, or two hand- 'gol-nyato crawl (of a person). , steadi- spans), t˙-gahp one stride (two cubits), ly forward (as of a baby,kh˙r kh˙ror of a man t˙-'lam length of outstretched arms, t˙- stalking game). , with gaht˙raÚ~ leg-spread. Ðdistance measure: difficulty (as whenkh˙ram climbing kh˙ram a steep t˙-r'n˙i distance from one rest stand to slope). 2. to walk, creep (of four-footed another, t˙-g˙rk˙n (same). Ðliquid mea- beasts). sure: 'tar about a pint, 'tar baÚh half a uf]nf [Nep] n: dice. ,

pint, one cup. Ðdry measure: 'ryaÚ about 'golato throw dice, cast lots. 'gola jaÚh-nya a pint, 'ryaÚ baÚh half a pint, one cup, uf]nf uf]nf expr.adv: soft, about a quart, half a manu, manu man˙bah golarotten. gola , to turn soft from toporaÚ about one gallon, t˙'semeÚ about rot. Ðadj:g.g. ci-nya , soft from rot. two gallons. Ðghee measure: tin one ufgola]Nufbf gola'w n: pieceo— of cloth tied biscuit tin, bak˙s half a tin, hap fourth of 'golgadaacross the chest to protect from the cold. a tin. Ðbeer measure: khoi about five 1. a Kham- gallons, 'khopya about five gallons, khuriÚ uf]Nvfbf prop.n: 'golkhadaMagar village between Ra≥si and Kol. bowl, 'maÚth˙~ large jug, 'm˙ttiya medium 2. mythological birthplace of Puranchan, jug, 'm˙tyuÚli small jug. the first shaman. cf. 'ka:da~ tali. uf]O{+–Gof [Kh *(s)-gwan (Mk [Kh *(s)-glim (Mk gozgo~îÚ-nyaî,~ Mht gwan); Him (Thak kohn)] vt: uf]nf]+–Gof 'goloÚ-nya~ to measure (length or volume). zgly~u)] vi.pat: to roll, tumble over. cf. , as predestined by 'isoreGod. 'p˙lti-nya. , to roll along, tumble down'gol a hill.oÚ'na-nya~ , Ðogopass.part:îÚ'wo~ mitao , measured. over and over. kolombe kolombe , just right,go~îÚ's perfect\îu fit (lit. ‘asgo though~îÚ's\îu mitaomeasured’). uf]lN;–Gof vi.agt: to go and 'gol'sreturnî-nya\ home in the same day. cf. 'ol-nya. 3fO] –Gof{ vt: to pierce (as with goih-nyaa spear). , with a swift thrust. ufNtf] n: wooden ring for supporting 'goltathe upper end of a churn dasher. 3fO] M+{ khwas [Kh *s-gon (Mk sgo~î, Gam cf. 'm˙ndaoni. gogw~îÚh~eh)] n: 1. the lap. cf. khus. 2. a fold in a garment for holding s.th. ufdf] :tf] nom: advice, counsel. 'gomostacf. 's˙lla, 'j˙lph˙l, chyan bin. uf]O{l;–Gof vi.agt: 1. to envy. , to take counsel together,'gomosta con- goi's2. toî-nya\ regret, wish for with regret. osahak˙ vene.da-nya majaÚh'k\eo, 'ajyal goi's\îd˙ b˙ kata≥˙ ocah'naok˙— He didn’t plant in its season, uf]gfd prop.n: a Kham-Magar 'gonam now even though he longs for it with village lying up river from Mahat on the regret, where shall he obtain it? Thaba≥ Khola. uf]n [Nep] n: charcoal. (Dialect of uf]k}–Gof [Nep uf]Ko gopy˙ gop˙i-nya 'golblacksmiths) cf. rï:.É ‘secret, confidential’] vt: to withhold, conceal, refrain from revealing (esp. of Kham Dictionary 123 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ something lost-and-found). cf. m~o:h- uf]of u¬lk n: (shamanic) type nya. 'goyaof spirit. gupi Ðset: . uf]/ (in: , qv.) uØf]; expr.adv:'zya:h self-assertive, for- gor cf–uf] gar/] [Khgor *(s)-gor (Mk zgor); 'gward.Ÿos , to hold out a hand (o)-'gorHim (Chep gw˙r÷ ‘circular frame,’ Tib self-assertively,g. 'th~aÚ-nya without reservation (in skor ‘circle, ring’)] n: 1. the lip of a order to receive). , to be jug. 2. (in: ) the hoop of a drum. self-assertive in puttingg. 'th oneself~aÚ's\î-nya forward, uf]/f [Nep]'reÚhgor~ n: a fair-skinned person, making oneself available (as for a job, goraa European. etc). uf]/f n: musket hammer. Ðset: u"ô–Gof [Kh *gu:] vi.pat: to 'gora . , to cock a 'guÚ-nyashake, tremble. , violent- 'b˙ndukgun. 'gora 'p˙leÚ-nya ly. 'buhm, slightly. 'buhm , k˙r~îÚ k˙r~îÚ 'th˙r-th˙r uf/f] tf“ n: 1. street or lane within moderately. , slightly. zyoÚ~ zyoÚ~ 'gora village.aÚta~ cf. 'goha:. 2. the high point u“" n: elbow. Ðnum.suff: a cubit (the between two parallel furrows. (The ideal 'gdistance~uÚ from elbow to fingertip). Ðset: is o'dahr, cf.) . goî:~ uf]/f]+–Gof vt: (of a shaman) to u“"–Gof vt: to measure by cubits. gorcarry~oÚ-nya a patient on his back (in a ceremony 'g~uÚ-nya p–u¬ef [Nep gubho] n: the for the prevention of illness). cf. g˙l-nya. (u)-gu'bahcenter shoot or certain plants, the heart , (of a shaman and his pa- of a tree. tient)gor~oÚ's to\î-nya perform and have performed the u“"bf [Nep gh~u‹o] n: knee. ceremony of goro:nya~ . Ðset: . 'gÐ~uÚda[Alt.root (Nis bam˙ra 'knee cap')] kÉï:h-nya uf]/Øf;f] adj: red-headed (of u¬lb [Nep ‘kernel’] n: brain. goryas'an animal).o— Ðn: , a red-headed 'gudi , inept, unable to learnu'gu- a animal. Ðset: 'gorya. jobdi'da (lit. guriÚ's ‘twisted\îu brain’). 'patya uf]/o]O{+ uf]/o]O{+ expr.adv: u“"bØf n: a type of lowland goryegrindingîÚ~ gorye sound.îÚ~ , to grind 'gbamboo.~uÚdya Ðset: . g.g. heÚ-nya grain with a grinding sound. u¬u¬tô" c˙hl expr.adv: huddled, uftf] rf/f adv: a little bit, a gugutuÚhunched (as from sadness or cold). 'gotafew 'carapieces (lit. ‘items, about four’). osogoe gugutuÚ 'tad˙ 'le He sat huddled ufy] [Nep uf]7 goÊh] n: a shed or over in sadness. , to sit goth˙temporary shelter (esp. for tending cattle hunched up. Ðadj: g. cuh's\î-nya, huddled, away from home). cf. pherwa. hunched; having angugutuÚ'w expression—o of sad- uf]ôj [ < Kh go: ‘meat of a walnut’] ness. goÚ'wadj: —o 1. of a walnut whose meat is easy p–/3\ ¬ n: the hump on the to extract. 2. generous, kind. cf. u-'y~u: (u)-r'guhback of certain cattle. g˙ra:'wo.~ 3–Gof¬ [Kh *r-guh (Mk rguh, guh-nya 124 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Nis rgu); Him (Tib sgo-pa ‘door-keeper,’ , round and round; to walk sgo-khyi ‘watch-dog’)] vt: 1. to guard, theph˙n long ph˙n way around, in a circle. watch. 2. to watch the dead through the , of a spindle spinning. Ðadj:phiriri night to prevent j˙n-nya. (Those who phiriri, winding, circling. Ðvt: 'gu- participate in the watch must go through hmiu. guhm˙i- three nights.) nya 3¬dLn n: a large evergreen tree, '3b¬ "ô expr.adv: sudden collaps- guhmilthe nut of which if eaten in excess is 'guhduÚing. , to fall toppling, col- said to cause drunkenness. lapsing.g. 'd˙hli-nya 3dLn¬ af“ prop.n: a Kham- 3¬vLô [Kh (Mk guhski); Tib guhmilMagar 'b village,~aÚ pop. 350, comprising guhkhiÚsgo-khyi ‘watch-dog’] n: a shepherd Ward No. 5 of the Taka-Bachhi Pan- dog, watch-dog. chayat. , male inhabitant '3n¬ [Kh *guhl (Mk guhl, Bhj of Guhmilba≥.guhmil 'ba ≥gya , fe- 'guhlhuhl); TB *b-ruôl (Tib sbrul, Bal gbul, male inhabitant ofguhmil Guhmilba≥. 'ba≥gyani Mag bul)] n: snake, serpent. cf. 'd~a:. 3lD;–Gof¬ v.recip: (of an- Ðgen: . guhm'simals) \î-nyato mate (lit. ‘to climb each other’). rwihza ' wanza3¬n l5u¬d n: a variety of (Sometimes euph. of humans). 'guhlrhubarb chigum with long runners. '3g¬ [Nep] n: weevil. 3d¬ [Nep ghum ‘leaf-umbrella’] 'guhn 3/¬ n: the area of a house between guhmn: a parka-like rain hood made of goat guhrthe fire pit and the back wall. ant. 'bu:di.~ hair. Ðset: . 3¬d–Gof vt: 1. to climb onto 'zihm '3/–Gof¬ [Kh *guhr (Bhj hur, guhm-nyas.th., to board. 2. (of an animal) to mount 'guhr-nyaGam uhr); Him (Sh kur, Tib bkur)] vt: another while mating. Ð[Alt.root (Gam 1. to carry on the back. , rha÷)] lightly. , hanging or bompiled high.bom 3¬d}–Gof [Nep 3'dfpg' cere mere, a heavy load with dif- guhm˙i-nyaghumaunu ‘to take around’] vt: 1. to ficulty.ke≥˙reÚ ke≥˙reÚ , a heavy load with steer or direct s.o. around s.th. 2. to ease. 2. 'pasato support poso the person who pays turn (as a horse); change the direction a bribe. noÚye 'leo'ni p~ac 'rupiya zyad˙ of. 'guhr'keo\ He ‘carried’ him after taking 3df/¬ n: a revolution, rotation. five rupees. guhmar 3df/f¬ ] [Nep ghumauro] adj: 3¬/ 3¬/ expr.adv: with a guhr guhr 'guhmarolong, winding (of a road). ant. 'chedo. steady churning motion. , to churn with a steady churning.g.g. roÚh-nya 3¬ld–Gof [Nep 3Dg' ' ghumnu] 'guhmi-nyavi.pat: to revolve, rotate. , one '3¬/\l;–Gof vi.agt: to bear 'guhr's\î-nya swift rotation (as when turningb˙hn around). the cost of. (Through morphologically , to roll or spin round and round. intransitive, the agent is marked with a guli guli transitive ergative marker, as in: oeÚh noÚ- Kham Dictionary 125 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ e 'guhr'sî'k\ e\ He bore the cost of it.) of the head while sleeping. n˙'gum a'da— , to be obliged, indebted'bahr to jaÚhke Put your head this direction (when another.'guhr's\î-nya n˙'bahr 'kuhduÚ ≥a'guhr's\îke I sleeping). am greatly indebted to you. Ðv.refl: to u¬g [Nep ‘obligation’] n: virtue, play piggyback, to carry and be carried 'gunvalue, worth. , worthy; of (esp. of children). excellent character.u-'gun 'leo , to 3?n¬ n: dandruff. be grateful, appreciative'gun of 'mani-nya s.o’s worth. guhrul 3¬?n uL2 [Nep giddh˙] , grateful (lit. ‘unfor- guhruln: King gidd˙ Vulture. Ðgen: , 'gungetful mamof obligations~eÚ-nya ’). . 'la: 'ga: ka: –ugf¬ [Nep] num.clsf: fold: as in, gidd˙ 3;¬ [Nep ghus] n: bribe. -gunafour-fold, etc. (Used esp. in crop yields.) guhs , to accept a bribe (lit. ‘eat bribeguhs’). cf. 'dobor. zya-nya '3;¬ –Gof} [Nep 3:ofpg' ' u¬Gb/Lô [Nep gundruk] n: rad- 'guhs˙i-nyaghusyaunu] vt: to hit s.o. with the fist. 'gund˙riÚishes pounded to a pulp, slightly fer- Ðset: . mented, and dried. poh-nya 3;f¬ [Nep ghussa] n: a blow, u¬lg–Gof [Nep u'Gg ' gunnu] vt: 'guhsahit, buffet. , to hit guni-nyato think over, ponder, evaluate. 'ao p~aÚ or punch s.o.'guhsa (lit. ‘to jaÚhdya-nya apply a blow’). caos˙ gunicyo Ponder these words well.

'3:sL/f¬ n: White Collared cf. 'khaminya. 'guhskiraBlackbird. (Said to be capable of mim- u¬lk (in: , qv.) icking the call of other birds). Ðgen: gupi u¬Åf [Nep]'goya gupin: 1. hermitage. 2. . 'guphaa straw, tepee-shaped shelter to protect 'baza-biza u¬n n: place of sleeping. ≥as˙~îÚ's\îut˙ plants from frost. 'gul≥a'gull˙ z˙ t˙khep ≥a'poÚkhari'ke~ When I u¬/ [Kh *gur (Bhj hur, Ghus hur); woke I prayed in my sleeping place. gurHim (Sh khur, Tib khur)] n: load, bur- u¬ln [Nep] n: bullet, pellet, capsule. den. Ðnum.suff: a loadful. cf. 'bahri:. guli uln¬ ufyf“ n: ankle bone. cf. u/¬ af\ [Nep guru] n: teacher, guli'ph˙rl˙p. g~aÚtha 'gurbamaster (esp. of a shaman). u¬ln u¬ln expr.adv: rolling, u¬l/–Gof vt: to stir in a circular gulispinning. guli , to roll or 'guri-nyamotion. Ðset: . , spin round andg.g. round.'guhmi-nya round and round.'k~a:-nya ph˙n ph˙n u¬NofnLM [Nep guleli ‘pellet- u¬/Lô–Gof vt: to bend in a gulyalihbow’] n: shooting sling, pellet-bow. guriÚ-nyacircle. Ðpass.part: , circular, cf. li:. bent in a loop. guriÚ's\îu u¬d [Kh *r-gum (Mk rgum, Nis u¬l/uf “ adv: in a circle. muhthaÚk˙ 'gumrgum); Him (Chep kum÷- ‘pillow one- 'gurig'gurigaÚ~ aÚ~ cuh'sîd˙\ 'ler˙ They're sitting in a self’); TB *kum] n: 1. pillow. 2. direction circle around the fire pit. 126 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ u/¬ Hof;f\ ] [ < Kh 'g˙j˙ri-nya ‘in '3\jf“MuLn [Kh *gwah≥ (Mk gurjyasoreadiness for butting’] adj: splendidly 'gwgwaÚhgil~ ~a:la~o, Gam go≥gola); Him (Tib ko≥, turbaned, wearing a grand turban. Kar gwa≥ ‘circle,’ Bur kwa≥ ‘crooked’) u¬/f{ n: grass or straw for bedding + *gil (Tib skyil ‘circle’); TB *kil ‘twist’] gurracattle, spread out on the byre floor for adv: circular, in a circle. cf. 'gurig~a:. making compost. Ðadj: , circular. cf. khwargilo. 'gwaÚhgilo~ u¬/\l;–Gof vi.pat: (of a strand Ujfn Ujfn expr.adv: wide, gur'sof rope)\î-nya to pop out of place when twisting 'gwalbroad, 'gwal open (as a valley). cf. 'r~a:'wo, it. Ðvt: . woih'wo. Ðadj: . 'gwal 'gwal'o u¬?sugur-nya“ô prop.n: 1. the Gurung tribe. Ujf/–Gof [Kh *gwar (Gam gur2. ~uÚan exogamous clan division within 'gwar-nya‘to lie’)] vi.agt: (becoming archaic) to the Kanchi Paryal of Taka. speak kindly, with courtesy. o'yaÚh-ye u¬l:t nom: gossip, small talk. waz˙ h˙i 'lid˙ 'gwarzya Only with his

'gusti , to chat, engage in small mouth is he kind. kataz˙ ma'leoe b˙ b˙raÚsi talk.'gusti da-nya cuh'sî'c\ îke\ h˙i dad˙ 'gwar'ke\ Though he has nothing, bless him, he kindly told u¬tLô–Gof vt: to rub in, smear us to sit. 'gutiÚ-nyaaround. tap t˙p kyoÚhd˙ 'm˙skhadaÚl˙ 1 'gutiÚ'keo\ Grabbing hold of him he . uO{ô (in: , qv.) gwiÚ 2 'gaih gwiÚ smeared him in the soot. . uOô{ [Kh *r-gwi (Mk rgwi)] n: 'gwiÚ –uy"“ " “ num.clsf: a short cubit the prickly-leafed oak, Holly Oak. 'gwiÚ -'g(the~uÚth distance~uÚ from elbow to closed fist). , the nut or acorn of the prickly-leafed 's˙i Ðset: . oak. (shamanic,'gwipal in 'r chant)eÚhgor,~ oaken 'gwimal drum 'reÚhgor~ hoop. goî:~ 1. Ujfô–Ujfô expr.adv: fluffy set: . 'gwaÚ-gwaÚand light. , to card wool Ð 'ja:hk˙ri~ ja:r˙ light and fluffy.g.g. kho Ð~î-nyaadj: uOÒ af{ “ prop.n: a Kham-Magar 'gwib~aÚ 1. of wool which is not 'gwaÚ-gwaÚ'womatted, easy to village up river from Pelma. card. 2. of white flowers in full bloom. '3ÒO{+Mrf ] n: crowd, multitude. 'gw~îÚhco 2. Ujfô–Ujfô expr.adv: broad, 'miÚr˙ ˙iz˙ swîÚh~ maswîÚh~ b˙n˙i 'gwîÚhco~ 'gwaÚ-gwaÚendless. , broad (of a plain). 'tad˙ ya'li'zyao People were crowded in a great multitude. g.g. ''paÚ'wo3jf\ M–Gof“ [Kh *s-gwa≥ 'gw‘hole~aÚh-nya’ (Mk zgwa,~ Kot gwa≥); Him (Mag uÒO{ô+ ls–Gof vi.agt: to race, 'gw~îÚki-nya kw~a-ke ‘creviced,’ Chep gha≥- ‘have run swiftly. var. 'kw~î:ki-nya. Ðvt: holes,’ Tib khu≥, Rw≥ -kwa≥)] v.sta: , to hurl, sling. var. 'gw~îÚk˙i-nya to be full of holes; punctured, perforated. 'kwî:k˙i-nya.~ , accidently while working on an uÒO{kfn uÒO{dfn (see item.khwas , completely rid- 'gwipal). 'gwimal dled with'totona holes. bobona Ðadj: , punc- 'gwiÚ uÒOô{ l/–Gof vi.pat: 1. to act tured, having a hole. 'gw~aÚh'wo gwiÚri-nyamorosely, mope around (of humans). 2. Kham Dictionary 127 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ to be ill, apathetic towards food (of an , to redden. Ðadj: animal). 'gyahm 'ta-nya , to be predominately 3Øf–Gof vi.pat: to deteriorate red.'gyahm 'gyahmo , to gyah-nyaby being left alone without food or help. blush 'gyahmwith embarrassment. 'gyahmo 'j˙i's\î-nya gyahd˙ g˙h'li'zyak˙ Just leave him be 3Øfd 3Øfd hé "ô without help. k˙reÚye k˙reÚye gyah'k\e 'gyahmhé "ô expr.adv: 'gyahm flushed, zuÚ zuÚ red with embar- Hungering and hungering, he starved. rassment. 3ØfM“ [Kh *glah≥ (Mk g˙hla,~ Gam , to'gyahm blush with 'gyahm embarrassment; zuÚ zuÚ gyghlya≥,~aÚh Kot g˙la≥); Him (Chep klamh-, turn'j˙i's redî-nya\ with anger or embarrassment. Khal lan)] loc: beside, across, diagonal- cf. g˙g˙tï:É 'ta-nya. ly. n˙'lao— gyaÚh~ 'b˙'ker˙\ They went across 3Øfdf] o"M n: the rhesus there. olap'kao gyaÚh~ along beside him. 'gyahmomonkey. yuÚh cf. palo yu:h. , horizontally, at a gentle an- 3ØfDk+ ] adv: all colors (lit. gygle.~aÚh Ðgyloc.root:~aÚh straight across, 'gyahmp‘red-blue~eÚ’). gy~aÚh- diagonally. gyaÚh'd~ a— to a place diagonally 3ØfMlg“ loc: from a place straight

across, gyaÚh'n~ î— from a place diagonally gyacross~aÚh'ni on the level. across, etc., qq.v. Ðadj: , level, 3Øfk–Gof vt: to bite off horizontal. gy~aÚh'w—o gyahp-nyachunks (as of an apple or cucumber). cf. 3ØfMbf“ loc: to a place straight k˙i-nya. , snapping off a chunk. gyacross~aÚh'da on the level. k˙ryap 3Øfk 3k] expr.adv: jumping 3Øf“M 3Øf“M expr.adv: flat gyahpdirectly gehp onto animal. , to gy~aÚh gy~aÚh against the ground. , to jump astride an animal.g.g. 'cep-nya pin flat in wrestling. g.g. 'sep-nya 3Øf“Ml;–Gof v.refl: to lie 3Øfd–Gof [Kh *gyahm (Mk gydown.~aÚh's\î-nya 'gyahm-nyagya~oh); Him (Mag gya)] v.sta: to turn '3ØfM:of“ n: 1. an invalid. red, redden. Ðadj: , red (in- 'gyÐset:~aÚhsya . 2. a baby who doesn’t cludes rusty-brown, orange,'gyahm'o and purple). crawlp but~a:cya:h moves by sliding. Ðadj: '3Øfdl/ n: a female animal , disabled, crippled. gy~aÚh- 'gyahm˙riwhich is reddish. Ðset: . Ðadj: syaso cf–/] 3Øf\ Mt“ n: without , reddish (of'patya a female an- (o)-rgythought,~aÚht˙ neglectful, indifferent (not ac- imal).gyahm˙riso cepting advice). , 3Øfd/Øf n: a reddish male to dress sloppily, withouto-rgy~aÚht˙ regard jasi-nya for de- 'gyahm˙rya animal. Ðset: . Ðadj: corum. , to 'patya , reddish. wander o-rgy about~aÚht˙ aimlessly. z˙ 'barih-nya Ðadj: gyahm˙ryaso 3Øfd 3Øfd [Kh , paying no attention to neces-o- 'gyahm*gyahm 'gyahm (Mk gya~oh); Him (Mag gya)] sities.rgy~aÚh'tao expr.adv: reddish in color. 1fn expr.adv: tilting the head. var. 'gyahm gyal 128 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ gyal gyal. , to tilt the head, die, and are easy to capture.) , swift- duck (as in g.avoiding 'li-nya a blow). ly, whistling in air. Ðadj: sw~îÚ , (of , to keep the head lowg. while 'lid˙ the Danphe Pheasant) togy be~uÚh'w ill after—o a spying'cyuÚ-nya (as in stalking game). long dive. , to watch with stealth, g.g.tilting 'cyuÚ- the head.nya H 1fn uLn expr.adv: 1. (of xbfP coord: for that reason. h˙dae 'gyal gil crops, esp. corn) unstable, wavering, eas- h˙daete h˙i ≥adîÚ'zyao~ That’s why I’m saying ily blown over. it to you. cf. h˙i 'j˙id˙. , ‘'lWhen~uÚ ge'g˙l weÉïÚk˙ pried te on 'gyal the x} adv: thus, in this manner. cf. hitao. stone,gil z˙ ma'ta'keit wouldn’t budge.’ 2. (of a person) h˙i , nevertheless. unstable, capricious. h˙i di b˙ x} bf–Gof v.bt: 1. to say to , ‘Remain'gyal gilfirm ma'tad˙ without h˙is.o., da-nya to tell. h˙i daÚyo~ Tell me! , z˙wavering. thïÚrid˙É ’ 'li'cike instructions, that which was told.h˙i h˙idasiu da- [Nep] knowledge, learning, 1fg n: siu mab˙~îÚh-ye He won’t obey instruc- 'gyanunderstanding. a learned o-'gyan 'leo 'miÚ tions. 2. to call s.o. a certain name. miÚrae man. 'buddi. Ð , intelligent, cf. adj: ≥alai suÚ h˙i d~aÚzyar˙ Who do people knowledgable, wise. 'gyani say that I am? , so-called. 'tïÚÉ cf]–1fg dfn]p [Nep yado'zyao 'poÚ ayado'zyao place called Taka. (o)-gyangyan] adj: 'maleo without the power of reason x} lb a coord: nevertheless, (esp. of animals). h˙istill. di b˙h˙i di b˙ umin kh˙rk˙ z˙ mamahye '3ØfM–Gof] [Kh *gehp (Mk ‘Nevertheless, his name will never be 'gyoÚh-nya gyoh-pa, Kot gih-nya); Him (Tam cehp- lost.’ pa)] v.sta: to be large, big. , x} h}b coord: therefore, so disproportionately large, big.'s˙n˙ Ðvi.pat: 'r˙n˙ to h˙ithen. 'j˙id˙ cf. h˙dae. become large; grow. , quickly. x} ln–Gof vi.agt: 1. to say, Ðadj: , big, h˙rgreat, h˙r important. h˙iassert. 'li-nya cf. h˙i da-nya. 2. to think. khaÚ ci 'gyoÚh'wo , to act self- ≥a'tarihzya 'lid˙ thinking, what good will 'gyoÚh'woimportant. 'j˙i's\î-nya it do me?... 3. to think (erroneously). to howl (of a Uo“"–Gof vi.agt: ≥aÚ te 'luÚ~ ci h˙i ≥a-'leo I thought (errone- 'gy~uÚ-nya dog). ously) it was a stone. 4. to hope. 3ØÒM [Nep ghiu] n: ghee, clarified tas˙îÚr˙k˙~ 'lid˙ Hoping they wouldn’t find gyuÚh milk-fat. out... 5. to suppose, assume. u'r~ïÚh'wo 3ØÒ“M–Gof vi.agt: (of a pheasant, 'ta'kheho 'lid˙ assuming that he had seen gyesp.~uÚh-nya the Danphe Pheasant) to make a it... 6. to wonder. k˙i o'tao 'lid˙ wondering long, swooping dive from the top of a what had happened... 7. to decide. 'apd˙ mountain to its foot. (It is said that after ≥as˙ih.ya b˙ h˙i ≥a'li'ke\ I decided to shoot such a dive they are weakened, often and kill it. Kham Dictionary 129 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ x:of+} ] (see ). 'j˙h˙ni-nya. , wiggling, but h˙lÉïÚ h˙lÉïÚ h˙~îÚsyo x} tfskimuÚ] lb vi.agt: fairy tale still tight. , about to come telap telap h˙iform 'ta'k of\e thedi verb ‘to say.’ free. x}of ult [Nep g˙ti ‘fate’] xg–xg expr.adv: unstable, 'h˙n˙-h˙n˙ h˙iyanom: 'g˙ti worsened in condition, poor in quivering (esp. of ground, as in a state, degenerated. , swamp). , to shake, h.h. th˙noÚ-nya to grow worse in condition,h˙iya 'g˙ti degenerate 'ta-nya quiver. (esp. of illness). Ðadj: , weak xk expr.adv: violently, with attack. through illness. h˙iya 'g˙tiu h˙p , to seize violently. h. 'chupi-nya h. x}hé adv: affirmative: ‘that’s right, I , to move towards, attack. jaÚh-nya h. h˙iz˙agree.’ , to swiftly return a moving ball. 'kaÚ-nya , (Obj. ) to attack with xhd [Nep] nom: digestion, intensity.h. nas-nya -s˙, to snatch away h˙j˙msettling of food. , (of food) violently. h. n˙ ~îÚ-nya , to attack to settle, digest. h˙j˙m 'ta-nya with intensity h.h.(plural). nas-nya Ð xhf/ [Nep] num: thousand. , (fig) to plunge into'yehnt˙ work h.h.vig- h˙jar , thousands upon thousands.h˙jar orously.nas-nya ka h˙jar xs [Nep] n: authority, right. cf. 'h˙k xks xks expr.adv: gasp 'lekha. , having authority. 'h˙p˙k 'h˙p˙k 'h˙k d˙i'wo or hiccup. , to hiccup, esp. xn xn expr.adv: completely. from s.th. spicy.h.h. bihl-nya 'h˙l˙ h˙l˙ , to pour everything in. xk; expr.adv: toss, fling. h.h. zal-nya , ‘All theharr˙ cows h˙p˙s˙ , to toss orh˙p˙s˙ fling wentbïÚl˙~ h˙l˙into theh˙l˙ stable. 'zal'sî'ker˙\’ , to dustkhya-nya into the ± air.'j˙i-nya sprout completely fromh.h. the p˙riÚ-nya ground. xKs–Gof} [Nep xKsfpg' xnf [Nep h˙lo ‘plow’] n: wooden h˙pk˙i-nyah˙pkaunu] vt: to rebuke, threaten fright- 'h˙lastocks for binding the legs. en by making threats. cf. singar-nya, xln–Gof [Nep xlNng ' h˙llinu] th˙l-nya. 'h˙li-nyavi.pat: to be shaky, unstable. cf. h˙lkï:,É x/k n: letter, character. 'j˙h˙ni-nya. Ðvt: . h˙r˙p x/]; Hof–Gofé [Nep x/;] xlnb [Neph˙l˙i-nya h˙ledo] n: tumeric 'h˙resh˙res zya-nya ‘discouraged’] vt: to despair, be 'h˙lid˙powder. discouraged. (Usu. in negative imper- [ < 'h˙lid˙ ‘tumeric’] xlnbØf;f] ative, as in: 'h˙res tazyuyo Don’t despair! h˙lidyasoadj: yellow (lit. ‘tumeric-like’). x/ x/ expr.adv: rapid growth.

xnô xnô expr.adv: shaky, 'h˙r 'h˙r , increase rapidly. h˙lÉïÚ h˙lÉïÚ unstable, loose. , slightly h.h. 'b˙hdi-nya, enlarge rapidly. h.h. h.h. h˙lkïÚ-nyaÉ loose. 'gyoÚh-nya, (of buds on a tree) to increaseh.h. quick-'p˙li- xNsô–Gof vi.pat: to be shaky, ly.nya h˙lklooseÉïÚ-nya (as of a tooth or a boulder). cf. 130 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ xn–Gof{} [Nep xNnfpg ' h˙llaunu harassment, pain. , to 'h˙rl˙i-nya‘shake’] vt: stir up, agitate, shake. b˙tas endure trouble, pain.'h˙tya kati-nya 'hud˙ riÚhlai b˙n˙i 'h˙rl˙i'keo The wind xTof/ [Nep h˙tiyar] n: arms, came and stirred up the water. 'h˙tyarweapons. xns{ expr.adv: dissolving, melt- xfô [Kh *ha-p-sya (Nis swya < 'h˙rl˙king. , to melt, dissolve away. 'haÚ-osya, Mk psya, Bhj rsya, Gam hwa); h. bil˙i-nya, to melt (as of snow), dry Him (Mag mi-syak, Chep sayk); TB *s- up.h. saÚ-nya wa] n: tooth. , to grit the xln–Gof{ vi.pat: to vibrate, teeth. 'haÚ k˙i-nya, to clench the teeth. 'h˙rli-nyashake, quiver. Ðvt: , to shake 'haÚ s˙j˙m-nya 1. toothed. 2. of one who s.th., joggle, cause toh˙rl˙i-nya vibrate. getso'haÚ even 'leo (esp. in a sneaky, back-handed xNofp{ “ xNofp{ “ expr.adv: way). , toothless. o'haÚ 'maleo (o)-'ha- 'h˙rlyagently,u~ 'h˙rlya in a swingingu~ motion. , of one who gives or psya 'gyoÚh'wo , to rock gently (as a babyh.h. takes too large a portion and deprives in'ph˙nd˙i-nya a basket). s.o. else. xd;f]{ temp.adv: always. cf. xf“’ interj: here! take it! ant. the÷ h~a÷ h˙rmesaek˙tar xf“ [Kh *hang] n: cliff, precipice, 'h~aÚ x;–Gof} [Nep xf;fpg“ ' hasaunu~ steep mountainside. , lichens 'h~aÚ 'kiÚ 'h˙s˙i-nya‘make laugh’] vt: to mock, ridicule. cf. , a wild vine found growing along h~aÚ'kya 'gill˙i-nya, 'sit˙i-nya , the faces of cliffs; Rockfoil. , 'h~aÚ noÚh to make oneself a laughing-stock'h˙s˙i'sî\ nih-nya (lit. ‘to a variety of wild onion. cf. no:h, b˙linoh. beg for ridicule’). , rock fissure. 'h,aÚ~ (in: paÚ'wo 'haÚ~ chyaÚchy-, x;s [Mag sosak ‘proud’] ex- oÚqv.) . 'riÚh syaÚsyoÚ 'h~aÚ chyaÚchyoÚ h˙s˙kpr.adv: proud, haughty. , to have an intensely superiorh. attitude. 'g˙ji-nya xfbØf n: sheep-liver fluke. hadyae 'hadyad˙id˙ n˙i'wo He ’s afflicted by sheep-liver x:sf] n: breathless, winded, wheez- fluke. 'h˙skoing, gasping. , to be winded, out of breath.'h˙sko 'ta-nya , shortness xfbØf“ n: mumps. 'h~aÚdya of breath, gasping'h˙sko for air. 'b˙laÚ~ xfbØf uL2 [Nep giddh˙] 'hadya gidd˙ xtKt temp.adv: immediately. n: Bearded Vulture (lammergeyer). h˙t˙pt˙cf. behar. Ðgen: , . 'la: 'ga: ka: gidd˙ xtf;f] n: the crossed, loosely xfM [Kh (Luk halekha)] quant.adv: haÚh 'h˙tasofitting handles inside a shaman’s drum. that much (anaphoric linguistic refer- cf. dab˙lih. Ðset: . ence). cf. a:h, na:h. , just that much; just that far. haÚhz—˙ xQ/Lô interj:'ja:hk˙ri~ an exclamation ja:r˙ of h˙tt˙riÚdisappointment, vexation. xfxf lg xf]xf] expr.adv: hahashouting, ni hoho clamoring. xTof [Nep ‘murder’] n: trouble, 'h˙tya haha ni hoho 'li- Kham Dictionary 131 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , to shout, make a clamor (esp. to Mag hut-ke ‘pull up’] vt: 1. to extract scarenya s.th. away). (as ore from a mine); draw out (as a xfMs quant.adv: at that distance, knife from its sheath). cf. 'p˙le:-nya. haÚhkat that—˙ time of day. Ðadj: , of , to take interest on a loan. that size; of that distance; haÚh'kof that—ao time. byaj˙ hai-nya, to draw blood. paîÚh~ haÚh'kao— z˙ ya'rïÚh'k~ eo\ They all ap- 'jiÚh hai-nya, to bring out the beauty ino-'soba s.th. peared to be of the same size to him. hai-nya2. to produce. , to produce 'meÚh hai-nya xfMsLg quant.adv: from that fire (as with flint and steel). o-r'kes\ haÚh'kinmuch on up; from that distance onward; , to produce a cohesive consis- hai-nya from that time onward. Ðadj: tency in bread dough. , u-r'kil hai-nya . to produce a tight twist in a rope. , to produce or conjure up oneu-hil’s haÚh'kin'kao xfMNbØfn¬ quant.adv: such skillhai-nya in a task. 3. to invoke. hahldyaluenormous things as that. , such 'isore u'min They prayed invoking an enormous thing as that.hahldyu haid˙ 'poÚkhari'k~ er˙\ the name of God. 4. to use another’s xfMNofn¬ quant.adv: all that authority. '≥aÚ ≥a'min haid˙ nih'na'keo\ He hahlyalusize. (Usu. redup.) went asking for it using my name. Ðv.bt: xfMNo ¬ quant.adv: that size. ( ‘price’) to exact a price from s.o. hahlyu , about that size. duÚh-yeo-eÚh o-eÚh ≥amahai'ni I will not require hah'walyu xfMª quant.adv: at that general the price of the basket from you. haÚh≥—˙ distance; at that period of time. Ðadj: Ðpass.part: , extracted, removed. , of that time period. haÚh'≥ao— u'sip'ni hai'shai'sîu\ removed\îu from its sheath. haÚh'miÚr˙ ≥People—ao of that time period. xfO xfO interj: an exclamation of

xfMk} quant.adv: as much as haigrief, hai woe. hai hai, nahldiu 'miÚ t˙chaÚt˙ haÚh'p˙i that; as far as that; up to that point in z˙ khem'ke Woe woe, such a great man time. Ðadj: . came to naught in a single day! haÚh'p˙i'kao xfMjf quant.adv: about that much; xfO–xfO expr.adv: tyranny. haÚh'wa about that far; about that much time. Ðadj: 'hai-hai , (Obj. 'hai-) to . haityrannize, khya-nya manage ± 'j˙i-nya dictatorially. u-miÚrae-t˙ haÚh'wa'kao xfMjfsLg quant.adv: from ≥˙iht˙— 'hai-hai khya'keo\ He tyrannized his haÚh'wa'kinabout that much on up, from about that subjects. distance onward; from about that time xfOl;–Gof v.refl: to flee, get onward. Ðadj: . hai'sout\î-nya of a place (lit. ‘remove oneself’). haÚh'wa'kin'kao xfMjfk} quant.adv: up to , with great haste. , haÚh'wa'p˙iabout that much; up to about that far; up (same).p˙tt˙ cur , (same).p˙ttyol˙ to about that time. Ðadj: sund˙xfsNof mund˙ n: 1. an ear of corn . 'hak˙lyawith missing kernels. 2. a person with haÚh'wa'p˙i'kao xfO–Gof [Kh *hat (Bhj hat, Nis gaps in his teeth. Ðset: . Ðadj: hai-nyahat, Ses *hat < hai÷, -hat- ‘drawn out’); p~a:cya:h 132 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , having gaps in a row (as of or one fourth a biscuit tin. Ðset: . anhak˙lyaso ear of corn with missing kernels). xfk–Gof vt: of an item,go toî:~ take xflsd [Nep] n: ruler, governor. hap-nyaup a lot space. . 'hakim cf–xfn] n: nine toothpick sized xfk xfk'poÚ expr.adv: hap'zyao frightening, (o)-'halsticks forming a miniature fence around hapintimidating. hap var. hap. , the edge of a leaf-plate in certain sha- to intimidate, tyrannize. h.h. khya-nya, fright- manistic ceremonies. (A length of thread ening (of a person or thing).h.h. 'dao adj: is interwoven around the sticks, with the , (of a person) intimidating, frighten-o-hap gap between 1 and 9 left open.) ing.'leo xfnf “ xfnf] +] expr.adv: 1. thor- cf–xfK:of] '3ØfMj] haloughly~aÚ hol ~oÚwell. , to heal, (o)-'hapsyaadj: of one 'gyoÚh'wo who gives or takes too large recover fully fromh.h. illness.g˙r~aÚ-nya 2. liberated, a portion and deprives s.o. else. Ðset: free from obligation. . (shamanic) an incantationhal~aÚ hol~oÚ used kal in~aÚ 'luhbi xfô k"ô n: tooth decay. kol~oÚ curing illness, abracadabra. h.h. k.k. 'haÚ puÚ xf/ [Kh *har (Mk har, Gam har, g˙raÚni~ Recover well from your illness! harMht hai)] n: bovine, cow. Ðgen:

xfd [Kh (Mk skam, Ses ham)] n: . , cowherd. '˙g˙i- hama sigh, yawn. , to yawn. b˙g˙i ,har beef. 'gaola cf. 'sinu. har hamr˙ 'hu-nya , to yawn, sigh. sya'k˙riÚ xf/–Gof} [Nep x/fpg' h˙raunu] hambol 'hu-nya xfd–Gof [Kh *ham; Him (Tib har˙i-nyavt: to defeat, overcome. ham-nya hab); TB *hap mouthful] vt: 1. to eat xfl/–Gof [Nep xfg' { harnu] vi.pat: dry meal from the hand by tossing it 'hari-nyato lose, be defeated. , to into the mouth. cf. khop-nya. be faithless in a treaty.s˙t˙ cf. 'kiryal˙'hari-nya 'budi- b˙hs˙ , voraciously. 2. to receive just dues. nya, 'phisko 'j˙i-nya. Ðvt: . b˙s˙ ≥alai oma'khi'nazyak˙ 'b˙ll˙ ci ham'k\eo xf/ dflg–Gofhar˙i-nya [Nep xf/ He wouldn’t listen to me, finally he got hardfGg 'mani-nya' har mannu] vt: to be troubled, what was coming to him. disturbed, bewildered, dismayed. har xfDafn] n: a yawn, sigh. ta'mani'ni— Don’t worry about it! hambol , to yawn. [Alt.root (Mkhambol skam- Ð xf/g\ OÒ {ô [ < *har ‘cow’ + *nun nya)]'hu-nya har'nw‘milk’~îÚ (Gam han~e)] n: milk (lit. ‘cow- xfDkftLM [Tib ham-pa ‘greed- milk,’ but refers to goat and buffalo milk hampatih iness’] n: a person who is greedy, as well). cf. 'nw~î:. selfish, grasping, rapacious. Ðset: . xf/g\ OÒ {ô af“ prop.n: a Kham- 'luhbi xf·f df·f [Nep h~ago] har'nwMagarîÚ~ village 'baÚ~ between Maikot and Ran- 'ha≥ga 'ma≥ga adj: prolific (of a tree’s branches). ma, Maikot Panchayat. xfk [Nep-Eng ‘half’] n: a measure xf/Øf n: a loser; one who suffers hap for ghee equivalent to one half a bak˙s, 'haryadefeat. Kham Dictionary 133 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ xfl;“ n: a white ewe. Ðset: . brother contemptuously, they mocked 'hÐ~aÚsiadj: , white (of a ewe). 'patya him. h ~aÚsisoxf:of“ n: a white ram. Ðset: xlN;–Gof] vi.pat: (of a wound) 'h~aÚsya . Ðadj: , white (of a hel'sto growî-nya\ worse. 'patyaram). h~aÚsyaso x]/\l;–Gof vi.agt: to dig up a xft expr.adv: first. , to 'her'slargeî-nya\ area in search of s.th. (as for pota- hat˙attack first, aggress. h. jaÚh-nya toes, etc.). xft–Gof} (var. , qv.) xLô xLô expr.adv: scatter, cast hiÚ hiÚ hat˙i-nya xftfô n: ear ofhar˙i-nya corn. cf. bala. away. , to throw forward, h. khya-nya hataÚÐtypes of grain: cikaÚ barley, cinu variety scatter (as of leaves in the wind). ≥a'sutur of dry rice, 'chal rice, 'gohga maize, corn, 'b˙iriralai n˙'yaÚht˙ hiÚ hiÚ yakhya'nayo kaona cereal similar to barley, kohleÚ oats, Scatter my enemies onward before your narca amaranth, 'pimaÚ wheat (southern mouth. b˙tase hiÚ hiÚ z˙ khya'na'keo\ The

dialects), tam wheat, r˙i cereal similar to wind went on driving it forward. var. barley, raÚd˙i~ millet, sim aÚ~ rye. hya: hi:. 1. xflt n: cash payment in full at xLô xLô expr.adv: flinging, casting 'hiÚ 'hiÚ hatithe time of purchase. ant. udarya. off. var. hya: hi:. , to fling off, cast away manyh.h. khya-nya(as an encum- 2. xflt [Nep hatti] n: elephant. brance). , to toss, fling hati xfjf [Nep] n: air, breeze. aside (oneh.h. after 'l˙pd˙i-nya another). 'hawa , to get a breath of fresh air'hawa (lit.

zya-nya‘eat air’). 'xLMn 'xLMnf ] adj: frighteningly 'hihlsteep, 'hihlo precipitous. also: 'yu:~ 'sil silo. x]ô [Kh *hek (Nis heh, Gam hwyo, ' [Nep himal] the 'heÚSes hyo÷)] n: parched grain. cf. o-'lohwa. lxMdfn n: 'hihmalHimalaya. x]ô–Gof [Kh *p-set (Mk pse:, heÚ-nyaNis swyet, Bhj swyet, Gam sye, Ses 'xLMGb¬ [Nep hindu] n: the 'hihnduHindu religion. *het < he:÷, -het- ‘ground’)] vt: to grind grain. , with prolonged xLs xLs expr.adv: short gasps. 'hik 'hik grindinggorye sound.~î gorye ~î , to grind fine. , to weep with short gasps h.h. g˙hr-nya Ðpass.part: 'n˙p, 'n˙p ground. heÚ's\îu after crying oneself out. 'gohga groundheÚ's corn.\îu p–xLn n: skill, competence, apti- (u)-hil xnf] [Nep] n: animosity, contempt, tude. cf. 'g˙h˙k, sip˙. , to u-hil hai-nya helahatred. , to despise, con- work in a skillful, proficient manner. temn, hate.hela cf. 'r so-nya.ïÚh-nya~ , to , skillful, competent, profi- u-hil hai'wo be hated, despised. hela d˙i-nya cient. , incompetent. Ðrelated u-hilwords: mahai'wo dip'o qualified, compe- xnfl/] [Nep] n: contemptuous, tent, 'j˙mkiu skillful at building, 'khyano 'helaridisdainful, scornful. yadajyu 'helari mitao competent, capable, 'pakho proficient, 'j˙id˙, b˙n˙i b˙reÚ'ker˙ Treating their elder

134 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ adept, s˙îÚnya~ g˙raÚnya~ (esp. of a shaman) xLK:of [*hip ‘roast’ + *sya ‘meat’] having know-how, experienced, skilled, 'hipsyan: roasted meat. 'sipaloskillful, o-'t˙h˙ 'leo capable, gifted, lx/f [Nep] n: diamond.

talented. 'hira , gems and precious stones'hira (lit. xLn–Gof vt: to suit, be in accord ‘'mutidiamond-pearls’). hil-nya with one’s aptitude. 'doÚhwaÚrae~ hil'ker˙\ lx;fk [Nep hisab] n: calculation The spirits suit him (of a shaman who is 'hisap(mathematical). , to calcu- skillful at his job). 'yehne uhil'o The work late figures. 'hisap da-nya suits him (of one who is skilled). lxtfj adv: 1. in that same way, in lxnfô [Nep hilo] n: mud, slosh. cf. hitaolike manner. kitao obabue o'j˙i'wo 'ol b˙ hilaÚ 'gara. , to hitaoz˙ 'j˙i'keo\ In the same way that his kh~ïÚ'l—ao hilaÚ 't˙k˙l 'j˙i-nya treat with contempt (lit. ‘make equivalent father made one, he too made one. 2. in to the mud of the foot’). Ð[Alt.root (Mk its original form. maciraÚd˙ z˙ hitao z˙ rzyo)]~ yajaÚh'keo\ Without cutting them open he xLk–Gof [Kh *hip (Mk hip, placed them as they were. 3. that kind, 'hip-nyaGam hwyi)] vt: 1. to burn on or in a of that type. hitao z˙ tubu r˙iyo Bring fire (roast meat, bake potatoes, singe one like that. , even so, never- feathers). , popping and siz- theless. cf. h˙ihitaot˙ di b˙. b˙ cohr-cohr zling in the fire. 2. to be burnt by the xô–Gof v.sta: to be freed from sun. 'gahme b˙n˙i 'hip'na'k\eo The sun 'hfear,ÉïÚ-nya set at peace. ≥abat˙≥˙ ≥a'lik˙ j~aÚ

really scorched me. 3. to cause s.o.’s ≥a'cheÚ'zyao, ≥an˙îÚr˙~ ya'huÚ'wot˙~ te s˙rba arrest by informing on him. 4. (fig of: z˙ 'hïÚ'kÉ e\ I was a bit afraid alone, when ‘words,’ in: 'hipd˙ k˙i-nya) to forget, my friends came it became quite peaceful. p~aÚ slip from one’s memory. ahjyokao p~aÚ Ðadj: . Did you forget yester- 'hipd˙ n˙k˙iwo ro 'hÉïÚwo x“ô; k¬?; [Nep h˙≥sa] day’s words? Ðpass.part: , roast- 'hgen.n:~ïÚs˙ 'purus spirit, soul. Ðset: . ed, baked. 'hip's\îu xf–] deictic.prim: remote'purus root (in a

xLk xLk [< Kh 'hip-nya ‘burn, ho-three-way system: proximate, distal, 'hiproast 'hip’] scorching hot (of the expr.adv: remote) Ð there, (far from speaker), as sun). The sun was 'gahme 'hip-hip 'j˙i'keo\ in: ho'da— (to) there, hok˙ (at) there, hot˙ scorching hot. , to be (on) there, ho'yaÚl— ˙\ around in that area, scorching hot (ofh.h. the khya-nya weather). Ð adj: etc., qq.v. , scorching hot (of sun, wind, xf]ô dem: 1. he, she, it (with anaphoric 'hipetc.). 'hibo h|oÚlinguistic reference). joÚye khim'zyao

Kham Dictionary 135 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ the same thing. , alternately, clamoring. , to shout, some this and hsomeoÚz| ˙...\ that,hoÚz| ˙\ as in: h|oÚz\˙ make a clamorhoÚ (toka scarehoÚ 'li-nya s.th. away). cao| hoÚz| ˙\ macao| Some are good and some xfn] expr.adv: spilling, gushing. are bad. hoÚz˙| 'wazya hoÚz˙| belzya Some- 'holvar. 'hol 'hol. , to spill all times it rains, sometimes it clears. over the place. h. boh-nya h|oÚye , everyone ex- xf–n] loc: (in) there, in that place. danya ni h|oÚye danya pecting the other to do it. , hol˙Ðadj: , of (in) that place. that being the case. h|oÚ 'ta'kh\în|oÚ 'yehn'ta'kin z˙ xfho'lnf] “ nom:ao— peace, calm, contentment, If that be the case, the work won’t mas˙riÚ holtranquillity,~aÚ relief. , to be progress. , his. Ðposs.pron: relieved, mollified (ashol of~aÚ pain). ta-nya hoÚye| u'mi xf+ ] (in: , qv.) , to be at peace, rest (lit.'s ïÚÉ ‘breath holaÚ~ h~oÚ hw~aÚ h~oÚ xfbf] loc: in that direction, that at'ta-nya ease’). , to be happy, ho'dway.\a Ðadj: , the one furthest contented,'y freeuÚ~ hol ofaÚ~ anxiety 'ta-nya (lit. ‘heart at from the speaker.ho'd—a'≥ao ease’). xfgf] M] dem: that particular one, xfnf] +] (in: , qv.) hohnoÚ as in: hohnoÚlai cyuÚke Look at that par- hol~oÚ xf]nfhal]+ bf~aÚ] + holexpr.adv:~oÚ pierced

ticular one. holthrough~oÚ d~oÚ from one side to the other. xfgf] Ms] dem: at that particular , to be perforated clearh.d. hohnoÚkplace. Ð—˙adj: , of that particular through.gw~aÚh-nya Ðadj: , shot place. hohno'k—ao through with a hole.hol~oÚ d~oÚ'w—o xfgf] Mn] dem: in that particular xfnf] +] emnf] +] [ < Kh jehlo:-nya~ hohnoÚlplace. —˙Ðadj: , of that particular hol‘become~oÚ jehl~oÚ loose, slack’] expr.adv: 1. loose place. hohno'l—ao (of a knot). 2. sagging (of a line). cf. xf +] xf+] expr.adv: (of fire) leaping jehlo:'wo.~ Ðadj: , loose, h~oÚwith h~oÚ flames. , to burn slack. hol~oÚ jehl~oÚ'w—o brightly with leapingh.h. cflames.~aÚh-nya xfgflg+] adv: willfully, by one’s xfxf] ] (in: , qv.) h~oÚna'niown choice (with negative overtones). hoho xf–s] loc:haha there, ni at hoho that place. cf. o-maha:.~ hok˙ , alternately, in the samehok˙ xfGbf] [Nep h˙nÎo] n: a large place.z˙... hok˙ 'koho z˙ hok˙ z˙ 'tazya hok˙ z˙ 'hondacopper pot for storing grain. Ðset: . 'mahzya Fog alternately appears and dis- xf]ôlg dem: they (dual). cf.'ja: ni:. appears (lit. ‘appears there, disappears h|oÚ'nÐposs.pron:\î , theirs (dl.). there’). Ðadj: , of that place. xf–ª] loc:h |oÚ'n over\î ni'miÚthere (in that general ho'k—ao xfs;] } loc: a bit further, a little hoarea).≥˙ , way over there, far hok˙'sbit that˙i— way. Ðadj: , the away. Ðhadj:|oÚ ho ≥˙ , (of) over there, of one further over. hok˙'s˙i'k— ao— that general area.ho'≥—ao xf]ô sf xf]ô expr.adv: shouting, xfÅ–t] loc: on the other side hoÚ ka hoÚ hoph˙t˙ 136 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ (esp. of a river). Ðadj: , of vi.agt: to come, arrive. , the other side. hoph˙'t—ao near, close by, alongside.'j˙hp 'j˙hp xf]ô/ dem: they (plural). cf. ya:. , repeatedly barging in.j~uÚhpi ka h|oÚr˙Ðposs.pron: , theirs. j~uÚhpi, in great crowds. 'kalaÚ-, muluÚ pirlip ka pirlip xf/f/f] hoÚrae| ô expr.adv: ya'miÚ 1. crumbly repeatedly, being a pest. , 'r˙lka 'r˙lka 'horaraÚ(esp. of corn dough). 2. break open (of (of tears) in large drops. , 'sore-sore overcooked potatoes). Ðadj: noisily, making a rustling sound. suru . , steadily, without being sidetracked. suru , full to capacity and 'horaraÚ'wo xfuf] k]{ expr.adv: melt completely. overflowing.sw~îÚh masw ~îÚh , with a rush- 'horgop , to melt, leaving no residue ing sound (as 'syoÚh-syoÚhof water). , right (ash. bil˙i-nya of lard). , to melt (of on time. , (of the't˙g˙r˙k sun or moon) snow), leaving noh. residue.saÚ-nya in its full't˙r˙-w˙r˙ glory. , in a trickle xf–t] loc: on there, up on that place. (as of water from tirua spout). tiru , to hot˙Ðadj: , (of) up there. return in vain (esp. from a hunt).'thold˙ (Special ho't —ao [Nep < Eng ‘hotel’] cafe, xftn] n: collocations include the following: b˙~îÚs˙ hot˙lrestaurant, tea-shop. 'hu-nya to come into one’s prime, 'gahm xft/Øf+] n: a plague which 'hu-nya to sweat, hambol 'hu-nya to 'hoÚt˙rya~ killed many blacksmiths; hence a humor- yawn, sigh, 'j~aÚg˙r 'hu-nya to have an ous term of address in calling a black- interest in, enjoy, 'jiÚh 'hu-nya to bleed, smith. (Said to have been caused by a 'joro 'hu-nya to become ill, laj˙ 'hu-nya blacksmith knocking the horns off the to be ashamed, embarrassed, 'miÚk˙ 'hu- statue of a stone calf in Dhorpatan.) nya to come into public notice, 'miÚr˙ , a curse to blacksmiths 'hu-nya to get sleepy, 'sÉïÚr˙ 'hu-nya to 'hoÚt˙ryae~ ozyas (lit. ‘food for the plague’). regain one ’s strength.) Ðpart: xfof] ôn loc: around in that area. (nazalization). Ð[Alt.root *ra (Gam'h~uÚwo ra); ho'yalso:aÚl— ho'y˙\ a:k˙,— ho'ya:≥˙.— Ðadj: , Him *ra (Mag ra, Kuki ra, Almora ra)] ho'yaÚ'l— ao— (of) around in that area. also: ho'ya:'k— ao,— p–xô" [Kh *hu:] n: the handle ho'ya'≥—— ao.— (u)-'huÚof a tool. cf. o-r'na. xf]ô hé dem: that very one. x"ô–Gof v.sta: (of potatoes left h|oÚz˙ x–¬ deictic.prim: (allomorph of: .) 'huÚ-nyain the sun) to turn green and taste bad. hu-remote root (in a three-way system:h|oÚ zyak˙ b˙n˙i 'huÚzya When eaten it leaves proximate, distal, remote) Ð there, (far a bad taste in the mouth. from speaker), as in: hu'kîn— (from) there, x¬u¬k nom: warmth, shelter, pro-

hu'n—î (from) there, hu'tîn— (down) from huguptection from wind. , (of

there, hu'tïÚ'daÉ— towards the other side, a place) to be warm,hugup sheltered, 'ta-nya protected

etc., qq.v. from the wind. x–Gof¬ [Kh *hu≥; Him (Chep 1. xu¬ ?k¬ expr.adv: dissolving. 'hu-nyawa≥ Dol h~u); TB *hwa≥ ‘come out’] 'hugurup Kham Dictionary 137 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , to dissolve without trace. meal and 'niwa greens. h. bil˙i-nya 2. x¬u¬?k expr.adv: gasping xd–Gof¬ [Kh *hum] vt: to sip. 'hugurupfor air. , to fall asleep while hum-nya , to slurp down quickly. crying. h.Ðredup: ≥˙hl-nya . 'sarap 'surupxgflg¬ adv: choice, will, volition; , to'hugurup gasp for air,'hugurup unable to huna'nione’s own doing. ol odo'wo huna'ni n˙i h.h.catch chiri-nya one’s breath. , to 'ta'ke It happened as a result of his own laugh, gasping for air.h.h. 'sas-nya doing. var. ho:na'ni.~ xhL¬ ôbf loc: in that general xgflg"“ (var. of: , qv.) hu'j—îÚ'd\a area. Ðadj: , of that general h~uÚna'ni xlg¬ loc: on the otherh~oÚna'ni side. Ðadj: hu'j—îÚ'd—a'≥—ao area. hu'n—î , from the other side. xls¬ coord: if that be the case. huki hu'n—î'k—ao xk–Gof¬ (o“") vi.pat: 1. to huki 'n~ïÚ 'old˙ 'banke If that be the case, you 'hup-nyatrust, have ('y confidence~uÚ) in. (Obj. marked

return and go back. cf. 'ho: 'ta-'kin ci. by , , or , as in: hoÚye okyaÚt˙~ xsLg¬ loc: 1. (away) from there. u'yuÚ~-lai 'hup'k'leo'dae\ He had-t˙ confidence in him. hu'k2. then,—în after that. var. hu'kini. Ðadj: cf. 'y~u: 'hubo. 2. to be without concern, , the after that (one), the next. free of worry. ≥a'zaÚr˙ pa~îÚh daduhnya hu'kin'kao x¬s¬d [Nep] n: order, decree. 'ta'ker˙, ≥a'y~uÚ 'hup'ke My children are 'hukum , to give an order. all capable (of caring for themselves), 'hukum xya-nyan–Gof¬ [Kh *hul; Him (Mag I’m free of concern. hul-nyahul, Chep hu÷)] vt: to whet, hone, sharp- xKwfl/¬ n: one who is daring, en on a stone. , stroking back 'hupdahricourageous, zealous. sulai rïÚhd˙~ b˙ ma- and forth. hulti hulti cheÚye, b˙n˙i hupdahri lizya He’s afraid xnfs¬ [Nep] n: post office. Ðn: of no one, he’s very courageous. hulak , mail runner. xlÅ¬ xlÅ¬ loc: along on the 'hulakya xln¬ xln¬ expr.adv: worn down. huphiother huphiside. huphi huphi 'banke Go along huli huli , to be worn out, haggard, the other side! , on both h.h.gaunt. cyaÚ-nya , to wear down sides. aphi huphi, extenuative of with work,h.h. make s˙cyaÚ-nya gaunt. adj: , the numberaphi ten. huphi 'kwiÚ gaunt, worn down. huli huli'u— 1. x/–Gof¬ [Kh *hur] vi.pat: to xNSof¬ n: a walnut hull containing hur-nyahurt. 1. to have epigastric 'hulkyatwo nuts. pain. 'y2.~uÚ to hur-nya be grieved. Ðrelated words: x¬lNt x¬lNt [ < *hul-nya] sil-nya sharp, arthritic pain, tohl-nya dull, hultiexpr.adv: hulti stroking back and forth. aching pain. Ð[Alt.root (Mk b˙la, Bhj , to sharpen a knife with a h.h.few bla, Gam phre÷)] strokeshul-nya on a stone. 2. x/–Gof¬ [Kh *hur; Him (Mag hur-nya xn¬ " “ n: whetstone. hur, Chep hur-, Tib khru-ba)] vt: to bathe (as a child, or an animal). hu'l~uÚ xd¬ n: a gruel made of ground hum 138 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ xs¬ –Gof{} [Nep xsf' pg{ ' one else. sue z˙ 'hyuÚ majaÚhduh'ker˙\ No 'hurk˙i-nyahurkaunu] vt: to raise (as a child). one dared. x¬/\l;–Gof v.refl: to bathe xØ"ô–Gof vt: to suck on s.th. in hur's(oneself).\î-nya cf. za'sî-nya.\ , hyuÚ-nyathe mouth before spitting it out (as a with a slight rinsing, splashing.cyap˙la cip˙lu cherry pit). xt¬ –Gof} [Nep x'Œofpg' 'hut˙i-nyahuttyaunu ‘fling’] vt: to push; move by I pushing. , pushing over with O–+{ irreg.v: form of the verb ‘to give’ force. Ðpass.part:gohjyaÚ , pushed, ~îÚ-with second person singular I.O. 'hut˙i'sîu\ shoved. O{ afa} interj: an exclamation xtLg¬ loc: down from there. Ðadj: i bab˙iwhen startled. hu't—în , (of) down from there. Olxl/{ (var. of: , qv.) hu't—în'k—ao xt¬ ôbf loc: towards the other 'ihiri 'O{Mh/ [Nep ujar]'ehera n: a new field hu't—ÉïÚ'd\a side (of an intervening barrier). Ðadj: 'ihj˙rdug from the hillside. cf. 'khorya. , of the other side. Ð[Alt.root (Mk boro)] hu't—ÉïÚ'd—a'≥—ao xt¬ ôlg loc: on the other side OHoft{ [Nep OHht ijj˙t] n: honor. hu't—ÉïÚ'n\î (of an intervening barrier). Ðadj: ijyat , to expose, insult by , (of) on the other side. exposing.ijyat 'khuli-nya cf. paha. hu'tï'nÉ— î'k— ao— xjf\ “ expr.adv: disappearing into O{gfd [Nep Ogfd] n: reward, hw~aÚ nothingness (as of smoke). hok˙ z˙ hwaÚ~ 'inamprize. 'inam d˙inya 'ta'kin, ge'yehnt˙ b˙n˙i 'ta'ke\ It disappeared right there. k˙lïÚ~ 'leo 'ta'keIn order to receive a reward, h. buhr- , to fly off in a flash. , we must be fervent in our work. cf. baji. tonya let go hurriedly (as of s.th.h. hot). 'ras-nya O{;f]/ [Nep O{>/ ishw˙r] n: God. , (same, intensified). hw~aÚ 'isor O:kft{ [Nep] n: razor blade. h~oÚ xOÒ {ô [Kh *hut (Bhj hut, Nis hut)] ispat O:t{ [Nep Oi6 ishÊ˙] n: an acquain- 'hwiÚn: a small bag. cf. 'johla. 'ist˙tance, friend. [Nep xØfô xLô expr.adv: flinging, kuÊumb], friends 'ist˙and acquaintances. 'kutumb˙ hyaÚcasting hiÚ off. var. 'hi: 'hi:. , Otfj{ adj: this kind, having these to fling off, cast away h.h.(as ankhya-nya encum- itaocharacteristics. , after this manner. brance). , to toss, fling itao'ni , to criticize, to be aside. h.h. 'l˙pd˙i-nya faultfinding.itao hitao h˙i Ð [Alt.rootda-nya (Luk azihru ‘this forward, onward, xØ"ô expr.adv: kind (pejorative)’)]. 'hyuÚdaringly. var. 'hyu: 'hyu:. , Oy+{ [Nep O“6 ~îÊ] n: brick. to go forward, leaping in h.without jaÚh-nya fear ~îÚth˙ , to bake brick. ~îÚth˙ (as into a fight, off a building, etc); fear- hip-nya less, daring. pa~îÚhrani ≥aht˙ hyuÚ zoÚke He leaped daringly forward before any- Kham Dictionary 139 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ t˙h˙ m˙h˙o. 2. adorned (of a house). ïÉ Ðadj: . cô interj: affirmative reply, yes. j˙hk˙ µn m˙k˙'}–Gof o— [Nep] vt: beautify, ÉïÚ c“uf/ [Nep ~˙gar ‘cinder’] n: a j˙hl˙i-nyaembellish, adorn with jewelry. ïÚgar~ dead coal, cinder. Ð[Kh mehr˙i] Ðpass.part: , adorned. sun caÚdi,~ j˙hl˙i'sîu\ cx“’ interj: negative reply, no. hira mutie j˙hl˙i's\îu u'li'zyao She was ÉïÚh~ï÷ adorned with gold and silver, diamonds J and pearls. µd expr.adv: tightly pressing, [Nep j˙b˙rj˙sti] ha/ Hofl:t j˙hmholding down. , to re- 'j˙b˙radv: jyasti violently, forcefully. cf. 'k˙r. press, restrain, controlj. 'teÚ-nya one’ s('y desires,~uÚ) an- hu/f [Nep µu8f jh˙g‹a] n: a ger, etc. , (w/o ) to j˙g˙ra legal dispute, lawsuit. , control oneself.j. 'teÚ's uris\î-nya oco'zyaot˙ b˙'y~uÚ j˙hm j˙g˙ra da-nya to conduct a lawsuit, engage in legal dis- 'teÚ'sî'k\ e\ Even though he was angry he pute. restrained himself. hu/Øf [< Nep µu8f jh˙g‹a µd [Kh *b-j˙hm (Mk bj˙hm, 'j˙g˙rya ‘fight, argument’] n: antagonist, op- 'j˙hmGam j˙hm)] n: Hemlock. ponent, challenger. n˙'j˙g˙ryar˙ (shamanic, in'j˙hmpa chant) yahuÚwot˙~ waz˙ n˙mudd˙ ≥ath˙iya. Only 'sone~îÚ 'j˙hmmaof the trees 's~îÚ of the forest tested in

after your opponents arrive will I hear mythological times for suitability in mak- your case. ing drums. huf [Nep hUuf j˙gga] n: land cf–/] µd\ [Kh *r-dz˙hm ± 'j˙ga holdings, property. , land (o)-r'j˙hmb-dz˙hm (Mk bj˙hm, Nis jweh < -ojeh)] 'jimi 'j˙ga holdings, property. n: the comb of a chicken. huft [Nep] n: road tax. µds expr.adv: sudden flaring. 'j˙gat hUu] [Nep] n: a special puja j˙hm˙k , (of anger) to flare up. nitaolai j˙ggeperformed by a Brahmin in the month 'rj.~ïÚd˙ co-nya u'ris j˙hm˙k co'ke Seeing that, his of Saw˙n. anger suddenly flared. hxlg–Gof vi.pat: to become µd µd [Nep jh˙mjh˙m] 'j˙h˙ni-nyaloose, wiggle (as of a boulder being pried 'j˙hmexpr.adv: 'j˙hm a burning or prickling sensa- loose, or of a tooth). cf. h˙lkï:-nyaÉ tion. Ðadj: . µx/f n: cracked grain used as µg [Nep]'j˙hm 'j˙hmoadv: even more so. 'j˙hh˙rachicken feed; the coarse grains sifted from j˙hn(Usu. contrary to expectation or contrary meal. ant. o-rn˙p. to orders.) h˙i dad˙ b˙ j˙hn z˙ mab˙îÚh'k~ e\ µhlNs–Gof vi.pat: to go Even though we explained it to him, he 'j˙hj˙lki-nyainto a trance, have a vision. was even more against it. µs ds expr.adv: 1. µkNofs [Nep jh˙p˙kk˙] ex- j˙hk˙adorned, m˙k˙ all decked out with jewelry. cf. j˙hp˙lyakpr.adv: sudden, unexpected encounter. 140 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , to meet unexpectedly, encoun- swine). Ðset: , all living terj. d˙i-nya suddenly. beings. (See 'sya'sï:)É ïÚÉ— 'leo b˙hri µk µk expr.adv: quickly. h}l;–Gof v.refl: 1. to pretend, 'j˙hp 'j˙hp , to sprout quickly from 'j˙i'smimic.î-nya\ 'gyoÚh'wo 'j˙u'sî-zya\ He pretends thej.j. ground.p˙riÚ-nya to be important. 2. to work at, be em- µ/}–Gof [Nep µfg' { ‘to shake ployed as. 'gaola 'j˙i'sîzya\ He works as j˙hr˙i-nyadown’] vt: 1. to bring or lead down, a shepherd. 3. to side with. ge'leoda\ cause to descend. 2. to collect a debt 'j˙i'sîke\ He sided with us. 4. to be at (kach˙). variance with, oppose. 'geÚ'kin 't~ïÚ'da µuf{ n: champion, victor. cf. 'j˙i'sî'k\ er˙\ They opposed us. Ðv.recip:

'j˙hrga'je:hsya.~ (in: ) to do busi- nessa'da with ho'da one another, 'j˙i's\î-nya exchange goods. µl/ (in: , qv.) 'meÚma~ gezaÚr˙ a'da ho'da ge'j˙i'sîya\ Let’s 'j˙hri µl/–GofaÚh 'j˙hri [Nep µg{' jh˙rnu] exchange our daughters back and forth. 'j˙hri-nyavi.agt: to descend, come down.

, to descend with a drop, h}+l; [Nep j˙isi] n: astrologer, 'j˙seer.îÚsi~ plopping.bahlap-bulup Ð[Alt.root (Mk las-nya)] , µ;ª [Nep] expr.adv: sudden hSs (in: qv.) j˙kk˙ t˙kk˙ j˙kk˙ j˙hs˙fright,≥ shock (without visible jump). cf. hn [Nep ‘water’] n: excessive 'j˙l t˙khï:≥˙ri~ 'che:-nya. body fluid, edema. µtf nom: storm with wind and hn–Gof vi.pat: (of grain) to 'j˙l-nya 'j˙htarain. , to storm. produce large grains, ripen. Ðadj: , large and ripe (of grain). 'j˙lo 'j˙hta h}–Gof da-nya [Kh *dz˙t (Bhj jat, Seram 'j˙i-nyajat-, Ses *j˙t < ja‰, -j˙t- ‘made’); Him hn n: a cone shaped vessel used in j˙l˙ (Mag jat ‘to do’)] vt: to make, build, distilling liquor. Ðset: . 'ja: create. cf. b˙n˙i-nya, da-nya. hnflv n: monument, cairn. cf. , to arrange for, provide. 'j˙idya-Ðv.aux: 'j˙lakhim˙th˙. (nyain: ) to be about to. hNÅn [Nep ch˙lph˙l] nom: d˙i'hu'wa-'wa 'j˙i'k 'j˙i-nyaeo\ He was about to catch 'j˙lph˙ldiscussion. cf. chyan bin. up to him. Ðpass.part: , made. 1. to discuss. cf. p~a:'s\î-nya.'j˙lph˙l 2. da- to , man-made.'j˙i'sîu\ decidenya or judge a dispute. 'miÚye ,'j˙i's hand-made.\îu 'kwiÚye hd–Gof vi.pat: to adhere, stick 'j˙i's hîu\ + } (in: , qv.) 'j˙m-nyato. cf. c˙-nya. 'j˙îÚ~ h'ch˙} hGtîÚ~ ¬ 'j˙ [NepîÚ~ jiu-j˙ntu] gen.n: hld–Gof [Nep hDg' j˙mnu] 'j˙imammals, 'j˙ntu four-footed beasts (domestic 'j˙mi-nyavi.pat: 1. to solidify. cf. 'gï:-nya.É 2. for and wild). Ðrelated words: '˙g˙i-b˙g˙i a faction party to form. Ðvt: domestic livestock (including swine), 'l˙i 1. to cause to solidify. 2. j˙m˙i-nya to form a l˙chimi domestic livestock (except faction party.

Kham Dictionary 141 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ hDs–Gof} [Nep µDsfpg' hg ;“ôVof [Nep hgsªVof\ j˙mk˙i-nyajh˙mkaunu ‘cause to shine’] vt: to build j˙nj˙ns˙≥khya] s~ïÚkhya n: population, population s.th. skillfully. u'zihm b˙n˙i j˙mk˙i'keo count. , to take a He built his house skillfully. Ðpass.part: census (j˙nlit. ‘swrite~ïÚkhya population 's˙hr-nya’). , well built. u'zihm b˙n˙i hGt/ [Nep] n: an amulet or j˙mk˙i'sîu\ îu\ 'li'zya His house is beautifully 'j˙nt˙rtalisman for warding off evil.

built. hGtf n: the populace. (Usu. j˙nta hlDs–Gof [Nep µDsg' j˙ntab˙hri the whole populace.) 'j˙mki-nya jh˙mk˙nu ‘shine’] vi.pat: 1. (of a person) hlGt [Nep] n: a wedding guest. to excel, to be skillful. Ðset: . 'j˙nti hGt ¬ [Nep] n: mammals, four- 2. (of the thing made) to beu-hil top hai'wo quality, 'j˙ntufooted beasts. , (same, gener- admirably built. , excellent, Ðadj: ic). 'j˙i 'j˙ntu skillfully made. Ðvt: 'j˙mkiu , to build h· n: a bell which is part of a s.th. well, skillfully.j˙mk˙i-nya aoye 'zihm b˙n˙i j˙shaman≥'g˙ ’s costume. (The bell is claw j˙mk˙i'zyao He builds houses well. (Of- shaped with an unattached clapper.) Ðset: ten used ironically.) . hDdf [Nep] adv: entirely, wholly, seral h·n [Nep] n: jungle, forest. cf. j˙mmafully. noÚye o'yehn j˙mma r˙ih's\înya 'j˙'jy≥g˙la:h.~ 'dyauhna waz˙ 'lizya His attention is directed entirely to playing only. hfNoflg} n: a female dancer 'j˙olyanibelonging to a village dance troupe. cf. hg–Gof vi.pat: 1. to be revived 'nac˙nya. j˙n-nyafrom the dead. (When a person dies late in the day and cannot be buried until the hk adv: nearly, as in: s˙ih'wa j˙p j˙p next day, a death-watch is performed 'j˙i'zyao It nearly kills him. cf. kozai.

throughout the night to prevent him from hlk–Gof [Nep hKg' j˙pnu ‘mutter 'j˙pi-nya being revived. He can be kept down only religious formula’] vt: to enliven s˙t˙ by the beating of a d˙m˙ya drum. Other- byu: by pronouncing incantations over wise, he gets up, attacks people, and eats it. ashes.) 2. to bring back or revive an old hk hk expr.adv: even, alongside. issue which has been forgotten. j˙p j˙p , to come near, alongside. j.j. 'hu-nya hgg expr.adv: a tingling, throb- , to catch up to. j.j. kes'hu-nya j.j. j˙n˙n˙bing sensation. , to tingle, , to nearly reach a place. 'j˙i'na-nya prickle (as of a limbj. rih-hyafrom lack of blood h/fô [Nep j˙ro] n: 1. root. 2. the circulation). j˙raÚbeginning of a matter. oj˙raÚ'kin h˙i doyo hgf [Nep] num.clsf: a classifier Tell it from the beginning. 3. (in: o-j˙raÚl˙ j˙nafor counting people. (Used only when ) to persecute, act maliciously 'p˙si-nya the number exceeds three, as in: 'car j˙na toward a person. Ð[Alt.root *s-rin (Mk Four persons.) reh)]~ 142 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ hd}{–Gof [Nep hGdfpg' , baskets and other bamboo im- j˙rm˙i-nyaj˙nmaunu ‘breed’] vt: 1. to beget, sire plements.c˙hl 'jaÚ , iron tools (picks, (of a male). o'zaÚr˙ sohmlo yaj˙rm˙i'keo axes, knives,j~ïÚh etc.). 'jaÚ , the parts of a He begat three children. 2. to give birth loom. , woodenrïÚhjaÉ implements to, to produce. macao 'yuÚ-e~ macao 'yehn (bowls, grainsîÚ'ja~ boxes, plows, yokes, etc.). j˙rm˙i'zyao An evil heart gives birth to , copper vessels and pots. evil deeds. 't~aÚbae, a 'jaÚspecific set of equipment (as a jaÚr˙ hdlGg{ [Nep ? ‘birth’] adv: shaman’s costume, etc.). cf. 'ja:ya. Ðtypes j˙rm˙n'nifrom birth (esp. with reference to con- of vessels: b˙dalih iron, bowl-shaped

genital birth defects). 'no 'miÚ j˙rm˙n'ni stew pot, 'bohpka drinking vessel with

z˙ u'miÚ mar˙~îÚh'wo u'li'zyao That man narrow neck and broad mouth, 'cab˙lya was blind from birth. small wooden jug, 'cip˙i large brass bowl for kneading beer, small, wooden hld{–Gof [Nep hGdg' j˙nm˙nu] cuÚthi~ ghee jug, 'd˙pka large bowl for kneading 'j˙rmi-nyavi.pat: to be born. cf. boh-nya, 'ta-nya. beer, daduÚ drinking ladle, 'dodor iron Ðvt: 1. to beget, sire a child pan for parching grain, clay jug, (of a j˙rm˙i-nyamale). 2. to give birth to, to produce. g˙~îÚhti gadusmall, brass water jar, gahg˙riÚ large, macao 'yuÚ-e~ macao 'yehn j˙rm˙i'zyao An copper water jug, wooden jug for evil heart gives birth to evil deeds. gahr storing ghee, 'honda large copper vessel h; [Nep] n: esteem, renown, honor, for storing grain, j˙l˙ distilling cone, j~uÚh j˙sfame. , to receive renown. 'khuriÚ iron skillet, 'k˙r˙i iron cauldron b˙hlad˙miej˙s d˙i-nya 'j˙g˙ryar˙ oras˙kh˙i'kin j˙i with wire handles, 'koporah copper cook- d˙i'zyao If a village elder reconciles war- ing pot, with slightly narrowed mouth, ring parties, he receives honor. 'kuÚhdya~ copper cooking pot, without out- 1. esteemed, renowned, hl;nf] adj: er lip, khoi large, copper pot for steeping 'j˙silohonored. 2. remedial, efficacious, capa- beer malt, khuriÚ brass drinking bowl, ble of curing (of a shaman, or of med- 'm˙h˙n barrel shaped, wooden jug for icine). storing milk, 'm˙ttiya medium-sized clay hlt [Nep] rel.adv: as much as. j˙ti jug, 'm˙tyuÚli small earthen pot, 'maÚth˙~ j˙ti zimza n˙r˙idi b˙... As small as you wish large clay jug for storing beer, 'om'khora

to bring... , regardless, any slender, brass water jar, 'p˙i wooden j˙ti 'tadi b˙ amount. bowl, 'puch˙i wooden wine jug, 'pyala hjfk [Nep hjf˚ j˙waph] n: an enamel cup, s~îÚ'p˙i large wooden pot for 'j˙wapanswer, reply. , to give brewing beer, tapkya iron eating plate, an answer, make'j˙wap a defence. ya-nya tathiÚ brass eating plate, 'tukurya small hfô [Kh *b-dza (Mk bja); Him (Chep wooden jug, theka wooden jug. 'jaÚjyabha ‘tool,’ Tib cha, rdza ‘implement, hf“ quant.adv: somewhat, a little bit. jar’)] n: tool, implement, pot, vessel. j~aÚjaÚ~ hok˙s˙i A little bit that way. jaÚ~ 'cheÚzya

Kham Dictionary 143 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ He’s somewhat afraid. cf. chya:. aroused, agitated, revived. ≥akhïÚ't~ ao— 'gaih , somewhat, to some extent. j~aÚ k˙itak˙ g˙raÚzya~ k˙itak˙ 'jagizya The sore j~aÚ hfag] n: a hanging basket for on my foot sometimes gets better, and jabenstoring pots and pans. Ðset: . sometimes gets worse. Ðvt: , jag˙i-nya hf“r [Nep] n: test, trial, be:htribulation. to rouse, revive, bring to life. jaÚc~ gehppa gehppa j~aÚc'ra'ni b˙ thÉïÚri'ke He hf“uL/ [Nep hflu/ jagir] n: em- remained steadfast through great trials. 'jaÚgir~ ployment. hf“lr–Gof [Nep hfRg“ ' j~acnu] µfM–Gof [Kh *dz˙hk (Nis -j˙hk-, 'jaÚci-nya~vt: 1. to test, try, assess. cf. 'bicari-nya, jaÚh-nyaSes *jok < jo:÷, -jok- ‘put’); Him (Tib '˙t˙k˙li-nya. 2. to count or check atten- gzag| ‘establish, found’)] vt: to put. cf. dance (esp. in a work force). ya'jaÚcike~ 'n˙i-nya , putting into a state Count them! cf. 'g˙ni-nya. , of poverty.cham chum, be first to attack, be to appraise oneself, test oneself'jaÚci's~ accordingî-nya\ an aggressor. hat˙ , move towards, begin to a standard. Ðpass.part: , test- action of hangingh˙p s.th. on a peg, etc. ed, appraised. 'jaÚci's~ îu\ , to go forward, leaping in without 'hyuÚ hfb“ afs–Gof] n: a type fear. , to hang straightway on a kh˙g˙p 'j~aÚd˙of snail. bok˙nyah hook or peg. , to throw with force. (Special'sw collocations~îÚ-sw~îÚ include the hf“b df“b [Nep j~a‹ ‘beer’ + following: 'bar jaÚh-nya to erect a fence, j~aÚd˙Sk m˙d˙ m~aÚd˙ ‘wine’] n: beer and wine. (A to employ, use such a work rhyming rendition used only in special- beth˙ jaÚh-nya force, 'chan jaÚh-nya to hobble an animal, ized contexts.) j~aÚd˙ m~aÚd˙e rogor˙ 'duhr jaÚh-nya to plant crops, 'yeml˙ jaÚh- jag˙i'keo\ Beer and wine agitated my ill- nya to drive animals on the trail, 'guhsa ness. j~aÚd˙ m~aÚd˙ rogo m~aÚd˙ Beer and to strike a blow, wine, producers of poor health. jaÚh-nya 'kirya jaÚh-nya to make an oath, 'kher jaÚh-nya to use hfbjfnf¬ [Hind] n: magician. wastefully, 'khutu jaÚh-nya to sound a jaduwala [Nep j˙gaunu hfu}–Gof hufpg' rallying call on a drum, 'luÚ~ jaÚh-nya to jag˙i-nya‘stimulate’] to revive, rouse, bring vt: throw a stone, 'm˙i jaÚh-nya to harrow, to life. He raised the 'siuralai yajag˙i'keo m˙n jaÚh-nya to employ, use a village dead. , to arouse illness, work force, 'mohon jaÚh-nya to cast a agitatekh˙nj˙ pain. m˙nj˙ 'yehne kh˙nj˙ m˙nj˙r˙ spell or charm, mutka jaÚh-nya to hit with The work aroused my ill- jag˙idyaÚ'k~ eo\ the fist, ≥˙iht—˙ jaÚh-nya to incriminate, ness. Ð , revived. pass.part: accuse, paha jaÚh-nya to produce incrim- jag˙i'sîu\ hf“u/ n: interest, enthusiasm. inating evidence, pasl˙ jaÚh-nya to put 'jaÚg˙r~ , to be interested, enthu- into another’s charge, p˙isa jaÚh-nya to 'jaÚg˙r~ 'hu-nya siastic. , to arouse pay money, 'pohon jaÚh-nya to give one ’s 'j~aÚg˙r haidya-nya enthusiasm, stir up interest. life, 'pom jaÚh-nya to snow, phuÚ jaÚh-nya hflu–Gof [Nep hfUg' jagnu] to cause diarrhoea, 'sast˙r jaÚh-nya to tell 'jagi-nyavi.pat: (esp. of pain or illness ) to be 144 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ a story, s˙hiÚ jaÚh-nya to endure trouble, µfnfs µns expr.adv: pain, 's˙i jaÚh-nya to bear, yield fruit, 'jahlakappearing 'j˙hl˙k and disappear. , sisilyat˙ jaÚh-nya to whistle, siyu jaÚh-nya to appear suddenly, then disappear.j.j. r˙îÚh-nya~ to give an injection, tal kuci jaÚh-nya to , to see for an instant. 'jahlakj.j. lock a padlock, 'tis˙r˙i jaÚh-nya to hail, 'j˙hl˙k'r~ïÚh-nya t˙khep ≥a'r~ïÚhke, haÚh'kin kana toroÚ jaÚh-nya to treat newly twisted string o'bao I saw it for an instant, then where by stretching it across two pins, orthes did it go? jaÚh-nya to make the weave of a blanket 'µfln n: a speckled female animal.

tight, 'yuÚ~ jaÚh-nya to show interest, give 'jahliÐset: . Ðadj: , (of a female

attention to. jaÚhnya simnya, planting animal)'patya spotted, speckled,jahliso dappled. and harvest. Ðv.aux: (in: ) µfn–µfn expr.adv: threaten- to do continuously over a-d˙ long jaÚh-nya period. jahl-jahlingly. , to open the mouth It rained t˙'laÚ b˙hri 'n˙m 'wad˙ z˙ jaÚh'keo\ baring thej.j. teeth.ph˙i-nya continuously all day. Ðpass.part: 'µfNof n: a speckled animal. , put in, included. 'jahlyaÐset: . Ðadj: , (of an an- jaÚh's \îu hfxfg [Nep j˙han] n: one’s imal) 'patyaspotted, speckled,jahlyaso dappled. 'jahanfamily (wife and children). µfNof lt;/f“ n: Spotted [Nep j˙haj] airplane. µfr hxfh n: 'jahlyaForktail. tis˙r ÐaÚ~gen: . 'jahccf. 'cilgadi. µfd/Øf'baza-biza n: a style of singing 'µf“Ms/Lô [Nep µf“s|L jh~akri] 'jahm˙ryain which a boy (with his friends) sings 'jaÚhk˙riÚ~ n: shaman. cf. 'r˙ma. , one line, and a girl (with her friends) 'jaÚhk˙ryalni~ female shaman. Ð[Alt.root (Mk rma ‘sha- sings the next line in reply. (The songs man,’ rmame~ ‘female shaman’)] are sung with individual dancing, and 'µf“Ms/Lô hfô/ n: a sha- there are several types of tunes, but all 'jaÚhk˙ri~ jaÚr˙ man’s instruments, tools of his trade. with relatively fast rhythms.) Ðinstruments include the following: 'cuÚki µfd/Øf rfnf n: a seance stool, basket for storing sha- cyaÚ 'jahm˙ryadance done cala to the accompaniment of the man’s equipment and costume, 'chaÚy~ aÚ~ ma:d˙l~ drum. murdi special guord, dah≥ori drum, g˙jaÚ µfGbØf lg µ¬lGb [< drumstick, 'gwipal 'r~eÚhgor, 'gwimal jahndyaNep 'juhnÎi-nu ni juhndi ‘hang, dangle’] expr.adv: 'reÚhgor~ oaken drum hoop, 'h˙taso drum hanging in clusters. , to go handles, 'kothya cane divining staff, 'reÚh~ to seed, bear fruit prolifically.j.j. s˙i-nya Ðadj: drum, 'reÚhgor~ drum hoop, 's˙r bamboo . divining stick, seral shaman’s equipment, jahndya ni juhndi' —u suddenly, 'thumbu guord for containing spirits. µfk–h¬k expr.adv: 'jahp-jupquickly. , to assemble µfnf [Kh (Sera dialect); Him (Kai j.j. 'dup's\î-nya jahla in a moment’s notice. , jalaku)] n: door. Ðset: . j.j. 'gihri'hu-nya 'zihm to ambush, encircle in a moment. Kham Dictionary 145 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ µf/f [Nep jhara] n: a community take undue advantage. Ðn: , one who 'jahralabor force. cf. beth˙, m˙n. plots intrigue, a traitor. 'jali , to call together, raise a'jahra com- hfNkf prop.n: a small lake at munityuth˙i-nya labor force. 'jalpaabout 14,000 feet altitude near the peak µfl/–Gof [Nep µfg{' jharnu of ma:j˙~ 'khag˙r. 'jahri-nya‘exorcise’] vt: 1. (of a shaman treating hfdf ] adj: (in: , qv.) a patient) to suck in evil and blow it jamo hf· prop.n: a 'yKham-Magar~uÚ jamo village away. (Obj. patient). Ðset: . jaat≥g˙ the convergence of the Pelm—a Khol—a , to exorcisekÉï:h-nya using a and Uttar Ga≥a rivers. (The village forms broom.p˙siÚye 'jahri-nya , to ex- a panchayat with the village of Kharab— a≥.)— orcise using'kali 'c a oÚgore~ black 'jahri-nya yak’s tail. , male inhabitant of Jangga. , to exorcise using'siti a 'ja≥˙lya , female inhabitant of Jangga. 'coÚgore~ 'jahri-nya white yak’s tail. 'ja≥˙lyani hf“k } quant.adv: for a little while. µf/–h/¬ [Nep jhar-jhur ‘shak- jaÚ'p˙i~ , for some little while. jahr-jur ing’] expr.adv: shaking out. cf. thar jaÚ'wa'p˙i~ hfô/ n: a specific set of equipment th˙r 'j˙i-nya. , shake out jaÚr˙(as a shaman’s costume, etc.). the last remains.j.j. th˙r˙i-nya hf/fs–h?s¬ expr.adv: sud- µfMl;–Gof v.refl: to prepare jarak-jurukdenly. , to rise suddenly from jaÚh's\î-nya oneself, be ready for s.th. (Goal ). sleep. j.j. 'so-nya , to grap up suddenly -nya'da 'banya'da jaÚh'sî'k\ e\ He’s ready to go. and putj.j. on ch shoulder.îÚ-nya~ , to live in a state of hf/fg hf/f] g] [ < Nep jurnu preparedness.jaÚh's\îd˙ 'li-nya jaran‘join joron’] expr.adv: cooperate. µf;f] adj: angry (of gods or , to help one another lift andj.j. s˙g˙i-move 'jahso spirits) making them cause illness. things.nya hfs“ quant.adv: later on. , hfl/ [Nep] n: an adultery case j~aÚk˙ j~aÚ'wak˙ sometime later on. 'jari(taking another’s wife, or a girl who is hfsGof n: wether (used for engaged to be married). , 'jak˙nyacarrying loads). cf. 'kh˙si. to prosecute s.o. for adultery.'jari c˙l˙i-nya hfsLg“ quant.adv: after a little , to pay fine for adultery. 'jari phoÚ- j~aÚ'kinwhile. , after some little while. nya hfl/Sof [Nep jari ‘adultery’] n: j ~aÚ'wa'kin hfsf“ ;] M} adv: mostly, predom- 'jarikyaadulterer; man who takes another wife. j~aÚkos˙ihinately. , the majority. , woman who takes another 1. hfnj~aÚkos˙ih [Nep] bag˙n: 1. spider web. 2. husband.'jarikyani 'jalfishnet. , to fish with a hf;–Gof vt: to dress or clothe net. jal r˙ih'sî-nya\ jas-nyaanother. cf. kwaih-nya. 2. hfn [Nep] nom: intrigue. hfl;–Gof v.refl: to dress oneself. 'jal , to act with intrigue, to betray'jal jasi-nyacf. kwaih'sî-nya.\ anotherda-nya’s secret or confidence so as to 146 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ hf;L+ô n: the parts of a loom (wood- orjeÚh~ khaÚ How high is it? jasen).~îÚ cf. rï:hja.É Ðset: . ' e]+mM–Gof [Kh *dzehn; Him hft [Nep] n: 1. 'tanacaste. 2. type, sort, 'j~eÚh-nya(Chep dzo≥, Tib gze≥s)] 1. v.sta: to be 'jatvariety. 'no kata 'jat o'tao What sort of a high. 2. vi.agt: to win. Ðadj: , thing is that? , of a particular high, tall. cf. phur phur buhro,'jeÚh'wo~ 'n˙m sort, type. 'jat'lao swî:t˙~ 'bao. hft/f [Nep jatra ‘pilgrimage’] n: e]+mMuf]n–Gof vi.pat: (of two 'jat˙rafestival. j~eÚhgol-nyastrips of cloth sewn together) to mis- hfThé adv: not at all. 'd˙hrm˙ jatz˙ match, be out of kilter, bunch up in places. jatz˙oma'ras'zyao di It is said that he didn’t Ðadj: , bunched, out kilter. jeÚhgol'o~ abandon religion one bit. 'e]+mMhf [Nep jh~îjo] n: small 'jeÚhja~ hfjf“ quant.adv: for a little while. twigs (used for firewood). j~aÚ'wa , for a little while longer. e]mnf [Nep Hofnf jyala] n: wages. jehla jaÚ'wak˙'p~ hfôof ˙i— gen.n: things, belongings, e]mnf]+ (in: , qv.) 'jaÚyapersonal property. cf. logo l˙sk˙r, 'd˙hn jehloÚ~ e]mnfhol]+–Gof~oÚ jehlv.sta:~oÚ to become 's˙mp˙ti. jehlloose,~oÚ-nya slack, sagging. cf. jŸohlo. Ðadj: 1. h]– poss.pref: the second person , loose, slack, sagging. je-plural possessive prefix: ‘your (pl.),’ as jehloÚ'w~ o— emnf] ·f] [Nep jholu≥go] n: in: je-'zihm Your (pl.) house. , 'jehlostretcher,≥ga hammock. yours (plural). 'jemiÚ [Nep pul], suspension bridge.'jehlo cf.≥ga 'ch˙m. 'pul 2. h–] v.aff: the second person plural 'e]+mMkNof dfg ¬ n: a je-subject prefix: ‘you (pl.),’ as in: je-'hu'ke\ 'j~eÚhp˙lyatype of boneless manu fish which attaches itself You (pl.) came. tightly to river stones, and whose mouth 1. h]ô pers.pron: the second person is on the underside of its head; catfish. 'jeÚplural pronoun: ‘you (pl).’ Ðposs.pron: Ðset: . , yours (dl.). '≥a:h e]+mMkNof–'tL [Kh (Mk 'jeÚ 2. 'jemiÚ h]ô n: a cultivated tuber (known jeÚhp˙lyat~ zy~ap˙lati)]îh— n: type of lizard (having 'jeÚin Nepali as penalu). cf. b˙htanje:. coarse scales). cf. chep˙ra:. Ðgen: rwihza h]ô afhfé n: Crimson Horned . , a humur- wanza jeÚhp˙lyat~ îh— 'gaola 'jeÚPheasant baza (Satyr Tragopan). Ðgen: ous term for a useless child (lit. ‘lizard . 'sya: herder’). 'ba: e]mM–Gof vt: to heave large stones e]m/ } n: a small, black-barked tree. jehr˙i jeÚh-nyaat s.th. (using both hands to lift the stone e]m/} vs{ prop.n: a small, over the head). (Instr. ). Ðset: jehr˙iKham-Magar 'kh˙rk˙ village between Taka and . -e johm- Guhmilba:~ (inhabited mostly by Ghartis). nya cf]–/\e]+mM n: the height of s.th. 'e]+mM:of n: winner, champion. (o)-rjeÚh~ 'j~eÚhsyacf. 'j˙hrga, 'm˙nd˙li, 'sa:da.~ Kham Dictionary 147 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ hn] [Nep jelkhana] n: jail, prison. 'zihm 'jiÚ'da In the area toward the house.

'jel h]d [Nep ‘god of underworld’] n: Ðloc.case: , affixed to deictic prim- -'jiÚ'da jemspirits who carry away a person’s soul itives to form complex adverbial phrases. at death. Ðset: . a'jiÚ'da to this area, ro'jiÚ'da to the upper area, etc.) –hd] num.clsf:'zya:h a set (as a pair of -'jemshoes; the posts, lintel, and sill of a door hL+ôbf] [Nep ji~udo] adj: alive. cf. j~îÚdo frame). cf. 'jor, 'jora. 'uru: 'li-nya. 1 h]dLô poss.pron: second person . µLM–Gof vt: to burn or jiÚh-nya 'jemiÚplural possessive pronoun: ‘yours’ dazzle the eyes (as of smoke, the glare (plural). of snow, etc.). ≥a'mi jiÚh dyaÚ'k~ eo\ It daz- zled my eyes. h]Gh]g (in: , 2 'jenjenqv.) 'tenten ni 'jenjen . µLM–Gof vt: to urinate on jiÚh-nyas.th. (esp. of a baby urinating on s.o’s h/f] ]ô greet: an address of deference lap or clothing). ≥a'kwaÚt˙ jiÚh dy~aÚ'k\eo jeroÚ(esp. when begging for a favor). He urinated on my clothing. hy] [Nep h]7 jeÊh] n: the second , to be stung by a spider,m˙k˙rah-ye causing jeth˙month of the Nepali calendar, mid-May ajiÚh-nya skin irritation of small, white bumps to mid-June. (lit. ‘pissed on by a spider’). hyf] [Nep h]7f jeÊha] n: the eldest 'µLM [Kh *dzi:h; Mag hyu; TB *s- 'jethason. 'jiÚhhyw˙y] n: 1. blood. , to hyfs] [Nep jeÊhak] n: birthright, bleed. , to draw'jiÚh 'hu-nyablood. jethak˙ special inheritance rights of the firstborn 'jiÚh, to hai-nya lose blood. 2. moisture'jiÚh in male (usu. the major part of the fields, soil.boh-nya , moist. etc.). cf. kanchak˙. u'jiÚh lµanf 'leo n: a deadfall trap. cf.

hLô– loc.root: in the area of, as in: 'jihb˙la'p˙lyato. 'jiÚ-'jiÚ'da\ in the area toward, 'jiÚk˙\ in the area lµ3Øfd [ < *dzi:h ‘blood’ + at, 'jiÚ'≥˙\ in the area around, etc., qq.v. 'jihgyahm *gyahm ‘red’] adv: bloodied, gory (esp. hL+ô– [Kh *dzi≥; Him (Tib ji≥ ‘middle’)] by beating). , (of jîÚ-~ loc.root: inside, as in: 'nam jîÚ-l˙~ inside people fighting)'jihgyahm to bloody 'j˙i's oneî-nya\ another.

the earth. Ðrelator.noun: (with possessive , bloodied, gory. prefixes), as in: u-j~îÚ-l˙ inside it, etc. 'jihgyahm lµn·f morgyahm n: fire sparks. cf. 'me:h

p–/\hLô+ [Kh *r-dzi≥] n: depth. 'jihl˙ph˙li≥gah.≥ga (u)-r'jur'j~îÚîÚ~ khaÚ How deep is it? , u-r'jîÚ~ 'leo lµnLs lµnLs expr.adv: deep. , shallow. 'jihlik 'jihlik u-r'jîÚ~ 'maleo shining, sparkling. , to lhe n: the uvula. Ð[Alt.root (Mk shine, sparkle. j.j. c˙mki-nya jib˙hrko, Gam go÷)] lµln ldln [Nep jhilimili] ô in the area toward. hL bf loc: 'jihliexpr.adv: 'mili colorful, bright. Ðadj: 'jiÚ'da 'jihli 148 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , colorful, bright. 'ji:≥˙.\ Ðloc.case: , affixed to deictic 'miliu lµdLs lµdLs expr.adv: primitives to form-'jiÚl complex˙\ adverbial 'jihmikflashing, 'jihmik twinkling. u'miÚ 'jihmik 'jihmik phrases, as in: a'jiÚl˙\ in this area, ro'jiÚl˙\ 'j˙i'keo He blinked his eyes. in the upper area, etc. , to sparkle and flash. j.j. c˙mki- lhn}–Gof [Nep jilaunu] vt: to nya lµgf lµgf expr.adv: tear, 'jil˙i-nyaclean up weeds and cornstalks in a field 'jihnashred. 'jihna , to after sowing. lose hope,'y ~uÚbe 'jihnain despair. 'jihna 'ta-nya lhNnf [Nep] n: 1. district, adminis- µL; [Kh *r-dzihs (Mk rjihs, Gam 'jillatrative division of Nepal. 2. a district 'jihsjih); Him (Chep tshyus, Tib gtsis); TB headquarters, provincial seat. *tsi] n: 1. urine. 2. (in: ) lhd/ n: the shaded, north side of mist, condensation from'kohoe fog (lit. u'jihs ‘fog jim˙ra hill. ant. pahar. Ð[Alt.root (Luk u-rcim)]. piss’). lhDaf [Nep lhDdf jimma] n: µL;–Gof vi.pat: 1. (vulg) of a 'jimbaresponsibility, charge. noÚye u'jimbal˙ 'jihs-nyawoman to menstruate. cf. ky~a:'t—ao 'ji:h 'lizya It’s his responsibility. cf. 'picha. 'hu-nya, kya:'taoye~ d˙id˙ 'n˙i-nya. 2. (of lhDa¬ [Nep lhDd' jimmu] n: wild salt) to become moist, damp, sodden. 'jimbugarlic. cf. no:h. µLMl;–Gof vi.agt: to urinate. lhld huf [Nep j˙min + j˙gga] jiÚh's\î-nya , in a steady stream. 'jimin: land'j˙ga holdings, property. khwar khwar turuÚ , in a small trickle. lhDjfn [Nep lhDdfjfn ‘person turuÚ lµt¬k n: blood vessel, artery, jimwalin charge’] n: village headman (until 'jihtupvein. the panchayat system was initiated). lhHo" [Nep jiju] n: great-grandfather. 1. hLg– poss.pref: the second person jijyu , forefathers. jin-dual possessive prefix: ‘your (dl.),’ as jijyu bajyu , to bejijyu joined bajyu- with in: jin-'zihm Your (dl.) house. , ras˙one’s 'thom's forefathersî'na-nya\ (at death). yours (dl.). 'jinmiÚ lhHolg¬ n: great-grandmother. 2. hLg– v.aff: the second person 'jijyuni hLôs loc: in the area of, as in: jin-dual subject prefix: ‘you two,’ as in: 'jiÚk'zihm˙\ 'jiÚk\˙ in the area at the house. jin-'hu'ke\ You two came. Ðloc.case: , affixed to deictic prim- 1. hLg [Nep < Eng] n: jean material, itives to form-'jiÚk complex˙\ adverbial phrases, 'jintwilled cotton cloth. as in: a'jiÚk˙\ at this area, ro'jiÚk˙\ at the 2. hLg pers.pron: the second person

upper area, etc. 'jindual pronoun: ‘you (dl.).’ Ðposs.pron: p–hL+ôn loc: inside of. Ðadj: , yours (dl.). (u)-jîÚl˙~ , (of) the inside. 'jin 'jinmiÚ hLGdLô poss.pron: second person u-jîÚ'l~ ao— hLôn loc: in the area of, as in: 'zihm 'jinmiÚdual possessive pronoun: ‘yours’ (dl.). 'jiÚl'jiÚl˙\ ˙\ In the area of the house. also: 'ji:k˙,\

Kham Dictionary 149 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ hLôª loc: in the area of, as in: patronizes. cf. 'g˙ltha 'mutha. 'jiÚ'zihm≥˙\ 'jiÚ≥˙\ in the area around the house. p–/\hô“ [Kh *r-dz˙≥ ± *b-dz˙≥ Ðloc.case: , affixed to deictic prim- (u)-r'j(Mk ïÚ~˙bj~a, Nis j˙~o, -oj~˙, Gam bi≥j˙, j˙≥, itives to form-'jiÚ complex≥˙\ adverbial phrases, Luk j˙≥); Him (Mag mi-ja≥, Nw ja)]~ n: as in: a'jiÚ≥˙\ around this area, ro'jiÚ≥˙\ upper back (where loads are carried). around the upper area, etc. n˙r'j~ïÚ 'th~aÚke Ready your back (for a hLk expr.adv: blush, look of guilt. load)! cf. 'yep. 2. the back of a knife. jip , ( ‘face’) to have an Ðrelated words: 'gir area between shoul- expressionjip 'j˙i-nya of guilt.'≥aÚh , (the der blades, 'w~aÚh lower back, waist, 'yep same, except that ‘facejip’ is 'j˙i's not î-nya\the object). upper back. hLKtf/f nom: economy, conser- h“ôuLn [Nep j~aghiya ‘shorts’] n: 'jiptaravation, frugality. jïÚgil~ trousers, esp. a shaman’s trousers. Ðset: , to economize,'jiptara conserve, da-nya act ± spar- 'j˙i- . , the zigzag design ingly.nya cutseral alongjïÚgile~ the cuffo'k˙t˙ot˙ of a shaman’s trousers. hLlKt–Gof vi.pat: (of fire) to e“mM [Kh *dz˙h≥; Him (Kai j˙≥)] n: jipti-nyago out. j~ïÚhiron. , iron tools, implements. jïÚh~ 'jaÚ hL:s}–Gof [Nep lh:Sofpg' h“ôh/ n: a booby-trap with a jisk˙i-nyajiskyaunu] vt: to provoke, agitate, incite 'jïÚj˙r~ loaded gun. , to set to fury. zeÚralai~ tarajisk˙i'cyo, daÚ'sîrya\ a booby-trap 'jforïÚj˙r~ s.th. jaÚhdya-nya , Don’t agitate the bees, they'll sting us. to set a booby-trap. 'jïÚj˙r~ 'thaÚ-nya~ Ðrelated words: m˙c˙i-nya to stir up, 'ukhi hf]ô [Nep] corelative: whoever, da-nya to stir up a fight, 'y~uÚ kola kola 'joÚwhichever. 'j˙i-nya to irritate, make angry. 1. hf]+ nom: threat. , to lhly [Nep h]7L jeÊhi] n: eldest 'joÚ~ threaten by shaking a stick'j ~oÚat da-nyas.o. 'jithidaughter. 2. hf+ ] n: stye. lhy ¬ n: 1. mother’s brother’s son 'joÚ~ hf–Gof+] vi.pat: for a stye to 'jithu(older than ego). 2. wife’s elder brother. 'j~oÚ-nyadevelop. , to get a stye in (Within the confines of K-M marriage the eye. 'miÚ 'j~oÚ-nya constraints, the members of 1Ð2 inter- cf–hf] ag] [Nep ‘youth’] n: sect.) (o)-'job˙nbeauty, prime. cf. b˙î:s˙.~ , lhj}–Gof vt: to set bond rela- beautiful, elegant. o-'job˙n ,'leo un- jiw˙i-nyationship again. (Done by family to reaf- attractive. o-'job˙n 'maleo, come into firm a former relationship.) prime. o-'job˙n 'hu-nya, to go past lhjg [Nep hLag jib˙n] n: life, prime. o-'job˙n 'ba-nya 'jiw˙nexistence, vital principle. cf. 'juni, jyu:ni,~ hfbf] rel.adv: wherever, whatever 'pohon. jo'ddirection.a— , anywhere. lhjf“ n: a required annual payment jo'dhf]ufa— 'tadi]O{–Gof b˙ [Nep hf]ufpg' 'jiwof aÚ~ one du:h barley to the blacksmith one 'jogoi-nyajogaunu] vt: to protect, deliver, rescue 150 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ from. (Src. ). , to take hf]vfl/ n: the gnarl or twisted care in a task,-'ni exercise'jogoi's caution.î-nya\ 'jogoi'sîd˙\ 'jokhariprotuberance on the body of a plant or 'bani Go carefully! tree; tree burl. (Often used to created µfnf] [Nep] n: shoulder bag for wooden bowls or mortars.) 'johlacarrying small items. cf. 'hwi:. hfn] adv: in whatever. µf]d–Gof [Kh *r-dzohm (Mk jol˙ , in any place, wherever. jol˙ 'tadi johm-nyarjohm)] vt: to throw stones at s.th. b˙ hfDkf] /–;] } n: a variety of from a distance using one hand. (Instr. 'jompor-s˙iwild grape (black). ). Ðrelated words: jeÚh-nya to throw hfªf] Nof] [Nep j˙mlyah˙] n: one -e large stones, using both hands to hurl 'joof≥ olya a set of twins. , twins them from over the head, johm-nya to (dl). 'jo≥olya'ni throw stones at s.th. from a distance, 1. hf]/ [Nep] nom: an attempt, to throw a stone, kohcyaÚ-nya khorop-nya 'joreffort. , to try, make an effort to throw small stones by the handful. (esp. a 'jorstronger da-nya effort). , vigor- µfd] sf µfd] expr.adv: ously, with effort. 'jors˙ 'sehlke'jors˙Pull vig- 'johm ka 'johm defiant stomping. , to go orously! cf. joss˙. Ðrelated words: j.j. 'ba-nya stomping away defiantly. 'dahma da-nya make an effort to restore, µfDkf] n: a cluster of fruit. 'dyauhna da-nya to give full attention to johmpa µf]Dkf hf]Dkf [ < Kh a task, 'udim da-nya make an effort to 'johmpajohmpa ‘'jompacluster of fruit’] expr.adv: clus- do a good job. tered. , to bear fruit prolif- 2. hf/] n: support, backing, advocacy. ically. j.j. s˙i-nya 'jor , to give support to s.o. (esp. µfDkf] ; } n: wild strawberry. in'jor an ya-nya argument or court case). johmpa 's˙i µfkf] /f] ô n: shrubbery, scrub –hf/] [Nep] num.clsf: a pair. cf. johporaÚbrush. -'jor'jem. µf]l;–Gof vi.pat: (of objects) 1. hf/–Gof] vt: to support s.o. in johsi-nyato collide. gin≥˙ih johsi'ke\ We bumped jor-nyasinging (by singing along). , heads (not dual). Ðvt: , to ( ‘words’) to corroborate,jordya-nya confirm knock someone with s.th.'johs˙i-nya (as when car- anothero-p~aÚ ’s words as true. rying a long beam). var. 'juhs˙i-nya. 2. hf]/–Gof vi.pat: (of a dream hfh+] } n: wart. jor-nyaor predictions ) to come true, be fulfilled. 'joÚj˙i~ hfhf] ]ô n: a string loop on one end cf. 'juri-nya. jojoÚof a wool-teasing bow for attaching the 3. hf]/–Gof vi.pat: to be able to bamboo phata:. jor-nyadistinguishable young chicks by sex. hf–s] adv: wherever, whenever. major'tar˙They're not yet distinguishable. jok˙ , anytime, at any place. cf. chuti-nya. , 'bahlya 'pothi jor-nya jok˙ 'tadi hfsLg] b˙ adv: from wherever. to distinguish male and female chicks. jo'kîn— Kham Dictionary 151 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 1. hf/] –Gof} [Nep hf8] g\ ' joÎnu] hfYof+] n: 1. seed corn braided in jor˙i-nyavt: to join end for end. Ðpass.part: j~oÚthyaa chain by the husks for storage. 2. , joined. Ðrelated words: g~aÚs˙i- walnuts growing in a cluster of three or jor˙i'snya joinîu\ together, 'jor˙n 'j˙i-nya join, four. bring together. hfjfO] + { [Nep hjfO' “ juwaî~ ‘son-in- 2. hf]/}–Gof [Nep juraunu] vt: 'jowalaw’îÚ~ ] n: 1. father’s sister’s son (younger jor˙i-nyato provide. ≥an˙îÚ~ tubu jor˙idyaÚ'k~ eo\ He than ego). 2. younger sister’s husband. provided a friend for me. (Where ego is male, the members of a-b hf/g] [Nep jurnu ‘join’] n: joining, intersect.) cf. m˙s. 'jor˙ncoupling, bringing together. hfjfnfx+] ;¬ n: a fainting spell, , to join, bring together, 'jor˙ninvolve 'j˙i- to- 'j~oÚwalahusblack-out. cf. murcha. gether,nya as in: badi p˙rti'ni jor˙n 'j˙id˙, , to have a fainting'j~oÚwalahus spell. cf. 'mi:'ta- p˙rti walalai j˙wap yao p˙rîÚ'ker˙~ Bring- jyah-nya.nya ing the accuser and defendent together, µØf]n–Gof [Kh *dzŸohl (Mk they made the defendent answer (to the jŸohl-nyajŸohl, Mht johl, Bhj hol); TB *dzwal] charges). Ðset: . v.sta: to become loose, slack; to sag. cf. hf/f] [Nepjor˙i-nya hf8] ≥ jo‹ ‘match’] n: a jehl~o:-nya. Ðadj: , loose, slack, 'joramatch, an equal. a'chîm— n˙-'jora mil˙id˙ sagging. johl'oŸ ≥ayaÚ~ Today you've met your match (lit. µØfn–µØf] n] expr.adv: loose, ‘I’ll arrange your match’). 'johl-jŸ slack,ohlŸ sagging. Ðadj: , loose, hf/f] ] [Nep h/f] j˙ro ‘fever’] n: slack, sagging. 'johl-jŸ ohl'oŸ 'joroillness, sickness. , to be- µØf]/–Gof vi.pat: (of a road) come ill. ≥a'joro 'hu'k'joroe\ I'hu-nya became ill (lit. jŸohr-nyato be basically level.

‘my illness came’). Ð , low- µØf]/–µØf]/ expr.adv: level, ≥˙r~eÚ ≥˙r~eÚ grade, long-term. , ill, 'johr-jŸ slightlyohrŸ uphill. , to go pre- o-'joro 'h~uÚ'wo sick. , to escape un- dominately levelj.j. (of 'ba-nyaa road). Ðadj: 'joro 'puhr-nya harmed from a shaman’s bad prognosis. , predominately level (of a road).'johrŸ hf;] [Nep jos ‘excitement’] n: fer- ant.johr'oŸ 'kola:siu. jos vence, zeal. , with fervency. cf–hØf] n] n: an egg which has joss˙ hftf] /f] n: a rope tying the s˙ilo (o)-'jbeenolŸ brooded but fails to produce a chick. 'jotora sticks of a yoke together under the oxen’s h" “ n: a portion, share of. Ðset: neck. Ðset: . 'j~uÚ . 'gohr hftf] /f] ] adv: many, innumerable. -ba:h h"ôrf;–Gof vi.pat: (of a wom- 'jotoro , an extravagant amount. 'juÚcas-nyaan) to grow old. cf. sehrjas-nya. , 'jotoro man hfTof] n: a yearling lamb or kid old and bent. Ðadj: , oldkutiti (of a 'jotya(which has begun to change its teeth). woman). Ðn: , anjuÚcaso old woman. Ðset: . h¬lu [Nep'juÚca yogi] n: a mendicant, 'behda: jugitravelling holy-man. 152 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ h¬lu–Gof vi.pat: (of plants) to µ¬n [Nep jhulo] n: tinder. (Usu. 'jugi-nyabe revived, show signs of life. cf. 'jagi- juhl˙the minute fibers of a particular leaf. The nya, j˙n-nya. dry leaf is worked in the hand until only h¬lu uf]+ªf]/Øf n: the the fibers remain, then dried in a skillet 'jugitwisted 'g~oÚ ≥stickorya of a dance troupe’s clown and smeared with fire black.) (as a caricature of a jugi’s stick). µnf¬ n: Fir tree. µ¬lh–Gof vi.pat: to collide, 'juhla µ¬ln n: a small pouch for keeping 'juhji-nyastrike, bang. , to 'juhlipipe and tobacco. collide with a clangingk˙chya sound.≥ ni k˙chi≥ µ¬df [Tib jo-mo ‘goddess’] n: a µ¬s}–Gof [Nep µ'Sofpg' juhmamythological female shaman. , juhk˙i-nyajhukkyaunu] vt: to trick, delude, deceive. wife of the first shaman. juhma uti on˙~îÚlai juhk˙id˙ ol z˙ 'cao l~aÚ'keo De- µDsf¬ n: the tassel hanging ceiving his friend, he made off with the 'juhmkafrom the end of a 'p˙tuka. good one. Ðpass.part: , de- µ¬df] adj: (archaic) dark, shadowy, juhk˙i's\îu ceived. juhm'narrow—o (esp. of a valley). Ðset: . µ¬ls–Gof [Nep µ'lSsg' µDt¬ ¬ vfnf] ô prop.n:'cu:'wo the 'juhki-nya jhukkinu ‘be fooled’] vi.pat: to make a juhmtustream kholaÚwhich flows by Taka. mistake, do s.th. by accident. 'juhkid˙ µ¬d¬/Lô n: an epic, historical s˙ih'keo\ He killed him by accident. Ðvt: 'juhmuriÚballad sung in chant. cf. 'chya:turi.~ to delude or mislead s.o. µ¬Gb}–Gof [Nep µ'G8Øfpg' (juhk˙i-nyaesp. into taking s.th. of inferior quality). juhnd˙i-nyajhunÎyaunu] vt: to hang, suspend. ,

'e“"mMls n: a weighing tax. (Orig- to hang or suspend s.th. from a tel peg.oÚ~ 'j~uÚhkiinally when Maikot held the monopoly var. tel~o:l~o:. Ðpass.part: , on distributing Tibetan salt, the Taralis suspended. 'sîÚ'tin~ juhnd˙i'sîu\juhnd˙i'ssuspended\îu were charged tax on their own salt after from a tree. Ðvi: . it was delivered and weighed in Maikot. µ¬lGb–Gof'juhndi-nya [Nep µ'lG8g' Nowadays the tax is imposed on outsid- 'juhndi-nyajhunÎinu] vi.pat: to hang, dangle. cf. ers who dig medicinal roots from village 'ben 'ben 'ta-nya. , swinging controlled wilderness areasÐat the rate like a pendulum. tel~oÚ tel~oÚ , of one p˙ri: per 'dihmÐabout 10%.) to mock, make light'yaÚht˙ of another 'juhndi-nya’s orders ô [ < *j~ï:h ‘iron’ + e“"mM v¬/L (lit. ‘dangle from his mouth’). Ðvt: j~uÚh*khuri: 'khuriÚ ‘bowl’] an iron frying pan, n: . Ð[Alt.root (Gam zisi)] ju- skillet. Ðset: . hnd˙i-nya µ¬ª\u' n: an iron tripod used for 'ja: µ¬n [Kh *b-zil (Mk bzil, Nis jihl, juhholding≥gu pots over the fire when cooking. 'juhlGam juhl)] n: a small, metal pick (worn 'e“"mMlk–e“"mMlk expr.adv: re- on a string around the neck as an all- 'j~uÚhpi-jpeatedly~uÚhpi barging in. , to come purpose tool). crashing in repeatedlyj.j. (as 'hu-nya of children into Kham Dictionary 153 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ the house). hg¬ [Nep hg" ‘moon’] n: 1. moon. 'µ¬k¬/Øf n: 1. a cliff overhang. jun(Shamanic only, in: nou 'bel nou jun nine 'juhpurya2. a person with a heavy brow. Ðset: suns, nine moons.) 2. the nine metal . Ðadj: , heavy disks hanging from a shaman’s costume pbrowed,~a:cya:h having neanderthal-likejuhpuryaso charac- representing the nine moons. Ðset: . teristics. h¬lg rel.adv: from whatever,seral from µ¬/ n: a large boulder. cf. 'p˙h˙r. ju'nwherever.î— , no 'juhr µ¬g¬{ [Kh *r-znuh (Mk rzuhnu:)] matter how orju'n by—î what b˙ ± means, ju'ni certainly.m˙ni juhrnun: a tightly-woven, medium-sized basket. , in any way, by any means. Ðset: . ju'ni h 'tadi¬lg [Nepb˙ ‘reincarnation’] n: life be:h µ¬tô [Nep h'7f ] juÊho] adj: 1. 'juni(this life as opposed to the next). cf. juht˙Úimpure, defiled (esp. of food partially jiw˙n, jyu:ni.~ , the after- eaten by another, or of eating vessels life. 'ph˙ri'kao 'juni unwashed). 2. sexually impure. paîÚh-ye~ h“"lg adv: for the sake, benefit of, juhth˙Ú yajaÚh'wo (of a woman) defiled 'juÚ'ni~as in: '≥aÚ ≥a'juÚ'ni~ For my sake. 'banyae by every man. (shamanic) 'juÚ'ni~ In order to go. katae ujuÚ'ni~ For defiled, incapablejuhth˙ of accepting path˙ the sha- what reason? manic profession. h¬l/ [Mep jo‹i] n: a pair, couple. µt¬ –µ¬ t¬ ¬ expr.adv: of head 'jurikisti'ni ya'juri ya'juris˙ pulusd˙ 'bak'ker˙\ 'juhtu-juhtuto drop forward. , of the They came out of the ark two by two. head to nod from drowsiness.j.j. '~uÚgi-nya 1. h¬l/–Gof [Nep hf8] g\ ' joÎnu] hh¬ n: battle, contest, war. cf. 'l˙r˙î:.~ 'juri-nyavi.pat: to join (as a broken bone). Ðvt: juj˙ h¬s [Nep o'u yug] n: age, era, . 'jukepoch. jor˙i-nya 2. hl/–Gof¬ vi.pat: (of a dream hn¬ ô] hn¬ ô] greet: greetings (to 'juri-nyaor prediction) to come to pass, be fulfilled. juleÚa child). juleÚ cf. jor-nya. h¬lNk [Nep ‘long hair’] n: men’s hl/dfgf¬ [Nep hl/dfgf 'julpihair style where the front lock is shaved jurimanaj˙rimana] n: fine, penalty. and the rest hangs loose to the shoulders. h¬?/L [Nep h?/L j˙ruri] adv: cf. 'kulpi. , ( ‘hair’) 'jururiurgent, important. to wear hair'julpi in the 'n˙i-nya julpi style.o'cem h;¬ NofM¬ [Nep jhusilo] n: a h¬d¬nLô n: 1. a person of Jumla. jusulyahperson who is hairy. Ðset: . 'jumuliÚ2. a person from the Northwest country , caterpillarp (~a:cya:hlit. ‘hairy (not necessarily from Jumla itself). bugjusulyah’). Ðgen: rwiÚh . Ðadj: h¬d¬nLô whf n: red and , hairy.rwihza wanza jusu- 'jumuliÚwhite strips 'd˙hja of cloth tied to a shaman’s lyahso h:of¬ [Kh *r-ju (Mk rjusya, Nis tuft of hair. Ðset: . 'jusyarjyuh, Gam jusya ‘buffalo’)] n: a sacri- seral ficial sheep, corresponding to the sex of 154 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ the deceased, honored and slain in post- It’s growing dark on us (lit. ‘we’re be- funerary obsequies. cf. 'sÉï: khya-nya. coming dark’). , a stone near Jaljala µ\ofM n: outstretched hand. 'jusya surnya 'l~uÚ Pass where a dying man’s spirit ties a jyaÚh –/µofM\ [Kh *r-dzyah ± *b-dzyah 'jusya on his way to the underworld. -rjyaÚh(Mk bjyah, Nis jwyah < ojyah)] hjf¬ [Nep] n: gambling. num.clsf: a hand-span, the distance from 'juwa , to gamble. 'juwa [Nep thumb to tip of middle finger on out- r˙ih'sjuwa‹i],î-nya\ gambler. 'juwari stretched hand. t˙rjyaÚh one handspan. µØL;–Gof v.sta: to be fierce, Ðset: . jŸuhs-nyaferocious (of a dog). Ðadj: , fierce, goî:~ 'µ\ofM–Gof [Kh *b-dzyah (Nis ferocious (of a dog). jŸuhs'—o 'jyaÚh-nyajwyah)] vt: to measure s.th. in hand- µjfQ\ expr.adv: quickly. spans. jwahtt˙ , to bring quickly. j. 'µ\of“M [Nep jha≥ ‘copse, thicket’] r˙i-nya µÒO{M [Kh *r-dzuht (Mk rjwi:h] n: 'jyn:~aÚh forest. cf. 'j˙≥g˙l. jwiÚha walking stick, staff. cf. 'kya:. µofn\ [Nep ‰ofn] n: window. µÒO{Ml;–Gof vi.agt: to walk 'jyahlÐset: . Ð[Kh 'b˙hj˙la] jwiÚh'swith the\î-nya aid of a stick. 'zihm µofn–Gof\ vt: (Instr. ) to Hofô [Kh *dzya; Him (Mag mahaja, jyahl-nyasplash with water. on˙~îÚlai 'riÚh-e-e 'jyaÚChep maca, Tib bza); Sk jaya] n: wife. jyahl'keo\ He splashed his friend with wa- (Can never be used as a term of address.) ter. , to marry a wife (lit. ‘to do µ\ofk [Nep jhap-jhupp˙ ‘sudden- wife'jyaÚ’ ).da-nya , to take two jyahp˙ly’] expr.adv: suddenly, unexpectedly. wives. neh'jyaÚ da-nya, (of a man) married , to meet unexpectedly by (lit. ‘wife-done'jyaÚ 'dao’). , un- surprise.j. d˙i's\î-nya 'jyaÚ mada'tao married, bachelor. , husband and µ\ofk–µ\ofk expr.adv: the 'jyaÚri wife. 'jyahp-jyahpsound of a large pick. cf. cyap cyap. 1. µ\of–Gof [Kh *dzyah; Him , to dig with a large pick. j.j. jyah-nya (Kai ≥ya-je)] v.evt: 1. to grow dark, goh-nya µ\of;f ] [Kh *dzyahs] adj: soft, become night, in: . jyahs'tender—o (easy to chew); pliable (as of leath- 'n˙m jyah-nya , to become pitch dark. var. er); easy to plow (of a field). 'kalya-k˙leh'k˙leh. , sudden darkness. Hofsf“ [Kh *r-ka (Mk rka, Nis k˙l˙m, of late evening. 2. (of'ryah- the jyrkaba,~aÚka Gam ka)] n: Koklas Pheasant. day)mya 'rihmito grow dark with clouds. Ðvt.evt: Ðgen: . . 'sya: Hofn–Gof 'ba: vi.pat: (of liquid) to s˙jyah-nya 2. 1. to have µ\of–Gof vi.pat: jyal-nyaoverflow. Ðvt: (Agt. , ) jyah-nyaa fainting spell, blackout in: (of water) to cover, inundate'riÚh-e s.th.'b˙hl-e 'riÚh-e ( ‘eye to darken’). 2. (of'miÚ persons) jyah- lit. 'luÚlai~ jyal'keo\ Water covered the rock. nyato be overtaken by night. gejyah'na'k— e\ Kham Dictionary 155 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ –/Hofd\ num.clsf: clawful (with es in to get meat. 3. health. , -rjyamfingers clutching like claws). healthy, strong. u-jyuÚ, sickly, 'leo u-jyuÚ 'maleo Hofd–Gof [Kh *r-dzjyam (Mk weak. 4. family. , having a u-jyuÚ 'leo 'jyam-nyarjyam, Nis rjyam)] vt: to snatch at, large family capable of supporting one clutch, grab. kata 'jyamd˙ ≥ar˙io itao What in old age. , not having a u-jyuÚ 'maleo poor luck I have! , with a quick large family capable of supporting one motion. kohreÚ in old age. HofGdf/f [Nep] n: murder, Ho–Gof"“ [Nep lhpg' jiunu] vi.pat: 'jy~uÚ-nya 'jyanmaramanslaughter (esp. in reference to a pris- (archaic) to live, have duration of life. on sentence), as in: 'jyanmara'ni jyahll˙ (Usu. in: byaÚh-byaÚh 'jyuÚ'ni~ Live to a

p˙ri'ke He landed in prison for murder. ripe old age!) Hof ôl/ n: husband and wife. HogL"“ n: duration of life. jy~uÚni, having long life. u-jy~uÚni, 'jyaÚri 'µ\ofp“–Gof vi.agt: to be 'leoshort-lived. u-jyuÚni~ 'maleo 'jyanoisy,~uh-nya make a lot of noise. Ðadj: , noisy. 'jya,~uh'wo to make a lot of noise.'jya~uh-jya~uh 'li- K nya Hof]ô–Gof [Him (Mag arjok- 1. –s loc.case: the locative case 'jyoÚ-nya‘cut limbs’)] vt: to sever in a single -k˙marker: ‘at,’ as in: 'zihm-k˙ at the house. strike. (Obj. usually ‘sacrificial an- cf. -≥˙. (Affixed to deictic primitives imal,’ but also branchesmar of a tree, etc.) and locative roots to form complex ad- cf. ch˙k˙i-nya. , completely. verbial phrases, as in: me-k˙ down below, , with swift blow.c˙t˙k ch˙ty- ro-k˙ up above, upriver, a-k˙ here, ≥ah-k˙

ak Hof +] afhfé n: a type of quail. in front of, etc.) Ðadj: , the nominalized form of the locative-'kao , as in: 'jyoÚ~ baza 'µof]M [Kh (Mk jyo)] n: bumblebee. a-'kao this one (lit. ‘the one -k˙of here’); 'jyoÚhcf. 'm˙lma. Ðgen: . 'zihm-'kao domestic (lit. ‘of the house’); Ho"ô [Nep hLp 'mulzajiu ‘body buhsuna:’] n: 1. the soÚhrim-'kao~ three-year-old (lit. ‘of three jyuÚpresent life, lifetime. cf. 'juni, jiw˙n, 'po- years’). hon. , one’s full life span. 2 jyuÚ b˙hri , to lay down one’s . –s v.aff: marker of temporal -k˙ lifejyuÚ forjaÚh s.th. dya-nya , to aspect: ‘when’ as in: ≥ara'j˙i-k˙ When I

be over cautious,jyuÚye afraid 'm˙ya of risk da-nya for fear made them... 3 of losing life. , . –s v.aff: marker of the optative -k˙ to act without jyuÚyefear of 'm˙ya personal mada-nya risk. 2. mood, as in: cao o-'ta-k˙ May it be well.

body, in: jyuÚ cyoÚ cyoÚ jaÚh-nya to go (Must occur together with the optative headlong into s.th. without regard for prefix or .) o- g˙h- consequences; to push, shove one’s way s–Gof [ < *'k˙p-nya] vt: to in. ujyuÚ syak˙riÚt˙ c.c. jaÚhzyao He push- 'k˙-nyacover (as by putting a lid on a pot, or a stone slab over a hole). cf. kwaih-nya. 156 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Ðpass.part: , covered. 'luÚye~ 'k˙'sîu\ 'sn]M–Gof [Kh *k˙let (Nis covered by 'k˙'sa stone.îu\ 'k˙hleÚ-nyakulit); Him (Mag kilik-ke); TB *k(a)li] cf–s] ô [Kh *k˙p (Nis k˙p); TB vt: to tickle. (o)-k˙Ú*kap] n: a lid or cover. 'sn]+M n: a small bell hung from sô–Gof (var. of: , qv.) 'k˙hlthe eÚ~necks of bellwethers and sheepdogs. k˙Ú-nya san [Nep k˙bul] n:'k˙-nya an agreement cf. 'behr. 'k˙b˙lor contract for the price of an item. Ðset: 'snM+] tf;f] ] adj: cold, icy to . , to make such 'k˙hlthe eÚ~touch. tos'o— cf. 'chero. an'yahka agreement'k˙b˙l or contract. da-nya g–sMd n: (second person saln–Gof vt: (Obj. (n˙)-k˙hmonly) an unpunished act taken as a prece- 'k˙b˙li-nya‘price’) to set a price. o-eÚh, to dent; habit. ahjyoÚ'kao n˙k˙hm mitao agree or settle on a price.'k˙b˙li's pac~ î-nya\'rupiyal˙ n˙p˙îÚ'zyao'ro~ Do you want to follow 'k˙b˙li'sîd˙\ laÚ'k~ eo\ He took it, having set- yesterday’s precedent? tled on five rupees. Ðpass.part: 'sGbØf n: the saddle of a , agreed upon. 'k˙hndyamountain. 'k˙b˙l˙i'sîu\ sanL¬ ô n: a pumpkin, squash. 's/Øfk expr.adv: snapping 'k˙buliÚÐ[Alt.root (Mk ramt˙ri)] 'k˙hryapsound. , to bite off chunks sr/Lô [Nep k˙c˙h˙ri] n: a (as of ank. apple gyahp-nya or cucumber). 'k˙c˙riÚvillage assembly, or court of justice. 1. s} interrog: what? (With linguistic s5Øfª lg s5Lª k˙ireference, instead of concrete, as in: k˙chyaexpr.adv:≥ ni thek˙chi clanging≥ sound of metal n˙'min k˙i What is your name? k˙i striking metal. , to collide u'li'zyao What is he saying?) cf. kata. with a clangingk.k. sound. 'juhji-nya ≥a≥˙iÚh yaÚl˙ te , interrogative form of h˙i yat˙rwalir˙ kachya≥ ni k˙chi≥ b˙n˙i z˙ da-nyak˙i da-nyato say, to tell, to call s.o. by a 'juhji'ker˙ Their swords were striking name, as in: aolai k˙i n˙do'zyao What do with a clanging sound right over my head. you call this person? (i.e. what term of sbfP interrog: how? how possible? address do you use?) , inter- k˙daeas in: k˙dae 'laÚlai pohd˙ s˙ihnya How rogative form of h˙i 'li-nyak˙i 'li-nyato say. could one kill a leopard by beating it? , interrogative form of 'ta-nyak˙ito cf. k˙i 'j˙id˙. happen,'ta-nya as in: k˙i o'tao What happened?

sb]d–Gof vt: to pin down, k˙i 'ta'ke\ What will happen? , k˙i k˙i k˙dem-nyacrush (esp. by a tree, boulder, etc). Ðset: what all? , nothing, as in: k˙i z˙ k˙i z˙ . , tight- 'male He said nothing. k˙iz˙ 'matae Noth-

k˙rtyap-nyaly, with force.py aÚc˙rya~ peÚc˙re~ , to be ing will happen (i.e. no harm will come caught or pinned betweenk˙dem's \î-nyatwo large ob- of it). k˙iz˙ ma'j˙i'wo He did nothing

jects. Ðpass.part: , pinned (i.e. no harm) to him. 2 down. 'luÚye~ k˙dem'sk˙dem'sîu\ pinned\îu down by . s } interrog: how? as in: k˙i a rock. k˙i Kham Dictionary 157 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ n˙ma'sîu\ How did you keep from getting stfs} indef.adv: sometimes. killed? k˙itak˙ , occasionally. 3. s} indef.adv: whatever, as in: k˙i k˙itak˙, maybe k˙itak˙ sometime, possibly. k˙itar- k˙ik˙i u'li'zyao, h˙i h˙iz˙ 'linke You say ak˙ stf/fs} indef.adv: maybe whatever he says! k˙itarak˙sometime, possibly. k˙itarak˙ 'sÉïÚd˙ s}–Gof [Kh *k˙i (Ses *k˙i < macaol˙ 'p˙hrinya o'chyas 'lizya There is k˙i-nya-k˙i- ‘eaten’); TB (DEW) *k-wat (Rw≥ a danger that he may become arrogant kai, Kar k˙wa, Dim wat, Bodo wat)] and fall into evil. vt: 1. to bite (as of a dog). , sof} “ n: Chir Pheasant. Ðgen: tearing into shreds. 2. to eat thingskutu whichkutu k˙iy~aÚ . require chewing (most foods except rice, 'sya: 'ba: sh}–Gof vt: to order, give a cornmeal, and bread). cf. zya-nya. 'k˙j˙i-nyacommand. cf. ˙r˙i-nya. , quickly with much ss/Øfn prop.n: male inhab- karap-kurupchomping. , eat thoroughly. 'k˙k˙ryalitant of the village of K—akrig—aon. 'khat, to grit khut one’s teeth. 3. (of , female inhabitant of the vil- 'haÚa shoe) k˙i-nya to pinch or hurt the foot. 4. lage'k˙k˙ryalni of Kakrig— aon.— (Obj. , , or ) 1. sn [Kh *k˙l (Mk syak˙l, Gam to receive'c˙rkaoni a slap 'l˙ptaor blow. l˙ph˙raoni5. (+Instr. - 'k˙lkol, Ses kolpya); Him (Mag mi-rgula, Obj.) to receive just dues, as in: o'bani-e Chep g˙l); TB *m-kal] n: kidney. k˙i'keo\ He received the just dues (of his , ( esp. in: k˙l) bad habit). Ð[Alt.root (Mk toi)] by'syaÚt the˙\ creation, design,'k˙l 'syaÚt˙, or will 'y ofuÚ~ another.'syaÚt˙ how? by what s} h}b adv: n˙'k˙l syaÚt˙ ≥aboh'wo, n˙'y~uÚ 'syaÚt˙ k˙imanner? 'j˙id˙ (rhetorical) as in: '≥a 'isors˙ k˙i ≥aboh'wo I was born of your will, I was 'j˙id˙ ≥apaÚ'k~ e\ How do I dare speak with created of your design (of a shaman in

God? veneration of his master). s}nf; prop.n: the sacred Mount , to doubt, haveneh'y qualms~uÚ k˙ilas Kailas in Tibet. aboutneh'k (˙l\ lit. 'j˙i-nya ‘make two hearts and two kid- s} d} n: a mishap. , neys’). 'k˙i m˙i 'k˙i m˙ir˙ mishap, misfortune, as in: ≥a'zaÚlai 'k˙i 2. sn n: the hammer on a musket. m˙ir˙ 'taya 'lid˙ ≥a' cheÚzya I’m afraid 'k˙l , to cock or set the ham- some mishap will befall my child. mero-'k˙l of 'p˙leÚ-nya a musket. Ðnum.clsf: , the s}Ålt n: one who is hypocritical, catches on a musket hammer, as-'k˙l in: t˙'k˙l 'k˙iph˙tiartificial, introduces trouble or heresy. single cock, neh'k˙l\ double cock. cf. 'k˙pti. sn}–Gof vt: to clean flour, s}t [Nep s}b k˙id] n: imprisonment. 'k˙l˙i-nyagrain, or beans for cooking by picking k˙it , to imprison, take prisoner. out small stones and foreign matter; to Ðk˙itn: 'j˙i-nya, prisoner. clean vegetables for cooking by trimming k˙iti 158 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ away old leaves, stems, etc. , sDkgL [ < Nep-Eng ‘company’] picked clean. c˙k˙ c˙k˙, k˙mp˙nin: Indian currency (esp. of the British intently, meticulously.'khoyam ka Ð'khoyampass.part: regime, East India Company). , cleaned, picked through. 'chal sDtL [Nep ‘fewer, less’] n: lack- 'k˙l˙i'sîu\ 'k˙l˙i'sîu\ 'li'zya The rice is cleaned (of 'k˙mtiing, being without; inferior. 'kata'ni b˙

stones). 'k˙mti gema'le We’re lacking in nothing. snd [Nep] expr.adv: sudden sGbgLM [Nep k˙nd˙ni] n: the k˙l˙m darkness. , to become dark k˙nd˙nihstring which supports a loin cloth. suddenly. k. jyah-nya , to suddenly sg]ô n: wheat flour (dry or kneaded). make dark (becausek. s˙jah-nya of clouds). k˙neÚ sGyfa/g n: skin ulcer,

snô–Gof vt: to pry. cf. 'g˙lï:-É k˙nthab˙r˙nskin cancer. 'k˙lnya.ïÚ-nyaÉ sfbf} [Nep k˙u‹i] n: a cowrie sn“ô nom: industry, determination, 'k˙odashell sewed to a shaman’s vest. k˙ldiligence.ïÚ~ , (Obj. ) (shamanic,b˙n'pa in to be industrious,k˙lïÚ~ da-nya diligent, intent'yehn-t˙ upon chant)'kowda, cowrie b˙n'ma shells. 'kowda Ðset: . work. Ðadj: , industrious, dil- sk–Gof [Kh *k˙p;seral Him (Chep igent, determined;k˙lïÚ'w~ a hardo— worker. 'k˙p-nyakap- ‘overlay’); TB *kap] vt: 1. to

sNkf;} n: a raspberry-like fruit cover, shelter, protect. , k˙lpas˙i which grows close to the ground. completely cover. 2. tochapak put the ch˙p˙kroof on sd}–Gof [Nep sdfpg' a flat-roofed house. Ðset: . 3. k˙m˙i-nya k˙maunu] vt: 1. to gain, acquire. to conceal, hide from view. cf.chai-nya mo:h-nya.~ , to gain religious , completely (as a blanket of 'd˙hrm˙ k˙m˙i-nya merit. 2. to wield ownership, keep at snowlam lum covering the ground, or clouds cov- one’s disposal. , (of ering the sky). , to keep a 'zyaÚh k˙m˙i-nya a shaman) to keep spirits at his disposal. secret. Ðpass.part:p~aÚ 'k˙p-nya, covered, Ðpass.part: , saved. k˙m˙i'sîu\ protected. 'k˙p's, secret.\îu b˙hri 'odoi'kk˙m˙i'seo\ He squanderedîu\ all he had –sk'k˙p's} loc.case:\îu p~aÚ the lative case saved. -k˙'p˙imarker: ‘up to, as far as,’ as in: 'yem-k˙'p˙i sdfO [Nep ‘earnings’] n: fate, as far as the road. Ðadj: , 'k˙mai destiny. 'meÚmarae~ ya'k˙m˙i— kyaÚ'e~ naÚkhar nominalized form of -k˙'p˙i'kao. Ð[Alt.root 'rasnya It is the destiny of women to (Luk -k˙-t˙k)]. -k˙'p˙i leave their own village (in marriage). skf; [Nep] n: cotton-like fibers sdf/f ] [Nep] n: slave. cf. 'ba:da,~ 'k˙pasaround the seeds of certain plants; hence, k˙maro 'n˙l. any fluffy, cotton-like material. sd]; [Nep sldh k˙mij] n: a sKk/ 5fg [Nep k˙p‹a 'k˙mes shirt (Western style with collar, sleeves, 'k˙pp˙r‘cloth’ ]'chan n: a cloth sieve, a strainer. and buttons). cf. khyo:. sKt n: cause of illness or bad 'k˙pt˙fortune which can be removed only by Kham Dictionary 159 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ shamans. (If located in a person’s body, Ðv.recip: , to embrace. it is removed in the form of dirt, blood, 'k˙r'ss/ô–Gofî-nya\ (var. of: , or pus. If located in a house, it is removed k˙r˙Ú-nyaqv.) k˙r˙p-nya in the form of bones or skulls.) s/ } [Nep s/fxL k˙rahi] n: an iron sKt +} n: hypocrisy, insincere 'k˙r˙icaldron with wire handles, wok. Ðset: k˙pt˙action.~îÚ , insincere, having . o-k˙pt˙îÚ~ 'leo a corrupting influence. , 'ja: s/d (in: , qv.) sincere, without hypocrisy.o-k˙pt˙îÚ~ 'maleo k˙r˙m s/Drf/LraÚh k˙r˙m [Nep sd{rf/L slKt [Nep k˙pÊi ‘false’] n: a 'k˙r˙mcarik˙rm˙cari] n: official, public servant. 'k˙ptihypocrite. s/· [Nep s/ª k˙r˙≥] n: rib. sKTof [ < Kh k˙pt˙î:~ ‘hypocrite’] 'k˙r˙Ð[Kh≥g˙ r˙hm] 'k˙ptyaadj: adulterated (as of ghee with oil added, s/·Øf n: the rafters of a or honey with sugar added). 'k˙r˙pitched≥gya roof. Ðset: . 1. [Nep] force, compulsion, s/ n: s/k–Gof'zihm [Kh *s-kr˙p (Nis 'k˙robligation. , by coercion (lit. ‘with k˙r˙p-nyaskorop)] vt: to pin closed (as a cloak force’). 'k˙rs˙ , ( , ) to by means of a pin). cf. t˙r˙p-nya. apply force'k˙r to s.o. 'l˙i-nya cf. 'g˙hl˙i-nya.-nyat˙ Ðrelated-t˙ s/fô–Gof [Him (Mag kere-khe words: 'j˙b˙r jyasti by violent force, 'k˙raÚ-nya‘cackle,’ Chep kr˙k- ‘cluck,’ Chan kara- kacabul necessarily. ‘cry,’ Tib sgra ‘voice’)] vi.agt: 1. (of a 2 . s/ [Kh *k˙r; Him *kar (Mag hen) to cluck, cackle. 2. (of a snake) to 'k˙r khar, Kai korpa)] n: the wing of a bird, hiss. the outstretched arm of a man, the limb cf–s/f] ô [Tib sgra ‘voice’] n: of a tree. (o)-'k˙raÚcluck of a hen after laying an egg, cackle. 3. s/ n: 1. an edge or appendage s/f–Gof“ vi.pat: (Instr. , 'k˙ron a boulder for catching a pry bar, or k˙rAblt.~aÚ-nya ) to become weak from the lack-e for laying a wall. 2. (fig) the base or of milk'ni (of an infant or young animal). ground for forming an opinion of s.o., a cock crow, as or building evidence against him. o'k˙r –s/f“ num.clsf: -'k˙rin: aÚ~ the first crow, the mad˙iduh'ker˙\ They couldn’t find evi- t˙'k˙raÚ~ neh'k˙raÚ~

dence against him. , of second crow, etc. s.o. difficult to form ano-'k˙r opinion 'maleo of. s/fd–Gof [Kh *s-kram (Mk k˙ram-nyask˙ram)] vi.pat: (of cloth) to become –s/ num.clsf: in: , an arm- slightly scorched when drying by the -'k˙rload. neh'k˙r two arm-loads.'t˙k˙r s~oÚh'k˙r fire. three arm-loads. to patch a fence. s/–Gof vt: 1. to carry on the s/fk–Gof vt: k˙rap-nya 'k˙r-nyashoulder with one arm around it. 2. to eÚhl˙~ 'bar k˙rap'keo\ He patched the fence around the field. put one’s arm around s.o. Ðset: . lap-nya 160 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ s/]ô n: hunger. , to s/Ldf n: type of locust. Ðgen: k˙reÚsatisfy one’s hunger. k˙reÚ s˙ih-nya 'k˙rima . s/]ô–Gof [Kh *kre; Him (Chep t˙ri: kosyo: s/Lk–s/Lk expr.adv: crack- 'k˙reÚ-nyakray- ‘hunger,’ Gur kre, Tib bkres-pa)] 'k˙rip-k˙riping and popping. , to break vi.pat: to hunger. or crack one after k.k.another keÚh-nya with a cracking s/]+ nom: squeak, creak, groan, sound (as of sticks, or popping knuckles). k˙rrasp.eÚ~ , to squeak (esp. of s/ s]k n: (in masonry) a a door).k˙r~eÚ 'ta-nya 'k˙rsmall kep stone slipped under a large one to s/]d [Kh *krem] n: a comb for steady it; wedge, shim. cf. o-rkep. k˙remextracting lice eggs from the hair; louse snL{ô+ n: the Snow Partridge. Ðgen: comb. k˙rlîÚ~ . s/]d–Gof vt: to delouse s.o.’s sya: ba: sNofs{ sNofs{ expr.adv: k˙rem-nyahair using a k˙rem. , to k˙rlyaka wooden, k˙rlyak rattling sound. , delouse one’s own hair.k˙rem'sî-nya\ (of wooden implements) tok.k. make 'ta-nya a rat- s/]/]ô nom: ear of grain, sprout. tling noise. k˙rereÚ , (of a crop) to produce s/f {] [Nep s8f k˙Îa] adj: strict, ears,k˙rereÚ sprout, 'ta-nya bud. k˙rroadamant. su{n–Gof vi.pat: 1. ( s/\l;–Gof v.recip: (see k˙rg˙l-nya‘eye’) to be irritated. 2. to be covetous,'miÚ 'k˙r's).î-nya\ 'k˙r- disgruntled; feel that one has received nya slt{ n: a stick which is batted less than his due. 'k˙rtiback and forth as a game. , s/ u]k n: the fulcrum of a to bat a stick back. 'k˙rti 'kaÚ-nya 'k˙rlever. gep sTof{ n: a long type of gourd. –s/Lô num.clsf: in: , a chunk 'k˙rtya sTofk–Gof{ vt: to pinch or -k˙riÚof meat. t˙k˙riÚ k˙rtyap-nyasqueeze; catch (as in a door). s/Lô n: belt buckle. , to grasp between thekh paws~ïÚye 'k˙riÚ s/Lô–Gof [Kh *krit (Seram (ask˙rtyap-nya of a dog chewing on a bone). Ðvi: 'k˙riÚ-nyakrit-); Him (Chep kret- ‘tear, shred’)] , to get pinched (as a fin- vt: to cut meat into chunks for cooking. k˙rtyap'sger in a door).\î-nya Ðrelated words: cil-nya Ðset: . , small to pinch or nip so as to sever, k˙dem-nya chunks.'kyal-nya phirka phirka to pin down, crush (as by a tree), 'sep-nya s/Lô+ –s/L+ô expr.adv: slight pin in wrestling, 't˙îÚ~ 'j˙i-nya pin in wres-

'k˙rtrembling.îÚ-k˙r~ îÚ~ , to tremble tling. slightly. k.k. 'guÚ-nya s?lGt [Nep k˙r˙~uti] n: saw k˙runti sl/nf n: a bean-like vegetable (for cutting wood). 'k˙rilawhich grows on a vine. s;–Gof [Kh *(s-)k˙s (Mk sk˙s, k˙s-nyaGam s˙k˙‰)] vt: to load a pack animal. Kham Dictionary 161 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 'jak˙nyalai 'lad˙n k˙s'keo\ He loaded the Himalayan Musk Deer. wether with a pack. Ðpass.part: , , the musk sac of the musk'kusturie deer. o'be- loaded. k˙s's\îu na , the tusk of the musk'kus- deer –s; } [Kh (Luk -sk˙i)] loc.case: (wornturie o'dahra as an amulet or piece of jewelry). -k˙'s˙ithe orientative case marker: denoting Ðgen: . Ð[Alt.root (Mk t˙ola)]~ ‘slightly towards, further in the direction s;'sya:¬/ 'ba:[Nep] n: guilty party in a of,’ as in: a-k˙s˙i a bit this direction, k˙surcourt case. chyaÚ ho-k˙s˙i slightly further out, etc. s:of? [Nep k˙sae] n: a worker Ðadj: , the one in the direction 'k˙syaruin brass or bronze. -k˙s˙i'kao of, as in: ak˙s˙i'kao the one closer to sts–sts expr.adv: slight

here. k˙t˙k-k˙t˙kpinching. , to pinch slightly s;d [Nep] n: an oath, vow. (as to attractk.k. attention). cil-nya 'k˙s˙m Ðset: . , to take stnf n: 1. the scales on a fish or 'yahka 'k˙s˙m zya-nya an oath of allegiance (lit. ‘eat an oath’). k˙t˙lasnake. 2. flaky, dry skin. s;/Lô n: a flat rope made of stn“ô dtnô“ expr.adv: 'k˙s˙riÚ wool. Ðset: . k˙t˙lhard-chewing,~ïÚ m˙t˙l~ïÚ non-crisp (esp. of parched 'ce:h~ s;fô adv: hopefully, in the hope grain). cf. 'khao. Ðadj: k˙saÚthat. (Occurs only with the interrogative . k˙t˙lïÚ~ verb affix , as in: k˙sa ma'h~uÚ'wo m˙t˙lïÚ'w~ 1. o— stf}t [Nep] n: gums (of ma- 'lid˙ a'chîm'p˙i— kîÚd˙~ 'n˙i'zyao In the hope 'k˙t˙ot˙the teeth). Ð[Kh 'nihl] that he will come he is waiting until to- 2. stf}t n: the zigzag design day.) 'k˙t˙ot˙cut along the cuff of a shaman’s trousers. ô haply, by chance. s;f /fs adv: st/ [Nep k˙tt˙r ‘plank’] n: the k˙saÚrak˙ k˙saÚrak˙ 'siya, g˙hlaÚyo~ Perchance it may 'k˙t˙rrough, split boards which form the ceiling die, you take it back! of a flat-roofed house. Ðset: .

sl;–Gof [Nep s:g ' k˙snu ‘pull st/fO{; [ < Nep-Eng ‘'zihmcorduroy’] 'k˙si-nyafirm’] to exert one’s strength. vi.agt: k˙t˙raisn: corduroy material. (Usu. with in an adverbial function, st/]ô–Gof vt: to cut hair, as in: b˙n˙i-d˙ 'k˙sid˙ r˙iyo Bring it using 'k˙t˙reÚ-nyacloth, etc. with scissors. Ðset: . all your strength!) st/:of [ < *'k˙t˙r ‘split'kyal-nya board’] sl:s–Gof vi.pat: 1. to become 'k˙t˙rsyan: a small, diminutive person. Ðset: 'k˙ski-nyatight (as of a rope). 2. ( ‘price’) to . Ðadj: , small, di- become expensive. cf. o-e:ho-eÚh 'giso. Ðadj: minutive.p~a:cya:h k˙t˙rsyaso , tight; expensive. Ðvt: 'k˙skiu, to tighten: to make expensive.k˙sk˙i- stjf wfgL{ n: the stan- 'k˙t˙wadard dharni 'dahrni weight. cf. 'chapya. Ðset: nya s;f] adj: tight. cf. pis'o.— k˙s'—o . s:t¬/Lô [Nep k˙sturi] n: the kach˙ 'k˙sturiÚ 162 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ sTjfNof n: a town-crier, herald. of the household. , grain (esp. k~aÚtul 'k˙twalya sy } la/fnf [Nep ‘wooden corn) which is parched, ground, cooked 'k˙th˙icat’] 'biralan: a rat trap which impales its and put in skin bags with a fermenting victim with a small arrow shot from a agent to be used as trail food. 'gohga crossbow. , a meal of boiled cornmeal flour. 'k~aÚ , a rice meal (lit. ‘feast-food’). sf coord: (In constructions like: 'bao zyas'k~aÚ kaka bao z˙'lizya He goes and goes, 'wao sf–Gof“ [Him (Chep kha≥- ‘cook 'k~aÚ-nya ka wao z˙ 'lizya It rains and rains.) in water’)] vt: to stir meal while boiling. Ðrelated words: 'guri-nya in a circular sf–Gof [Kh *ka; TB *ka] v.sta: motion, 'l˙sk˙i-nya towards self against 'ka-nyato be bitter. Ðadj: , bitter. inside of pot to mash lumps, wal-nya sfô [Kh *ka (Mk'kao ka≥ga, Gam kag˙); (of 'cip) towards self in a paddling mo- kaÚTB *ka] n: crow. Ð gen: . tion. sfô [TB *ka ‘bitter’] n:ka: bile, gidd˙ gall. sfa¬ [Nep] n: kept in control. 'kaÚ ô [Kh *ka (Mk ka, Gam cf–sf] 'kabu'gohrae o'yaÚhl˙ j~ïÚh jaÚh dy—a'kin o'ky~aÚ (o)-'kaÚka); TB *ka ‘bitter’] the bile sac on n: b˙hri 'kabu 'tazya If a bit is put into a the liver. horse’s mouth, his whole body is kept 1 . sfô–Gof vt: 1. to catch with in control. 'kaÚ-nyathe hands (as a ball in the air). 2. to sfa¬ dnfô n: earth grub. return a moving ball. , 'kabuÐgen: m˙laÚ . to bat a stick back and forth'k˙rti as 'kaÚ-nyaa game. rwihza sfa wanza ¬ ?OM{ n: grub found in , swift return off the hand (as in 'kabudecayed rwiÚh wood. Ðgen: . volleyball).h˙p 3. to answer for another temporary rwihzarule, replacement. wanza (esp. ). sfr n: kacno belaÚk˙ rugumt˙ lizyao ˙s˙i ao tÉïÚl˙ 'kaÚdya-nya 2. sfô–Gof vt: to beat puwa kacl˙ 'hu'ke At that time the sub-inspector 'kaÚ-nyafiber with a wooden mallet after being of Rukum came as a temporary replace- soaked in a solution of s˙ra: and dried. ment to Taka. sf “ prop.n: an area near Dhorpatan. sfralGb n: a man’s skirt or k~aÚ , the stream running through kac˙b˙ndikilt. ka:~ ~aÚ. khola sfrfan¬ adv: necessarily, abso- sf“ [Kh *(ya)ka≥ (Bhj yak~a, Nis kacabullutely essential. 'kyak~aÚ a,~ Ses yah÷, Mht ka≥); Him *ka~ (Thak , to make s.o. kacabuldo as an obligation.'dao 'p˙r~îÚ- kan, Chep ÷amh, Sun khame)] n: a nya [Nep kaco]~ raw, meal of cooked grain. Ðset: . sfrf] sf“rf] adj: kaco , to cook a meal. 'zyao, heated'k~aÚ uncooked (of food); green (of wood). 'j˙i-nyawater to which ground 'kmeal~aÚkhoi is added. sfRofô lg srL¬ ô expr.adv: kacyaÚ ni kuciÚ , the first fruits of barley harvest dented. , to be full of k.k. 'kurci-nya which'k~aÚ'sÉïÚ are cooked and offered to the elder dents. , to be crumpled and torn (esp.k.k. of cis-nya bamboo baskets). Ðadj: Kham Dictionary 163 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ . sfut [Nep sfuh kag˙j] n: paper, kacyaÚ 1. ni sf5 kuciÚ'w n:— o any unit of weight. kag˙tparchment. kach˙Ðunits of weight: (in weighing grain, etc.) sfô uL2 [Kh ka ‘crow’ + man˙bah half an ana, 'ana one-fourth of kaÚgidd˙ gidd˙ < Nep giddh˙ ‘vulture’] gen.n: a suka, suka one-eighth of a dihm, (four carrion eaters (lit. ‘crow-vultures’). ana) 'athana two suka, (one-fourth of a , the curse of havingkaÚ dihm or eight ana) bisyuÚli four suka, onegidd˙rae’s corpse 'bohgon eaten by vultures. Ðtypes (half a dihm or sixteen ana) t˙-dihm two of: kaÚ crow, gidd˙ vulture, guhrul gidd˙ bisyu:li, (thirty-two ana) 'chapya 'dahrni King Vulture, 'hadya gidd˙ Lammergey- one dihm plus one suka, (thirty-six ana) er, 'kyaÚ~ kyoÚ~ Red Billed Chough. Ðset: 'k˙t˙wa 'dahrni the standard dharni , all living beings. (See (thirty-two ana). Ð in weighing precious ya's'sÉï:)ïÚ— 'leo b˙hri metals: lal one-hundredth of a tohla, 'ana sfM [Kh *ka:h] n: dog. ,

sixteenth of a 'tohla, suka four ana (fourth kaÚhfemale dog, bitch. , pup.kah'ma

of a 'tohla, or twenty-five lal), 'athana , a shepherd dog;kah'za Tibetan mastiff.'gaola half a 'tohla (two suka, or fifty lal), 'tohla kaÚh , a scavenger dog. weight of one Indian silver rupee. 'katha, kaÚhselfish, greedy (lit. ‘dog mentali-kaÚh 2. sf5 n: money owed by one’s ty'batho’). kach˙ debtors. okach˙r˙ 'thaÚ'na~ 'bad˙ 'le He has cf–sf] M“ [Kh *s-ka≥ (Mk sk~a,

gone to collect his debts. ant. . (o)-'kNis sk~aÚha,~ Gam kah≥)] n: 1. barley beards. rin kach˙ , to collect or secure one’s 2. fish or snake bones. debts.j˙hr˙i-nya , to solicit one’s sfMa“ n¬ [Hin k˙mb˙l] n: a debts. kach˙ 'th~aÚ-nya, assets, anything k~aÚhbulheavily napped, thick wool blanket (used owed by'kacha-kachi one’s debtors. ≥a'kacha kachi as a cloak, a sleeping wrap, or a sitting First let my assets g˙h'j˙hrir˙k˙ da ≥ayaÚ~ mat). come in, then I’ll pay you. sf“Ma¬n t¬lk n: a woolen

sf5f n: a share or division of k~aÚhbulskull cap tupi worn especially by shepherds. 'kachameat made according to a particular Ðset: . weight standard. Ðset: . tupi cf–sfM] r]ôª vi.pat: con- -ba:h 1. a small sfbf“ tfln prop.n: (o)-kaÚhtented, minding'ceÚ≥˙ one’s own business. no- 'kvillageaÚda~ tali west of Golkhada. 2. ( in: lai n˙~îÚ ma'cahi, okaÚh 'ceÚra≥˙ z˙ ) the birthplace'k~aÚda of r˙ih'sîzya\ He doesn’t need a friend, he tali, 'syargwa 'b~aÚ Puranchan, the mythical, first shaman. plays contentedly on his own. fat. , sf“lbp adj: 'sfbf n: a wooden bar attached 'k~aÚdiu m˙t˙ m˙t˙ very, excessively. 'kahdato pins or hanging from ceiling which sfMPls afls ';ØL/ functions like a clothes rack. Ðset: . kaeh'k a sour,î— ba'k citrus-likeî— suhrŸ berry ( ‘dog-dung, n: lit. sfxØ\ ¬ n: eyetooth, upper 'zihmcanine bird-dung lemon’). kahhytooth.—u 164 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ sf–\ 'e]+mM:of n: one who is a sfofM] n: a wild root used for kah'jpoor~eÚhsya loser, insists on winning (lit. ‘dog- kahyoÚmaking soap; Dioscorea. winner’). sf\hfé [ < *ka:h ‘dog’ + *za ‘off- sfdf\ [ < *ka:h ‘dog’ + *ma kah'zaspring’] n: a pup, young dog. kah'ma‘female’] n: female dog, bitch. 2. female sf\hfé afhfé gen.n: household horse, mare. kah'zaanimals, baza pets (lit. ‘puppy-chickens’). sfMg–sfMg\ \ expr.adv: filthy, Ðtypes of: 'baza chicken, biraluh domestic kahn-kahndirty. , stiff from dirt. Ðadj: cat, kah'za puppy. Ðset: , k.k. cïÚ-nya~~ , filthy dirty (esp. in: all living beings. (See 'sya'sï:)É ïÚ— 'leo b˙hri kahn kahn'—o ). uriÚh sfOnf+{ [Nep] n: fourth son. 'kahn kahn'o 'sfgg¬ [Nep sfgg' kanun] n: 'kaÐset:îÚla~ . 'kahnunlaw, decree. 'jetha sfhh+ô{ prop.n: a Kham-Magar sf\kf n“" n: a type of heavy kaj˙rjvillageïÚ~ across river from Puchch˙r be- kahpamineral. 'l~uÚ longing to the Hukam Panchayat. sfk¬/LM n: (in weaving) the sflhl;–Gof vi.agt: to go kahpuriÚcloth or beast beam which is in the form kaji'sthroughî-nya\ ceremonial cleansing before ded- of a clamp connected to the backstrap. icating an offering. (One strips off his (As the weaving progresses, the clamp clothing, wraps a towel around his waist, is opened and the unwoven warp is pulled washes in the river, and brings back 'rih- down towards the operator.) sÉï: ‘holy water.’) 'sf/Øfk–sM/Lk ex- sf“h¬nLM [Nep k~ajuli] n: the 'kahryap-k˙hrippr.adv: cracking, snapping sound (of k~aÚjulihshed skin of a snake or reptile. cf. u-li:h. large objects). var. 'karyap-k˙rip, 'k˙rip- , (of a snake) to shed k˙rip. , to break several itskaÚjulih~ skin. pher˙i-nya at a timek.k. with keÚh-nya a snapping sound. sfsnfM [Nep sfs“ f| ] kakro] n: , to snap in two (as of a largek.k. kak˙lahcucumber. kyah-nya stick). sfs/fô ss/ô expr.adv: sf\hé {' n: a small, black berry kak˙raÚstiff. k˙k˙rïÚÉ , to become stiff from kahrzuwhose pit is pressed for oil. var. kahrju:.~ cold, k.k. unable 'gaÚ-nya~ to move. Ðadj: 'sfYof n: 1. the inner, soft . kak˙raÚ 'kahthyaportion of bamboo used only for making k˙k˙rïÚ'wÉ o— sfs/f“ sf]+ expr.adv: the rough partitions. cf. o-'b˙l~a:, o-'sya:. 2. kak˙rsound~aÚ ofk~oÚ a rooster crow. , a partition made of such material. (of a rooster) to crow, makek.k. a crowing 'li-nya sf\o]d prop.n: a trail east of sound. 'bahlya kak˙raÚ~ koÚ~ 'lid˙ 'ko'ke The kah'yYamakhar—em (lit. ‘dog-road’). rooster crowed with a crowing sound. (prov) kah'ya foolish—em sfs/LM venture's˙h˙r mah'y (lit. ‘em— dog-road 's˙h˙r highway, loss- kak˙rih;ØLM/\ afs/LMsŸuhr bak˙rih;ØLM/ \ n:s Ÿuhr (shamanic in road highway’). chant) a sour berry. Kham Dictionary 165 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ sfsf [Nep] n: 1. uncle; father’s baby’s speech). 'kalam-kulum yapaÚzyao~ kakayounger brother. 2. husband of mother’s ≥ath˙i'ke I could hear them speaking in- younger sister (i.e. ). (Within audibly. , to be not clearly the confines of K-M'kanchi marriage con- audible. Ðk.k.adj: th˙i-nya . straints, the members of 1Ð2 intersect.) sfnf'kalam-kulum'ô dn¬ "ô expr.adv:—o crowd- voc.n: term of address by kaka’s recipro- 'kalaÚ-muluÚing, pressing in (esp. of people, but also cals. recip. 'bh˙rca, 'b˙hrci. Ðabbrv: of work, as in: ≥a'yehn b˙n˙i 'kala-mulu (precedes proper name as a title. ka kirs˙nka 'ta'ke\ My work has become pressing.) Uncle Krishna). , to gather in great sfsf“ “ ssÒ“ Ò“ expr.adv: (esp. crowds.'k.m. 'dup's \î-nya , to come in large k~aÚkof a~aÚ road) k~uÚk to~uÚ be rough and full of potholes. numbers.'k.m. Ðadj: 'hu-nya , press- Ðadj: , rough and full ing, crowding, in'kalaÚ-muluÚ'wo large numbers. of potholes.k~aÚk~aÚ k~uÚk~uÚ'w—o sfNtfn sNtn expr.adv: sf“vf]O{ [Kh *ya-ka≥ ‘meal’ + 'kaltal1. totter, 'k˙lt˙l rock, because of rough, uneven 'k*khot~aÚkhoi ‘pot’ (Mk k~a:kh˙i, Nis yak~ako, ground. 2. uneven of ground. Ðadj: Gam ka≥khwe)] n: heated water to , (same). Ðrelated words: which ground meal is added. 'karj'kaltalaÚ~ m˙hrj 'k˙lt˙loïÚ'wo~ rough (esp. of moun-

sfn [Nep ‘deadly peril’] n: (in: tains). 'kal ) death. 'sinya 'kal b˙ ma'hu'ke\ sfNof–sn]ô expr.adv: clean, Death'sinya 'kalwon’t come to him (esp. of one kalya-k˙leÚcleared, healed. , to be- in suffering). [Nep k˙shÊ˙ come totally healed.k.k. g˙r~aÚ-nya , to ‘affliction’], death'kal and k˙sti affliction. scrape completely clean.k.k. piÚh-nya cf–/] sfn\ [Kh (Mk rkal, Bhj sfNof–snM] expr.adv: black- (o)-r'kalrkalum ‘testicle’)] n: penis. cf. katu. 'kalya-k˙lehen. , to grow black (of , (generic, or impersonal form.) an eveningk.k. jyah-nya sky). Ðadj: , Ð'kalvoc.n: slang term of familiar address dark. 'kalya-k˙leh'wo (roughly equivalent to English ‘prick’). sfNof n: 1. a man of dark com- Ð[Alt.root *p-le (Nis lwye < -ole)] 'kalyaplexion. 2. an animal of black coloring. sfnfDAof sf]nf]Da] Ðset: . Ðadj: , dark com- kalambya[Mag kulum-ke kolombe ‘wind up string’] ex- plexioned,'patya black. kalyaso pr.adv: rolling over, into a heap. var. sfd [Nep ‘work’] n: business. kolombe kolombe. , to 'kamkata 'kaml˙ n˙'huÚ'wo~ On what business roll over and over. k.k. 'gol~oÚ-nya, to did you come? Ðset: . fall in a lumbering heap.k.k. 'l˙ndi-nya , useless. 'yehn 'kam sfnfd s¬n¬d expr.adv: 'malagiu sfdNof sfdn] ] expr.adv: 'kalam-kulumnot clearly recognizable (of speech). kam˙lyabound handkom˙le and foot. , to , to speak in a way as to unrec-k.k. bind a person, tying hisk.k. arms ki-nya and legs ognizablep~aÚ-nya (as from a distance, or of a together. 166 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ sfdL [Nep] n: a person of the daughter of a family. kamim˙hr caste who works in metal. cf. m˙hr. 2. sfG5L n: 1. aunt, mother’s sfg– interrog.root: where. 'kanchiyounger sister. 2. wife of father’s young- kan- 1. sfgf [Him (Tib gana)] interrog: er brother (i.e. ). (Within the con- kaka kanawhere to? fines of K-M marriage constraints, the 2 members of 1Ð2 intersect.) voc.n: term . sfgf interj: an expression of of address by 'kanchi's reciprocals. recip. kanauncertainty, as in: 'laÚye ci olaÚ'wo~ kana 'b˙hrca, 'b˙hrci. It seems that a leopard has carried him off! sflG5 k/Øfn prop.n: a 'kanchiclan division 'p˙ryal in the village of Taka. 1. sfgf [Nep kano] n: a person 'kanawho is blind. Ðset: . sfG5Øfª¬nLM n: little finger kanchya≥ulih , the blind and maimed.p~a:cya:h 'kana (lit. ‘youngest finger’). 'd~uÚda 2. sfgf n: 1. a walnut whose sfGbnfM n: a terrace wall. cf. kand˙lah 'kanameat is rotten, shriveled, or non-existent. dihk˙. . 2. a tree which does not sfGbf interrog: where to? in 'kanabear fruit. khas˙i kan'dawhat direction? Ðadj: , of kan'da'≥ao sfgf ef]+Ms/f n: a type what direction? kanaof bumblebee b~oÚhk˙ra (nests underground). sfGs interrog: where at? kank—˙ kank—˙ sfgf sgL¬ ô [Nep kona ‘cor- , nowhere. Ðadj: , of z˙ 'male kan'kao kananer’ ]kuniÚ n: remote, isolated, in a far-flung what place? corner. s˙nsar'l—ao kana kuniÚ≥˙ b˙ sfGsk} interrog: how far?, s˙res'sî'ke\ He was known even in the kank˙p˙ihup to what point? Ðadj: , farthest corners of the earth. of up to what point? kank˙p˙ih'kao sfgf vf]Krf [Nep kuna sfGsLg interrog: away from kanakopca] khopca n: an out-of-the-way place, a kan'kinwhere? Ðadj: , of away from far-flung corner, remote. , where? kan'kin'kao in an out-of-the-way place.kana kuniÚ≥˙ sflGg interrog: 1. from where? , inhabitants of remotekana places. kuniÚ kan'ni2. on which side? Ðadj: , of '≥aor˙ sfG5f [Nep] n: the youngest which side? kan'ni'kao 'kanchason of a family. cf. chyo:'t—ao. voc.n: sfGÅt interrog: on which polite term of address to a boy. kanph˙t˙side (of two)? Ðadj: , of sfG5fs n: special inheritance which side (of two)? kanph˙'tao kanchak˙rights given to the youngest son (usu. sfG/fbf loc: to somewhere, the house of the parents, since it is his kanra'daanywhere. 'nïÚ~ kanra'da n˙ma'bazya Are responsibility to care for them). cf. you going anywhere? jethak˙. sfG/flg loc: from somewhere. 1. sfG5L [Nep] n: the youngest kanra'ni 'kanchi Kham Dictionary 167 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ sfGtLg interrog: down from case marker , as in: baÚh'kîn-'k— ao— kan'tinwhere? Ðadj: , (of) down the one from long-'kin ago, etc. 3. the nom- from where? kan'tin'kao inalizing affix for the ablative case marker sfGtôbf interrog: in which , as in: 'zihm'ni-'kao the one from in -'ni kan'tdirection?ÉïÚ'da Ðadj: , of which the house, etc. 4. the nominalizing affix direction? kan'tÉï'da≥ao for the lative case marker , as in: ak˙p˙i-'kao— the one up to this-k˙'p˙i point, etc. sfGtôlg interrog: on which 5. the nominalizing affix for the com- kan'tsideÉïÚ'ni (of a barrier)? Ðadj: , itative case marker , as in: of which side (of a barrier)?kan'tÉïÚ'ni'kao no-s˙'k| ao— the one with him, etc.-s˙ 6. the nominalizing sf–'g¬Mn af–'g¬Mn n: affix for the orientative case marker , 'kanuhl(shamanic) 'banuhl evil omens which bring mis- as in: ak˙s˙i-'kao— the one a bit this direc--s˙i fortune or calamity. (They include the tion, etc. 7. the nominalizing affix for following: , , zeÚh~ 'kharo 'suÚ 'kharo tam the delative case marker , as in: , .) -'tin 'kharo cikaÚ 'kharo ru'tîn-'k— ao— the one down from above, sfGof t¬lk n: a cap with etc. 'kanya tupi ear flaps. Ðset: . 2 tupi . –sfj v.aff: 1. a nominalizing sfª/f“ expr.adv: leaving only -'kaoaffix for temporal aspect marker 'kaskeleton≥˙r~aÚ behind. , picked ‘when,’ as in: 'si-'kao 'kh˙rc˙ funeral ex--k˙ clean, leaving onlyk. skeleton khya-nya behind (of penses (lit. ‘the expenses of when one vultures). , (same). Ð adj: dies’); 'doÚhd˙~ u'hu'zya-'kao chyam The k. 'khem-nya , skinny. or˙hm 'ka≥˙raÚ'w~ o— day when he came fleeing. 2. a nom- 'ka≥˙r~aÚ'w—o 'lizya He’s skinny (so that his ribs show). inalizing affix for chain medial verbs end- sfª3f\ n: a male dog. ing in , as in: uyuÚ~ hup-d˙-'kao— odo'wo ka≥gah sfª3f\ df+] [Kh (Mk ka≥gah 'yehn the-d˙ work he accomplished through ka‘≥crowgah’ 'm + oÚ~m~o ‘vulture’)] gen.n: crows faith (lit. ‘the he-while-believing-doing and vultures; carrion eaters. var. ka: work’) etc. gidd˙. Ðset: , all living sfjgf n: a cereal crop similar to ya'sïÚ— 'leo b˙hri beings. (See 'sï:)É kaonabarley. cf. r˙i. Ðset: . sfª–ª interrog: where, in what –sfk num.clsf:hata: the number of ka≥≥˙ general area? Ðadj: , of what -kapshoots on a young plant, as in: t˙kap ka≥'≥ao area? (Used commonly when asking one shoot, nehkap two shoots. s.o’s place of residence, as in: 'jeÚ sfk–Gof vt: 1. (Instr. ) to Where are you all from?) ka≥'≥aor˙ kap-nyapick s.th. up (as with tongs, or with-e a 1 . –sfj loc.case: 1. the nominalized pair of sticks). 2. (of a bird) to carry -'kao form of the locative case marker , as s.th. in its beak. in: this one ( ‘the one of here-k˙’). a-'kao— lit. sfknf–sfknf [ < Kh 2. the nominalizing affix for the elative 'kap˙la-kap˙lakap˙lyas-nya ‘to chip, knick’] expr.adv: 168 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ chunky. , split wood into 1. sf/fk–s¬?k [ < Kh large chunks.k.k. seh-nya , break hard karap-kurup'kurup-nya ‘to fold up, collapse’] ex- ground with ak.k. plow. 'kiÚ-nya Ðadj: pr.adv: twisted, doubled-up (as in pain, . 'kap˙la- or from being wrestled down). kap˙la'wo sfkNof;–Gof vi.pat: to , to shrivel up completely.k.k. 'ku- kap˙lyas-nyachip (of a clay pot, axe blade, etc.) Ðadj: rup's\î-nya 2. sf/fk–s¬?k expr.adv: , chipped. Ðn: 1. karap-kurupsound of chomping or crunching. kap˙lyasosomething which is chipped.'kap˙lya 2. a person , to eat quickly with chomping.k.k. with a scar on the forehead. Ðset: k˙i-nya 1. sfuf{ sf]uf] { expr.adv: . 'kargalumpy, 'korgo rough, uneven (of a sleeping p~a:cya:h sfk/Øfs–sk/Ls spot). Ðadj: . 'kap˙ryak-k˙p˙rik expr.adv: with clashing noise. 'karga 2. sfuf 'korgo'wo{ sf]uf] { expr.adv: k.k. , (of bulls or rams) to butt 'kargastiff (of 'korgo leather). Ðadj: . hornsr˙p'sî-nya\ noisily. sfôl/ [Kh *kakri]'karga prop.n: 'korgo'wo a Kham- sflKr [Kh (Mk skap, Nis skap, kaÚ'riMagar village west of Lukum in the Ru- kap'ci Gam k˙)] n: bamboo pincers (esp. for kum District; approx. pop. 1250. (S.I. picking nettles, or coals from the fire). K—akrig—aon.) , male inhabitant sfKRofuf [Kh (Gam ga ‘ea- of the village of'k˙k˙ryal Kakrig— aon.— , 'kapcya'gagle’)] n: Dark Kite. Ð gen: . female inhabitant of the'k˙k˙ryalni village of sfKRof;–Gof 'la: [Kh 'ga: *kap; Kakrig— aon.— kapcyas-nyaTB *kap ‘fork’] vi.pat: to fork (as the sfl/of efs [Nep kariya branch of a tree). cf. 'khar-nya. Ðadj: 'kariyabhag] 'bahkn: acting chief (appointed as dep- , forked. cf. 'kharo. Ðn: uty in pradhan’s absence). haÚh belaÚkao kapcyaso, something which is forked. 'kap- 'kariya 'bahk p˙rdahn te lucim˙n z˙ oleo cya , crossroads, fork in the road.'yem The acting pradhan at that time was Luchi (Of'kapcya special significance in witchcraft and Man. shamanism.) sfhf +{ dh+ô{ expr.adv: rug- sfk s¬k expr.adv: 1. (of a karjged,aÚ~ jagged,'m˙rjïÚ~ rough (of mountains, or of kaptrail) 'kup to be covered over by thick growth. an uneven trail). Ðadj: . 2. (of fog) covering everything in mirky sfnf{ karjlg saÚ~ ¬¬n 'm˙rj¬{ expr.adv:ïÚ'wo~ darkness. Ðadj: . 'karlasound ni of 'kurlu swallowing. , to kap 'kub'o sf/f 3f/ [Nep] n: jail, gulp down. k.k. gal-nya kara 'gahr prison. sfnfk–s{ n¬¬ k{¬ expr.adv: sf/fj interrog: 1. why? for what karlap-kurlupgreedily, selfishly. 1. to karaocause? cf. katae uju:'ni.~ 2. a reply when eat selfishly, more thank.k. one zya-nya’s due portion. one’s name is called. (An ellipsis for: 2. (of a fire out of control) greedily eating ‘Why do you call?’). everything it its way. Kham Dictionary 169 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ sf/Øfk s/Lk expr.adv: 3. sftf interj: 1. an exclamation karyapcracking, k˙rip snapping sound (of small ob- katadenoting defensiveness, as in: kata, 'nïÚlai~ jects). var. 'kahryap-k˙hrip, 'k˙rip-k˙rip. mayazyao '≥aÚ'ro What! Do you think I , to break several at a time am the one not giving it to you? 2. an k.k.with keÚh-nyaa snapping sound. , exclamation of surprise or intensity, as to snap in two (as of k.k. a stick). kyah-nya in: kata 'g˙hri n˙'h~uÚ'wo How soon you , of members in a family tok.k. die came! kata naÚh cao How nice! off'mol-nya one after another. sftfP interrog: why? for what sfô;f expr.adv: light (from being kataereason? (lit. ‘of what?’), as in: katae kaÚsaheavy, as of a load being used up). n˙g˙hr'zyao Why do you cry? 1. to become light after beingk. , for what reason? for whatkatae pur- heavy.bom-nya 2. to be refreshed (of the body). ujpose?~uÚ'ni katae ujuÚ'ni~ 'n˙i o'j˙i'wo For what ≥akyaÚr˙~ kaÚsa bom'ke\ I am refreshed in reason did he do that? body. sftf–s interrog: where? at what sf;f“ [Nep kaso]~ n: bronze. katak˙place? Ðadj: , of what place? 'k~aÚsa sf“;ô n: the first fruits of barley sftf–stkata'kaoô expr.adv: hard, 'kharvest~aÚ'sÉïÚ which are cooked and offered to 'kata-k˙ttight. ÉïÚ , frozen hard (of the elder of the household. soil). k.k. j˙m-nya, to clench the teeth sf:of“ [ < Nep k~asa ‘bronze’] n: tightly.k.k. upulk˙ s˙j˙m-nya namk˙ p˙chari's\îd˙, 'ka~aÚsya person with slightly red colored eyes. o'haÚr˙ kata k˙tïÚÉ s˙j˙md˙, o'yaÚh'ni phwiÚ Ðset: . Ðadj: , red eyed. g˙jya op˙leÚ'zyao When he had a seizure,

1p. ~a:cya:h sftf interrog:k~aÚsyaso what? he would cast himself to the ground, kata , what all? as in: n˙l˙ kata katakata clench his teeth tightly, and foam at the katau'li'zyao What all is in there? mouth. Ðadj: , hard to plow (because of'kata-k˙t frozen soil).ÉïÚ'wo 2. sftf indef.adv: whatever. kata, nothing, as in: kata z˙ gemad˙iekataWe sftfsfj indef.adv: some place, kata'kao foundz˙ nothing. (lit. ‘we did not find what- as in: kata'kao— 'meÚma~ tubu 'hud˙ wahsïÚÉ ever’). , something, anything, as nih'keo\ A woman of some place came

in: katar˙katar˙ n˙mad˙ie Did you find any- and asked for medicine. thing? , some unknown place. sftfsLg interrog: away from katara, from ≥somewhere,˙ as in: kata'ni kata'kinwhat place? tubukata'ni 'hu'ke\ One came from somewhere. sftf–n interrog: where? in what , some place, as in: kata'kao— katal˙place? Ðadj: , of what place? 'mkata'k~eÚma—ao tubu 'hud˙ wahsÉïÚ nih'k\eo A sftfnfjkata'lao interj: an expression woman of some place came and asked kata'laoof critisism, as in: kata'lao— 'miÚ nitao What for medicine. , an expression sort of a person is that! kata'lao— of critisism, as in: kata'lao— 'miÚ nitao What sftf dfMlt“ expr.adv:

sort of a person is that! katato be m ~aÚhtitroubled, ('y~uÚ) displeased. kata maÚhti~ 170 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ma≥˙m'sî-nya\ to be unimpressed, con- sftf“ ] [Nep sf“6L k~aÊi] n: a steel sider as nothing kata m~aÚhti m˙ni ˙iz˙ k~aÚtonail. gematae We were completely uncon- sft ¬ n: penis (esp. of a child). cf.

cerned. katuo-r'kal. 1 . sftflg interrog: 1. from sft“ n¬ n: grain (esp. corn) which kata'ni where? from what place? 2. how? as in: k~aÚtulis parched, ground, cooked, and put in kata'ni os˙îÚ'wo~ How did he know? Ðadj: skin bags with a fermenting agent to be

, of which side? used as trail food. kata'ni'kao2 . sftflg indef.adv: from some- sfTofd–stLd expr.adv: kata'ni where, as in: kata'ni tubu 'hu'ke\ One came 'katyam-k˙timone after another, in succession.

from somewhere. , to die in close succession (esp.k.k. sftf lg sftfj adj: a members'si-nya of a single household). kata ni katao misfit in society (lit. ‘what of-what’). sfyf adj: 1. (of a man) without var. kant˙ 'tanya ni kant˙ 'tanya. 'kathachildren. 2. (of a Brahman) always on sftf–ª interrog: what general the lookout for handouts. 3. (of a dog) kataarea?≥˙ Ðadj: , of what general scavenger. , scavenger dog. kata'≥ao area? 'katha sfjf kaÚh“ lg hLjfé “ expr.adv: sftf–/ indef.adv: something, kawsobbing,~aÚ ni ziw wailing.~aÚ var. kawa zima. katar˙anything, whatever, as in: katar˙ , (of a crowd) to cry with greatk.z. n˙mad˙ie Did you find anything? sobs.g˙hr-nya Ðadj: , crying, sftf/f–ª indef.adv: some un- whining. kawkawaÚ~ ni~aÚ ziwni ziwaÚ'w~ ~aÚ'wol˙— te—o ≥ama'le kataraknown≥˙ place. I won’t stay around all this crying. sftf–t interrog: 1. upon what –s] v.aff: the immediate imperative katat˙place? 2. by what means, as in: katat˙ -kesuffix, as in: r˙i-ke Bring it (now)! cf. o'≥a'sî'zyao\ Upon what does he support -yo. himself? –s] v.aff: 1. the eventive, perfective sftf hé indef.adv: whatever. -'kaspecte\ marker, as in: 'ba'ke\ He left. 2. kata z˙ , nothing, as in: kata z˙ gemad˙ie the future tense marker in interrogative kataWe found z˙ nothing. (lit. ‘we did not find mood, as in: n˙ma'ba'ke\ Will you go? whatever’) –s]ô num.clsf: in: , a small sflt–Gof [Nep sf6g\ ' kaÊnu ‘to -keÚpiece, a tiny chunk. t˙keÚ, small, min- kati-nyacut’] vt: 1. to erase, cancel. iature. t˙keÚza , to cross a pass. 2. (in: 'cheda s]+ expr.adv: whole. , to kati-nya) to endure difficulty,'h˙ttya rigors 'kswallow~eÚ whole withoutk. gal-nya chewing. (kati-nyaesp. in asceticism). manyahmd˙ z˙ 'keÚ~ gal'keo He swallowed sftLô [Nep sflQs kattik] n: the it without chewing. katiÚseventh month of the Nepali calendar, s]M–Gof [Kh *s-kle(t) (Mk sk˙le, mid-October to mid-November. keÚh-nyaGam kle, Kot k˙lai÷); Him (Chep kl˙yh- Kham Dictionary 171 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ‘break, snap’)] vt: 1. to break in two, tral university). snap. , very small sticks, sª/] ]ô–sª/] ]ô expr.adv: with a crackingcaryap c˙ripsound. , 'kestraining,≥˙reÚ-ke ≥with˙reÚ difficulty. large sticks. gahryap g˙hrip, large , to carry with difficulty.k.k. 'guhr- 'kahryap-k˙hrip sticks. , small sticks. nya s]k n: 1. a V-shaped clamp used 'karyap-k˙rip , with a cracking, popping kepfor castrating livestock. 2. (in weaving) 'k˙rip-k˙rip sound. , of very dry, large one of the clamps on a loom. Ðset: . sticks. p˙toÚ ki p˙toÚ , break clean into cf–/] s\ k] n: 1. a wedge or'tana shim separatethunka pieces. thunka 2. to harvest corn. 3. (o)-rkepdriven into an axe handle, etc. cf. o-r'pep. ( ‘patience’) to cause to lose patience. 2. (var. of: , qv.) 4.'nal ( ‘water’) to divert into another s]k–Gof'k˙r kep vt: to put out of the channel.'riÚh 5. ( ‘hand’) to crack one’s kep-nyaway (as a staff in the rafters). Ðpass.part: knuckles (esp.'kwiÚ with ‘with , stored in rafters. a popping sound’). 6.'k˙rip-k˙rip ( ‘heart’) kep's\îu s3] M{] n: lecher. 's]MuTof n: 1. a'y fighting~uÚ chicken kergeÚh, to put oneself forwardkergeÚh in an 'j˙i's unde-î-\ 'kehg˙tyawhich walks around with wings slightly sirablenya way. spread. 2. a drunk who staggers about , the'dahm forcingeÚ~ kergeÚhof oneself ± 'dah'pa on the in such a manner. Ðadj: . oppositekergeÚh sex. ozaÚr˙ naÚh 'li'zyaot˙ b˙ ' kehg˙tyaso 1. of a fighting s]Mu]t]j adj: 'dah'pa kergeÚh 'j˙i'sî'zya\ Even with his 'kehgeteÚ'wo chicken which walks around with wings children being so many, he keeps on slightly spread. 2. of a drunk who stag- playing the lecher. Ðadj: , gers about in such a manner. var. ke- lecherous. kergeÚh'w—o hg˙tyaso. –s/Øf] v.aff: the third person

's]M–s]M expr.adv: by the hand- -keryaplural speculative morpheme, as in: 'keÚh-keÚhful, fistful. to pull vt: 'j˙i'zya'kerya\ They’re probably making k.k. khulk˙i-nya tufts of hair, wool, or grass by the hand- it. ful. cf–/] s\ ;] n: an elastic or adhesive

's]+M–s]+M expr.adv: the sound (o)-r'kconsistencyes\ (in bread dough). 'k~eÚh-k~eÚh of a fart. , to fart loudly , to bring out the right consisten-o-r'kes\ k.k. s˙ki-nya on purpose. , to fart loud- cyhai-nya in bread dough. ly. k.k. yuÚ'sî-nya\ s];–Gof [Kh *kles (Mk k˙les, gulping, ssf–s] sf] expr.adv: kes-nyaGem kle, Ghus ke)] vi.agt: to arrive. 'keka-keka glugging sound. , to gulp , quickly, suddenly. k.k. 'chaÚ-nya water from a spout with a glugging t˙p˙lyak, to approach a place. kes'h—u- sound. nya ls [Nep] coord: or. cf. 'ki t˙r˙. s]Dkf]; [Nep < Eng campus] n: 'ki 1. ls–Gof [Kh *s-ki (Mk ski, kemposcollege, post high-school (usu. a rural ki-nyaNis ski:); Him (Chep kik- ‘bind,’ Chan campus which is an extension of the cen- khi- ‘tie’); TB *kik] vt: to bind a person, 172 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ tying his arms and legs together. Ðset: tion, choking, suffocation. . , bound hand , (of an animal) to choke kikfrom kik having 'ta- andpo:-nya foot. kam˙lya kom˙le, susceptible to anya noose too tight around the neck. kik being boundki's (lit.\î nihnya ‘begging a binding’). kik 'tad˙ 'kild˙ 'si'ke\ He died by having Ðpass.part: , bound. ukh~ïÚ u'kwiÚ the noose twisted too tight. ki'sîu\ boundki's hand\îu and foot. , to choke from laughing.kik kik 2. ls–Gof vt: (Agt. 'tad˙ lsssas-nya“Ò [ < *kli ‘feces’ + *ku≥ ‘hole’ ki-nya‘everything’, Obj. ‘person’) topa prosper,~îÚh-ye 'kik(Mk~uÚ k˙lik~u)] n: the anus. cf. cak~u:. have success. nolai paîÚh-ye~ ukiu He is (fig) flatter s.o. in a self-deprecating way. successful at everything. cf. goi-nya. u'kikuÚt˙~ bor bor mwiÚhzya He’s blowing ls–Gof [Kh *ki] vt: to pick or up his butt-hole. 'ki-nyapluck (as fruit or nettle leaves). p–/\sLn n: the twist on a rope. –ls v.aff: (allomorph of: , occur- (u)-r'kil , to put twist into a rope. -'kiring before the dual marker -'k).e\ u-r'kil hai-nya , to treat a rope so as u-r'kil s˙ih-nya sLô [Kh *kli (Mk k˙li, Nis-'ni kli, Gam not to knot or double up under the tension 'kiÚkli); Him (Chep kli÷); TB *kl˙y] n: feces, of its twist (lit. ‘to kill it’s twist’). cf. dung. , iron slag. cf. kit˙:. ri:h-nya. j~ïÚh-ye, dung-maggot. u'kiÚ sLn–Gof [Kh *kil; TB *kiôl] vt: 'kil-nya 'kiÚ rwiÚh sLô–Gof [Kh *s-kit (Mk ski:, to twist the strands of a rope together. 'kiÚ-nyaNis skit, Bhj skit)] vt: to plow a field. , to twist and turn (on its own). 'kil'sî-nya\ Ðpass.part: , plowed. , (of snow) to whirlbuhr buhr and twist'kil's \î-nya about. sL+ô'kiÚ's–Gof \îu [Kh *klin (Mk k˙l~e, Ðpass.part: , twisted. Ðrelated words: 'p˙ih- k~îÚ-nyaNis klen, Gam klyi)] vt: to wait for 'kil'stwistîu\ lengths of string onto spool, s.o. nya ph˙rleÚ-nya twist, turn, w˙hn-nya twist 1. lsM–Gof [Kh *klik (Mk k˙li, strands of thread together. kih-nyaNis kli, Gam kli, Kot k˙lyu÷); Him (Khal [Nep kilo] a wooden ki ‘argue’)] vi.agt: to cry out, make a lsnf n: 'kila sound (as an animal, or a running engine). stake. cf. 'nakira. , (fig, u-'kila 'maleo , screaming. , mooing of of a person) unstable, easily swayed (lit. circows. cir , (ofkw ~aÚwater) to roar ‘without stakes’). with a rushing'syoÚh-syoÚh sound. , mooing lsdô" n: a wild mulberry. also: kimuÚ of buffalo. w~aÚ w~aÚ h˙î:syo.~ 1 2. lsM–Gof vt: 1. to call or ask . –sLg [Mag ita-ki≥ ‘from here,’ -'kin kih-nyafor s.o. cf. khul-nya. 2. to make com- ati-ki≥ ‘from there’] loc.case: 1. the plaint. n˙'leok˙ tubu ≥akih'zya I am lodg- elative case marker: ‘away from,’ as in: ing a complaint with you. 'zihm'kin a≥˙'p˙i 'hu'ke\ He came from the house to here. (Affixed to deictic prim- sLs–sLs [ ? < TB *kik ‘tie, itives and locative roots to form complex 'kik-kikbind’] expr.adv: the sound of strangula- Kham Dictionary 173 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ adverbial phrases, as in: a-'kin from here, , to make an oath. baÚh-'kin from long ago, kan-'kin from jaÚh-nya , to go back on a promiseu-'kiryal˙ (esp. where, me-'kin from below, etc.) 2. the to'budi-nya get out by clever means). Ðset: comparative marker, as in: ≥aÚ'kin . 'phisko 'khyoÚ'wo 'li'zya He is taller than I, 'j˙i-nya 2. ls/Øf [Nep lsl/of kiriya 'zihm'kin ho'da— further than the house, 'kirya‘oath’] n: funeral obsequies performed etc. 3. after, as in: n˙-'kin after that, several months after death (for cleansing jaÚ-'kin~ after a while, o'bao-'kin after he the village of the dead person’s soul). went, etc. 4. since, as in: ≥ah'da-'kin cf. 'sï:É khya-nya. Ðrelated words: 'gohto since from before, etc. Ðadj: , funeral obsequies performed several the nominalized form of the elative-'kin'kao , months after death, 'sïÚÉ khya-nya to cast as in: n˙-'kin'kao the one after -'kin that, away spirit of the dead in an after-death achim-'kin'kao the one after today ceremony.

≥ah'da-'kin'kao miÚr˙ the men of former lsl;d [Nep] n: kind, type, sort.

times, etc. 'kisimn˙'lao— 'miÚr˙ neh'kisim 'tazya The people 2. –sLg v.aff: the subjunctive of that place are of two types. -'kin mood: ‘if’ as in: 'jeÚ joÚs˙ nehblo 'kwaÚ lsl:t n: a boat. u'li-'kin 'maleolai tubu oeok˙If any among kisti ls:of [ < *ki's\îu ‘bound’] n: a you has two sets of clothing, let him 'kisyacripple, paralytic. Ðset: . give one to him who has not. lstô n: the cooled,p~a:cya:h lava-like slag the third person –lsGof v.aff: kit˙Úoff molten copper or iron. cf. j~ï:h-ye -kinya dual speculative morpheme, as in: u'ki:. 'hu'zya-kinya They (dl.) are probably ls t/ coord: else, otherwise, coming. cf. -kerya. 'kior. t˙r˙ 'cao 'miÚye o'yehn ≥ah'da z˙ r˙îÚh'zya,~ [Nep] rent. ls/fof n: s˙h˙rl˙ ki t˙r˙ a'chîm— omar˙îÚhdi~ b˙ t˙chaÚ 'ju'ni 'kiraya He 'zihme 'kiraya phoÚd˙ nehrim 'li'ke b˙ r˙~îÚhnya z˙ 'le A good man’s work

lived in the city two years paying house shows from the beginning; else even if rent. it doesn’t show today, it will certainly lsl/–Gof [Nep s]g{' kernu] vt: show one day. 'kiri-nyato strike out, cancel. cf. 'kyal-nya. 1 . lstfj interrog: what kind? lsl/ ldl/p adj: 1. (of a kitaowhat type? what quality? or≥˙m kitao 'kiri miri'—u dove’s eyes) beautiful, lovely. 2. beauti- How is its taste? , (individ- ful, lovely, handsome (esp. of a girl). ually) what were allkitao the types?kitao sLô ?O{M n: dung-maggot. 2. lstfj corelative: like, as, in 'kiÚ rwiÚh Ðgen: . kitaothe way that, as in: kitao miÚr˙ 'laÚ 'rïÚhd˙~ 1 rwihza wanza . ls/Øf [Nep lsl/of kiriya] n: ya'cheÚ'zyao, hitaoz˙... In the same way 'kiryaan oath, promise. Ðset: . that men are afraid of leopards, so also... 'yahka 'kirya 174 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 3. lstfj interj: an exclamatory mony, goÚda~ khya-nya ceremony for cast- kitaoexpression, as in: kitao dukh˙r˙ ≥ad˙i'ke\ ing away defilement, gor oÚ-nya~ ceremony What difficulties I encountered! for prevention of illness, 'jahri-nya suck

lstfjlg interrog: in what way? in evil and blow it away, riÚh dum'na-nya kitao'nias in: kitao'ni phal'o'ke\ How will he judge ecstatic night journey to entrance of un- them (as guilty or not guilty)? derworld to gather up evil spells and omens, satal˙ 'p˙si-nya entering a trance, lstfk [Nep] n: book. cf. postoko. 'satu hai-nya to retrieve a soul, 'simya kitap lsltln [Nep kitli] n: an aluminum khya-nya ceremony for prevention of pa- kitilitea kettle. ralysis, 'sïÚÉ khya-nya after-death ceremo- ô [Kh *r-k˙k (Mk rk˙, Luk p–s ny, 'thumbu 'j˙i-nya ceremony for incar- (u)-'kk˙k);ÉïÚ TB *(r-)kyak ‘excrement’] grass n: cerating spirits, 'yan-nya to retrieve a soul and excrement in the intestine of a slaugh- from the underworld. tered animal. sf–Gof] [Kh *go (Bhj o); Him ô leaning, inclined. s“ expr.adv: 'ko-nya(Mag gwa, Chep go)] vi.agt: (of a 'k~ïÚ 'k~ïÚ , to be leaned against something. cock) to crow. , to be 'li-nya , to lean against something. the time of the cock-crow.'konya 'ta-nya b˙hrza 'konya 'kïÚ~ da-nya , to lean s.th. against s.th. 'tad˙ le It is barely the time of the cock- 'k~ïÚ 'j˙i-nya Ðredup: , slightly leaning, in- crow. clined. 'k~ïÚ-k~ïÚ , to go slightly uphill sf]ô–Gof [Kh *kok (Nis ko:, (of a road).k.k. 'ba-nya Ðadj: , inclined, koÚ-nya-kok-); TB *kuôk] vt: 1. to skin, peel uphill. 'k~ïÚ-k~ïÚ'wo off. , quickly and neatly. ô [Nep] a pauper. s“ ufln n: , (same).car ni c˙r var. c˙r. 2. (fig) of strongc˙r 'kïÚgali~ sM–Gof vt: (of a shaman) to c˙rliquor to burn the throat. 3. to be clawed kÉïÚh-nya perform a healing seance for his patient. by a bear. 4. to clear. , , to have a healing seance for the sky to clear. 'n˙m koÚ-nya, to kÉïÚh's\î-nya performed for oneself (by a shaman). clear off a new field. Ðpass.part:'ihj˙r koÚ-nya , Ðshaman ceremonies include the follow- peeled, skinned. koÚ's\îu ing: 'b˙l kÉïÚh scape-goat sacrifice, sf]efM adv: anyone, anything boÚh's\î-nya shaman ’s public initiation kobaÚh(indiscriminately). kohÚba kohbaÚ paÚ'zya~ ceremony, c˙l-nya to test a novice sha- He says just anything. kohbaÚs˙ syaÚ'zya~ man’s familiar spirits, sha- caÚ s˙rahl-nya She sleeps with just anybody. man flower arranging ceremony, 'charya sfRof] ô–Gof vt: to crush or khya-nya ceremony to prevent arthritic kocyaÚ-nyasmash an old pot into a dense chunk for condition, 'dauhwa ecstatic journey to the remaking in a forge. underworld, 'd~oÚhwaÚr˙ 'chudya-nya to [ < Kh ko- invoke spirits, 'el baÚh-nya winnowing- sfRof–sf] Rof] kocya-kocyacya:-nya ‘to crush an old pot into a dense tray ceremony, g˙l-nya wild-boar cere-

Kham Dictionary 175 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ mass’] expr.adv: pulverized. or four years. (Has not yet borne a calf). , to smash to a pulp. k.k. rum- 'sftf] M] expr.adv: soundly struck. nya sf]bfnLM [Nep kodali] n: a 'kohtoÚ , to be hit, struck (as by a kodalihsmall hand-pick. thrownk. nas-nya stone). sf]bf]d [Kh (Mk kodom, Gam sfO] –Gof{ vt: (of a snag) to rip a kodomkodo≥)] n: a bamboo basket with a lid koi-nyahole in clothing. 'kwaÚlai 'zuÚye koi'k\eo (for storing clothes). Ðset: . The thorn tore the clothing. Ðset: . sf]bf]dkfM [Kh (Mkbe:h kodom- sfO] j{ adj: high (of a placecis-nya from kodompahphu, Gam kotomplya)] n: variety of koi'wwhich—o everything is visible). large grasshopper (does not fly). Ðgen: sfO] +hfé{ n: 1. (only where ego is . 'kofemale)îÚ'za~ younger brother’s wife. 2. hus- t˙ri: kosyo: sf]u]–sf]u] expr.adv: sore band’s younger sister. recip. marum. 'koge-kogewith spread feet. , to go sfsNof] n: Crow-Pheasant or with feet spread likek.k. a sore 'ba-nya cowboy. 'kok˙lyaCoucal. Ðgen: . sfuf] /f] tf] ô] j adj: (of leath- sf +] sf'sya: sf +] expr.adv: 'ba: coughing, 'kogorotoÚ'woer) shrunk up, shriveled, stiff. koÚ~ hacking ka koÚ~ sound. , to sf]uf]/Øf;–Gof vi.pat: (of cough with much hacking.k.k. 'khasi-nya kogoryas-nyaleather) to become hard and inflexible. sf]v [Nep] n: womb, the body’s Ðadj: , (of leather) hard, stiff, kokh˙internal cavity. cf. za's\îp. inflexible.kogoryaso cf. khya≥gya:~ khe≥ge:'w~ o.— ant. , to restore a woman tokokha child- 'mwi:liu. bearing.ugar˙i-nya sfRofM–Gof] vt: to throw a sf]vf [Nep] n: armpit. Ð[Kh kohcyaÚ-nyastone. (Usu. in: 'l~uÚ kohcyaÚnya waÚhk˙ 'kokha(o)-rla:] at about a stone’s throw.) Ðset: sfn] prop.n: a Kham-Magar village, johm- . kolRukum District; approx. pop 1250. (S.I. nya sfn] M] n: oats. Ðset: . Koala.) , male inhabitant of Koala. kohleÚ sfxf] ] n: fog, mist. hata: , 'koral, female inhabitant of Koala. 'kohofog, gloom, murkiness. 'koho '≥was, 'koralni sfnf] ô–Gof vt: 1. to extract the precipitation from fog'kohoe (lit. u'jihs‘fog’s kolaÚ-nyas.th. using an instrument (esp. from liq- urine’). uid). cf. hai-nya. 2. to hollow out. sfxf] /Øf] (see ). Ðpass.part: 1. extracted. 2. (of 'kohorya 'sf]/]M expr.adv:ek with'kohorya a quick, a trail) withkolaÚ's lots of\îu ins and outs. 'kohreÚgrabbing motion. var. 'kohre:-kohre:. sfnf–sf] nf] [ < Kh kola:-nya , to quickly snatch at, clutch,k. 'kola-kola‘hollow out’] expr.adv: anger, vexation, grab.'jyam-nya , to quickly scratch or irritation, annoyance. claw at.k. pur-nya , to become angry,'y ~uÚvexed, 'kola-kola irritat- 'sfnf] { n: a young heifer of three ed.'ta-nya Ðadj: , annoying. ao 'kohrla 'kola-kola'wo 176 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ b˙n˙i ≥a'yuÚ~ 'kola-kola'wo 'miÚ 'lizya This sf/fn] prop.n: male inhabitant of person is really annoying to me. 'koralKoala. , female inhabitant of sf]nfkLM [Kh (Mk golapi)] n: Koala. 'koralni kolapihmoth or butterfly. Ðgen: . sf/fnLM] n: peach tree. kosyo: kolapih sfnf] ôl;p [ < Kh kola:-nya koralih sfsf] { [Him (Chep korka ‘basket’)] 'kolaÚ's‘hollow\îu out’] adj: (of a road) slow to 'korkn: a\a small basket (esp. for throwing dirt travel because of all the ins and outs from a hole). Ðset: . caused by side streams and hollows. ant. sfsf] { afbe:h“ n: Shera’s winter 'johrŸ johro.Ÿ 'korkpasturage\a 'b~aÚ for cattle. sfN5Øf] “ temp.adv: three days sf/] n\ + } nom: greed, esp. in regard kolchy~aÚ after tomorrow, four days hence. Ðset: korl˙to food.îÚ~ Ðset: . , . to act with greed.'luhbi korl˙~îÚ da-nya a'chîm— sfnf] ] [Nep kol] n: an oil press. –sf/] nf\ ] num.clsf: in: , a kolo sfnf] Da] ] sfnf] Da] ] (var. -'korlosmall chunk or lump of food (esp.'tokorlo tossed kolombeof: kolombe , qv.) to a dog). kalambya kolombe sfgf] n: crowing. , sf/] Nof\ n: one who is greedy 'konacock-crow. 'bahlya 'kona'bahlya waÚhk˙ kona'ba'ke 'korlya(esp. in regard to food). Ðset: . He left at about the time of the cock-crow. sf/f] k–Gof] [Kh *s-krop'luhbi (Nis Ðadj: , cock-crowing 'korop-nyaskorop)] vt: (Obj. ‘cloth’) to close a 'bahlya 'konao time. 'bahlya 'konaok˙ 'ta'ke It happened hole in cloth by sewing its edges together.

at cock-crowing time. Ðset: . Ð vi: to sfgf] ô [Nep sgf' kuna] n: 1. wrinkle'tali-nya (of clothing,'korop's wetted\î-nya paper, or an konaÚcorner. 2. a remote place cf. kana khopca. old person’s skin). ≥asyaÚr˙ 'korop'sî'k\ e\ cf–sf] Gof] n: the inside corner My flesh has become wrinkled. (o)-konyaof two adjoining walls. ant. o-'pa:. Ðset: Ðpass.part: , wrinkled. . sf'korop's/f] KRof] n:\îu a wrinkle, a scar. 'zihm sf·f] ] (see ). 'koropcya , a person with a scar 'ko≥go 'sfkf] /fM] 'sya'ko [Nep kop˙ra]≥go n: cop- on'patya the face.'koropcya Ðset: . Ðadj: 'koporahper pot with a slightly narrowed mouth , wrinkled,p~a:cya:h scarred; showingko- (used for cooking meal). Ðset: . signsropcyaso of being stitched up. sf/–Gof] vt: 1. to peel'ja: clothing sf/f] { n: whip, scourge, lash. ceÚh~ kor-nyaso body is exposed (as in dropping pants, 'korrar˙id˙ 'korra tubu 'j˙i'keo Taking a cord lifting skirt, rolling up pant legs). 2. to he made a whip. cf. 'syakora. bare the body, as in: 'p˙gil kor-nya to 1. sf]; [Nep] n: a distance of bare the butt. Ðpass.part: , bared. kosabout two miles. sf/f] n: a type ofkor's cheese-cloth\îu 2. sf]; [Nep sf]z kosh] n: a fund 'koraused for banners, flags, etc. cf. 'tul. kosor treasury. Kham Dictionary 177 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ sf];–Gof vi.pat: to peel off. trinkets. (He uses is as a special walking kos-nya , right off, in large sections. stick when called to do ceremony for a car ni c˙r, (same). var. c˙r. patient.) cf. 's˙r. Ðset: . (fig)c˙r c˙r in the likeness of onecar’s fatherc˙r kos'o (lit. sf]hfOé { adv: almost,'ja:hk˙ri~ nearly. ja:r˙ cf. ‘peeled right off’). Ðvt: . kozaithokoi, j˙p. , nearly (in sf];} adv: more, morekoÚ-nya than neces- amount), as in: kozai mani mani t˙'s˙i'wa ya'leo kos˙isary. , not many. There were nearly a hundred there. 1 kos˙i 'male sf];f]n sf];f]nf] adj: . s–Gof¬ [Kh *ku; Mag khus-ke; 'kosolsmooth, 'kosol' clean-skinned—o (as of some pota- 'ku-nyaTB *r-k˙w] vt: to steal, rob. toes). cf. zulŸ zul'Ÿ o.— , to obtain s.th. by illictly using'min 'ku-nya sf:of] ]ô sf]nfkLM gen.n: the authority of another’s name (lit. ‘steal kosyoÚthe class kolapih of flying, non-biting insects; a name’). Ðpass.part: , stolen. 2 'ku's\îu moths, butterflies. Ðset: , . s¬–Gof [Him (Chep -ku÷ all living beings. (See 'sya'sï:)É ïÚÉ— 'leo b˙hri 'ku-nya‘smoke’); TB *k˙w] vi.pat: (of fire or sft] –Gof} [Nep sf]§Øfpg' smoke) to smoke. mihkwi b˙n˙i 'ku'zya kot˙i-nyakoÊÊyaunu ‘pick, scratch’] vt: 1. poke, The smoke is really smoking. '˙nd˙h jab, tap. o'n˙îÚlai~ kot˙id˙ socoi'keo Poking , intensely, so as to block ni 'dund˙h his friend, he woke him up. 2. to probe, vision. Ðvt: . sukwiÚ-nya dig out, pick at. , to s“Ò [Kh *ku≥; Him *ku≥ (Tam khu≥, pick the meat outkhas˙i of a kot˙i-nya walnut. k~uÚTib khu≥, C.Tib ko≥ ‘concave’)] n: 1. , to pick one’s teeth. 'haÚ a hole, cave. , having a hole u-k~uÚ 'l—eo kot˙i-nya sftf] –sf] tf] ] expr.adv: a knock- or aperture. 2. body orifice, as in: 'kikuÚ~ 'koto-kotoing sound. , to knock, make anus, 'laÚ k~uÚ armpit, 'miÚkuÚ~ eye socket,

a knocking k.k.noise. 'j˙i-nya yahm 'koto-koto 'j˙i'keo\ s˙niÚk~uÚ nostril, etc.

He knocked on the door. safgL¬ n: evil, vice. var. 'kubana. 'kubani sfyf] nfM] n: a steel plow-tip. , bad habits, vices. 'kubani 'bani kotholah sfyf] NofM] n: a steel tip for an saft¬ +} [Nep kup˙nthi ‘heretic’] kubat˙~îÚ kotholyaharrow. cf. la:. n: (in: ) wickedness,'y evil.~uÚ'ni kubat˙~îÚ 'hu-nya sfyf] /] adv: to one side. kothor , to remain to one side. kothor, slanf¬ [Nep kubela] adj: (of 'kubila turnedli-nya to one side. kothor'nikothor'ni syaÚ'ni'k~ e\ time) late, advanced. 'kubila 'ta'ke\ It has

Sleep on your side. gotten late. , to cause s.o. to be late.'kubila 'j˙idya-nya 1. sf]Yof n: a metal hook kept 'kothyaon a khukri sheath for holding up the s¬r/ n: a dried root which hangs 'kuc˙r loose ends of a dangling ka:hbul~ while from a shaman’s necklace. (When it is walking. cf. 'a:kusya.~ bit into, it is said to incite fury, and protect from evil spirits). 2. sf]Yof n: a shaman’s staff b˙n'pa 'kuc˙r, 'kothyamade of cane and adorned with metal 178 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , (shamanic, in chant). sM/¬ –\ 'lg [Nep ku‹hna ‘angry’] Ðb˙n'maset: 'kuc˙r. kuhr'niexpr.adv: askance, with anger. sseral¬lr (see ). , to look with anger. k. 'cyuÚ- kuci tals¬ rkuci¬ ls s¬r¬ expr.adv: nya s“"s“" (in: , qv.) kucuconstant ki kucu pestering. , to 'k~uÚk ~uÚ s¬n [Nep] 'kn:~aÚk a ~aÚcanal 'k~uÚk for~uÚ bringing tease without letup. k.k. 'b˙reÚ-nya 'kul˙water from a stream to irrigate a field; a s¬r¬/Øf;f] adj: 1. (of a walnut) wooden trough for transporting water kucuryas'whose meat—o is difficult to extract. 2. (of (as from a clean water source to a place a person) miserly, stingy. Ðn: , easily accessible to a village). cf. nali, miserly, stingy. 'kucurya do:d˙.~ s“"bf [Nep kunda] n: the stock of 1. s¬lNk n: a man’s hair style 'ka~uÚda gun. 'kulpiwhere the head is shaved and only the sbfO¬ gf{ ] n: of a god who will bangs are left. cf. 'julpi. , kudainonot accept a sacrifice. cf. ma'wan-nya. to wear such a hair style.'kulpi o'cem 'n˙i-nya 'kulpi s¬b¬lK;–Gof vi.pat: to be 'n˙i'zyao He wears his hair in a kulpi kudup'sunable \î-nyato breathe. , choked up style. with asthma. pÉïÚ pÉïÚ 2. s¬lNk n: cigarette holder made 'kulpi 'swM¬ adv: much, many. of a bamboo tube. 'kuhduÚ 1. 's“MbØf [W.Nep kunÎ] n: p–s¬Nt¬dL n: flower bud. (u)-kultumi 'ka~uÚhdya copper cooking pot which narrows at s¬d [Kh *kum; Him *kum (Thak the mouth but has no lip as does a 'kopo- kumkum)] n: an oxen yoke. Ðset: . rah. Ðset: . sdfNof¬ [Nep] n: a potter.'gohr 2.'ja: 's“"MbØf prop.n: Nisi’s 'kumalya sDa¬ –Gof} vt: to pluck fruit, 'ksummer~uÚhdya village near 'ch˙mtu:~ . kumb˙i-nyaetc., by hooking with a long pole and sMn¬ –s\ nf¬ ] adj: muddy (of pulling toward oneself. cf. kundyaolo. kuhl-kul'water). cf.—o 'phete: 'phete:'wo. sDnf¬ [Nep kumlo] n: fold in a s¬Md \ [Kh *s-kum (Mk chi-skum kumlagarment; a makeshift bag made of a gar- kuhm‘string snare’, Nis skum)] n: a snare ment. okaÚhbul~ kumlal˙ jaÚh'keo\ He put it which catches birds or game by the feet. in the fold of his blanket. cf. 'ce:h.~ s¬d¬Nof;–Gof [Nep khum- 's¬/LM [Nep kohri] n: a leper. cf. kumulyas-nyable ‘bent’] vi.pat: to become bent, hunch- 'kuhriÚb˙les'o. , leprosy. backed. Ðset: . Ðadj: ba≥gyas-nya ku- 'kuhriÚ 's ¬M/'betha\–s¬/Øf;f ] n: a person , bent, hunch-backed. Ðn: mulyaso 'ku- 'kuhr-'kuryawho is ill-tempered, complaining. Ðset: , a hunch-back. mulya 1 . Ðadj: , ill- . sGbØfjnf¬ ] n: a scoop net ptempered.~a:cya:h kuhr-kuryaso kundyaolo(having a hoop) for sieving out fish. Kham Dictionary 179 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 2. sGbØfjnf¬ ] n: a long pole unfold, collapse (as an umbrella). kundyaolowith a hook on the end for plucking , to crinkle, shrivel up.'ku- fruits, etc., which are beyond one’s reach. rup's\î-nya , completely shriveled up. cf. kumb˙i-nya. Ðkarap-kuruppass.part: , shriveled. 'kurup's\îu s¬lGt n: a room within a house. s¬/Øf n: (in counting population) 'kurya kunti skf¬ afhfé n: Spotted Owlet. one household. kupaÐgen: baza . s;¬ /] lg df;M/] \ expr.adv: kuser ni masehr 'la: 'ga: s¬r}{–Gof [Nep s'Rrfpg' of an old man who still flirts with the kurc˙i-nyakuccaunu] vt: to dent. Ðvi: , girls. kuser ni masehr 'dah'pa kergeÚh to become dented. 'kurci-nya 'j˙i'sî'zya\ The lecherous old fool still flirts with the girls. s¬/\rL [Nep s';L { kursi] n: a 'kurcichair. s¬:s ¬ n: Cuckoo. Ðgen: . kusku 'baza-biza s¬lr{–Gof [Nep s'lRrg' s;¬ hfnf¬ ] [Nep ‘not-easy’] adj: kusujal'—o 'kurci-nyakuccinu] vi.pat: to become dented. uncomfortable, ill-fitting, cramped for , all dented, ruined. space (of a load, clothing, or living quar- kacya ni, deepkuci dent on one side.laptap Ðadj: ters). cf. ˙kh˙tyaso, dab˙ryaso loptop , dented. Ðvt: , to p–s¬t [Nep kuÊ ‘beeswax’] dent.'kurciu kurc˙i-nya (u)-'kut˙n: 1. the pollen carried on a bee’s leg. s¬r{Òôln n: a long handled spoon 2. a honeycomb full of honey (as opposed 'kurcuÚli(metal or wooden) for extracting ghee to being full of young). ant. 'urkw~î:r˙ from a jug. cf. ce:. ya'leo. –sl/¬ [Nep kori] num.clsf: one s¬lttLô expr.adv: old and bent. 'kutitiÚ -'kuriscore. cf. khï:~ 'kwi:. , (of a woman) to grow oldk. 'juÚcas-nya and bent. , (of a man) s¬¬/\s¬rf n: heel of the foot. to grow old andk. sehrjas-nya bent. , (of kurkuca s/–s¬ /¬ expr.adv: with small humans) to age, grow oldk. and ser-nya bent. Ðadj: kur-kursquirts. , to milk an animal , old, bent over. with smallk.k. squirts. piÚ-nya 'kutitiÚ'wo s¬t¬ls n: a bitter medicinal root s¬¬/\s¬/Øf n: chill, feeling of 'kutukiof commercial value; Gentian. 'kurkuryacold. , to feel chilled from the'kurkurya inside out. 'lagi-nya st¬ –s¬ t¬ ¬ expr.adv: into small kutu-kutupieces. , to chop into s¬lk{nfM n: Bulbul. (Its call is k.k. c˙hm-nya kurpilah small pieces. , to chew into described as kurpi kurpi.) Ðgen: k.k. k˙i-nya 'baza- shreds. , to beat to a pulp. . k.k. poh-nya biza , to pulverize to smaller s¬?ô n: a burr; prickly seedcase. grains.k.k. rum-nya , to become dis- 'kuruÚ s¬?k–Gof [Kh *s-krup (Mk heartened,k.k. dismayed, 'saÚ 'si-nya exasperated. Ðadj: 'kurup-nya skurup); Him *krup (Sun krup)] vt: to . kutu-kutu'w—o 180 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ st¬ Da¬ (in: , rumal scarf, sur petticoat, 'tal shoe-sole, 'kutumb˙qv.) 'ist˙ 'kutumb˙ tupi Nepali-style cap, thak˙nah rag, old

s¬t¬? s¬t¬? expr.adv: clothing, w~aÚhpho turban, or cummer- kuturucrisp, crunchykuturu (of parched grain when bund, 'zyoÚ sandal, moccasin.

chewing). , to chew with Sjf–Gof vt: (Instr. ) to cause crunching sound.k.k. k˙i-nya Ðadj: 'kwa-nyaa sore to spread or enlarge. ao| -e wahs˙Úye . kuturu kutu- 'gaihlai j˙hn z˙ 'kwa'zyao This medicine

ru'w—o syLs¬ [Nep] adj: bad, no good. makes the sore spread even worse. 'kuthikant. 'thik. SjfOM–Gof [Kh *kwa-t (Mk kwaih-nya slynf¬ n: a boy’s gold earring. kwas, Nis kwat, Bhj kwat, Ses *kwat < kwai÷, -kwat- ‘covered’); TB *kway] vt: 'kuthila sjf¬ [Nep] n: water well. cf. 1. to clothe, cover with a blanket. , 'kuwarihmul. completely cover. 2. to roof a shedch˙p˙k with Sjf [Kh *kwa; Him (Chan kw˙n); mats or goat-hair blankets. Ðset: 'kwaTB *kwa] n: 1. cloth. 2. a garment, . Ðpass.part: , covered.chai- clothing. , durable, nyakaÚhbule~ kwaih'sîu\ kwaih'scovered\îu with a blan- long-lasting'gohrlo clothing. 'gohrlo 'kwaÚ , ket. everyday clothing. Ðo-rgyitemsaÚ't~ of ao— clothing: 'kwaÚ [Kh *kwa-t; 'b˙h≥gora a sur made of hemp, beÚ a SjfOMl;–Gof kwaih'sHim (Chan\î-nya kwano-)] 1. to wear woman’s skirt, bohkotaÚ wrap-around v.refl: clothing. . 2. to quilt, 'cuÚ 'b˙ndi elbow-length shirt with wrap oneself'kwaÚ in kwaih's a blanket,\î-nya etc. Ð tie strings, dal a newborn’s swaddling adj: , covered, clothed, wrapped. clothes, duhtiÚ loin-cloth, 'golkhada make- kwaih's\îu shift vest, guhm goat-hair parka, 'jin jean Sjf“ ls Sjf“ expr.adv: kw~aÚ ki kw~aÚ material, k˙mes Western-style shirt, mooing and sobbing. , k.k. buhr-nya kac˙b˙ndi a man’ s skirt or kilt, k˙nd˙nih to roar (of a raging river). , k.k. g˙hr-nya string which supports a loin cloth, k˙t˙rais to cry as though mooing. , k. kih-nya corduroy material, kaÚhbul~ wool blanket to moo, low (of cows). or cloak, khopca woolen skull cap, khup Sjf;Ld n: blanket made for woman’s head scarf, 'khyoÚ long-sleeved kwasimone’s own use (as opposed to being made shirt, 'p~oÚthya 'khyoÚ sleeveless shirt, for sale). ant. becao. 'thutya 'khyoÚ elbow-length shirt, 'baholya 1. sO{ [Kh *kut (Bhj kut, Nis ku:, 'khyoÚ long-sleeved shirt, luhm piece of 'kwiÚSeram kut); Him *(r-)gut (Mag mi-hut, cloth wrapped around the foot when Chep krut, Sun guy, Tib gud)] n: a: wearing a sandal, maÚtya~ linen, ≥˙ihpo hand, arm. , of one woman’s head scarf, p˙ir˙n apparel, 'pola who deals outu-'kwiÚ large portions,'gyoÚh'wo generous shoe, posak garment, 'ph˙rasi printed cot- (lit. ‘large handed’). , stin- ton material, ph˙tuÚ heavy woolen coat, gy, niggardly (lit. ‘u-'kwiÚsmall handed zimza ’).

Kham Dictionary 181 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , prone to steal, pilfer grain by plucking only the heads. (lit.u-'kwiÚ ‘long 'khyoÚ'wo handed’). , , swiftly and systematically. s˙p to hold one’s hand'kwiÚ up. s˙'cy aÚh-nya~ ka s˙p Sofô–Gof vt: to catch fish with , extenuative of the numberaphi ten huphi (used 'kyaÚ-nyaa 'kya:. 'kwiÚ to discuss secretly the price of an item, 1. Sof“ [Kh *kla≥ (Mk k˙l~a, Nis etc. in the presence of non-Kham speak- 'kykl~aÚ~a, Gam kya≥, Ses k˙la≥); Him (Tib ers). , extenuative of ke≥-rus ‘skeleton’)] n: 1. body; the t~ïÚph˙'tao 'kwiÚ the number five. , (arch.) finger trunk or basic frame of an object. 'kwis˙i (lit. ‘hand-fruit’). b: (fig) authority. , to be refreshed in body'ky aÚr˙~ (lit. , to give into s.o.’s au- ‘bom-nyalight body’). , to be u'kwiÚt˙ yanya thority. c: the handle of a pot or pan. cf. tired in body, exhausted'ky~aÚr˙ (as gis-nya before illness . sets in). , to u-'hu:2 . sO { n: a type of hawk (said to keep one’s'ky body~aÚlai chaste 'cokho (esp. 'n˙i-nya of a wom- 'kwiÚcuts its opponents in half with its wing). an). (euph) menstrual Ðgen: . flow. 'ky~aÚ'tao 'jiÚh , to undergo 'la: s'ga:ÒO{–Gof vi.agt: (of a dog) to menstruation'ky~aÚ'taoye (lit. ‘to d˙i-nya be overtaken by that kwwhine.~îÚ-nya of the body’). 2. self. sOÒ af{ “ n: palm of the hand. , to be self-giving, 'kyselfaÚlai~ sacrificing. 'kyal'sî-\ nya 'kwiÚb~aÚ sÒO{rL n: a ring (for the hand). , through selfish motives.'ky~aÚlai 'tanya'ni , for one’s own good. 'kwiÚcî\ sÒO{ n¬Md\ n: a glove or 3. one'ky’s ownaÚye~ person,lagit˙ as in: 'kwiÚmitten. luhm ≥a'kyaÚt˙~ 'male It’s not on me (i.e. ‘I don’t have it with sÒO{/Øf n: a person having me’). o'd~oÚhwaÚr˙ ozaÚye o'ky~aÚt˙ 'kwiÚryahateful looking eyes (esp. the color of a 'c˙ri'ker˙\ His familiar spirits moved to cat or horse’s eyes). (Also said of Euro- the person of his son. , peans.) Ðset: . Ðadj: . 'kyaÚ'da'~ ≥aor˙ p~a:cya:h kwiÚryaso relatives, friends, associates (lit. ‘ones sÒO{td [Kh (Mk kwit˙m)] n: toward one’s person’). 4. this life, as 'kwiÚt˙mdove. Ð . gen: in: ≥a'kyaÚ'tao~ 'p˙hriu b˙hri all that’s be- 'sya: 'ba: –Sof v.aff: the third person singular fallen me in this life cf. jyu:. 5. health. -kya speculative morpheme, as in: a'chîm— 'ta- , healthy, strong. kya It may be today. o-'ky~aÚ, unhealthy.cao o-'ky~aÚ

Sofô n: 1. a shepherd’s crook. cf. macao 2. Sof“ n: a type of small tree 'kyaÚ jwi:h. 2. a fishing stick. (Made with a 'kygrowing~aÚ in swampy areas above 9,000 horse-hair slip-knot on the end, used for ft. in altitude. catching fish off the surface of the water Sofbfªfj“ n: relative, kins- after stunning them with poison). cf. 'kyman,~aÚ'da' associate≥ao (lit. ‘one toward one’s kharju:.~ person’). Ðset: . Sofô–Gof [Kh *kyak (Nis kyak)] 'nal natha kyaÚ-nyavt: (Obj. ‘the specific grain’) to harvest 182 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Sof–Gof\ [Kh *klah (Mk k˙la, imal, p˙raÚ-nya slit an animal open for kyah-nyaGam klyah); Him *gla (Mag gya, Chep dressing. kl˙yh, klyak)] vi.pat: 1. to break or SoflN;–Gof v.refl: 1. to cut snap in two (as of a stick). 'kyal'soneself.î-nya\ 2. (fig, in: , snapped off, completelypharal broken phu- (as ) to be jol˙ self-giving, b˙ ky~aÚlai self-'ky- anrul ankle). 2. ( ‘water’) to become al'ssacrificingî-nya\ (lit. ‘cutting one’s self in what- diverted from its'riÚh channel. ever’). , crumpling small twigscarap and leaves. ni cu- Sofª/Øfô–sª/] ]ô ex- rup , small sticks. 'kyapr.adv:≥˙ryaÚ-ke bent ≥over˙reÚ (as from a heavy load); 'karyap ni k˙rip, large sticks. stiff (as from pain). ≥a'waÚhr˙~ 'kya≥˙ryaÚ- 'kahryap-k˙hrip, larger sticks. gahryap ke≥˙reÚ 'ta'ke My back is stiff with pain. ni g˙hrip, large chunks, clean thunkaseparation. thun- 3. Ðadj: . ka ( ‘patience’) to lose patience. 4. ( 'kya≥˙ryaÚ-ke SofjNof;–Gof≥˙reÚ'wo vi.pat: to 'nal 'y~uÚ ‘heart’) to lose interest. Ðvt: . kyaolyas-nyabecome crooked (esp. of the mouth of keÚh-nya Sof\Gof lg 5fGof an earthen jug). Ðadj: , having 'kyahnyaexpr.adv: ni utterly 'chanya useless. a crooked mouth (of akyaolyaso jug, or a person). Sof “ Sof+] n: Red Billed Chough. Ðn: , a person with a crooked 'kyÐgen:aÚ~ ky oÚ~ . mouth.'kyaolya Ðset: . ka: Sofn–Gofgidd˙ [Kh *kyal] vt: 1. Sofk [

from a list, 'pap˙ 'kyal-nya to forgive or Sofk–Sofk expr.adv: loud,

cancel sin. cf. 'kiri-nya. 4. to reduce. kyap-kyappiercing , to be heard loud- jehla 'kyal-nya to reduce one’s pay, 'yem ly. k.k. thas-nya, to hear loud and clear. 'kyal-nya to reduce miles from a trip. 5. Ðadj:k.k. th˙i-nya . to obtain a ticket or permit. 6. to skip Sof/kyap-kyab' [Kh *s-kyar—o (Mk skyar, Gam stones on the water, in: kyarkyar); Him (Tib skyar-po ‘snipe’)] n: , (lit: ‘to slice the'l~uÚye water 'riÚh with'ky- Woodpecker. Ðgen: . stones.alnya ’) Ðpass.part: , cut, Sof/–Gof [Him'baza-biza (Tib 'khyar-ba sliced. Ðrelated words: c˙hm-nya'kyal'sîu\ cut by 'kyar-nya‘go astray’)] vi.pat: (of the woof threads chopping on a block, 'c˙n˙i-nya cut into in weaving) to become slanted, go out thin slices, c˙p-nya cut a notch, ciraÚ-nya of kilter with the warp threads. Ðadj: cut into strips, split, 'ch˙tk˙i-nya to sever, , out of kilter (of woof threads). cut off, 'k˙riÚ-nya cut meat into chunks 'kyar'o for cooking, 'k˙t˙reÚ-nya cut with scis- SofafNof;–Gof{ vi.pat: kyarbalyas-nyato go out of alignment, be out of kilter sors, 'p˙l-nya chop wood, butcher an an-

Kham Dictionary 183 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ (esp. of a door). Ðadj: , , susceptible to being out of alignment. kyarbalyaso arrestedkyoÚh's\î ( lit.nihnya ‘begging a catching’). Sof“;L prop.n: a Kham-Magar So“"–Gof [Kh *s-klu≥ (Mk 'kyvillage~aÚsi west of K—akri on the same side 'kysky~uÚ-nya~u)] vi.pat: to come off, detach (as of the river, Rukum District. (S.I. the head of a tool). cf. syuhs-nya. Ke≥sig—aon.) , male inhabitant So“"j adj: (of a voice) high of Ke≥si. 'ky~aÚsyal, female inhabitant 'kypitched~uÚ'wo and far-sounding. of Ke≥si. 'ky~aÚsyalni Sof:of–ls;Lô [ < Kh ki's\î- KH 'kyasya-kisiÚ‘to be bound, tied’] expr.adv: tired with va/}–Gof vt: to blend, sore muscles. , to go with 'kh˙b˙r˙i-nyaintermingle (as various colors in weav- tiredness and sorenessk.k. 'ba-nya (esp. from a long ing, or various size rafters). Ðset: journey). 'cyalya 'cili. cf. Ðadj: . . 'kyasya- b˙re:-nya vabf{/ adv: stalwart, ready kisiÚ'wo Soft sLt n: a game in which a kh˙b˙rdarand alert (unafraid). , kyatline kit of people form a chain by holding to stand alert, unafraid.kh. cy~aÚh's ≥ach\î-nyaîÚda~ to the waist of the person in front; one ≥abahl'sîut˙\ te h˙ldar te ekd˙m kh˙b˙rdar person who is free attempts to tag the cy~aÚhsid˙ le When I looked behind me, last person of the chain, while those in the sergeant was standing there ready the chain attempt to prevent him. and unafraid. ô [Kh *kek (Nis kyo:, Sof] –Gof vbd [Nep vQd kh˙tt˙m] ex- 'kyoÚ-nya-kek-; Him (Thak kyo, Tib skyogs ladle)] 'kh˙d˙mpr.adv: destruction, annihilation. vt: to ladle liquid. , to destroy, annihi- 'Sof]M n: a ladle. cf. dadu:. late,'kh˙d˙m kill. 'aolaikhya-nya 'kh˙d˙m z˙ khyanya h˙i 'kyoÚh Sof]M–Gof [Kh *kloh (Mk kolo, 'lid˙ kih'ker˙ Annihilate him, they said kyoÚh-nyaGam klyo÷, Bhj ko); Him (Mag gho-ke)] shouting. vt: 1. to catch, capture, grab. vb]k expr.adv: closed without kyoÚhd—˙ , to take away captive. 2. to hold, kh˙deplatching; touching. var. khep 'j˙i-nya. l~aÚ-nya hang on to. , tightly, firmly. , (Asc. ) to associate c˙p˙k tap , without letting go. , clinging kh˙depwith. 'nitaoras˙ 'li-nya kh˙dep ta'li'cyo-s˙ Don’t as- t˙p 't˙n-t˙n (as a child to his mother). 3. to take, sociate with those kinds of people. receive (esp. a gift or payment), as in: vuk expr.adv: hanging. Take it! 4. to capture s.o. in his kyoÚhke— 'kh˙g˙p , to hang straightway on a hookkh. words, . in: orjaÚh-nya peg. Ðpass.part: o-p~aÚ, captured,kyoÚhd—ya-nya caught. vufNof /]ô n: Laughing kyoÚh's \îu to get Sof]Ml;–Gof vi.pat: 'kh˙galyaThrush. ÐreÚgen: . kyoÚh'scaught\î-nya (esp. in doing s.th. wrong). vufNof'baza-biza [< khag˙Ú ‘silver neck 'kh˙galyaband’] n: an animal with a white band 184 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ around the neck. Ðset: . Ðadj: swallowing. , to swallow , (of dogs or birds)'patya having a one after anotherkh.kh. in swiftgal-nya succession. kh˙galyasowhite band around the neck. cf. khag˙:. vnfô n: a walled-in courtyard or 1. v} n: discord, opposition, differ- kh˙laÚthreshing-floor. Ðset: . kh˙ience. , to hold a vn]+–Gof [Kh'zihm *s-gle≥ (Mht resentment.kh˙i noey~uÚl˙ okh˙i 'n˙i-nya aÚh'p˙i ≥a'y~uÚl˙ kh˙lkh˙le≥,~eÚ-nya Kot h˙len)] vt: to gnaw on. cf. ≥a'n˙i'zya I am still holding resentment 'kh˙ren:-nya.

for him in my heart. vn]–vn ] [ < Kh 'kh˙l-nya 2 . v} [Nep lvof khiya] n: rust. kh˙le-kh˙le‘to spin wool’] expr.adv: worn away. kh˙i v} [Nep vf]O khoi] interj: where? , to wear away with 'kh˙i'kh˙i, ≥amad˙iduh.i Where (is it)?, I can’t use.kh.kh. Ðadj: 'khyuÚ-nya . find it. vln kh˙le-kh˙leÚ'w [Nep] n: the o— residue from 1. v}–Gof [< Nep lvof khiya] 'kh˙listraining vegetable oil. cf. khï:gar,~ 'pena. kh˙i-nyavi.pat: to rust. vn–vn expr.adv: rolling 2. v}–Gof [Kh *kh˙t; Him 'kh˙l-kh˙lboil (of water). , to boil kh˙i-nya*khat (Mag khat-ke, Chep khat- with a roll. kh.kh. co-nya ‘match’)] vi.pat: 1. to match, harmonize, 1. vGb [Nep v08 kh˙˘Î˙] n: be in accord. 2. to be reconciled. kh˙nd˙section, compartment. v}+ [Nep vfgL khani] n: mine, , compartmented.o-kh˙nd˙ o- kh˙quarry.~îÚ kh˙nd˙ 2. 'leo vGb n: area, country, region. v}nf lg a}nf expr.adv: kh˙nd˙ 1. vGb adv: (in: ) kh˙ilariot, ni uproar, b˙ila disturbance. s˙h˙rl˙ 'kh˙nd˙by your carelessness. var.n˙'kh˙nd˙e 'ch˙nd˙ chyaldyu kh˙ila ni b˙ila b˙ ma'ta'ke In 'd˙h≥g˙.

the city there was no small uproar. 2. vGb n: a drumbeating contest v}/Øf [Nep kh˙iro] n: a rusty- 'kh˙nd˙by damais. 'kh˙irya brown colored animal (esp. a cow). Ðset: vGh–dGh expr.adv: return . Ðadj: , rusty-brown. kh˙nj˙-m˙nj˙of past illness, or of past soreness. 'patya kh˙iryaso vsGb [Nep kh˙k˙n] n: 1. ≥akh~ïÚr˙ hurd˙ kh˙nj˙ ni m˙nj˙ ≥a'ta'ke 'kh˙k˙nd˙shoulder straps for carrying a load. 2. a I’m unable to walk because of sore feet. shaman’s bearskin vest. Ðset: . , to be revived (of a past vn–Gof [Kh *kh˙l; Himseral (Tib illness).kh.m. 'jagi-nya , to cause a 'kh˙l-nyakhal-ba)] vt: to spin wool. past illnesskh.m. to be jag˙i-nyarevived (as from over- , spinning and spinning. Ðpass.part:phir ka work, or liquor). phir , spun. vGofn n: a miner, quarry-man. 'kh˙l'sîu\ vns [Nep] n: lineage, common 'kh˙nyal vª/fn¬ dª/fn ¬ n: kh˙l˙kdescent. Ðset: . kh˙a type≥˙ralu of insect;m˙≥˙ralu the Praying Mantis. vn–vntho: expr.adv: swiftly kh˙l˙-kh˙l˙ Kham Dictionary 185 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ vk–Gof [Kh *r-kh˙p (Nis v/n n: carrion, the carcass left 'kh˙p-nyarkh˙p, Bhj kh˙p ‘sexual intercourse’, Mk kh˙r˙lover by vultures after the guts and flesh rkh˙p)] vt: to attack. cf. h˙p nas-nya. have been eaten out from the inside. cf. , with superior strength. 'sinu. lutu lutu , to fight, wrestle. v/GTof n: 1. the glans penis. 'kh˙p'sÐpass.part:\î-nya , attacked. 'kh˙r˙ntya2. the tip of a pole with a groove cut 'kh˙p's vkn\îu}–Gof [Nep] vt: to around the end for dragging with a rope. 'kh˙p˙l˙i-nyastack, layer; make double thickness. v/·f n: small, tingling bells ≥at˙rt˙ 'kwaÚ 'kh˙p˙l˙idyaÚke~ Add another 'kh˙r˙(worn≥ onga a horse’s collar, or on a dancer’s layer of cloth on top of me. , belt). p˙t˙r p˙t˙r layer on layer. Ðpass.part: , v/fô n: an iron chisel for quarrying 'kh˙p˙l˙i'sîu\ layered. kh˙raÚstone. cf. 'nikan. vkln–Gof [Nep] vi.pat: v/faf “ prop.n: a Kham-Magar 'kh˙p˙li-nya to be doubled, double layered. Ðvt: kh˙ra'bvillage~aÚ west of Arjal, belonging to the , to add a second layer. Ja≥ga Panchayat, Rukum District. kh˙p˙l˙i-nya vKk/ [Nep] n: 1. skull. cf. v/fNof n: a tall, skinny person. 'kh˙pp˙r 'thap˙la. 2. a mask. 'kh˙ralyaÐset: . vlK;–Gof v.recip: (see p~a:cya:h v/fd–v/fd expr.adv: 'kh˙p's\î-nya ). 'kh˙ram-kh˙ramdifficult movement forward. 'kh˙p-nya vKtf n: shard, broken pottery. , to crawl with difficultykh.kh. (as 'kh˙pta vk¬jf [ < kh˙p˙l˙i-nya ‘layer’] when'gol-nya climbing a steep slope). 'kh˙puwan: a British issue silver coin (which , to move towards s.o. inkh.kh. order looks double layered). to'li'na-nya be picked up (as of a baby). o'leo'da v/– interrog.root: when? as in: 'kh˙ram-kh˙ram u'li'na'zyaot˙ b˙ 'b˙hreÚ kh˙r-kh˙r-k˙ when?, kh˙r-'kin since when?, khyan˙i'keo\ Even as he was moving to- etc. ward him to be carried, he (the other v/–Gof [Kh *kh˙r; Mag khar- person) turned and left him. 'kh˙r-nyake ‘render fat’] vt: to fry bread in oil v/ftg n: a fine levied against cf. 'b˙tari-nya. Ðpass.part: , kh˙rat˙nthose who do not come to a village work fried in oil. 'kh˙r'sîu\ force. , to exact such kh˙rat˙n hai-nya vô/}–Gof [Nep v/fpg' a fine. kh˙Úr˙i-nyakh˙raunu] vt: to clarify ghee by heating. vr{ [Nep] n: expense. (Some impurities sink to the bottom, and 'kh˙rc˙ vr}{–Gof [Nep vr{fpg' others rise to the top where they are kh˙rc˙i-nyakh˙rcaunu] vt: to spend, use up (of scraped off.) cf. 'khï:ri-nya.É Ðpass.part: any commodity). , clarified. kh˙Úr˙i'sîu\ 'buht˙n vu}{ n: bamboo shoots. Ðset: kh˙Úr˙i'sclarified ghee.îu\ kh˙rg˙i. c˙hl 186 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ v/L [Nep. ‘chalk’] n: soapstone down. , together from kh˙riused as chalk. every quartergajarak (not g˙j˙r˙k nec. sheep). v/ô expr.adv: affectionate, pas- v/–sLg interrog: starting on 'kh˙rsionate,ïÚÉ preoccupied. kh˙r'kinwhat day? Ðadj: , (of) from , to feel affectionate,'y~uÚ passionate 'kh˙rÉïÚ 'ta- to- which day? kh˙r'kin'kao wardnya s.o. (Obj. marked by , as 1. v/–v/ n: a tingling in: n˙leo'da ≥a'y~uÚ 'kh˙rÉïÚ 'ta-zya-leo'daI feel 'kh˙r-kh˙rsensation. 'kh˙r-kh˙r o'ta'zyao affectionate towards you.) cf. kh˙t˙r ï:.É ≥adar'sî'zya\ I feel something tingling. , to think of often and 2. v/–v/ expr.adv: on all affectionately;'kh˙rïÚÉ cet˙i-nya be preoccupied with 'kh˙r-kh˙rfours. , to crawl steadily thoughts of. forward.kh.kh. 'gol-nya v/“ô–Gof vi.pat: (of meal vns{ vns{ expr.adv: kh˙rcakes)~ïÚ-nya to be toasted; (of khoigah) to be 'kh˙rl˙kthe sound 'kh˙rl˙k of rattling chains (esp. those parched in the bottom of the pot; (of connecting the drum handles to the inside firewood) to be cured in the sun; (of of a shaman’s drum). , skin on a shaman’s drum) to cure, tighten. (of chains) to make a rattlingkh.kh. sound.thas-nya Ðadj: , cured, toasted. vn{ô] –Gof vt: to insist, persist kh˙r~ïÚ'w—o vh{+ô–Gof vt: to make hard kh˙rleÚ-nyaon s.th., make demands. Ðv.recip: kh˙rjby tamping,~ïÚ-nya or by constant tramping on , ( ) to debate or ar- (of a field, a floor, an earthen roof). guekh˙rleÚ's (as overî-nya\ the price-nyat˙ of something). v/–s interrog: when? on what vn{]–vn{ ] expr.adv: full of kh˙rk˙day? , never. (Occurs only kh˙rle-kh˙rleholes, honey-combed. with negatedkh˙rk˙ z˙ verb, as in: kh˙rk˙ z˙ , to be full of holes fromkh.kh. maggots. rwiÚh- mado'wo He never does it.) Ðnyaadj: , about to break vs { [Nep ‘grazing land’] n: an (of a kh˙rle-kh˙rleÚ'w rope which is worno— thin in the 'kh˙rk˙open sheep-fold, a place for bedding live- center). stock. vg]{ô–Gof vt: to eat corn v/–s d/–s indef.adv: 'kh˙rneÚ-nyaoff the cob. cf. kh˙le:-nya.~ kh˙rk˙at some m˙rk˙ irrelevant time. v/–ª d/–ª indef.adv: , long ago; at some irrelevantkh˙rk˙ kh˙rlong≥˙ ago, m˙r ≥at˙ an unknown time. Ðadj: m˙rk˙ratime. ≥˙ , of some ir- , of some unknown relevantkh˙rk˙ time. kh˙rk˙ m˙rk˙' m˙rk˙'≥—ao≥ao paÚr˙~ kata kh˙r'time. ≥—ao m˙r'≥—ao n˙'p˙leÚ'zyao What are you doing bring- v/f{–s indef.adv: at some

ing up matters of some irrelevant time? kh˙rrak˙time. vsL{–Gof [Nep vs{g' v;/f;–Gof [Nep v;|f] 'kh˙rki-nya kh˙rk˙nu] vi.pat: to be bedded down kh˙s˙ras-nyakh˙sro] vi.pat: to be coarse grained. (esp. of sheep). Ðvt: , to Ðadj: , coarse. ant. 'n˙p 'n˙bo. herd sheep into a flockkh˙rk˙i-nya and bed them kh˙s˙raso Kham Dictionary 187 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ v;/Øf n: pipe tobacco. cf. 1. vfô interrog: how much? how kh˙s˙'ryao-'sya:. khaÚmany? , how much for each? v;fGt [Nep kh˙s ‘Chetri 2. khaÚvfô corelative:khaÚ as much as, as 'kh˙sant˙caste’] n: the Nepali language. cf. khaÚin: khaÚ n˙zyurih'zyao haÚh z˙ zyuke Eat m˙g˙rant˙. , a Nepali, one as much as you like! whose mother'kh˙santya tongue is Nepali. vfô–Gof [Him (Chep khak-)] v;L [Nep] n: castrated goat 'khaÚ-nyavi.pat: (Instr. ) to choke on food. cf. 'kh˙si(used for carrying loads). cf. 'jak˙nya. bihl-nya. -e v;–v; expr.adv: swarming. vf“–Gof vt: to cast light by 'kh˙s-kh˙s , to swarm (of insects); khholding~aÚ-nya up a firebrand. mihsw~îÚ a'da kh.kh.to crawl co-nya about in hordes. khaÚs~ aÚ~ Shine the firebrand here! , to be full of anger. 'y~uÚ kh.kh. vfaf“ [Nep vDaf kh˙mba] n: a co-nya vt [Nep kh˙t] n: 1. a blemish or khsupporting~aÚba pillar or post. Ðset: . kh˙t˙flaw. 2. a mark or blaze. , , the chief pillar'zihm of a unblemished, flawless; hence,o-kh˙t˙ guiltless. 'maleo house'm˙inya located kh~aÚba between the fire pit and vt}–Gof [Nep v6fpg' back wall. (It is important for certain kh˙t˙i-nyakh˙Êaunu] vt: to appoint, detail to a ceremonial purposes, such as substituting task. (Goal , or ). Ðset: for a shaman’s suwa during a healing . Ðpass.part:-t˙ -nyat˙ , appointed.'cha:ti-~ seance.) j˙ntaenya kh˙t˙i'sîu\ appointedkh˙t˙i'sîu\ by the pop- vfaf“ prop.n: a Kham-Magar ulace. kha'bvillage~aÚ across the river from Kakri.— vt/ô expr.adv: a feeling of vfaf vfaf] ] adj: inept in a 'kh˙t˙raffection,ïÚÉ passion, eagerness, absorption. khabaforeign 'khobo language. , to come to mind vf“rf] [Nep khanco] n: value, 'yoften,~uÚ 'kh˙t˙r be absorbedÉïÚ 'ta-nya by thoughts of. (Obj. 'khuse,~aÚco necessity. 'n~ïÚlai aoye o'kh~aÚco .) , to think of often. ma'li'zya Is this of any use to you? cf. -leo'da vtkh.]/fM 'j˙i-nya n: an open sore, wound, 'cahit. kh˙terahscab. cf. 'gaih. vfb/ [Nep vf8n khaÎ˙l vlt nom: harm, misfortune, detri- 'khad˙r‘trench’] n: 1. a grave. cf. 'b˙lkhada. 'kh˙timent. , for harm or mis- , burial ground. fortune'kh˙ti to occur 'ta-nya (as a result of failing to 'khad˙r 'poÚ, (of a blacksmith) to break'khad˙r the heed an inauspicious day Ð 'barinya 'bar). ground'chu-nya in digging his client’s grave. 2. vf–Gof [Kh *kha] v.sta: to be a pit for storing potatoes. 3. any man- kha-nyatough, hard to chew. Ðadj: , tough, made hole or pit. Ð[Alt.root (Mk sag˙r, hard to chew. 'khao Gam gwo)] vf–Gof vi.agt: to be late in –vfbf“ num.clsf: a spindle of 'kha-nyacoming, to delay. cf. 'dihlo. -'khcloth.~aÚda 188 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ vfuô n: a silver neck-band worn vfln–Gof vt: to dig a trench khag˙Úas ornamentation (an obsolete custom). 'khali-nyafor a foundation. (Obj. ). cf. 'kh˙galya. vfNof vfn] g˙'j˙] [ < Kh khole:- vfu/ n: a mountain or rocky khalyanya ‘to khole rinse’] expr.adv: to rinse out 'khag˙rpeak which rises above grass line. with water. , to slosh vfu/fô vu/ô ex- water aroundkh.kh. in vessel kholeÚ-nya and throw. 'khag˙raÚpr.adv: rigid,kh˙g˙r stiff.ÉïÚ , to vfNofNo " interrog: all what die in a rigid position.kh.kh. Ðadj: 'si-nya khalyalyusize? (Usu.with plural marker , as in: . 'khag˙raÚ , or also reduplicated,-r˙ as in: kh˙g˙rïÚ'wÉ o— vfufk vfufk expr.adv: khalyalu-r˙ ). cf. khalyu. khagapjumping khagap with extended elbows. khalyalu vfNo khalyalu-r˙ " interrog: what size? , to go jumping with elbowskh.kh. ex- khalyu , about what size? tended'ba-nya (like a vulture). kha'walyu vfd n: 1. language. vfôs interrog: at what point, 'kham , the English language. a ≥ 2.greji the khaÚk˙how far? Ðadj: , of how much Khamkham language. , to worth or status?khaÚ'kao aÚh'kin khaÚ'kao ci speak or be conversant'kham in Kham. da-nya ≥a'tarih'zyao How much more will I ever vfld–Gof vt: to think over, amount to than I am now? 'khami-nyaponder a matter. cf. guni-nya. vfôsLg interrog: from how vflD;–Gof vi.agt: to retreat khaÚ'kinmuch onward? kham'sfrom the\î-nya rain until it lets up. (Loc. , vfn [Nep khala ‘skin’] n: sheep- ). -k˙ khal˙skin bellows. -l˙ cf–vfª/fM] n: chaff, seed vfnxOÒ { [Tib rkyal ‘leather (o)-khacovering,≥˙rah debris (esp. the coarse, left over khal˙'hwiÚbag’] n: a leather bag used for carrying part of tobacco or dried greens). meal. vfk [Kh *r-khap (Nis rkhap); vfNbØfn¬ interrog: how huge? khapHim (Tib khap)] n: a large needle. khaldyalu(Usu. with plural marker , as in: Ðset: . , or also reduplicated,-r˙ as 'g˙pvfk [Kh *r-khap (Nis rkhap)] n: in:khaldyalu-r˙ ). cf. 'khapjawbone. khaldyalu khaldyalu-r˙ khaldyu. vfôk} interrog: up to what vfNbØ¬ interrog: how large? khaÚ'p˙iamount? up to what time? khaldyu cf. khaldyalu. vfk vfk [Nep khapakhap 1 . vfln [Nep] coord: except, 'khap‘overlapping khap ’] expr.adv: piled one on 'khalihowever. upur dukh˙ 'male, 'khali... I have top of the other. Ðadj: , no troubles, except that... thickly layered. umuhlr˙'khap 'khap 'khabo 'khabo 2. vfln [Nep] adj: empty, vacant, 'ta'ke His fur was thickly layered. 'khalinot being used. Kham Dictionary 189 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ vfk vfk] expr.adv: skinny, vf/Ld [Kh (Mk kharim, Gam khapthin, 'khop bones and ribs showing. 'kharimkhra≥)] n: the base of the skull. , for a few to meet togetherkh.kh. , indentation at base of skull.'kharim dup's(scattered,\î-nya not in a crowd). Ðadj: k~uÚ vf/L;–Gof v.sta: to be ex- . khap kharis-nyatremely sour. Ðadj: , extremely 'khob'o vf/– [Kh *khar; TB (DEW) *kar sour, undrinkable. kharis'—o khar-(Kar kar, Lus kar-a] loc.root: in the vf/\hÒ“ n: (in fishing) a slip-knot center, between, in the midst, as in: khar-l˙ kharjmade~uÚ of horse hair in the shape of a in the midst of, khar-'ni from the midst clover leaf, with fish bait tied at the center. of, etc. 'jyaÚh~ kharl˙ in the midst of the cf. 'kya:

forest. Ðrelator.noun: (with possessive vfls{ n: a female sheep with prefixes), as in: ya-kharl˙ in the midst of 'kharkiblack around the neck. Ðset: .

them, etc. ginkharl˙ 'baca tubu 'n˙i'wo Ðadj: , black necked. 'patya 'ta'ke\ We should form an agreement be- ' kharkiso vfSof { n: a male sheep with tween the two of us. Ðadj: , in kharkyablack around the neck. Ðset: . the center, central. also:khar'lao khar'kao, Ðadj: , black necked. 'patya khar'≥ao, etc. , common, kharkyaso vf/–n [Kh *khar; TB (DEW) shared, as in: gekhar'taokhar'tao p˙isa our com- kharl˙*kar (Kar kar, Lus kar-a] loc: in the mon money. center, between, in the midst. 'jyaÚh~ kharl˙

vf/–Gof vi.pat: to fork. Ðadj: in the midst of the forest. , in 'khar-nya, forked. Ð , a symbol n: its center. ginkharl˙ 'baca tubuo-kharl˙ 'n˙i'wo of'khar'o evil or defilement 'khar'oused by shamans, 'ta'ke\ We should form an agreement be- and exorcised in the ceremony. 'dauhwa tween the two of us. Ðadj: , in (Evil omens include the following: cikaÚ the center, central. khar'lao 'khar'obarley fork, tam 'khar'o wheat fork, vf/Nof\ + v/nL\ +ô expr.adv: 'zuÚ 'khar'o thorn fork, 'suÚ 'khar'o bamboo kharlya tinklingaÚ~ kh˙rl sound.îÚ~ , to fork.) make a tinkling sound.kh.kh. thas-nya cf–vf/] n: fork (as of a tree, vf/–t loc: between all, shared. (o)-'kharroad, etc.) cf. 'kapcya. , khart˙pa~îÚh miÚrai khart˙ 'lizya It’s shared by forked. cf. kapcyaso. o-'khar 'leo all men. Ðadj: , common, 1. (of walnut meat) vf/f adj: shared. gekhar'tao khar'taoz˙ 'li'zya It’s shared 'khara hard to extract. 2. miserly, stingy. among us. [ < vf/fk lg vf]/f]k vf; [Nep] coord: certainly, without kharapKh khorop-nya ni khorop ‘to throw stones’] ex- 'khasdoubt. khas 'laÚye ok˙i'wo z˙ 'ta'kheo Cer- pr.adv: one handful after another. tainly it must have been a leopard that , to throw stones kh.kh. by the ate it. khorop-nyahandful. vf;} [ < *'kha ‘hard’ + *'s˙i khas˙i‘nut’] n: walnut. cf. o-cehm, o-chol, 190 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 'kana. yet. see also: -'khiniho, -'kher˙ho. vf;/Øf vf];/ ] ex- v]n [Nep] n: game, sports compe- 'khas˙ryapr.adv: a khos˙re rustling sound. 'kheltition. gehppa gehppa 'khell˙ , to make a rustling sound.kh.kh. thas- d~aÚji's\î'zyaor˙ ya'ky~aÚlai sol mayad˙, nya vfl;–Gof vi.agt: 1. to live as b˙n˙i k˙l~ïÚ 'li'zyar˙ Those who compete khasi-nyaan alien without privilege and without in the big games work diligently, not community responsibility. 2. (of a widow giving their bodies a rest. or divorcee) to live with parents. Ðn: v]n}l;–Gof vi.agt: to invest , an alien, refugee. 'khel˙isi-nyamoney or wealth, to engage in business. khasid˙ 'lizyao vfl;–Gof vi.pat: to cough v]d–Gof [Kh *khem; Him 'khasi-nya , coughing and coughing. 'khem-nya(Gur kh~˙-ba)] vi.pat: to be used up, k~oÚ ka vf;f k~oÚ ] n: sputum. exhausted. Ðvt: 1. to use up, exhaust. 'khaso vft expr.adv: worsened state. , picked clean, leaving only skel- ka≥˙r~aÚ khat , to become gravely ill; eton behind (of vultures). , 'khat khut tokhat worsen. 'p˙hri-nya completely. , completely. 2. to finish, complete'syap-sip (as a job). 3. to an- vftf [Nep] n: beard. nihilate. s˙phya:-nya. related words: 'khata, bearded. o-'khata cf. Ð nibj˙i-nya to complete the construction 'leo vft v¬t expr.adv: finished of a building, tup˙i-nya to conclude a 'khatoff. khut , to eat thoroughly. matter, bring a story to its logical end. kh.kh. k˙i-nya, to finish off com-

pletely.kh.kh. 'khem-nya v]g–Gof [Kh *s-len (Nis sleno, khen-nyaGam kemo)] v.sta: to be greasy, sticky vfTof n: s.o. or s.th. with a with oil or lard (esp. of utensils hard to 'khatyabeard. Ðset: . Ðadj: , clean in cold water). Ðadj: . bearded. p~a:cya:h khatyaso v]g v]g [Khkhen' *s-len—o (Nis vfy–vfy expr.adv: nu- khensleno, khen Gam kemo)] expr.adv: greasy, 'khath˙-khath˙merous, many. oily. , to become ô about how many? vf jf interrog: greasy,khen sticky khen with 'ta-nyaoil or lard (esp. of khaÚ'wa , at about what time? at about utensils hard to clean in cold water). Ðadj: khaÚ'wak˙ what place? , from about . what time? khaÚ'wa'kin khen –vkhen']k [Nep—o ‘trip’] num.clsf: times, ô 1. : the clan of v] n: (in: ) -khepas in: t˙khep once, nehkhep twice, etc. 'kheÚ 'p 'khe one’s wife (from which other members , in a single act, once and for of one’s clan also take their wives). ant. all.t˙khept˙z˙ , to make repeated 'p˙ryal. trips. khep 'j˙i-nya

–vxf] ] v.aff: the third person v]k}–Gof [? caus of Nep v]Kg' -'khehosingular probability morpheme, as in: khep˙i-nya‘move a load’] vt: to chase, pursue, ma'ba'ta'kheho He probably hasn’t gone Kham Dictionary 191 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ drive away. cf. 'cahari-nya. , far b˙n˙i 'khiu 'p˙rîÚ'na'k~ eo\ This illness has and long. Ðpass.part: 'reÚ 'reÚ, driven caused me to be burdened down. 2. vt: away. khep˙i's\îu (in: ). v]kf [Kh *s-lepa (Bhj slepa, Mk 'jorolai vLô [Kh 'khid˙ (Mk ≥ skiu)]a'n˙i n: a stick khe'pas˙lepa, Kot hlepa, Gam hyepa)] n: a 'khiÚwith a chiseled tip for flicking leeches man (male human). , a son off the foot while walking. (lit. ‘man child’). khe'pa 'zaÚ lvlr–Gof [Nep lv+Rg' khîcnu]~ v]/ [Nep khero] n: waste, misuse. khici-nyavt: 1. to photograph s.o. 2. to record 'kher , to be wasted. s.o.’s voice. 'kher, to 'ta-nya go to waste. 'kher 'ba-, to vLn [Nep] n: nail. nya 'kher jaÚh-nya use wastefully, misuse. khil lvnf n: a kid or lamb of about –v/xf] ] v.aff: the third person 'khilafour years (with a full set of permanent -'kher˙hoplural probability morpheme, as in: teeth). Ðset: . ma'ba'ta'kher˙ho They probably haven’t vLd–Gof'behda: vt: to search for, gone yet. see also: -'kheho, -'khiniho. khim-nyaseek. (Obj. can be abstract, as in: ny~uÚ v]/f“n ¬ n: an edible, wild vegetable khim-nya to look for an excuse.) cf. 'sap- kherof which~aÚlu the stalk is eaten. nya. , thoroughly. , v];–Gof [Kh *sli-s (Mht sil˙i, by scattering'b˙îÚh~ 'b˙ in îÚh~ several directions.s˙r sap, khes-nyaKot sili) ? < IA *sil] vi.pat: (of cooked to look for a way of escape. upai food) to cool. Ðadj: , cool, stale. –lvlgxf] v.aff: the third person v];f n: a small,khes' leather—o pocket in -'khinihodual probability morpheme, as in: 'khesaa khukri sheath for holding a fire striking ma'ba'ta'khiniho They (dl.) probably ha- steel. cf. 'th˙skya. ven’t gone yet. see also: -'kheho, v];]+ v];]+ expr.adv: about -'kher˙ho. khesto burst~eÚ khes into~eÚ tears. , to vLlGt n: an iron bar (used esp. come to tears. kh.kh. g˙hr-nya 'khintifor quarrying stone). v]lt n: a shaman’s chant or ballad. vLk [Nep ‘hook’] n: safety pin. kheticf. duhr. khipÐset: . 1. lv–Gof vt: to follow orders, 'g˙p vLk–lvaf] adj: tightly wo- 'khi-nyaobey. pulisr˙ te ma'khiu syaso z˙ 'khip-khiboven, thick meshed. cf. (o)-rthes. ant. ge'j˙izyak˙ te 'horae te g˙hri pala z˙ 'tat˙ra:'wo. kyoÚh'sî'zyar˙\ When the police saw that lvl/–Gof vt: to accumulate we were refusing to obey they kept ar- 'khiri-nyagoods of commercial value (esp. for later resting us again and again. cf. b˙î:h-nya.~ processingÐas wool). 2. lv–Gof vi.pat: 1. (Instr. lv/L kl;–Gof [Nep v]bf] 'khi-nya‘illness’) to be burdened, weighed down khirikhedo 'p˙si-nya ‘pursuit’] vi.agt: to harass, afflict, by illness. 'joroe b˙n˙i ≥a'khi'ke\ I’ve been persecute s.o. (The person persecuted is greatly burdened by illness, OR 'ao 'joroe 192 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ construed as the possessor of , as v“ôbf loc: towards the foot or in: ≥akhiri 'p˙si'ker˙\ They persecutedkhiri me.) khbase.~ïÚ'da , toward its base. Ðadj: cf. j˙ra: 'p˙si-nya. u-kh~ïÚ'da, (of) the foot or base. vL; n: vengeance. , kh~ïÚ'da' v≥“ôaou/ n: the residue left after khisto be avenged. cf. 'y~u:khis sim-nya. 'phiri-nya khcooking~ïÚg˙r and straining animal fat. cf. , to take vengeance, avengekhis 'kh˙li, 'pena. pher˙i-nya oneself. v“ô–s loc: at the foot or base. vL;–Gof vi.agt: to compete kh'h~ïÚk˙~aÚ kh~ïÚk˙ at the base of the cliff. khis-nyaagainst s.o. (Asc. ). , at its base. Ðadj: , lvlt lvlt-s˙ expr.adv: giggling. (of)u-kh the~ïÚk˙ foot or base. kh~ïÚ'kao khitivar. khiti khititi khititi. , to v“ô sÒO{ gen.n: 1. hands and giggle. kh.kh. 'sas-nya khfeet;~ïÚ 'kwiÚ body parts. 2. extenuative of the v“ô [Kh *k˙≥ (Mht k˙≥, Kot k˙≥); number 20, used when discussing prices khTB~ïÚ *r-ka≥] n: foot, leg. , sole in the presence of a Nepali. cf. tï:ph˙'tao~ of the foot. , toe. kh~ïÚ'b~aÚ , 'kwi:, aphi huphi 'kwi:. to travel bykh foot.~ïÚs˙i khïÚ'ni~ 'ba-nya, to v“ô–n loc: around the base. 's~îÚ travel rapidly, movekh right~ïÚ khya's along\î-nya (lit. ‘cast khkh~ïÚl˙ïÚl˙~ around the base of the tree. the foot’). , extenuative of , around its base. Ðadj: , the number kh20,~ïÚ used 'kwiÚ when discussing u-kh(of) around~ïÚl˙ the base. kh~ïÚ'lao prices in the presence of a Nepali. v“ôª/Lô expr.adv: a start, sudden , to treat s.o. khfright.~ïÚ≥˙riÚ , to be frightened khïÚ'l~ ao— hilaÚ 't˙k˙l 'j˙i-nya with contempt (lit. ‘to make him equiv- with a start.kh. 'cheÚ-nya , a start, sudden alent to the mud of the foot’). scare. t˙khïÚ~ ≥˙ri v“ô– loc.root: at the foot or base of vôl/–Gof [Nep vg{' kh˙rnu] kh~ïÚ- s.th., as in: 's~îÚ kh~ïÚk˙ at the foot of the 'khvi.pat:ÉïÚri-nya (of ghee) to be clarified, purified.

tree. Ðrelator.noun: (with possessive pre- Ðadj: . Ðvt: . fixes), as in: u-khïÚ'da~ towards its base, 'kh vÉïÚriu“ô;} n: toekh˙Úr˙i-nya (lit. ‘foot-fruit’). from its base, etc. u-khïÚ'ni~ Ðadj: kh~ïÚs˙i , to go quietly on tip- , (of) the foot or base. u- toes.kh~ïÚs˙i'ni 'ba-nya kh~ïÚ'da' ≥ aoô [TB *kaô≥ ‘roast’] v“ –Gof vt: vf]+Rof–Gof [Nep vf]Rofpg' 'khto~ïÚ-nya set on the fire to cook. (Obj. is usually khkhocyaunu]~oÚcya-nya vi.agt: to limp. ‘cooking water’ or ‘water,’ vf]+Rof vf]+Rof [ < Kh but'k~aÚkhoi can also be the pot.) 'riÚh Ðpass.part: khkh~oÚcyao:cya-nya~ kh~oÚcya ‘to limp’] expr.adv: limp- , set on fire. 'kaÚkhoi~ 'khïÚ's~ îu\ ing. , to walk with a 'kh'lizya~ïÚ'sThe\îu cooking water has been set on limp. kh.kh. 'ba-nya the fire. vf]+Rof;–Gof [Nep vf]Rofpg' v“ôaf“ n: sole of the foot (lit. khkhocyaunu]~oÚcyas-nya vi.pat: to become lame, kh‘foot-flat~ïÚ'b~aÚ ’). Kham Dictionary 193 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ crippled. Ðadj: . Ðn: , the bark from bamboo and trim the joints a cripple, one whokh ~oÚcyasolimps. Ðset: 'kh~oÚcya. to be smooth with the rest of the stalk. vf]bf]nfM prop.n: ap ~a:cya:hsummer (Obj. ‘bamboo’). khodolahpasture for cattle and buffalo immediately c˙hlvfnf] ô [Nep] n: stream, creek, below Narsi≥ Peak. kholaÚsmall river. cf. b˙ih. cf]–vf]uf]k n: 1. carrion left vfNa] [Kh (Nis kholbya, Gam (o)-'khogopby wild animals still considered edible kholb˙kholbya)] n: kid of Himalayan Tahr. by humans. cf. 'sinu, 'sya'ko≥'go. 2. the cf. 'bî:,~ bas'ma. Ðgen: . carcass of an animal. 3. a person’s body vf]n]ô–Gof 'sya:vt: 1. 'ba: to rinse. from which the soul has departed and kholeÚ-nya , shake water in plate or death is imminent. o'khogop waz˙ 'lizya vesselkhalya and khole throw. 2. (in: ) Only his body is left. to interrogate. Ðpass.part:p~aÚ kholeÚ-nya, vf]uf]/f] expr.adv: fall face for- rinsed. kholeÚ's\îu khogoroward; fall onto hands and knees (from vfn] vfn] expr.adv: gushing. hunger, or from being pushed). 'khol 'khol , to be swept away in , (of a building) to deteriorate,kh.kh. greatkh.kh. gushes. b˙gi-nya om-nya crumble. vfnf] nf] ]ô adv: to flood, go in a vf]O { [Kh *khot (Nis kho)] n: a khololoÚgreat gush. riÚh b˙hri opoÚs˙ z˙ khololoÚ khoilarge copper pot used especially for steep- meda z˙ sw~îÚh masw~îÚh bake All the ing beer malt. Ðset: . water went gushing downwards com- –vfO] { num.clsf:'ja: a measure for pletely filling (the gorge). -khoifermented beer malt: about five gallons. vfNofgL] n: water boiled in pot var. -'khopya. Ðset: . kholyanibefore washing and drunk like tea. goî:~ vf]O{+–Gof [Kh *khwan (Bhj vf]Dkf [Hin khopa]~ n: a wom- khokhwan,~îÚ-nya Mht khwan)] vt: to card wool 'khompaan’s hairstyle where the hair is coiled up for spinning. , pull apart matted in a bun. , to wear pieces. c˙t˙ c˙t˙, make fluffy and the hair in a'khompa khompa style. 'n˙i-nya 'gwaÚ-gwaÚ light. Ðpass.part: , carded. 1. vf]k–Gof [Kh *kwap (Mk kho~îÚ's\îu vfO] 3f{ [ < *khoi ‘pot’ + *gah khop-nyakhwap, Bhj kap)] vt: to toss grains of khoigah‘scorch’] n: cooked cornmeal which food into the mouth. (Usu. with in sticks to the bottom of the pot. (Toasted an adverbial function, as in: khopd˙-d˙ k˙i- and eaten as a treat.) nya to eat by tossing into the mouth.) cf. vf]O{ vf]O{ expr.adv: leaping, ham-nya. khoibounding. khoi , to come 2. vf]k–Gof vt: (Obj. leaping withkh.kh. turbulence 'zoÚ'hu-nya (of a flooded khop-nya‘seed’) to plant seed in sparse places'duhr stream). (between already sprouted plants). vf]ôn}–Gof [? Nep v'nfpg' –vf]k num.clsf: in: , a 'khoÚl˙i-nyakhulaunu ‘cause to open’] vt: to strip -'khop 'torkhop 194 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ fright, scare, rebuke. , . , eager; to frighten s.o. by shouting'torkhop in'j˙i-nya anger. tor˙hm-nya come scrambling'khoreÚ at dak˙ the slightest 'soreÚ wave (Not necessarily to threaten.) cf. tham of the hand (as of a girl eager for mar- thum 'j˙i-nya. riage). vf]kNofs vf/] ] vf/] ] [ < Kh 'khore:-nya khop˙lyakvf]kNofs expr.adv:khop˙lyak tossing one at a khore‘scratch khore out weeds with a hand pick’] time. , to drop one at a expr.adv: scratching. cf. pur-nya. time. kh.kh. s˙te-nya , to scratch or claw lightly.kh.kh. 1. vfKrf] (see ). pur-nya vf]/f ] adj: 1. (of steel) hard and khopca 2. vf]Krf n: kana 1. a woolenkhopca cap 'khorobrittle. 2. (of speech) harsh, coarse. 3. khopcapointed at the top with ear flaps on the (of food) hot, heat producing. ant. 'ciso. sides (usu. worn by shepherds). 2. a 4. (of tobacco) strong, sharp smoking. baby’s bonnet with ear flaps. Ðset: . 5. (of a shepherd) excellent, efficient. vf]kf]/fM n: a tower or platformtupi Ðadv: , with harshness. 'khoro'ni khoporahfrom which to guard a field of ripening , to act harshly. 'khoro'ni da-nya grain from birds. , to address s.o. harshly.'khoro'ni p˙j˙i-nya –vfKof] (var. of: , qv.) (Instr. ) -'khopya 1. vf/] [Nep] n: a -khoiwalled in yard vf]/f]k–Gof vt: khorop-nya 'luÚye~ 'khorfor keeping animals; barn yard, cattle to throw stones by the handful, esp. onto a stone wall as fill-in. yard. Ðset: . , one handful after another.kharap Ð set:ni 2. vf]'zihm/ nom: care, heed. khorop . 'khor , to take care. kyaÚye~ 'khor da-nya'khor johm-nya da-nyato pay heed to one’s welfare. vf]/\l;–Gof vi.agt: 1. (of khor'sbutting\î-nya rams) to back up for another vf]/–Gof vt: to put chickens strike. 2. (of an animal being pulled) to 'khor-nyain their cage. Ðpass.part: , draw back, attempt to pull away; hence, caged. ciru≥gahl˙ 'khor's\îu caged'khor's in\îu a of a person attempting to escape an issue. chicken basket. 1. vf]/Øf [Nep khoriyo] n: a vf]/fô;g [Nep vf];f{gL 'khoryanew field cut from the forest. cf. 'ij˙r. khoraÚs˙nkhorsani] n: red chili pepper. 2. vf/Øf] prop.n: a Kham-Magar vf]Rof{] [Kh *khor (Mk khorcyo, 'khoryavillage up river from Damchan. khorcyoGam khur, Kot khurcya≥); Him *khor slipping (Mag khur ‘sickle,’ Kai khorca)] n: a vf;f] Nofs] expr.adv: khosolyak khukri, the curved knife used by Nepali in suddenly. , to enter un- kh. 'p˙si-nya hill tribes. noticed, undetected. k˙i k˙i ya'lizyao 'lid˙ yakarl˙ khosolyak 'p˙sid˙ th˙i'keo\ In order vf]/]ô–Gof vt: (Obj. ‘corn’) to hear what they were saying he slipped 'khoreÚ-nyato rid corn of weeds by scratching them into their midst unnoticed and overheard. out with a hand-pick. (Done when the corn is about six inches high.) Ðset: Kham Dictionary 195 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ vf];f]/fM n: corn stalks unsuit- v¬n–Gof [Kh *s-gul (Mk khul, khosorahable for fodder and left in the field. Ðset: khul-nyaKot hol)] vt: 1. to summon, beckon. . cf. kih-nya. , with a waving lohsya vf]+tf n: 1. a fence post. 2. a hand motion.'laku 2. to 'lakulead sheep by calling. 'khlong~oÚta wooden club for fighting. Ðpass.part: , called, summoned. khul's\îu vftf] +] vftf] + ] expr.adv: res- v¬nf [Nep ‘open’] n: clear, free, khotonant~oÚ khotsound.~oÚ , to be- 'khulaunhindered, compensated for. come resonantlykh.kh. ripe (of 'chip-nya pumpkins, etc.). , to be cleared, compensated'khula for. , to resonate (as a bell). 'ta-nya 1. vln–Gof¬ [Nep vfNg] ' kholnu Ðkh.kh.adj: thas-nya , resonant sound- 'khuli-nya‘open’] vt: to chisel out (as a groove in ing (ofkhot pumpkins,oÚ~ khotoÚ'w~ etc.).o— wood). (fig) to embar- vftf] /f] ]ô nom: concern, anxiety, rass by exposing.ijyat 'khuli-nya 'khotoroÚfeeling of distress about s.o’s well being. 2. vln–Gof¬ [Nep vfNg] ' kholnu , to feel concern 'khuli-nya‘open’] vt: to open a shop for business. for,'y~uÚ be'khotoroÚ anxious 'ta-nyaabout. (Obj. marked by Ðpass.part: , open for busi- .) ness. 'khuli's\îu -leo'da vf]ofd sf vf]ofd v¬Ns}–Gof [Nep v'NSofpg' 'khoyamexpr.adv: ka (of'khoyam hands) thrashing about khulk˙i-nyakhulkyaunu] vt: to pull tufts of hair, (as of a drowning man); groping about wool, or grass. , by the handful, (as a baby groping for its mother’s fistful. keÚh keÚhkeÚh 'khulk˙i's keÚh \îd˙ g˙hr'k\er˙ breasts). , to constantly They wept pulling out their hair by the paw at someonekh.kh. forda-nya attention. fistful (idiomatic of grieving). , to meticulously pick kh.kh.foreign , with yanking motion, forcefully.caraÚ 'k˙l˙i-nyamatter from dry stock (such as rice, beans, Ðc˙rpass.part:ïÚÉ , yanked loose. etc.). , to be me- o'cem b˙hri khulk˙i'sîu\ \îu 'li'zya His hair is ticulouskh.kh. in detail phurbuÚ's work (lit.\î-nya ‘feather dust- all pulled loose (he is bald). ing’). v¬lNs–Gof [Nep v'Nsg' vf]ofg n: (archaic) master. 'khulki-nyakhulk˙nu] vi.pat: to lose hair or wool, 'khoyan v"ô n: a tare or darnel common in to grow bald, molt. Ðvt: , 'khuÚbarley fields. to pull tufts of hair, wool, khulk˙i-nyaor grass. v“ " [Kh *r-khu≥ (Mk rkh~u:)] n: a v¬NSof n: a bald person. Ðset: 'khtype~uÚ of white rhododendron which grows 'khulkya . Ðadj: , bald. at the upper reaches of timberline. cf. p~a:cya:h v¬NtL [Nep khulkyasovNtL kh˙lti] n: pocket. so≥ora:, 'mab˙la:.~ khulti v¬Dr}–Gof [Nep v'DRofpg' v¬b¬?ô expr.adv: sudden dying. khumc˙i-nyakhumcyaunu] vt: 1. to shrink cloth. 2. 'khuduruÚ , to die suddenly without ap- (when sewing two strips of cloth togeth- kh.parent 'si-nya cause. var. 'khuguru:. er, one of which is longer than the other) to gather or slightly bunch the longer 196 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ strip so that the two come out evenly. v¬?? v¬{?? expr.adv: Ðpass.part: , bunched up. khururuwith small, khururu rapid steps. khumc˙i's v¬lDr–Gof\îu [Nep v'lDrg' , to run with rapid steps.kh.kh. 'd~oÚh- 'khumci-nyakhumcinu] vi.pat: to shrink (of cloth). nya v¬; [Nep] n: the lap. cf. goî:h.~ Ðvt: , to make shrink. khus v¬;L [Nep ‘happy’] nom: will, khumc˙i-nya v¬g [Nep] n: foul or clotted 'khusipreference. cf. 'y~u:. , to khunblood (which is removed in certain cures). do according to one’'khusis own preference.da-nya v¬k [Him (Chep khup- ‘cover Ðadj: , happy. cf. 'r~e:'wo. khuphead’)] n: a woman’s head scarf. cf. 'khusi, to be happy. 'khusi ≥˙ihpo. 'ta-nya v¬;–v¬; [Nep khuskhus] v¬lk–Gof [Nep vf]Kg ' khopnu] 'khus-khusexpr.adv: whispering. var. 'khas-khas 'khupi-nyavt: 1. to engrave, carve. 2. to vaccinate. ni 'khus-khus. , to speak , to be vaccinated. in a whisper. kh.kh. p~aÚ-nya 'khupi'sÐpass.part:\î-nya , engraved. v¬lt n: a large flock or herd of 'khupi'sîu\ luÚ~ engraved'khupi's stone.\îu 'khutianimals.

v“"lk n: the green stalks of certain 1. v¬tLô [Nep khuÊi ‘peg’] n: the 'khplants~uÚpi like corn and millet which are khutiÚhandle on a millstone (quern). chewed for their sugar content. 2. v¬tLô n: the hip joint. , to suck the sugar from 'kh'khu:pi~ ~uÚpi. khutiÚ v¬t¬ n: the call of a drum, cadence. pi-nya1 . v¬/ [Nep] n: the hoof of an 'khutu , to sound a rallying 'khur animal. call'khutu on a jaÚh-nyadrum. , a ral- 2. v/¬ n: 1. the pivot or shaft of a lying call. 'dupnya 'khutu, the rallying 'khurdoor which fits into a socket and func- call for a community'jahra'lao work 'khutu project. tions as a hinge. 2. notch on the end of , a funeral dirge or cadence.si'kao a bow. 'khutu Vjfô indef.adv: some, some of v¬l/ (in: , qv.) khwaÚthe total. khwaÚr˙ 'ba'ker˙, khwaÚr˙ khuri v¬/Lô [Himla'pa (Chan khuri khore, Tib kore)] r˙hi'ker˙ Some left, and some stayed. khuriÚn: a brass drinking bowl. Ðset: . , the occasional one. Ðnum.suff: , a measure for beer.'ja: khwaÚ khwaÚ Vjf/lunf\ ] [Him (Chep gw˙r÷ Ðset: . -khuriÚ khwargilo‘circular,’ Tib khor ‘circle’) + gil (Tib go vî:~ ¬hf { n: a small knife. skyil ‘circle’); TB kil ‘twist’] adj: round, khur'ja v¬kf{ [Mag khurpa ‘sickle’] n: circular. cf. 'gwa:hgilo.~ khur'paa curved knife or sickle, tied to the end Vjf/ Vjf/ expr.adv: having of a stick for pruning nettles, thorn bush- khwara large khwar flow. , to uri- es, etc. nate with a largekh.kh. flow. jiÚh's\î-nya v¬lk { n: a knife for shearing Vjf; expr.adv: suddenly, unex- khur'pisheep. khwaspectedly. , to tear suddenly kh. cis-nya Kham Dictionary 197 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ and unexpectedly. , to manage dictatorially. , to intim- pierce with a swift thrust.kh. goih-nya idate, tyrannize. nakhar-l˙hap hap hap hap , to puncture suddenly andkh. unexpect- 'gw~aÚh- khya'keo\ He tyrannized (people) in the edly.nya , to enter suddenly village. 5. to silence an adversary. withoutkh. hesitation. 'p˙si-nya , to string , to make it difficult for s.o.'sïÚkil~ to straight through withoutkh. sil-nya hesitation (as answer.ni 'dïÚkil~ , to silence (esp. thread through a needle). by being showntham thumto be wrong). (Special VjLô+ ls–Gof vi.agt: to race collocations include the following: 'khwalong,~îÚki-nya run quickly. , swift- '˙d˙hk˙l khya-nya to miscarry a child, ly. Ðvt: khw~îÚ, tokhw hurl,~îÚ sling abort, chaÚ khya-nya to cast off an evil away. khw~îÚk˙i-nya spell, 'charya khya-nya to rid oneself of

Vof–Gof [Kh *khya; Him *kla arthritic pain by a shamanic rite, goÚda~ khya-nya(Thak khya, Tam khla); TB *kla ‘fall’] khya-nya (of shamans) to cast away, by

vt: 1. to throw, cast away. cf. 'l˙pd˙i-nya. ceremony, certain defilements which , to cast off clouds, clear. bring evil and bad fortune, mahn khya- c˙k˙ c˙k˙, throwing s.o. into a state ofcham pov- nya to prevent, by magic, future bad luck

erty.chum , angrily. , to toss in regard to hunting or fishing, s˙k˙s or fling'chetto dust into the air. h˙p˙s˙ , make khya-nya to pressure s.o. (as in a sales

scorching hot (of the weather).'hip-hip pitch), 'simya khya-nya to cast off, by

, with a fling (as an encumbrance).hyaÚ ceremony, the evil forces causing polio, hiÚ , throwing forward, scattering (as 'sÉïÚ khya-nya to cast away the spirit of

of'hyuÚ leaves in the wind). , the dead in an after-death ceremony.) (same as above). 'hyuÚ, to 'hyuÚmake Ðpass.part: , thrown away. khya's\îu scatter, flee. 2. to changesy~aÚ sythe~aÚ state of by Ð[Alt.root *blihn (Mk b~î:h, Nis bihn, an act of violence. , turn to ash, Ghus bh˙lin, Kot bhinsi ‘spill’); TB cause to disintegrate. cuyap , pick clean, *(b-)rim] leaving only skeleton kabehind.≥˙r~aÚ , Vofô [Kh *s-la (Bhj sla, Mk s˙la, cut a large log into splitting length.l˙nd˙rkeÚ , 'khyaÚGam hla, Kot lha); Him *s-la (Mag lha, to make desolate, raze, annihilate. 'liÚ-liÚ Chep -hla ‘sheet of something,’ Chan , knock prone, upside downphalap (as khala ‘leaf’); TB *(s-)la] n: leaf. phulupof wind to corn). , to cover , (fig. ofo'yaÚh one the ground with snowsisi inlamlum a violent storm; who'khyaÚ talks 'ta'kin a lot) cisnya ‘If his o'leo mouth had been to blacken the sky with storm clouds. a leaf, it would have torn.’ , to annihilate, exterminate, Vofg–Gof} vt: to leave behind, wipesotoryan out. , to make scatter, khyan˙i-nyaabandon. cf. 'ras-nya. , by out- clean out bysy making~aÚ sy~aÚ flee. 3. to make a distancing, far behind. 'b˙hreÚ, pass swiftly lot of noise, in: by. Ðpass.part: 'sy~oÚ , abandoned. 4. to tyrannize.'syap-syap , to khya-nya. tyrannize, obabu oamae khyan˙i'skhyan˙i'sîu\ \îuabandoned by 'hai-hai his parents (orphaned). 198 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Vofgf] adj: competent, capable, Vof]ô–Gof [Kh *klo (Bhj khywe, 'khyanoproficient, quick-witted. Ðset: khyoÚ-nyaKot k˙lao)] vt: to pierce, stab, prick. . u-hil , to poke or stab slightly. hai'wo Vof·Øf“ v]·]+ ex- col col , to prick the conscience 'y(lit.~uÚ khyapr.adv:≥gy ~aÚ stiff, 'khe rigid,≥g~eÚ inflexible. upulk˙ ‘khyoÚ-nyastab the heart’). o'yaÚh'ni phwiÚ g˙jya p˙leÚd˙, o'kyaÚ~ b˙n˙i Vof]ô–Gof [Kh *s-lo (Mk solo, khya≥gyaÚ~ 'khe≥geÚ~ 'ta'ke When he had a 'khyoÚ-nyaGam hlu, Kot lho-); Mag lhot-co; TB seizure, he foamed at the mouth, and his *low] v.sta: 1. to be long in length, tall body became rigid. var. khe≥g~e:. Ðadj: in height. 2. long lasting (as of a speech). , stiff, rigid, inflexible. cf. Ðadj: , long. , 'khekogoryaso.≥g~eÚ'wo summertime'khyoÚ'wo (lit. ‘long sky'khyoÚ'wo’). 'n˙m, Vofk v]k expr.adv: lined stretching into the distance, trailing.'ben 'ben khyapup side khep by side (as of rafters). Vof]+ 1f] + expr.adv: sudden , to arrange side by sidekh.kh. (as khyslipping~oÚ gy~oÚ feet first. , to rafters,mil˙i-nya etc.). slide down a slope suddenly.kh.g. zyuhl-nya Vof/–Gof [Kh *khyar; Him Vof]ôtf] expr.adv: immediate. khyar-nya(Tib kyar-kyar)] vi.pat: to be thin, flat. khyoÚto , to emerge immediately. Ð adj: . cf. wa:'wo.— 'gaolaekh. pulus-nya 'lohmbae u'min haid˙ oek˙ khyar'o Vof/ Vof/ [Kh *khyar; 'b˙gal'ni khyoÚto pulus'zya When a shep- khyarHim (Tibkhyar kyar-kyar)] expr.adv: thin, herd calls the lead sheep’s name, he flat. Ðadj: . emerges from the flock immediately. khyar Vofl;Gof khyar'o vi.agt: 1. to cast Vo"ô–Gof [? Nep lvlog' khya'soneself\înya upon another, resign one’s out- 'khyuÚ-nyakhiyinu] vi.pat: to wear away with use. come to another, in: o-kyaÚt˙~ khya'sîd˙\ , worn away with use (as a 'li-nya cast oneself on another’s body. knifekh˙le blade). kh˙le 2. to travel rapidly, move right along, in: Vo“"Gof;–Gof vi.pat: (of khïÚ~ khya'sî-nya\ casting the foot. 3. to khya person)~uÚnyas-nya to become weak, thin, worn respond with made-up lines in a singing out. 'yehn dad˙ dad˙ khy~uÚnyasd˙ le By contest, in: 'otora khya'sî-nya\ casting an working and working he has worn thin. answer. Ðadj: , thin, worn out. Ðn: cf–/] Vof\ ô] [Kh *r-s-lot (Nis khy~uÚnyaso, a person who is thin from (o)-rkhyoÚ-slut, Gam -hlui)] n: the length of s.th. 'khyoverwork.~uÚnya Ðset: . orkhyoÚ khaÚ How long is it? p~a:cya:h Vof]ô n: a long-sleeved shirt or L 'khyoÚblouse. , sleeveless. –n loc.case: the inessive case marker: 'p~oÚthya, elbow-length. 'khyoÚ -l˙‘in, into,’ as in: 'zihm-l˙ 'ba'ker˙ They 'thutya, long-sleeved.'khyoÚ 'baholya went into the house. (Affixed to deictic 'khyoÚ primitives and locative roots to form com- Kham Dictionary 199 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ plex adverbial phrases, as in: me-l˙ be- 2. n–Gof} [Kh *la-t ‘causative of low, ro-l˙ up above, a-l˙ (in) here, o≥ah-l˙ 'l˙i-nya'la’] vt: to turn cattle out to graze.

in front of it, etc.) Ðadj: , the nom- n} nl5ld [Sk l˙ksmi] gen.n: -'lao inalized form of the inessive , as in: 'l˙idomestic l˙chimi livestock (except swine). -l˙ phuÚ'lao 'p˙rgil stomach worms (lit. Ðtypes of: 'b˙~îÚhsa water buffalo, 'bak˙ra

‘worms of-in the stomach). , in- goat, 'behdaÚ sheep, har cow, luÚ sheep, -'laor˙ habitants of, as in: naÚkhar-'laor˙ inhabit- raÚh goat. Ðgen: . Ðset:

ants of the village (lit. ‘the of-in-the- , all living'j˙i 'j˙ntubeings. (See 'sya'sï:)É —ÉïÚ village ones’). 'leo b˙hri nSb/Øf (var of: , qv.) [Nep] rubber, soft plastic. na/ n: l˙kd˙rya nv/ nv/l˙gd˙rya expr.adv: l˙b˙r naf; [Hin l˙waj] n: accent, pro- l˙kh˙rfrayed, l˙kh˙r tattered. , to fray, be- l˙bas nunciation. come tattered (asl.l. from cis-nya flapping in the nr nr expr.adv: whittled on, wind). l˙c˙ l˙c˙ chipped. , to shape wood nv/Øf nf n: a type of l.l. tuh-nya with an adze, a chip at a time. 'l˙kh˙ryawildcat with 'la a shaggy coat. nl5Gnfj adj: well behaved. nNoftf/f] ô] adj: limp and nearly 'l˙chin'lao o'zaÚr˙ 'l˙chin'laor˙ 'lizyar˙ His children 'l˙lyatoroÚdead. are well behaved. ant. '˙l˙chin. nDk;f/ expr.adv: stretched nb ab expr.adv: 1. weak, 'l˙mp˙sarout. , to lie l˙d˙ b˙d˙ flimsy, frail. cf. 'lala luluo. 2. (of an ill stretched'l˙mp˙sar out, with arms'j˙i's extended\î-nya down- person) extremely weak. Ðadj: wards. cf. cocŸ oŸ lala. . l˙d˙ nDkf k¬k n: an overhang b˙d˙'o— nUb/Øf n: a medicinal root 'l˙mpaused as'pup a shelter between 'burkuti: and l˙gd˙rya found above timberline; Orchis Incarnata. ma:j˙~ 'khag˙r. (It grows in the shape of a hand, and is nGbs{]ô expr.adv: awkwardly. dug up for its monetary value currently Ð l˙nd˙rkeÚ , to cause to fall sprawling, worth about 80 rupees per dharni.) awkwardly.l. s˙pa-nya , to fall sprawl- nx/ expr.adv: interest. ing. l. 'l˙ndi-nya, to cut a log into splitting 'l˙h˙r 'l˙h˙r , to be fascinated, curious, in- lengthsl. khya-nya for rolling down a hillside. terested.'lagi-nya I am fascinated ≥a'l˙h˙r 'lagi'zya nlGb–Gof [Nep n8g\ ' l˙Înu by it. Ðadj: , fascinating, 'l˙ndi-nya‘fall’] [l˙nÎinu] vi.pat: to collapse, fall interesting. 'l˙h˙r 'lagiu awkwardly. Ðset: . 1 . n}–Gof [Nep nfpg' launu] vt: , as in a fit,pa-nya rolling. kalambya, 'l˙i-nya to apply, as in: 'k˙r 'l˙i-nya to apply force, kolombefall sprawling. l˙nd˙rkeÚ 'meÚh 'l˙i-nya to set afire, ret˙Ú 'l˙i-nya to nGyf [Nep l˙nÊha] nom: in- file, 'rogon 'l˙i-nya to apply paint. , 'l˙nthavolvement, entanglement. cf. 't˙nta set fire with a touch. 'cop 'm˙nta. , to get involved. (Usu. inl˙ntha the negative da-nya imperative, as in: 200 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 'l˙ntha tadoyo Don’t get involved!) n/Øfª n/Øfª [Nep nk–Gof [Kh *r-lap (Mk l˙p, 'l˙ryal˙rya≥-luru≥]≥ l˙rya≥ expr.adv: ambling. 'l˙p-nyaNis rl˙p, Gam l˙); Him *r-lup (Mag , to walk in an ambling, desultoryl.l. carlap-ke ‘drill,’ Tib rlubs, Bur lup manner.'ba-nya ‘hole’)] vt: to bore a hole, drill. (Obj. n:s–Gof} vt: (Obj. without ‘the thing being bored.’) cf. s˙'gw~a:h- 'l˙sk˙i-nya) to mash lumps of meal 'kinside~aÚ a pot nya. , with a twisting, turning mo- by-lai stirring toward oneself. Ðset: tion. Ðphirpass.part: , bored, pierced. . 'k~a:- 'l˙p'sîu\ or'na 'l˙p'sîu\ 'lizya His ear is pierced. nya n:s/ (in: , qv.)

nk nk expr.adv: plastered l˙sk˙r n:s/ [Hinlogo l˙sk˙r l˙sk˙r ‘army’] ex- l˙p˙ l˙p˙ wet. , to be plastered with 'l˙sk˙rpr.adv: abreast. , to l.l. cyuÚ-nya water or mud. line up abreast. 'l˙sk˙r 'j˙i'sî-nya\ nk/Øfk nk/Øfk ex- n:Sof n: a style of singing in l˙p˙ryap l˙p˙ryap pr.adv: slapping sound. , to 'l˙skyawhich a boy (with his friends) sings one l.l. 'ba-nya walk with chupples slapping the bottom line, and a girl (with her friends) sings of the feet. the next line in reply. (There is no dancing nKb–Gof} vt: to hurl, fling, associated with this style, but it has its 'l˙pd˙i-nyacast away. cf. khya-nya. , kick own separate style of melody.) 'chetto or push aside, as in anger. , throw or nt nt expr.adv: making a hiÚ toss aside. , throw swiftly and far. l˙t˙mess. l˙t˙ , to defecate in a mess sw~îÚ nlKs–Gof vi.pat: to droop, (as of al.l. baby). eh-nya cf. 'cherp˙t˙ 'j˙i-nya. 'l˙pki-nya bend under weight. Ðset: . ntf [Sk l˙ÊÊo ‘lock of hair’] n: the ba≥gyas-nya Ðadj: . l˙talock of hair on a shaman’s crown. cf. 'l˙pkiu nKt–Gof} [ Kh < 'l˙pta ‘palm 'ceme:. 'l˙pt˙i-nya of hand’] vt: to slap. Ðset: . nTof n: a straight tassel. poh-nya nKtf [Kh (Nis lapta)] n: the palm 'l˙tya , an amaranth grain with a straight'l˙tya 'l˙ptaof the hand. , to receive a tassel.narca cf. 'lakutya narca. Ðadj: , slap (lit. ‘eat 'l˙ptaa palm k˙i-nya’). , plume-like, straight tasseled. l˙tyaso 'l˙pta 't˙p-nya to clap the hands (lit. ‘sound the palm’). nf–Gof [Kh *b-la (Mk b˙la, Nis nÅ/–Gof} vt: to slap. Ðset: 'la-nyalwa, Gam la)] vi.agt: 1. (of cattle) to 'l˙ph˙r˙i-nya. graze. 2. (of wild animals and birds, poh-nya nÅ/fjgL n: slap. cf. 'c˙tkaoni. herbivorous or carnivorous) to forage. l˙ph˙raoni , to receive a slap. , of a large flock or herd. 3. l˙ph˙raoni n/ }+ [Nep k˙i-nya n8fO“ l˙Îaî]~ n: war. cf. vr:syar (of syar a fire) to burn uncontrollably. 'l˙r˙juj˙.îÚ~ , to wage war. , swiftly, burning everything in 's˙r-s˙r 'l˙r˙ nl/–GofîÚ~ da-nya [Nep n8g\ ' l˙‹nu] vi.agt: path. Ðadj: , burnt over; grazed. 'lao 'l˙ri-nya1. to war with. (Asc. ). 2. to engage nfô [Kh (Nis lwa); Him (Chep la÷); in political campaign. -s˙ laÚTB *bla arrow] n: a barbed arrowhead. Kham Dictionary 201 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ cf. kotholyah. nfbô" n: a fermenting agent made cf–/] nf\ ô [Kh *r-la (Mk rla); Mag laduÚfrom a root, used in the preparation of (o)-rlaÚgharlap ‘armpit;’ TB *g-lak arm] n: the beer malt. (Can be dug up only by widows under-arm area; side of the body. or widowers.) Ðset: . , armpit (lit. ‘arm hole’). 'laÚ (shamanic)chokorah an oblationladuÚ k ~uÚ1. nfô [Kh *la (Nis kira; Kot ba-kila, of'sÉïÚ, beer 'b˙rm˙ or wine 'sÉïÚ to a shaman’s spirits. 'laÚSes hela ‘wild cat’) TB *(k-)la] n: leop- nfu}–Gof [Nep nufpg ' l˙gaunu ard. , the Leopard Cat (felis lag˙i-nya‘apply’] vt: 1. to make happen. 2. to bengalensis).cy~aÚku 'laÚ , a type of apply s.o. to a task; get s.o. started. wildcat. 'l˙kh˙ra, a tiger. 'laÚ Ðgen: nfô ufô gen.n: animals of prey . 's˙r 'laÚ , leopard spirit (one'la: 'laÚ(lit. 'gaÚ ‘leopard-eagles’). Ðanimals of prey of'ga: a shaman'laÚ 'd’~oÚhwaÚs familiars). Ðset: . include the following: cyaÚku~ 'laÚ Leopard Ð[Alt.root (J˙≥kot hahn)] 'zya:h Cat, 'laÚ Leopard, 'nim Himalayan Black 2. nfô [Kh *la] n: day (as opposed Bear, 'p˙hr Wild Dog, pîÚlyatar~ Striped 'laÚto night). , all day. Hyena, raÚhkhya~ Common Jungle Cat, , day and'laÚ night. b˙hri , midday.'laÚk˙ 's˙r 'laÚ Tiger, 'syal Jackal, thao~ waÚh~ Red riÚl˙ , midday.adahlaÚ , Panda. Ðbirds of prey include the fol- midday.˙d˙hm˙r 'laÚ , midday.somohor Ðnum.suff: 'laÚ lowing: ba'j˙— type of hawk, falcon, 'b~oÚd˙i , one 'thididay (duration 'la of time) as in: Eurasian Kestrel, buhmlu'gaÚ— Indian t˙'laÚ-'laÚ one day, neh'laÚ two days, etc. Eagle-Owl, 'd˙mphyani Golden Eagle, nf“ n: a wooden rack for drying meat. guhrul gidd˙ King Vulture, 'hadya gidd˙ l~aÚ nf–Gof“ [Him (Chep lan÷- ‘carry, Lammergeyer, 'kapcya'ga Dark Kite, kupa l~aÚ-nyatake’)] vt: to take, take away. cf. 'b˙i-nya. baza Spotted Owlet, 'kwiÚ type of hawk. Ðset: , all living beings. nfag (see ). (See 'sya'sï:)É ïÚÉ— 'leo b˙hri lab˙n nf5f n: thegel flank lab˙n of an animal.

'lacha , to leave the flanks nfUbf n: the beginning of a month. lagda ofo-'lacha a wether 'n˙idya-nya unshorn to protect from the ant. 'nî:g˙lda.~ rub of ropes while carrying a pack. nflu–Gof [Nep nfUg' lagnu] 'lagi-nyavi.dat: 1. to happen, befall. nfb}l;–Gof vi.agt: 1. to entice, , to feel affection for s.o.'m˙ya (There 'lagi- are lad˙i'sbeguile,î-nya\ manipulate (esp. of a child to anya number of grammatical configurations his parent to get s.th. he wants). ≥a'leok˙ possible for this verb phrase. In one, lad˙i'sî'hu'ker˙\ They came to entice me. directionality is marked on the pronouns 2. (of a dog) to jump all over its master with ergative and accusative case mark- in excitement. ings as in transitive verbs, as in: '≥a nolai nfbg n: wool or hemp sacks 'm˙ya 'lagi'zya I love him, noe ≥alai 'm˙ya 'lad˙nused for carrying loads on the backs of 'lagi'zya He loves me. In the most com- wethers. mon configuration, the loved is marked 202 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ by the accusative marker (as above), nfMk\–Gof vt: (of: ) to while the lover is construed as the pos- lahp-nyaremove the best part by separatingosy|aÚ (as sessor of , as in: nolai ≥a'm˙ya meat from the bone, leaves from the to- 'lagi'zya I love'm˙ya him, ≥alai o'm˙ya 'lagi'zya bacco plant, etc.) , to He loves me, ≥alai n˙'m˙ya ma'lagi'zya poke around inside 'z˙hra small lahp-nya opening in Do you love me? In another configura- an attempt to find s.th. tion, there are no ergative or accusative 'nfkf [Him (Tam la:pa, Jir lha:ba markings. The lover is construed as the 'lahpa‘wind’)] n: a whirlwind. experiencer of , while the loved nf\lk n: a female sheep having big one is construed'lagi-nya as the possessor of 'lahpiears. Ðset: . Ðadj: , big- , as in: I love n˙'m˙ya ≥a'lagi'zya eared (of a female'patya sheep). lahpiso you,'m˙ya ≥a'm˙ya n˙ma'lagi'zya Do you love nfMKof n: a male sheep having me?) 2. to start a task. Ðvt: . 'lahpyabig ears. Ðset: . Ðadj: , lag˙i-nya nfuL;–Gof vi.dat: to recoil big-eared (of a 'patyasheep). lahpyaso lagis-nya(esp. of a broken oath). 'nfof n: a clearing in the forest, a nflul;–Gof [Nep nfUg ' lagnu] 'lahyabare spot on a hill. 'lagi'svi.agt:î-nya\ to apply oneself to a task. –nfO{ case: the dative or accusative , steadily, without being sidetracked.suru -laimarker, as in: ≥a-lai yaÚke~ Give it to me! suru , not speaking, intent (Occurs obligatorily on the indirect object 'suhmon work. ki 'suhm of bitransitive and benefactive verbs. nfuLt (in: , qv.) With transitive verbs it occurs on the lagit˙ kyaÚye~ lagit˙ cf–nfM] n: the inside of a squash, direct object, subject to constraints rel- (o)-laÚh pumpkin, or cucumber. ative to the transitivity hierarchy.) [Nis nfM–“ loc.root: outside, as in: laÚh'd~ a— -na, Gam -tu≥, Ses -j˙hn]. l~aÚh- to the outside, laÚhk˙~ outside, etc., qq.v. nfh [Nep laj] n: shame, embarrass-

nfMbf“ loc: to the outside. laÚh'da~ laj˙ment, timidity. , to be l~aÚh'dapulus'ni'ke\ Go outside! Ðadj: ashamed, embarrassed.laj˙ 'hu-nya , to . be embarrassed. laj˙ tahaiyolaj˙ hai-nya Don’t be l~aÚh'da' nfMs“≥ao loc: outside. Ðadj: . embarrassed! , to l~aÚhk˙ nfMd\ [Tib lham] n: Tibetanl~aÚh'kao style be shamed. laj˙ morno 'ta-nya lahmboots. nfs/Øf ns/] expr.adv: nfMd\–nf]Md\ [ < Kh lohm-nya lak˙ryabroken l˙k˙re down. , to clomp lahm-lohm‘to boil meat for later drying and pre- along (as with loosel.l. 'ba-nya fitting shoes); to serving’] expr.adv: scalding. clatter along (as with a broken plow). , to briefly scald veg- nfsTof ns¬ tL¬ ô expr.adv: etableslahm-lohm or meat 'j˙i-nya for drying. cf. lohm-nya. lak˙tyastripping lukutiÚ off the whole husk. , to briefly scald. , to husk corn, stripping off l.l.the phoÚ-husk. l.l. lohm-nya nya Kham Dictionary 203 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ nfSbf (var of: , qv.) nfdf 'wfMjf+] ô n: one of lakda nfô s "“ (see lagda). lamathe shaman 'd~oÚhwaÚ’s familiar spirits which caus- 'laÚ k~uÚ nfs ¬ nfso-rlaÚ¬ expr.adv: a gestures him to speak in ‘Tibetan.’ Ðset: . 'zya:h 'lakuing of'laku the hand to come. , nfdf v¬l/ (in: to summon with a hand gesture.l.l. khul-nya la'ma khuri , qv.) la'pa khuri, la'ma khuri nfsTof¬ n: 1. a drooping tassel. nfd aftLM n: Swift (bird). cf. 'lakutya , an amaranth grain with lamcilbatih. batih 'lakutyaa drooping narca tassel. 2. the tail of a panda 1. nfd n¬d [ < Kh luhm-nya or marten (used as a tassel on the head- lam‘to lumgrow over with scar tissue’] expr.adv: dress of a dance costume). Ðadj: covered over, blanketed (as of the eye , tasseled; drooping. lakut- by a cataract; the ground by snow). yaso nfn n: 1. a small seed black on one , to cover completely; to blanketl.l. lalside and red on the other. 2. (in weighing (as'k˙p-nya of snow covering the ground, or precious metals) one-hundredth of a clouds covering the sky). tohla. 2. nfd n¬d [ < Kh 'lumo nfnf“ “ (in: , qv.) lam‘round, lum spherical’] expr.adv: rolled into laÚl~ aÚ~ lnfnfMïÚl~ ïÚ~ l aÚl~ nfaÚ~ nf] Mj] adj: slow a ball. , to make s.th. into l.l. 'd˙rl˙i-nya lalahin speech, loloh'w dumb.o— a ball. , to wrap up in a pouch. l.l. lumb˙i-nya nfnf n¬n¬ expr.adv: rushed, 'lalawithout lulu time to prepare. , to nfGhfé dM/\hfé gen.n: the lanza m˙hrza go unprepared, caught unawares.l.l. 'ba-nya occupational castes, metal-workers and musicians. nfnf nn¬ j¬ [Nep lulo] adj: 'lalaflexible, lulu'w supple,o— without body. cf. l˙d˙ nfk– loc.root: beside, along side lap- b˙d˙'o. of, as in: 'zihm lapk˙ beside the house. Ðrelator.noun: (with possessive prefix- nfnfk lg n¬n¬af] adj: es), as in: beside it, from lalapalways ni 'lulub'oon the lookout to steal, watching o-lapk˙ o-lap'ni beside it, etc. for opportunities, scrutinizing. to embrace, hug. nfô nfôj [Tib la ‘pass’] adj: nfk–Gof vt: lap-nya , to embrace one an- 'laÚbroad 'laÚ'wo (of a pass or gap in the mountains). Ðv.recip: other. Ðrelatedlap's\î-nya words: 'k˙r-nya to put nfNtLg [Nep] n: kerosene lantern, one’s arm around s.o., z˙m-nya to hold laltinstorm lantern. s.o. from the back up wrapping arms nfd [TB *laôm ‘arm-spread’] n: around his waist. 'lamoutstretched arms. 'lam b˙hri 'khy- nf“k rf]+Mk nom: deception, , the length of the outstretched arms. l~aÚp˙ c~oÚhp˙ oÚ'wo fraud, dishonesty. , Ðnum.suff: , arm-spread. neh'lam laÚp˙~ coÚhp˙~ da-nya -'lam (Obj. ) to act with fraudulence. two arm-spreads, etc. Ðset: . o-ky~aÚt˙ goî:~ , fraudulent, dishon- o-l~aÚp˙ c~oÚhp˙ 'leo 204 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ est. , honest, nftf 'wfMjf+] ô n: deaf-mute straighto-l in~aÚp˙ dealings. c~oÚhp˙ 'maleo 'lataspirit 'd (oneoÚhwaÚ~ of a shaman’s familiars). Ðset: nfk/f nk?¬ expr.adv: ex- . lap˙racitement. lup˙ru , to be 'zya:h nftf;–Gof vi.pat: to grow excited. lap˙ra lup˙ru, to be 'li-nya happy with latas-nyanumb, deadened. l.l. 'r~eÚ-nya excitement, anticipation. nftf;f] adj: 1. (of a man) honest nfkf v¬l/C latasoin his dealings, making no attempt to la'panfdf khuri, v¬l/ n:la'ma (shamanic, khuri in chant) the cheat by clever means. 2. (of an ox) leopard prints painted on a shaman’s feet. which plows well and does not attempt Ðset: . to throw its yoke. seral nfKs loc: beside, along side of. nftL [Nep nf6L laÊi] n: female lapk˙ge'zihm lapk˙ beside our house. , 'latideaf-mute. Ðset: . o-lapk˙ beside it. Ðadj: , the one along- nflt;f ] adj: p1.~a:cya:h (of a woman) honest o-lap'kao side him. , one’s neighbors. latisoin her dealings. 2. (of a cow) which lap'kaor˙ nfKn loc: in the area along side. does not kick while being milked. Ðset: lapl˙ , beside him. Ðadj: , (of) . o-lapl˙ o-lap'lao beside it. , across the 'patya nft nt¬ [Nep n'6\g' luÊnu] expr.adv: o-lap'lao gy~aÚh area alongside. olap'lao gy~aÚh 'ba'k\er˙ latplundered. lut , to plunder They went across beside it. s.o.’s goods.lat lut 'j˙i-nya nflK;–Gof v.recip: to embrace nftf] adj: 1. (of humans) honest in lap's\î-nya one another. 'latodealings. 2. (of wild animals) unafraid nfKtfk nfKtf] k] expr.adv: of men. laptap loptop deeply dented on one side. n ] v.aux: the intransitive, present-perfect l.l. 'kurci- , to become dented on one side. le auxiliary verb, as in: 'bad˙ ≥ale I have nya nfk“ Rof¬ n: Magpie (bird). gone there (i.e. I have been there). cf. 'laÚpucya~ nft–kft nom: misfortune, 'n˙i'wo. 'lat˙-pat˙calamity (esp. from spirits). n]+bØf [Nep l~î‹o] n: an animal , (of spirits) to cause misfortune'lat˙-pat˙ 'leÚdya~ having no tail. Ðset: . toda-nya befall a shaman or novice for not obey- , a small marmot'patya or pika.'musur Ðadj: ing instructions. (Obj. of the misfortune 'leÚdya~ , tailless. can be expressed by , but more l~eÚdyaso 1. nvf] n: significance, implication, o-ky~aÚt˙ often it is made explicit in a dependent 'lekhameaning. o'lekha te tubu z˙ It amounts clause, as in: 'h~aÚ'da s˙pad˙ 'lat˙-pat˙ to the same thing. cf. o-'s˙i. do'keo\ He caused him calamity by push- , having significance, makingo-'lekha good

ing him from a cliff.) sense.'leo , senseless. nftf [Nep nf6f ] laÊo] n: male 2. o-'lekha nvf] n: 'maleoauthority, jurisdiction. 'lata deaf-mute. Ðset: . 'lekha'geÚ ge'lekha male We have no authority p~a:cya:h in this matter. Kham Dictionary 205 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ n]vf 'k/fO{M [Nep] n: from one’s being. , from his lekhaeducation. 'p˙hrai place, from his being.o-l '≥eo'n| aÚs˙'kaoî\ 'li'zyao nô] n]ô [TB *s-lay ‘tongue’] expr.adv: b˙hri 'isore ol|eo'n\î z˙ 'hu'ke All I have leÚhanging leÚ tongue. , (of a panting has come from God. Ðadj: , -leo'n| î'k— ao— animal) to hang thel.l. ctongueîÚ-nya~ out. (of) the place of being. 'isore oleo'n| î'k— ao— all that (issues) from God... nô] nô] lg uf]/f]+uf]/f]+ b˙hri...

'leÚleÚexpr.adv: ni 'gor single~oÚgor file~oÚ in long line. np–ª] loc: where one lives. , leo≥˙ o-leo≥˙ , to walk single file in al.l.g.g. long where he lives. Ðadj: . -leo'≥ao— line.'ba-nya n]k–Gof [Kh *lep; Him *s-lem lep-nya n]p adj: the adjectivized form of (Chep lemh, Thak lehm); TB * (s-)lyam leo| ‘to be,’ carrying the sense of ‘hav- ‘tongue’] vt: to lick. , (of a fire) to 's˙r ing,'li-nya possessing,’ as in: u'rïÚh~ leo| having sear, singe. , extremely lep lep ≥˙m'sîu\ a horn, ormeÚh leo| having a tail, etc. appealing (lit. ‘lickable’). n]p– loc.root: where one is, as in: n]lK;–Gof vi.pat: (of a stone lep'sî-nya\ leo-| leo-'d| a\ to where he is, leo-k˙ where he in the wall) to be indented, out of line is, leo-'n| î\ from where he is, etc. Ðrela- with the surface or face. Ðadj: . lep'sîu\ tor.noun: (with possessive prefixes), as ant. 'zol-nya. in: oleo≥˙ 'lizya It’s at his place, ≥aleo'd| a\ n]; n]; expr.adv: sticky and hunke Come to me! etc. 'lesslimy 'les (like egg white). Ðadj: . 'les 'leso n p–bf] loc: to where one is. , n:of;] n: a heavy, sticky mud. leo'd| to aa\ person or his place, as in: -l≥aleo'd| eo'd| a\ a\ 'lesyaÐadj: , heavy and sticky (esp. of hunke Come to me! (lit. ‘where I am’). mud).lesyaso , to get s.o. to side with ntf] ] [Nep ledo] n: baby cereal. oneself.-leo'd| a\ 'j˙i-nya , to side with leto ln–Gof [Kh *li; Mag le-ke ‘exist’; someone.-l eo'd|'ho chyam'kina\ 'j˙i'si-nya pa~îÚh o'leo'da 'li-nyaTB *s-ri (Amdo l—î- ‘to remain’)] v.sta: 'j˙i'si'ker˙ From that day on everyone sid- to be, to exist. , a commonly used ed with him. Ðadj: , of one’s elliptical form of'lid˙ h˙i 'lid˙ ‘saying.’ Ðvi: own place or being.-leo'd| a'— ≥ao— to live or stay in a place. Ðv.aux: denoting n]p–s loc: at the place where one continuous action. bao z˙ 'li'zya He keeps leok˙is. , at his place, where he is. going. oleok˙o-leok˙ z˙ 'n˙i'zyao He keeps it at his nLô [Kh *li (Nis skuli, lwi); Him place. Ðadj: . liÚ(Mag khurli, Chep luy÷, Kai lhi, Tam n]p-leo'k dfnao—]p adj: innumerable, kuhrli); TB *d-l˙y] n: a bow (for shoot- leo| immeasurable maleo| (lit. ‘being, not being’). ing). cf. gulyalih. leo| maleo| b˙tas 'hu'ke\ A tremendous wind lna/Lô n: trigger of a gun. Ðset: came up. 'lib˙riÚ . n]p–lg loc: from one’s place, 'b˙nduk lnu¬/f n: a rod, slender pole. leo'n| î\ 'ligura 206 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ p–nLM n: the shed skin of a nô“ l;–Gof [Kh (Mk lawo~îsi, (u)-liÚhreptile. cf. ka:julih.~ lïÚ's~ Gamî-nya\ la~îsi)] vi.agt: to mourn, wail (as lnx ¬ [Nep leu] n: the slime which part of a ceremony). , with lihugrows on stones in a river. great commotion. Ðadj:p~aÚ ki p~aÚ , lïÚ's~ îrih'zyao\ nLô–nLô expr.adv: cut close to the ugly, uncomely, revolting (lit. ‘about to 'liÚ-liÚground. , to make desolate, wail’). mow downl.l. khya-nya(as of locusts to a field of cf–Nsf] tfM] [Kh *l-kota (Mk grain). (o)-lkotaÚhsyalokta, Bhj kolta, Gam k˙rta)] n: the 1. lnl;–Gof [Nep n:g] ' lesnu] skin of an animal; the peel of fruit. 'lisi-nyavt: (Obj. ‘hole’) to plaster over a hole nf]ô [Kh *b-lo (Mk bolo); Him *lo in a wall. cf. seh-nya. 'loÚ(Chep l˙w÷)] n: a large bamboo mat. 2. lnl;–Gof vi.pat: (of a flower) cf. 't˙~î:, t˙~î:'lo. , leather, animal sya'lo 'lisi-nyato wilt. , shrivel up. skin. 1 lnhfé wailya n: (in wili weaving) the temple . nf]ô–Gof vt: to trim or prune a 'loÚ-nya lizastick of a loom which gauges the width tree. (Obj. can be ‘tree’ or 's~îÚ o'kharr˙ of the material. Ðset: . ‘its branches.’) o'kharr˙ ya'loÚ'k\eo He trimmed its branches. , lnHofjé n: an inhabitant.'tana prune back all the branches.lukutya lukutya 'li'zyao nôaô“ [ < *luk ‘sheep’ + *b˙≥ 2. ô (in field hockey) 'lïbÉ ‘shedïÚ~ ’] prop.n: a Kham-Magar village nf] –Gof vt: 'loÚ-nya in the Kakri— Panchayat, Rukum District, to pass the ball from one player to another. approx. pop. 1250. (S.I. Lukum.) nf]e [Nep lobh] n: greed, covet- lob˙h , the river flowing west past Lukum.'lïbÉ ïÚ~ ousness. , to act out of lob˙h da-nya b˙ih , male inhabitant of Lukum. greed, make dishonest gain. 'lugumyal , female inhabitant of Lu- nfef] O] –Gof{ [< Nep nf]e lobh kum.'lugumyalni loboih-nya‘greed’] vt: to covet, be greedy for. nM–Gof [Kh *l˙hk (Luk l˙hk); nfuf] ] n:s/ n: possessions, lÉïÚh-nyaHim (Khal lu)] vi.agt: to joke, jest, logowealth l˙sk˙r (esp. in livestock). cf. 'd˙hn poke fun at a matter. (Loc. ). Ðadj: 's˙mp˙ti. , ludicrous, funny.-t˙ nfM] n: barley or wheat straw. Ðset: lïÚhrÉ îh'zy— nao“M–Gof— [Kh *l˙h≥; Mag lo-ke loÚh . l~ïÚh-nya‘buy’; TB (Theb ra≥, Bun la≥ ‘sell’] vt: lohsya nfnf] tf] Mj] adj: 1. sluggish, to buy, purchase. Ðpass.part: , lohlotoÚ'wslow-witted.o— 2. of a drunk whose head bought. soÚh~ 'rupiyal˙ lïÚh's~ îu\ boughtl~ïÚh's \îufor droops in a stupor. three rupees. Ð[Alt.root *chin] nf]Md\–Gof [Kh *s-lom (Nis nô“ nô“ expr.adv: intently staring. lohm-nyaslom); TB (DEW) *s-lum (Kar s˙lum, lïÚl~ ïÚ~ , to look at intently. l.l., Bur hlum)] vt: to boil meat for later 'cyuÚ-nya(of many) staring intently. laÚl~ aÚ~ lïÚl~ ïÚ~ drying and preserving. Ðset: . ph~î:-nya Kham Dictionary 207 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , briefly scald and remove. nf];–Gof [Kh *b-los (Mk bolos, lahm-lohm 'nfMDaf] n: wether which is the los-nyaKot loi÷, Mht lo) Him *lo (Mag lo ‘buy,’ 'lohmbalead sheep of a flock. Khal lok ‘lend’); Mag lo-ke ‘buy’] v.bt: nfxf] /] af\ “ n: Shera’s winter pas- to borrow s.th. from someone. lohorbturage~aÚ for cattle and buffalo. nftf;–Gof] vi.pat: to be dumb- nf];}M [Kh *l˙hs (Nis l˙hs, Gam lotas-nyafounded, astonished. cf. gar-nya. lohs˙il˙ih)] n: shavings of pitch pine (used nô" [Kh *luk; Him *luk (Tib lug, Sh for light in houses, or for fire starters on luÚluk); TB *luk] n: sheep. (Archaic except the trail). in Mk, Nis, Bhj.) cf. 'behda:. Ðgen: nf:of\] [ < *lo:h ‘straw’ + *sy\a: . lohsya‘meat’] n: cornstalks suitable for fodder. '˙g˙i-b˙g˙i n “" [Kh *lu≥; Him (Mag lhum, Chep Ðrelated words: loÚh barley or wheat 'luÚ~ lu≥ ‘round’); TB *r-lu≥] n: stone. straw, khosorah cornstalks unsuitable for , to throw a stone. 'luÚ~ , fodder, 'porya cornhusks, 'phosorya gravel,jaÚh-nya small stones. 'luÚ~ j˙r˙i cornhusks. , about a stone'l’~uÚs throw.kohcyaÚnya cf–] 'nfjf\] [Mag me-lowa waÚhk—˙, a stone tablet, stone shingle.'luÚ~ (o)-'lohwa‘popped grain’] n: popcorn. ao\ 'gohga 'ph˙lya , a heavy stone used for gunshot o'lohwa b˙n˙i 'ta'zya This corn makes (foundgaÚh~ 'luÚ~ on river banks). , a good popcorn. type of heavy mineral. kahpa 'l~uÚ nfMP] nfM] n: a game similar n¬eL [Nep lobh] n: one who is loÚh-yeto hide-and-seek. loÚh loÚh-ye loÚh bahrk˙nya 'lubihgreedy. Ðrelated words: 'korlya greedy buhrkuni s˙r sap sap Ready or not, here (esp. in regard to food), korl˙îÚ~ da-nya I come. to act with greed, hampa tih selfish, grasp-

nfO] –Gof{ [Kh *b-lot (Mk s˙boloi); ing, nicc˙ impatiently greedy, o-'hapsya loi-nyaMag lo-ke ‘buy’] v.bt: to lend s.th. to 'gyoÚh'wo one who takes more than due,

s.o. ≥alai p˙isa loi'nake Lend me some n¬le–Gof [Nep lobh ‘greed’] money , (of a group) to borrow 'lubih-nyavi.pat: to be greedy, covetous. Ðvt: and lendloi's as î-nya\necessary. , to covet, be greedy for. loboih-nya cf–nf] O] { [ < *loi-nya] n: replace- n¬u¬Dofn prop.n: male inhabit- (o)-loiment, substitute. 'lugumyalant of Lukum. , female in- 'lugumyalni nf]ô nf]ô expr.adv: staring intently. habitant of Lukum. loÚ loÚ , to look at, staring intently. n¬Md\ n: a wrap or sheath (esp. a luhm l.l. 'cyuÚ-nya nfk] nfk] expr.adv: 1. (of a tree piece of cloth wrapped around the foot lopor lopfield) green and full of foliage. 2. (of when wearing a 'zyo:). , 'kwiÚ luhm a young person) well developed. Ðadj: glove, mitten. , foreskin katue uluhm , verdant, lush. chiÚr˙ lop lobo of the penis. 'tad˙lop lobo ler˙ The grass has become verdant. n¬Md\–Gof vt: to cover the foot luhm-nyawith a luhm. Ðvi: (of a wound) to close, 208 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ grow over with scar tissue. roundish in body. Ðset: . Ðadj: , of the eye to be coverednani withluhm- a . p~a:cya:h cataract.nya umiÚr˙ paloe luhmdi'keo\ His eyes lumurkyaso nt¬ [Nep luto] n: mange, scabies.

were covered by a cataract. lut˙ n¬lt–Gof [Nep n'6\g' luÊnu] vt: 'nhfé¬ n: an unmarried girl, maiden. luti-nyato rob, plunder. , taking every- 'luh'zacf. 'dahme:.~ , children (of both thing. 'syap-sip 'luh'zar˙ sexes). , to come n¬t¬ n¬t¬ expr.adv: having 'luh'za k~uÚ-l˙ hu-nya to second childhood (lit. ‘to enter the lutusuperior lutu strength. , to at- child hole’). tack with superior strength.l.l. 'kh˙p-nya 'nhfé¬ af“hfé gen.n: children, nO" {ô–Gof [Kh *lut (Seram lut-); 'luh'za 'baÚza~ boys and girls. lwiÚ-nyaHim (Chep lu- ‘reach into hole,’ lut- 'nhfé¬ PD;/ prop.n: the ‘poke,’ luy- ‘go in and out of hole’); TB 'luh'zatrail which ems˙r passes to the east of ≥aipa. (DEW) *lut (Kuki lut ‘enter’] vt: to ns¬ Tof¬ ns¬ Tof¬ expr.adv: insert into a hole. Ðv.refl: , lukutyacompletely lukutya pruned. , to prune to burrow in. , pushinglwiÚ'si-nya one’s way back all the branchesl.l. on 'loÚ-nya a tree. in forcibly. teÚ~ teÚ~ n¬v¬? n¬v¬? expr.adv: nO" {ôRof n: Red Junglefowl. Ðgen: lukhurutired, unmotivated. lukhuru , to walk lwîÚcya~ . mile after mile withoutl.l. motivation.'ba-nya 'sya: 'ba: NofMd\–Gof [Kh *lyahm; Him n¬d–Gof [ < Kh 'lumo ‘round, lyahm-nya(Mag lhem-ca ‘not salty,’ Chan lim-pa 'lum-nyaspherical’] vt: (of a woman) to wrap ‘tasty’); TB *(s-)lyam ‘tongue’] vi.pat: hair up out of the way. Ðpass.part: to be savory, nutty in flavor. Ðadj: , wrapped in a bun. . 'lum'sîu\ nDa¬ –Gof} vt: to tie in a piece lyahm'o lumb˙i-nyaof cloth, wrap up in a pouch. cf. 'd˙rl˙i- M nya. , wrapped in a packet. dlr–Gof [Nep dlRrg' m˙ccinu] lam lum , wrap oneself in a blanket, 'm˙ci-nyavi.pat: to be stirred up, aroused, incited. sarlap surlup head to foot. Ðpass.part: , 'j~aÚhk˙rie o'd~oÚhwaÚr˙ ya'huk˙ b˙n˙i lumb˙i'sîu\ wrapped into a packet. 'm˙ci'zya When a shaman’s spirits come, nDaf¬ n: a ball or sphere (usu. of he becomes incited. Ðvt: [Nep 'lumbastone or wood). cf. 'd˙rla. m˙caunu ‘make rise’] tom˙c˙i-nya stir up, arouse, n¬d n¬d [Kh *lum; Him (Chep stimulate. , to cause a lumlu≥ lum ‘round’); TB *zlum] expr.adv: plague or nuhl disaster. m˙c˙i-nya b˙tas 'hud˙ nuhl round, spherical. , to form m˙c˙i'keo\ A wind came and stirred up a s.th. into a ball. Ðadj:l.l. 'd˙rl˙i-nya , round, disaster. Ðrelated words: jisk˙i-nya to spherical. lum 'lumo provoke, incite to fury, 'ukhi da-nya to n¬d¬Sof{ n: s.th. short and stir up a fight, 'y~uÚ kola kola 'j˙i-nya to 'lumurkya irritate, make angry. Kham Dictionary 209 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ d5Øf temp.adv: (in southern . m˙chyadialects only) the day after tomorrow. buhsuna: 'dgLd n: a summer pasturage cf. nihmchya:.~ 'm˙hnimfor cattle and buffalo between damc˙î:~ db [Sk] n: distilled barley or rice and ku:hdya~ . m˙d˙wine. , alcoholic drinks d·}M–Gof [< Nep dx“uf] (beer-wine).m˙d˙ chokorah m˙hm˙h≥g˙i-nya~˙go ‘expensive’] vt: ( ‘its dbt [Nep d2t m˙dd˙t] n: help, price’) to make more expensive.o-eÚh m˙d˙tassistance. dM/ \ [ ? < Tib mgar-ba ‘smith,’ or du/ [ ? < Tib mgar-ba ‘smith’] m˙hrThak m˙hr ‘gold’] n: a male of the m˙g˙rn: a male belonging to the Magar tribe smith caste. Ðgen: . (including the Budha, Gharti, Pun, and Ð[Alt.root (Mk lan)]. lanza m˙hrza Roka subtribes who speak Kham). var. d/\h“Mj (in: mï:g˙r.~ m˙hrjïÚ'w~ o— , qv.) 'karjaÚ~ du/fGt n: the land of the m˙hrjïÚ'wo~ dM/\–'d]+ [ ? < Tib mgar-ba 'm˙g˙rant˙Magars. cf. 'kh˙sant˙. m˙hrm‘smith,eÚ~ ’ or Thak m˙hr ‘gold’] n: a du/–lg [ ? < Tib mgar-ba female of the smith caste. m˙g˙r-ni‘smith’] n: a female belonging to the dtn“Mj (in: Magar tribe. m˙ht˙lïÚ'w~ o— , qv.) 'k˙ht˙lïÚ~ dx (in: , qv.) m˙ht˙lïÚ'wo~ 'dtfNofM prop.n: male inhab- m˙h˙ dxls–Goft˙h˙ m˙h˙ vi.pat: to swag- 'm˙htalyaitant of Mahatg—aon. , female 'm˙h˙ki-nyager; become intoxicated with one’s own inhabitant of Mahatgaon.— 'm˙htalni wealth or greatness. 1. d } n: a wooden harrow drawn dxnf [Nep moh˙la] n: a muzzle 'm˙iby oxen. , to harrow. 'm˙h˙lafor muzzling an animal. 2. d'm˙i} prop.n: jaÚh-nya a shamanic deity dxg n: a large wooden jug for 'm˙iwhose chief shrine dominates the village 'm˙h˙nstoring milk to make ghee. (Slightly barrel of Maikot. (The god accepts only the shaped with a lid; similar to a theka but blood of black animals Ð black chickens, larger.) Ðset: . black goats, and once a year a black bull.) dxLô [Nep]'ja: n: whey, buttermilk also: 'm˙itho, m˙st˙. 'm˙hiÚ(the watery part of milk separated from 'd}M [ < Kh *m˙h˙t] prop.n: a the curd). 'm˙ihKham-Magar village near the confluence dlxdfgf] [Nep m˙h˙ ‘great’ of the Thabang and Lukum Rivers. (S.I. 'm˙himano+ man ’honor’] adj: honorable, distin- Mahatgaon.)— , male inhabitant 'm˙htalya guished, noble, great. of Mahatgaon.— , female inhabitant of Mahatgaon.—'m˙htalni 'dhL“ôsf [W.Nep m˙chi ‘fly’] 'm˙hjn: flyingîÚka~ ant, termite. Ðgen: d}sf] prop.n: a Kham-Magar 'mulza 'm˙ikovillage in the northern sector of Rukum District, approx. pop. 1250. (S.I. 210 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Maikot.) , male inhabitant of 2. dôn}–Gof vt: 1. (Obj. Maikot. 'mwikuti , female inhabitant 'm˙Úl˙i-nya‘leather’) to massage with oil to make of Maikot.'m˙ikotyani soft and pliable. 2. (Obj. ‘people’) to d}n}–Gof [Nep d}Nofpg' discipline so as to make docile, obedient. 'm˙il˙i-nyam˙ilyaunu ‘to dirty’] vt: to put fertilizer Ðpass.part: , massaged, on a field. cf. 'm˙:l˙i-nya. worked over. 'm˙Úl˙i'sîu\ d}gf [Nep dxLgf m˙hina] n: month. dnd [Nep] n: ointment. 'm˙inaÐ[Kh (Mk sya:h] m˙l˙m 1. dnfô [cf. Gur mlah] n: (in d}Gof vf“af n: the chief m˙laÚsouthern dialects only) rice. Ðset: . 'm˙inyapillar of kh a house~aÚba located between the fire 2. dnfô n: small, white maggots'chal pit and back wall. (It is important for m˙laÚwhich destroy the roots of corn plants. certain ceremonial purposes, such as sub- , small, black insects destruc- stituting for a shaman’s suwa during a tive'molo to m˙laÚcorn. healing seance.) Ðset: . dnfô–Gof vi.pat: (of corn) to 'zihm d}/f n: 1. the veranda or outer m˙laÚ-nyabe infected by m˙la:. 'm˙ira room of a house. 2. the veranda floor. dnfd [Nep dnfdL ‘mourner’] Ðset: . 'm˙lamn: funeral. , a funeral attendee. 'zihm dyf} ] prop.n: (var. of: , qv.) dnf'm˙lami “ hLké expr.adv: suffering 'm˙itho 'm˙i dhfs [Nep moj] n: luxury. cf. 'm˙ldistressaÚ~ zip or discomfort by being in a 'm˙jak˙tha:t˙.~ , to live in ease touchy situation; (touch-and-go). and luxury.'m˙jak˙s˙ 'li-nya , to alternate between'm˙l rainaÚ~ dsNof n: a belligerent, com- andzip 'j˙i-nyasunshine, in: 'm˙k˙lyabative bull, casting up dirt with its horns. . 'n˙m 'm˙l~aÚ zip 'j˙i- Ðset: . Ðadj: , belig- nya dNrfKof [Nep m˙ls~apro] n: erent,p combative.~a:cya:h m˙k˙lyaso , 'm˙lcapyamarten. Ðgen: . Ð[Alt.root (of a person ) to behavem˙k˙lyaso belligerently. 'j˙i'sî-nya\ (Mk rgogila,~ Gam'baza-biza g˙liw˙n)] dsf} (in: , qv.) dNdf n: type of large wasp. cf. m˙k˙o ds/fM j˙k˙[Hin m˙k˙o m˙k‹a] n: spider. 'm˙lma'jyo:h. Ðgen: . m˙k˙rahÐgen: . 1. dg [Nep]'mulza n: affection, buhsuna: fondness, rwihza dSdn wanza [Nep m˙khm˙l] n: velvet. m˙nlove. , to like, be fond m˙km˙l dn [Nep] n: compost, fertilizer. of. (Them˙n experiencer 'lagi-nya of the emotion is 'm˙l dnô n: insect which destroy the grammatically the possessor of , as 'm˙n m˙l˙Úears of corn in its early stages, weevil. in: ≥alai o'm˙n 'lagi'zya He likes me, nolai

Ðgen: . ≥a'm˙n 'lagi'zya I like him, etc. cf. 'm˙ya. 1 Ðadj: 1. liked, loved, pleasing rwihza . d wanzaôn}–Gof vt: (Obj. e:h-lai)~ to one.'m˙n 2. whatever 'lagiu one pleases, wherever 'm˙Úl˙i-nyato dung a field by bedding livestock in it one pleases. at night. o'm˙n 'lagiu 'yehn do'zyao He does whatever work he pleases. Kham Dictionary 211 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 2. dg n: village work force. cf. , nevertheless, even so. m˙n'jahra, beth˙. , to employ, h˙i 'tadi m˙ni, no matter what, regard- use a village workm˙n force.jaÚh-nya 'joÚless. 'tadi m˙ni , by whatever means ju'ni m˙ni dgd [Kh (Mk m˙n˙m, Gam necessary. m˙n˙mm˙d˙≥)] n: flour, meal. cf. phani. dg dg expr.adv: kneading m˙n m˙n dGrf sf dGrf expr.adv: motion. , to knead intensely m.m. zu-nya m˙ncanot looking ka m˙nca back. , to go till fine. swiftly, not lookingm.m. back. 'ba-nya dGt/ [Sk m˙ntr˙] n: incantation, 'm˙nt˙r dG5}–Gof [W.Nep dG;fpg' mantra. , to do incanta- 'm˙nt˙r da-nya 'm˙nch˙i-nyam˙nsaunu] vt: to consecrate an animal tions. , incantations and 'm˙nt˙r t˙nt˙r for sacrifice by sprinkling water on its magic formulas. head (in the name of a god). Ðpass.part: dGt/L [Nep dGqL m˙ntri] n: , consecrated. 'deotae 'm˙nt˙ricabinet minister, high official. 'm˙nch˙i'su'mint˙ 'm˙nch˙i'sîu\ îu\ consecrated in the dGtf (in: , qv.) name of a god. 'm˙nta dGyg (in:'t˙nta m˙nta , dGb}–Gof vt: to spool string 'm˙nth˙nqv.) 'g˙nth˙n 'm˙nth˙n 'm˙nd˙i-nyaonto a 'tosor as part of the process in dªNaf/ [Nep d·naf/ rope making. cf. 'm˙nd˙n. m˙m˙≥g˙lbar]≥˙lbar n: Tuesday. (Usu. in: dGbn n: victory. m˙≥g˙lbar chyam Tuesday day.) 'm˙nd˙l , to emerge as the victor.'m˙nd˙l dª/f dn n: herbal medicine zya-nya 1. dGbln n: victor, champion 'm˙applied≥˙ra 'm˙l to the sores of sheep and goats. 'm˙nd˙li(esp. of bulls or rams). cf. 's˙t˙wa. 2. dGbln [Nep m˙nÎ˙li ‘influ- d·}–Gof [Nep d“ufpg' 'm˙nd˙liential man’] n: (in: ) 'm˙m˙gaunu~≥g˙i-nya ‘make a request’] vt: to put local gods or dieties.'than e\ a'lao o'm˙nd˙li 'thane in an order for s.th. cf. tha-nya. o'm˙nd˙lir˙ 'daino 'ta'cyo Blessings be Ðpass.part: , ordered, sent to the gods of this shrine. Ðset: . for. 'm˙≥g˙i'sîu\ dGbg n: one length of'deota string dª\uf] [Nep dx“uf] m˙h˙go]~ adj: 'm˙nd˙nwhen spooled onto a 'tosor. (If lengths 'm˙expensive.≥goh cf. o-e:h 'giso. come out in multiples of two, the resulting dfsf} [Nep m˙uka] n: op- rope will be double stranded; if in multi- 'm˙okaportunity, chance. , ples of three, the rope will be triple strand- to seize an opportunity.'mowka 'chupi-nya ed.) cf. 'p˙ih-nya. , to get an opportunity.'mowka d˙i- dGbfjgL n: the beater of a nya cf–d/f] M“ [ < *ma ‘female’ + 'm˙ndaonichurn; churn dasher. (o)-m˙r*'rï:h~ ‘~aÚhpheasant’] n: the female of games dlGb/ [Nep] n: a Hindu temple. birds. cf. o-p˙ra:h.~ 'm˙ndir dlg adv: even, also. cf. b˙, palo. db{g n}–Gof vt: to m˙ni 'm˙rd˙n 'l˙i-nya 212 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ massage with oil. over with earth.) d/Lr [Nep] n: black pepper. d:t prop.n: (var. of: , qv.) m˙ric dd}{–Gof vt: to aim or strive m˙st˙ dtnk [Nep dtna 'm˙im˙t˙l˙b] n: m˙rm˙i-nyato reach a certain place. ka≥k˙ m˙t˙l˙pmeaning, sense. cf. o-'s˙i. n˙m˙rm˙i'zyao Where do you aim to get? dt dt expr.adv: obese. dd{t [Nep m˙r˙mm˙t] nom: m˙t˙ m˙t˙ , excessively fat, obese. m˙rm˙tmaintenance. , to main- m.m. dt 'k~aÚdiu]n n: special dark colored clay tain, keep in goodm˙rm˙t repair. da-nya m˙telfor plastering the outside of a house. dk{]; n: a summer pasturage dltª/f [Nep m˙Êya≥eo] n: a 'm˙rpesfor cattle and buffalo between 'm˙hnim 'm˙ticlay≥ pellet˙ra for shooting in a sling. and tatu:~ . dltt]n [Nep dl§t]n m˙ÊÊitel] n: d–'/Øf“M n: the mother of one’s m˙titelkerosene. m˙'ryaÚh~ 'rya:h~ . dlQof [Nep m˙Êiya ‘small earth- d; n: husband’s younger brother. 'm˙ttiyaen pot’] n: medium-sized clay jug. cf. m˙srecip. marum. 'ma:th˙.~ Ðset: . d;nf [Nep] n: food spices. dTo"ôln'ja: n: a small, earthen pot. m˙s˙la d;fg [Nep ‘ghost’] n: a spirit 'm˙tyuÚliÐset: . 'm˙sanof the dead (controlled by witches) which 'ja: dy n: burial cairn for shamans. comes to haunt the living. (When visible m˙th˙(The cairn is plastered over and painted it is said to take the form of a man with white with a pine branch protruding from long fangs and a hollow spot in the back.) its top. The shaman is buried inside, sit- Ðset: . ting up, facing north, with most of his dl;'zya:h [Nep] n: ink. body above ground level.) m˙si dl;gf] [Nep] adj: fine textured dof [Nap maya] n: love, affection. 'm˙sino(esp. of fibers). cf. 'n˙p 'n˙bo. 'm˙ya , to feel affection for s.o. d;“ô [Nep moso] n: fire black (There'm˙ya 'lagi-nyaare a number of grammatical con- m˙swhich~ïÚ accumulates on pots, etc. figurations possible for this verb phrase. , (in: m˙s~ïÚ In one, directionality is marked on the walwal, qv.) duhli walwal, m˙s~ïÚ wal- pronouns with ergative and accusative wal dl:s–Gof [Nep dl:sg' case markings as in transitive verbs, as 'm˙ski-nyam˙skinu ‘be tightened’] vi.pat: (of the in: '≥a nolai 'm˙ya 'lagi'zya I love him,

face) to look guilty. , (intensified). noe ≥alai 'm˙ya 'lagi'zya He loves me. In

Ðvt: , tom˙s˙k make an expression the most common configuration, the of guilt.m˙sk˙i-nya cf. jip 'j˙i-nya. loved is marked by the accusative marker (as above), while the lover is construed d:vfbfô n: a charcoal kiln. as the possessor of , as in: 'm˙skhadaÚ(Made by digging a pit, filling with logs, nolai I love'm˙ya him, igniting until burning hotly, and covering ≥a'm˙ya 'lagi'zya ≥alai o'm˙ya

Kham Dictionary 213 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 'lagi'zya He loves me, ≥alai n˙'m˙ya 'macahiu 'yehn evil deeds). ma'lagi'zya Do you love me? In another dfrfj adj: 1. bad, evil, wicked. configuration, there are no ergative or macao2. thin, in poor health. accusative markings. The lover is con- df5fj“ adj: 1. hypocritical. strued as the experiencer of , 'mach2. evil,~aÚ'wo associated with black magic. while the loved one is construed'lagi-nya as the df“b (in: , qv.) possessor of , as in: n˙'m˙ya m~aÚd˙ df“bn [Nepj~aÚd˙ mad˙l] m~aÚd˙ n: a cylindrical ≥a'lagi'zya I 'm˙ya love you, ≥a'm˙ya mdancing~aÚd˙l drum (A skin is stretched over n˙ma'lagi'zya Do you love me?) both ends and beat with the finger tips.) , to forget or lose interest'm˙ya in cf. du:di.~ s.o.'mari-nya , to gratify one’s love by'm˙ya spending s˙ih-nya time with the one loved. df“bf e/]; n: trail bread 'm~aÚda b˙hres , to be uncon- baked over the fire without oil. cernedjyuÚye for'm˙ya one ’mada-nyas welfare, esp. in the face df“bf] n: a broth made from millet m~aÚdo of higher interests. flour (used esp. for people in convales- 1 cence). cf. chidul. . df– v.aff: the negative prefix. ma-(Occurs with all tenses and aspects in dfugLw¬Gof adj: innu- ma'g˙niduhnya nominalized verb forms, but only with merable, uncountable. sue z˙ perfective and imperfective aspects in the ma'g˙niduhnya Countable by no-one.

narrative paradigm). dfugLl;p adj: of small ma'g˙ni'sîu\ 2. df– v.aff: the interrogative prefix, repute, counted as nothing. katal˙ ma-as in: ≥aÚs˙ n˙ma'ba'ke\ Will you go with ma'g˙ni'sîu\ counted in nothing. u'min me? (Occurs only in the narrative par- , a name of small repute. ma'g˙ni'sîu\ adigm.) 'df–Gof [Kh *mah; Him (Mag 'mah-nya dfô interj: a reply of bewilderment: mhat-ke, Chep hmat- ‘disappear,’ Tam maÚ‘who knows?’ mah); TB *ma-t] vi.pat: 1. to be lost (of an object). cf. ≥oi-nya. , dis- cf–df] [Kh *ma; TB *ma] n: 1. appear instantly. 2. (euph) 'phwto die.~aÚ 3. to (o)-'mathe female of any species. cf. o-m˙ra:h.~ be utterly defeated, in: ant. o-'pa. 2. the lower stone of a quern. (lit. ‘to lose one’s name’'min). Ðvt: mah-nya Ðset: . . s˙m˙ih- dfra:th˙i~“ voc.n: polite term of address to nya one’s choice, voli- 'ma~aÚ daughter or a younger woman. var. cf–dfxf] “ n: (o)-mahtion. ~aÚ ho:na'ni,~ huna'ni. 'ma:za.~ cf. 'ba:, babuza. cf. [Nep magh] the tenth dfanf“ n: a scarlet variety of df3 n: mahg˙month of the Nepali calendar, mid- 'mab˙lrhododendron.aÚ~ cf. 'khu:,~ so≥ora:. January to mid-February. dfrflxp adj: evil, base, foul 1. mother’s elder sister. 'macahiu(esp. in: 'macahiu paÚ~ evil words, and df\uf] n: mahgo 2. wife of father’s elder brother (i.e. pah- 214 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ). (Within the confines of K-M mar- df“h [Nep majh]~ n: center. go riage constraints, the members of 1Ð2 maÚj˙~ df“h vfu/ prop.n: a intersect.) voc.n: term of address by mprominent~aÚj˙ 'khag˙r peak northeast of Taka, elev. mahgo’s reciprocals. recip. 'b˙hrca, 15,445 ft. (S.I. Phagune). 'b˙hrci. dfhnfj“ adj: of the center. neg: the negative equative: dfMs maÚj˙'lao~ dfhfdf] adj: (in: , maÚhk‘is not,—˙ ’ as in: 'no maÚhk˙— Not that. majamoqv.) 'y~uÚ majamo an evil force which causes dfMg\ n: df“lh [Hin ?] n: spokesman. mahnfailure in hunting or fishing. (It is said 'maÚji~ dflhnf“ n: the second eldest to be caused by an outsider seeing an 'mson.aÚjila~ earlier catch, and making a loud exclamation about it.) , to pre- df“lhln n: the second eldest 'mdaughter.aÚjili~ vent future mahnmahn by appointing khya-nya someone to leave p˙hla: behind on the trail when df“lh/Øf n: a small, yellow 'maÚjirya~ entering the village. flower which grows above timberline. dfMg\–Gof vi.pat: for a state dfsNof dfsn] ] [ < Kh mak˙lya mok˙le mahn-nyato occur when fish no longer enter the mok˙le:-nya ‘to stir with fingers’] ex- traps. ant. ra:h-nya. pr.adv: 1. slight stirring with extended fingers. , to mix dfxfNof] n: a crowd or throng slightly by m.m.stirring mok˙leÚ-nya with extended fingers. 'maholyaof people. miÚr˙ b˙n˙i 'maholya 'hu'k\er˙ 2. to count, reckon in with. People came in a great throng. ( dfM;\ n: oil (either cooking oil or dfsu{n–Gof vi.pat: mak˙rg˙l-nya 'miÚ mahsfuel). ‘eye’) to acquiesce, give in when one has received less than his due. 'df:af “ n: the area between [Nep] goods, merchandise. 'mahsb'ku:hdya~ ~aÚ and ka:~ . dfn n: mal [Nep m˙des] df“Mlt adv: as though. o'jyaÚlai df“n db]; n: mtheaÚl˙~ plains 'm˙des of southern Nepal. mso'wo~aÚhti maÚhti~ 'j˙i'keo\ He acted as though he despised his wife. cf. kata ma:hti.~ dfnª n: body tremors, palsy. mal˙Ðn: ≥ , a person afflicted with dfO{+ [Nep DjfO“ mwa~î] nom: palsy.'mal˙≥gya 'makiss.îÚ~ , to kiss. 1. bird snare with a loop 'ma dfO~îÚnf+{ da-nya [Nep dflxnf mahila] n: dfnf n: 'malawhich passes over the neck. kuhm. 'matheîÚla~ second oldest son. cf. 'ma:jila.~ cf. 2. [Nep ‘garland’] n: shaman ’s dfO{tL [Nep dfOt mait] n: a dfnf 'malanecklace. Ð . 'maitiman’s in-laws through his wife. Ðset: set: seral . dfnf dn¬ ¬ expr.adv: jerking malamotion mulu of the head. , 'nal natha dfOtf{ ] [< Nep dfOt mait] n: the to watch, jerking them.m. head bahl's from side\î-nya to 'maitolocation or village of one’s 'maiti. side. Kham Dictionary 215 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ dfn] neg: the negative existential: , to observe a festival. 'male‘there is none.’ nya, to be grateful, appreciative'gun 'mani- of an- nya dfn]p adj: the negative form of other’s kindness. 'maleo'leo, with the sense of ‘without, not hav- dflGs n: respect, honor. ing,’ as in: u'rïÚh~ 'maleo hornless, ormeÚh 'manki , prestigious, held in honor.'manki 'maleo tailless, etc. d˙i'wo , having prestige. o-'manki 'leo dfnfjf] n: Snow Pigeon. Ðgen: dflG;Gof n: an exogamous 'malowa . 'mansinyarelative, one who is outside the norms 'sya: 'ba: dfnª¬ (in: accepted by marriage custom. Ðset: 'nal malu≥ , qv.) alu≥ 'b˙r~aÚ, malu≥ . , to marry incestuously.natha 'mansinya r˙i-nya 'b˙raÚ~ dfdf [Nep] n: 1. mother’s younger mamabrother. 2. wife’s father (if younger than dfg¬ n: a measure equivalent to manu ego’s father). voc.n: term of address by two 'rya: (about one quart). Ðset: . goî:~ mama’s reciprocals. recip. 'bahnj˙, 'bah- dfgjf¬ [Sk man] n: the world nji. Ðabbrv: precedes proper name 'manuwa(esp. its people). ao\ 'manuwat˙ ≥ama'lidi as a title. ma ramma das Uncle Ram Das. b˙ 'tae It would be fine if I no longer

dfd¬ln [Nep] adj: average, remained in this world. 'mamuliordinary. cf. o-'dahn'kao. dfGof [Nep] n: meaning. o'manya 'manya dfg [Nep] n: honor, respect. cf. ≥ama'buji'duh.i I couldn’t understand the 'man'manki. , respectable, hon- meaning. cf. ˙rth˙, o-'s˙i. orable. o'man d˙i'wo, of one who demands dfªlD;–Gof vi.pat: to be respect ino'man a self-assertive 'leo way. maunimpressed,≥˙m's\î-nya consider as nothing, in: , of one who is not self-assertiveo'mans˙ of . (The object-ka- his'leo honor, humble. , to liketa m argument~aÚhti ma≥ ˙m's occurs\î-nya in a dependent assert one’s positiono'man or honor. hai-nya clause with or , as in: nitao , to show a person respect.o'man p~aÚ th˙id˙ b˙'r ïÚhd˙~kata m~aÚhth˙id˙ ma≥˙m's\î Even

'n˙i-nya dfgef n: 1. a measure of half hearing such words he was unim- man˙baha manu. (Same as 'rya:). Ðset: . 2. pressed.) a weight equivalent to half an anago.î:~ Ðset: dfªlD;p adj: undesirable. . ma(Part≥˙m's of \îua construction in which a redu- kach˙ dfgL coord: otherwise, lest. ≥alai plicated verb stem precedes, as in: 'le 'le manije'b˙i'na'kin da ≥aya'cya, mani ≥amaya'cyo ma≥˙m'sîu\ undesirable to live at, 'ba 'ba

If you take me along I’ll give it to you, ma≥˙m'sîu\ undesirable to go to, 'cyuÚ

otherwise I won’t. 'cyuÚ ma≥˙m'sîu\ undesirable to look at, etc.) dflg–Gof [Nep dfGg' mannu] 'mani-nyavt: to observe or follow. df·f (in: , qv.) 'ma≥ga 'ha≥ga 'ma≥ga , to follow a religion.'d˙hrm˙ 'mani- dfÅ/;f] ] adj: unskilled, innya p˙rb˙ 'mani- 'maph˙resocompetent (lit. ‘uncurdled’). 216 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ dflÅ [Nep df˚ maph] n: for- mas˙n˙ k˙i 'ta ma Who knows? I wonder maphigiveness. , to ask for what happened. forgiveness.maphi nih-nya, to give for- 1. df;f [Sk] n: a small weight giveness. maphi ya-nya 'masafor measuring gold: one tenth of a 'tohla. cf–dfÅ] ¬ n: the case, shell, or 2. df;f n: the front sight of a (o)-maphuskin of a tuber (esp. the remains after 'masagun. Ðset: . the new plant begins growth). df;'b˙nduk]M/\ (in: , df/ n: butchered animal. masehrqv.) kuser ni masehr 'mar df?d n: 1. elder brother’s wife. dfl;–Gof [Nep df:g' masnu marum2. wife’s elder sister. 3. mother’s broth- 'masi-nya‘expend’] vi.pat: to be destroyed, an- er’s daughter (if older than ego). (Within nihilated. Ðvt: , to annihilate. the confines of K-M marriage con- Ðset: mas˙i-nya. straints, the members of 1Ð3 intersect.) s˙phya:-nya df:t/ [Nep-Eng] n: a school voc.n: term of address by marum's recip- mast˙rmaster. rocals. recip. m˙s, 'koî'za.~ dftfôl;p (o“") adj: im- df; [Nep ‘month’] n: (esp. in: mataÚ'smature\îu acting ('y~uÚ) (lit. ‘heart unstrung’). 'mas 'mas yoÚ-nya to fulfill) the time of child dfTof“ n: fine thread. ant. 'dohdya. delivery. 'm~aÚtya dfy“ n: a large clay jug for df“; [Nep m~as ‘flesh’] n: (in: 'mstoring~aÚth˙ beer. cf. 'm˙ttiya, 'm˙tyu:li. Ðset: m~aÚs˙ ) formula used . in'syaÚ binding m~aÚs˙, a solemn 'jiÚh m oath,~aÚs˙ as in: 'ao ≥apaÚ~ 'ja: dfy“ bnjf n: a disorder 'phisko n˙'j˙i'kin ≥a'syaÚ m~aÚs˙ olagisk˙, mcausing~aÚth˙ d˙l˙wa head tremors. ≥a'jiÚh maÚs˙~ olagisk˙ If you fail to keep dfyôl/p adj: 1. unstable, these my words, may the oath of my ma'thunsettled.ïÚriuÉ 2. (of words) unproved, un- flesh recoil upon you, may the oath of founded. my blood recoil upon you. , the form of declaring'syaÚ m~aÚs˙ an dfyf] [Nep maÊho] adj: slow, 'matho oath'chu's in\î-nya which each man of the two parties gentle. , slowly, gently. var. 'mathos˙ holds the other’s flesh between his thumb 'mathoras˙. and forefinger while declaring the words dfof do¬ ¬ expr.adv: beaming, maya 'muyu of the oath. smiling. , to be beaming, havingmaya an'muyu expression 'li-nya of happi- df;Abfnf] adj: large and stu- ness. mas˙bdalopid; slow, dull-witted. é , df;wfM–Gof vt: to not df“hf (var of: qv.) 'maÚza~ 'm~aÚ mas˙daÚh-nyaallow a person free time, give no leisure d]– [Kh *me; Him (E.Tib. me ‘low’)] me- to. Ðvi: . deictic.prim: down, as in: me'da— downward, mek˙ at a lower place, me'n î— from df;gdaÚh-nya interj: who knows? as in: mas˙n˙ below, etc., qq.v. Kham Dictionary 217 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ d]+ (in: , qv.) below. Ðadj: . me'kao— 'meÚ~ d]bf n˙loc:îÚ~ 'mdownward.eÚ~ d]s;} loc: a bit lower. me'da— , to become poor, to beme'd headinga— 'ta- mek˙'s˙i— , to barter (lit.rok˙'s˙i ‘make downwardnya financially. cf. pi:hti 'ta-nya. (price)mek˙'s˙i up'j˙i-nya and down’). Ðadj: Ðadj: , the one below, the low- . er one.me'da'— ≥ao— mek˙'s d–n] ˙i'k— loc:ao— down below. Ðadj: . d]M– comp.root: fire. (Used only in mel˙ d]nf (in: , qv.) me'lao— meh-compounds, such as: mehr˙i cinder, 'mela d]+df [Kh'r˙hla *mi:ma 'mela < *mi ‘person’ mihkwi smoke, etc. qq.v.). 'm+eÚma~ *ma ‘female’ (Mk, Bhj m~îma)] n: a 'd]M [Kh *meh (Mk mi:h, Gam woman, person of the female sex. mmi:h);|eÚh Him (Mag mhe, Chep hme÷ < , daughter. , wom-'meÚ-~ *s-mi Rw≥ s˙mi); TB *mey] n: fire. enma and 'zaÚ children. 'meÚma~ wanza , to do fire (i.e. to be making d]lg loc: 1. from below. 2. on usemeÚh| of da-nya a fire, either for cooking or for me'nthe î—lower side. Ð adj: . warming oneself). , to set d–ª] loc: in the me'narea below.î'k— ao— Ðadj: meÚh| 'l˙i-nya fire to s.th. , to warm me≥˙ . oneself by mtheeÚh| fire. mw îÚ's~ î-nya\ , a me≥—ao dÅ–t] loc: on the lower side shower of flame and sparks.m|eÚh p˙li ≥gah meph˙t˙of two. Ðadj: , the lower one. , to keep a small firem |eÚhburning 'zuÚ- meph˙'t, theao— village of Lower (whenzuÚ 'j˙i-nya fire is unavailable for kindling a Sera.meph˙'t—ao 'seroÚ new one.) d]Åtfj ;]/fô] prop.n:

cf–/] d\ M] [Kh *r-meh; Him (Mag meph˙'ta Kham-Magar—ao 'seroÚ village in the Taka-Shera (o)-rmeÚh me-mek, Chep me÷); TB *r-may] n: 1. Panchayat, Rukum District, approx. pop tail of an animal. cf. o-r'b~ï:h. 2. the 750. (S.I. Tallo Serag— aon.)— stern of a boat. , having a d]t}–Gof [Nep d]6fpg ' meÊaunu] tail (an appellationormeÚh for slave 'leo Ghartis). met˙i-nyavt: to erase. Ð[Kh 'si:-nya] d]+M–Gof [Kh *s-me≥ (Mk myo,~ dLô [Kh *r-mi (Mk rmi, Bhj rmi); mSes~eÚh-nya *me≥ < my~o÷); Him (Mag mhyak, mTB|îÚ *r-mi(y)] n: human, mankind. cf. Chep hme÷); TB (Lusei hmai, Bur me)] 'munukhya. Ð[Alt.root (Gam, Ses ru)] vt: to forget. Ðpass.part: , forgotten. m~eÚh's\îu –dLô poss.root: 1. the pronominal -mpossessive|îÚ root, as in: '≥aÚ ≥a'miÚ mine, d]/}M n: a dead coal, cinder. cf. noe u'miÚ his, sue u'miÚ who’s, etc. 2. mehr˙i'buhbura, ï:gar.~ -’s worth. neh'rupiyae u'miÚ two rupee’s –/\d]+M;Lô+ [Kh *r-mehsi≥ (Mk worth. -rmrm~eÚhs~ehs~îÚ~î, Nis rmes~î, Gam misi≥ ‘but- dLô [Kh *mik (Seram mik, Ses miu÷); tocks’)] n: the cleft of the buttocks. 'miÚHim (Mag mi-mik, Chep mik); TB *mik] at a lower place, down d]–s loc: n: eye. cf. 'mi:r˙. , im- mek˙ 'miÚ cik˙lahmt˙\ 218 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ mediately, in the flash of an eye. 'dL+M–Gof [Kh *mihn (Bhj , to become dizzy. 'miÚ 'mmihn);~îÚh-nya Him (Mag mhin-ke, Chep min-); 'guhmi-nya , for the eyes'miÚ to guli roll TB *s-min] vi.pat: 1. to ripen (of crops). aroundguli 'guhmi-nya with dizziness. , 2. to become well cooked (of food). to blink the eye. 'miÚ j˙mk˙i-nya, (of smoke, , thoroughly. , over-g˙j˙ snow, etc.) to burn'miÚ orjiÚh-nya irritate the eyes. g˙j˙cooked (of boiled things).ph˙g˙ ph˙g˙ 3. to fester , to black out, have a faint- (of a sore). 4. to swell with blood (of a 'miÚing spelljyah-nya (lit. ‘eye to darken’). leech). 'miÚk˙ , (in: ) to ldMsÒO{ [Kh *mihku < *me:h 'hu-nya ≥ahk˙ 'miÚk˙ 'hu-nya come into public notice, gain recognition. mihkwi‘fire’ + *kut ‘smoke,’ (Seram mihkut); no sue ya≥ahk˙ yamiÚk˙ z˙ mahui He Him (Chep hme÷ku÷); TB *k˙w] n:

has come to the notice of no one. smoke. 1. (of the eye) to be irritated'miÚ ldM;ÒO“ [Kh *mihsmun] n: a byk˙rg˙l-nya a speck, etc. 2. to be disgruntled, Ð mihswfirebrand~îÚ (or a partially burnt stick). feel that one has received less than due. ldsf]/f]k n: a type of swamp , (in: 'mikoropgrass. 'miÚl˙) to 'p˙ri-nya see, take notice≥ahl˙ of. tubu 'miÚl˙ s˙m˙id˙ 'p˙ri- ô eye socket. ≥nyaan˙i, suwarae je≥ahl˙ jemiÚl˙ ma'p˙ri I dL s“" n: 'miÚk~uÚ u-'miÚk~uÚ lost something, has it come to any of , of one who takes more than he woih'\o your notice? , to ac- needs (lit. ‘wide eye socket’). quiesce, give 'miÚin when mak˙rg˙l-nya one has received –/\dLn [Kh *r-mil ± *s-mil (Nis -r'mil less than his due. , to smil, Mk r≥il ‘wind pipe,’ simil ‘velum’)] be unsatisfied, discontented'miÚ maw (~aÚh-nyalit. ‘eye un- n: wind pipe. filled’). , to become dizzy ldn}–Gof [Nep ldnfpg ' milaunu] (lit. ‘eye'miÚ to bemïÚh-nya~ drunk’). mil˙i-nyavt: to arrange, put in order. cf. s˙kh˙i-nya. , ( ) to be covetous, 'miÚ pilamdrawn , side by side, as rafters, 'j˙i-nyaby materialpa allurements.~îÚht˙ etc.khyap khep , to be unseeing, blind'miÚ (lit. mar˙ ‘eye~îÚh- in- dLô nª [Him (Mag miklhum, visiblenya ’). , to be indifferent, 'miÚChep 'l˙≥ miklu≥)] n: eyeball. Ðn: lacking enthusiasm'miÚ s˙ih-nya for work (lit. ‘kill , a person with bulging eyes. Ð'miÚset: the eye’). , slit-eyed; eye partially 'l˙≥gya . covered by'miÚ eyelid. siliÚ , to envy p~a:cya:h ldnfs nom: flash, flash of light- another’s position or'miÚ fortune 'tuÚ-nya (lit. ‘eye to milakning. , (of lightning) to be poisoned’). , flash. cf.milak myalyak 'ta-nya milik. u-'miÚ mar˙~îÚh'wo blind. ldln (in: , qv.) ldlr n: a scrub cedar, or possibly 'mili dLNsjili }–Gof'mili vt: to hurl, sling 'mici the Yew. 'milk˙i-nyaaway. cf. khya-nya. dLô3d¬ n: eyebrow. ldlNs–Gof [Nep milkinu] 'miÚguhm 'milki-nya Kham Dictionary 219 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ vi.pat: (of the sky) to flash with lightning. become sleepy. , (of , flashing with light- the eyes) to become'miÚr˙ heavy 'pati-nya with drows- ning.'myalyak ni 'milik iness. , to suffer dLg [Kh *r-min (Mk rm~î); Him from insomnia.'miÚr˙ 'thul-dul 'ta-nya 'min(Mag mi-armi, Chep may≥); TB *r-mi≥] ldl/p (in: , qv.) n: name, reputation, authority. miriu dL;–Gof'kiri vi.pat: miriu to fit in with, , to disgrace s.o. 'min mis-nyafind one’s place (as a new sheep in a 'b˙leÚ-nya, to call someone’s name; to'min act using hai- flock). nya the authority of another’s name. ld;fn [Nep] n: an illustration, 'min , to usurp another’s authority. misalanalogy. 'ku-nya , to die without descen- dLôl; [ < *'mi: ‘eye’ + *'s\î ‘to 'mindents; mah-nya to be destroyed so as to leave no 'miÚsidie’] n: one who is lazy, indolent. 'yehnt˙ trace or memory behind. , b˙n˙i 'miÚsi 'li'zya He is lazy when it to name s.o. 'min, to'n˙i-nya gain a comes to work. certain reputation.'min ek˙tarr˙i-nya tubu u'min ld;L+ô n: a type of oak. r˙i'zyao He keeps following the same 'misîÚ~ reputation. , to bring dLô l;ln n: a person with 'miÚ sili praise or honor'min to s˙'gyoÚh-nyaanother. pronounced slant eyes. Ðset: . p~a:cya:h , to bring about defeat,'min annihilate. s˙m˙ih- dLô:of n: eyelash. , 'miÚsy\a 'miÚsya\ kana nya , to praise. a tiny speck; hence, insignificant. 'miÚsya\ 'min s˙'j~eÚhdya-nya, to bring renown to another.'min kana haÚh'wa'lyu waz˙ baÚh'zyao He is

s˙thas-nya , of small repute, passing out insignificant portions. u-'minheld of no ma'g˙ni's account. \îu , ldtfj adv: in a manner like. deeds in keeping withu-'min character. syaso 'yehn mitaooma'rïÚh'wo~ mitao 'j˙i'sî'zya\ He is acting , famous, having renown. u-'min, as though he didn’t see it. throughthaso the authority of a name. 'min'ni , ldlt (in: , qv.) in the name of (i.e. the reason for doing,'mint˙or miti d“ô [Kh *r-m˙≥siti miti (Mk rm˙,~ Gam m˙≥); the one for whom it is done). mHim~ïÚ (Chep hma≥÷-); TB *r-m˙≥] n: a dLlG;–Gof [Kh *r-min (Mk dream. , wonderful (lit. 'min'srmîsi)]~ î-nya\ vi.pat: 1. to be incarnated, come ‘like in onem~ïÚ'l’s —aodream syaso’). into being as. 'miÚ 'min'sî'k\ e\ He became , to greatlym~ïÚ'l despise—ao 'zyaÚh (lit. incarnate as a man. 'zyaÚh biraluh ‘'t˙k˙lsee as 'r the~ïÚh-nya witch of one’s dream’). 'min'sî'k\ e\ The witch incarnated as a cat. d“ô–Gof [Kh *r-m˙≥ (Mk rm~u)] 2. to assume the position of. mvi.pat:~ïÚ-nya to dream. 'no m~ïÚ m~ïÚ'ke He dLô Ånk{ n: the eyelid. dreamed a dream. 'miÚ 'ph˙rl˙p dLô/ n: sleepiness, drowsiness. d“ôRoflg [Kh (Mk rmuchi≥yi)]~ 'miÚr˙ , to have sufficient sleep, madv:ïÚ'cya'ni~ to act or talk in one’s sleep. be'miÚr˙ ready g˙r ïÚ-nyato~ wake. , to 'miÚr˙ 'hu-nya 220 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ d“ôu/ n: (see ). dust turns to mud). , a sapiÚ 'mohon mïÚg˙r~ 'd“M [Kh *s-m˙≥m˙g˙r (Mk sm~˙, Gam charm for correcting a ewe who has re- 'mhm˙≥,~ïÚh Kot m˙h≥); Him (Mag mi-mha≥ jected her young. , to 'mohon jaÚh-nya ‘feather,’ Tam ma≥re)] n: 1. mustache. cast a spell or charm on s.o., bring into 2. the whiskers of a cat. line with one’s will. , persuasive, convincing (ofo-'mohon a person). 'leo cf. d“M–Gof [Kh *m˙h≥] vi.pat: mohonyalo. m1.~ïÚh-nya to become drunk, intoxicated from liquor. , staggering, dfxf] g] –Gof} vt: to persuade, mohon˙i-nya soused. 2.'pheteÚ to become 'pheteÚ groggy, stuporous convince, treat in a persuasive manner. (as from certain plants or poisons). Ðadj: 'no harlai khep˙id˙ takyoÚh'cyo, mo- . hon˙iye mohon˙iye r˙i'cîke\ Don’t chase that cow to catch it, get it to come to you m~ïÚh'w— o d“Mhflgé (see ). by persuasion. Ðpass.part: , m~ïÚhzani d“ô;L/ [Nep dªl;/um~ïÚhzani m˙≥sir] n: charmed, persuaded. mohon˙i's\îu mtheïÚsir~ eighth month of the Nepali calendar,

mid-November to mid-December. dfxf] Gofnf] ] adj: (of words) 'mohonyalopersuasive, convincing. noe op~aÚ kata df]–Gof vt: 1. to winnow grain naÚh 'mohonyalo, th˙i th˙i ≥˙m'sîu\ What 'mo-nyaby pouring from a winnowing tray in persuasive words he has, they’re a plea- the breeze. cf. cyap-nya, el-nya. 2. to sure to listen to. sniff out a fight, be contentious, in:

. Ð[Alt.root *p-sess˙niÚ 'df]Mk 'df]Mk expr.adv: 'mohp 'mohp (Nis'ph~oÚ-ph swyes,~oÚ 'mo-nya Gam hwye)] warm, sheltered from wind. , (of shelter or clothing) m.m.to be snuglymwîÚ-~ 1. df]+ [Kh *r-mo (Mk rmo÷, Nis warm.nya Ðadj: , snugly 'mrm~oÚ~u); Him (Tib mog-sa Mag mu-gan, warm. cf. mw~î:'w'mohp—o. mohbo Chep -muh) TB *g-m˙w] n: mushroom. ' [Tib bro] a human cf. 'barjom 'mo:.~ df]M/f] n: 'mohrocorpse. cf. 'bul. 2. df]+ (in: to sleep- 'm~oÚ , qv.) ka≥gah 'm~oÚ, and df]M/f];–Gof vi.pat: moÚhros-nyawalk. 'zyaÚh'm oÚ~ df]+M–Gof [Kh *moh≥; Him (Tib to hide. mrmo≥-ba~oÚh-nya ‘obscured’)] vt: 1. to hide df]+Ml;–Gof v.refl: m~oÚh's 's˙m˙isi-nya,\î-nya so≥oi'sî-nya.\ s.th. cf. gop˙i-nya. 2. to put s.th. away. cf. , to keep in hiding, refrain from dfO] of{ ] n: a tumorous lump on 'moiyo making'par por known. Ðpass.part: , the surface of the body. hidden. , secret.m~oÚh's\îu df]+h/ [Nep] n: Peafowl. Ðgen: 'moÚj˙r~ dfmxf]~oÚh'sg] [Nep\îu p~aÚ moh˙n ‘alluring’] . 'sya: 'ba: 'mohonn: a charm or spell. , a dfhf] + ] n: frost which forms in charm for securing a'duhlo girl (by 'mohon secretly 'mojflower-likeoÚ~ formations (esp. on the sur- collecting dust from three of her foot- face of frozen mud). cf. 'tusura. steps, and then holding her wrist till the Kham Dictionary 221 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ df]sn]ô–Gof vt: 1. to mix d¬l5–Gof [Nep d'5\g ' muchnu] mok˙leÚ-nyatogether by lifting and stirring with ex- 'muchi-nyavt: to knead (as dough or mud). tended fingers. Ðset: . Ðpass.part: , kneaded. , only slightly,b˙re:-nya not thor- 'muchi'sîu\ k˙neÚ'muchi's kneadedîu\ dough. mak˙lyaoughly. mok˙le 2. to count, reckon in with. db"“ sfTof prop.n: a prom- Ðpass.part: , reckoned in 'minentuÚd˙~ peak'katya at the western end of Kham with. mok˙leÚ'sîu\ country. (S.I. Hiunchuli, elev. 19,400 ft.) dfsf] /] adv: many (of a stock or d“"bf [Nep mu‹ho] n: a log cut 'mokorsupply); stockpile. 'b˙hreÚr˙~ n˙k˙ 'mokor 'minto~uÚda firewood length. cf. 'thu:da,~ 'selo≥ga. 'li'zyar˙ There is a whole stock of poles d2f¬ [Nep] n: a law-suit. there. mudda , to prosecute. mudda dfsf] t] –Gof} vt: to darn c˙l˙i-nya d“"bØf n: 1. a headless demon. 'mokot˙i-nya (usu. of a ‘wool blanket’). Ðset: 'm2.~uÚdya an animal born without a head. Ðset: k~aÚhbul . . 'tali-nya1 . df]n–Gof vi.pat: to turn 'patya d“"bØflNg n: bridesmaid, a 'mol-nya black. Ðadj: , black, dark in color. 'mbride~uÚdyalni’s attendant. var. mol 'molo.'molo d¬uL [Nep d'uf muga] n: Tibetan 2 . df]n–Gof [Kh *mol (Gam 'mugicoral. cf. 'do:. 'mol-nyamol ‘go extinct’)] of all members vi.pat: 'd¬–Gof [Him (Tib smug-po in a family to die. Ðset: . muh-nya‘fog, vapour’);TB *muôk ‘rubbish’] vt: , one after s˙phya:-nyaanother. 1. to cremate a body, to burn refuse. 2. karyap k˙rip df]d–Gof [Kh *mom; TB to smoke an animal out of a hole; or 'mom-nya *muôm] vi.pat: (of fruit or a flower) to wasps from a nest. bud, germinate. Ðset: . 'd¬Mb¬; [Nep mudhus] n: a se:-nya df]d aQL [Nep dgaQL} 'muhduslarge chest for storing valuables. cf. 'su- mom b˙tti m˙inb˙tti] n: candle. cf. b˙tti, 'dyu 'baln- hndus. ya. 'd“"MbØf tLô n: a small, df]3Øf{d expr.adv: bloodied, 'mstick-like~uÚhdya planttiÚ growing above timberline. 'morgyahmgory ( by beating). esp. 'd¬Mn [Kh *muhl; TB *(s-)mul] , bloodied, gory.'jihgyahm 'mor- 'muhln: human body hair, animal fur, bird’s gyahm , (of people'jihgyahm fight- down. , to singe hair. 'morgyahming) to bloody 'j˙i's oneî-nya\ another. 'muhl d¬M/–Gof 'hip-nya v.sta: to be toasty, , dfgf] ]{ (in: qv.) muhr-nyanutty flavor. Ðadj: . morno laj˙ morno df];–Gof [Kh *r-mos (Mk 'd¬M/ [Mag muhr'omi-mur ‘mustache’] mos-nyarmos)] to become moldy, stale. vi.pat: 'muhrn: the female pubis, pudendum. , whitened with mold. Ðadj: paraÚ poroÚ 'd¬M/ rf“lb n: female pubic . 'muhr 'caÚdi~ mos'—o bone. 222 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 'd¬M/ dgd n: roasted d¬Nhfé n: a small, biting fly. muhrgrain m˙n˙m ground into meal (esp. for use at 'mulza , biting insects (which'mulza also high altitudes where wood is unavail- fly).buhsunaÚ Ðgen: . able). 'mulza d buhsuna:¬Nhfé e¬;¬gfô gen.n: d¬M/–d¬M/ [ < Kh muhr-nya 'mulzabiting buhsunaÚinsects (which also fly). cf. syar muhr-muhr‘nutty flavor’] expr.adv: toasty, nutty 'pusum. Ðtypes of: buhrli type of wasp, in flavor. Ðadj: , toasty, buhsunaÚ midge, gnat, d~aÚs˙ horsefly, nutty flavored. cf.muhr lyahm-nya. muhr'o 'g˙≥˙ra mosquito, 'gohs cliff-bee, 'jyoÚh 'd¬M; [Kh (Mk muhs, Gam bumblebee, 'm˙hjîÚka~ termite, 'm˙lma 'muhsmusya≥); Him *muhs (Mag mhus)] n: large wasp, 'mulza biting fly, 'murkim pubic hair. type of wasp, p˙s˙m housefly, sizaÚ type dyfM¬ [Kh *muhthap < *muh of wasp, zeÚ~ honey-bee. Ðset: ya'sïÚÉ— 'leo muhthaÚ‘burn’ + *thap ‘hearth’ < TB *tap (Chep all living beings. (See 'sï:)É b˙hri, hme÷-tap, Tib me-thab)] n: fire pit, d¬Gb¬Sof n: 1. night blindness. hearth. Ðset: . Ð[Alt.root (Mk mu- 'mundukya2. a disease which causes blindness in htu,~ Gam mihtu≥)]'zihm sheep. 3. a blind sheep. Ðadj: munduk- dHof/"“ n: a stout, durable wood , unseeing, mindless, stupid. Ðset: yaso mused~uÚjyar for making walking sticks, tool han- . p~a:cya:h dles, etc. d¬Gb¬ln n: female Barking Deer 'munduli dVof¬ [Nep dVo' mukhy˙] n: ('r˙t˙wa). Ðgen: . 'sya: 'ba: 'mukhyavillage headman. d¬Gb¬Nof;–Gof vi.pat: to mundulyas-nya d¬ln–Gof [Nep dfNg] ' molnu] be reduced to a stump (as of a person 'muli-nyavt: ( ‘price’) to assess, estimate who loses his fingers, or a bull his horns). the priceo-eÚh of s.th. cikaÚye oeÚh 'muli'k\eo Ðadj: . Ðn: , a mundulyaso 'mundulya He assessed the price of the barley. person with stumped fingers; a bull with broken off horns. Ðset: . d¬Ns [Nep d'n's muluk] n: world, p~a:cya:h 'mulk˙populace. nitao 'r~ïÚhd˙ 'mulk˙r˙ b˙n˙i d¬Gb¬? n: a shaman’s patient. munduru bahl'sî'ker˙\ Seeing such a thing, the dg¬ Vof¬ n: a human being whole world watched. 'munukhya(as referred to by the gods, or by talking , the whole world. 'mulk˙ 'manu- beasts in stories). wa 1. dNsf¬ [Nep mulko ‘spouting’] d¬8¬l/ [Nep m~ugro] n: a club 'mulkan: turbulent water; a whirlpool. muor≥ baturi (for shelling corn, or beating wool 2. d¬Nsf n: flame, tongue of when washing). 'mulkafire. d¬/–Gof v.evt: to blow (of the mur-nya –dn¬ ¬ [ ? < Nep mul ‘source’] n: wind), in: . 'n˙m mur-nya -mulubeginning, source. u-mulu'ni z˙ ma'tae d5f¬ { [Nep d5f" {] n: fainting It didn’t happen at all. 'murchaspell. cf. 'jo:walahus.~ , to faint, swoon, pass 'murchaout. cf. 'mi: 'ta-nya jyah- Kham Dictionary 223 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ nya. or clothing) to be warm. , d¬l/–Gof [Nep df]8\g' moÎnu snugly warm. 2. to be warm'moph to the 'mohp touch. 'muri-nya‘turn, fold, encase’] vt: 1. to cover s.th. Ðadj: . by stretching a skin over it (as to encase 1mw. d~îÚ'wÒO{M [Mag—o mehya] n: the shaft a clay pot in leather to prevent it from mwiÚhof an arrow. breaking). , to reskin a 2. dÒO{M n: a pimple. 'reÚh~ 'muri-nya shaman’s drum. , to mwiÚh 3. dÒO{M n: a funeral. cf. 'm˙lam. d˙m˙ya 'muri-nya reskin a kettle drum. 2. (Instr. ) to mwiÚh , burial ground. cf. 'khad˙r -e overlay s.th. with metal (as gold or silver). 'po:.mwiÚh 'poÚ , overlayed. Ðpass.part: 'sune dÒO{M–Gof [Kh *s-mut (Bhj overlayed'muri's îu\ with gold. 'muri'sîu\ mwiÚh-nyamuht, Seram muht-, Ses *mut < mwi:÷, d¬sL{d n: type of wasp. Ðgen: -mut- ‘blown’); Him (Mag mhut-ke, 'murkim . Chep mut- ‘blow on fire’); TB *s-mut] 'mulza buhsuna: d¬v{ [Nep d"v{ ‘foolish’] adj: vt: 1. to blow on a fire. , blowing 'murkh˙violent, unmanageable, quick to anger. up the flame. 2. (fig)bor flatter bor s.o. in a , (same). self-deprecating way. u'kik~uÚt˙ bor bor 'p˙t˙ 'murkh˙o d¬k¬ { [ < *mur-nya ‘blow wind’] mwiÚhzya He’s blowing up his butt-hole. 'murpun: wild geese flying high in a V“ ” formation 3. to blow on a patient with incantations (said to portend a wind storm). to effect a cure; hence: 4. (fig) to be d¬?nLô [Nep mur˙li] n: a wooden effective. b˙n˙i z˙ ≥amwiÚh'zya h˙i 'lizya, 'muruliÚpipe, piccolo. cf. 'ba:suli:.~ kata z˙ mamwiÚh'wo He calls himself a d¬;¬–d¬;¬ expr.adv: smiling. real blower, but in fact he blows nothing. 'musu-musu , to smile. Ðpass.part: , blown on (esp. by a shamanmwiÚh's for a cure).\îu m.m. 'sas-nya d¬;¬/ n]+bØf n: marmot 'musuror pika. 'l ~eÚdyacf. le:dyaso.~ Ðgen: . dÒO{+ôHo¬ n: 1. wife of mother’s mwbrother~îÚjyu (i.e. or ). 2. wife’s d¬tL [Nep df]tL moti] 'baza-biza n: pearl. mother. 3. bageÚhwife’s mothermama’s sister (i.e. 'muti , gems, precious stones (lit. or ). (Within the confines ‘'hiradiamond-pearls 'muti ’]. ofmahgo K-M marriage'kanchi constraints, the mem- dTsf¬ [Nep d'8\sL muÎki] n: the bers of 1Ð3 intersect.) voc.n: term of mutkafist. , to hit with the address by mwî:jyu~ ’s reciprocals. recip. fist. mutka jaÚh-nya, to receive a blow 'bahnj˙, 'bahnji. with themutka fist (k˙i-nyalit. ‘eat a fist’). dÒO{ôs¬lt prop.n: male inhabitant dyf¬ (in: , qv.) 'mwiÚkuti 'mutha 'g˙ltha 'mutha of Maikot. , female inhabit- –dyf¬ ô [Nep d'7L muÊhi] num.clsf: ant of Maikot.'m˙ikotyani -muthaÚa closed fistful. cf. -rjyam. dÒO{ôln–Gof v.sta: to become [Kh *mun (Mht mun); dÒO{+–Gof 'mwiÚli-nyasoft or pliable (esp. of leather). Ðadj: mwHim~îÚ-nya (Kai mhum)] v.sta: 1. (of shelter 224 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 1. (of leather) soft, pliable. 2. used as proof for an earlier statement, as (of'mwiÚliu people, or a village) docile, obedient. in: n˙hgyao n˙i o'j˙i'wo kata There! What Ðvt: . was that he just did? (It’s like I told 'm˙Úl˙i-nya dÒO+{ôl;–Gof vi.agt: to warm you). mwoneself.~îÚsi-nya 'gahm mwîÚ's~ î-nya\ to warm one- 'gMd [Kh *s-n˙m (Mk s˙n˙hm, self in the sun, 'meÚh mw~îÚ's\î-nya to 'n˙hmGam hn˙m, Bhj st˙m, Nis st˙m); Him warm oneself by the fire. (Jir na:men)] n: a headband for carrying dÒO+{ôéhf afhfé n: Rosefinch. loads; tumpline. mwÐgen:~îÚza baza . g } [Kh *r-nat (Mk rn˙i)] n: a stone 'baza-biza DofM dô] expr.adv: wrapping 'n˙iplatform along the trail side for resting myaÚharound meÚ the waist. , to loads. (Most are erected in the name of hold someone by wrappingm.m. z˙m-nya both arms a deceased ancestor and serve as the locale around the waist. for ancestor worship.) DofNofs lg ldnLs –/g\ } num.clsf: a measure of trail 'myalyakexpr.adv: ni flashing.'milik , -r'n˙idistance: one rest-stand, two rest-stands, to flash with lightning.m.m. 'milki-nya etc. Ðset: . goî:~ Doft [Nep] n: a summons to g}–Gof [Kh *nat (Bhj nat, Nis myatappear before the authorities. 'n˙i-nyanat); Him (Tib rnyed-pa); TB *(r-)ney] vt: 1. to put or set down (as in resting a N load). 2. to keep in one’s possession, retain. 3. to spare. 4. to make or establish –g (var of: , qv.) a contract, promise, etc. 5. to name, in: -n 1. 'ni distal root (in a g– deictic.prim: . Ðv.aux: 1. the transitive, n˙- three-way system: proximate, distal, present-perfect'min 'n˙i-nya auxiliary verb, as in: remote) Ð there, removed from the speak- 'zihml˙ jaÚhd˙ 'n˙i'wo He (has) put it in er, as in: (to) there, (at) there, n˙'da— n˙k˙ the house (and so it remains). cf. le. 2. (from) there, etc., n˙'n—î qq.v. continuative aspect, as in: dao z˙ 2 . g– poss.pref: the second person ge'n˙i'zya We are continuing to do it. n˙- singular possessive prefix: ‘your,’ as in: Ðpass.part: , set aside, kept apart. your house. , yours. n˙-'zihm g }+ [Kh 'n˙i's*nan îu\(Gam hn‰÷); Him (Tib 3 'n˙miÚ . g– v.aff: the second person n˙gnyen);~îÚ TB *na≥] n: friend, companion, n˙- singular subject prefix: ‘you,’ as in: associate. , friends and associ- n˙-'hu'ke You came. ates. Ð[Alt.rootn˙îÚ~ 'm (MkeÚ~ riza, Nis rja)] gô“ n: a leather lace, thong. g}+–Gof [Kh *s-nan (Bhj tan, n~˙Ú gbf loc: in that direction. Ðadj: n˙Kot~îÚ-nya nahn) ± *p-nan (Mk pnw~î, Nis n˙'d—a . nwan, Mht nan); TB *(s-)|nen] v.bt: to n˙'d—a'≥ —ao gM1fj dem: an exclamatory seize, capture, snatch, take away from. n˙hgyaoadverb with demonstrative overtones Kham Dictionary 225 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , by snatching. , every- gd [Kh *n˙m; Him (Mag nam- thing,h˙p leaving nothing.parya p˙reÚ 'n˙m‘atmosphere,’ Chep nyam ‘sun, weath- ghfé}+ [ < *n˙~î: ‘friend’ + *z|a: er’); TB *nam] n: the sky; the weather; n˙‘îÚza~child’] n: a child’s playmate, friend. the time. , to become late ghLôbf loc: in that area. Ðadj: (esp. too late'n˙m to 'ba-nyabegin a project). lit. ‘the n˙'jîÚ'd— a\ . sky to go.’ , (of the sky) 'n˙m 'bel-nya n˙'jîÚ'd— a'—ghL≥ao— ôs loc: in that area. Ðadj: to clear. Ð , completely. phary~aÚ pher~eÚ n˙'jîÚk— ˙\ . , the winter solstice (lit. ‘sky chopping'n˙m cw~îÚ block’). , n˙'jîÚ'l— ao— ghLs [Nep n˙jik] loc: near, to become late afternoon'n˙m ( 'd˙hlki-nya ‘the sky to 'n˙jik˙nearby. lit. lean’). , (of the sky at ghLôn loc: in that area. Ðadj: sunset) to'n˙m become gah-nya red. (lit. ‘the sky to n˙'jîÚl— ˙\ . n˙'jîÚ'l— ao— scorch’). , (of clouds) g–s loc: there, at that place. Ðadj: to roll in. 'n˙m g˙reÚ-nya, to thunder. n˙k˙ . 'n˙m ,'g˙rji-nya to become dark after n˙'k—ao gsn [Nep gSsn n˙kk˙l] n: sunset.'n˙m jyah-nya , (of the days 'n˙k˙l copy, imitation, fake. Ðadj: , im- in summer)'n˙m to become'khyoÚ-nya long. 'n˙k˙li itation, not genuine. , im- , summertime. 'khyoÚ'wo, 'n˙k˙li 's˙k˙li itation and genuine. to'n˙m flash with lightning.'n˙m Ð 'milki-nya gsk} loc: up to that place. with great flashing. 'myalyak ni n˙k˙'pÐadj: ˙i— . 'milik, (archaic, of the wind) to 'n˙mblow. mur- n˙k˙'p gs;˙i'k— } loc:ao— a little bit that way. nya , (of the sun) to set. 'n˙m n˙k˙'sÐadj:˙i— . nup-nya , (of rain) to sprinkle. 'n˙mÐ n˙k˙'s gsLg˙i'k— loc:ao— 1. away from there. 'p˙r˙p-nya drizzling and letting upbu- in- n˙'k2. —întemp.adv: after that, next. Ðadj: termittently.rum burum , to become , the one after that, the next afternoon (lit.'n˙m ‘to pass pher-nya over the zenith’). one.n˙'k—în'k—ao , (of rain) to let up for a 'n˙m sem-nya glslg (var of: ). short interval. , to dawn. 'n˙m, to become 'sïÚ-nya~ hazy. n˙'kini gS;f [Nep] n: n˙'kinmap, sketch. 'n˙m suh-nya, lofty, towering, scraping'n˙m n˙ksa gn n: a slave of the old slave caste, swthe~îÚt˙ sky. 'bao , (of the days in 'n˙lnow classified as Ghartis. cf. 'ba:da.~ winter) to'n˙m become tw~îÚ-nya short. Ð , male and female slaves. 'n˙l winter. , tw (ofîÚza~ rain) 'n˙m to 'n˙lm eÚ~ there, in that place. Ð g–n loc: adj: sprinkle large'n˙m drops 'thep-nya (lit. ‘the sky to drip’). n˙l˙ , the one in there. , to rain; to precipitate (rain n˙'lao— gNd ]+ n: a woman of the old or'n˙m snow). 'wa-nya Ð slightly, 'n˙lmeÚ~ slave caste. cf. 'ba:dani.~ then let up. syasyarya sisiri, the universe gNyf n: the shin. (heaven and earth).'nam 'n˙m 'n˙ltha 226 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ gd:t] [Nep] greet: a Nepali ft.) 'n˙m˙stegreeting. g;f [Nep n˙so] n: a tendon. gDa/ [Nep < Eng] n: number. 'n˙sa , the hamstring. d˙r 'n˙sa 'n˙mb˙r gdLô poss.pron: second person g–t loc: there, on that place. Ðadj: 'n˙miÚsingular possessive pronoun: ‘yours.’ n˙t˙ , (of) on there. n˙'tao— gd :jL+ôt afj adj: gtLg loc: down from there. Ðadj: 'n˙mlofty, sw towering,~îÚt˙ 'bao scraping the sky. n˙'tîn— , (of) down from there. n˙'tîn'k— ao— gDt lg u/ft“ expr.adv: gtôbf loc: towards that side 'n˙mt˙arduous, ni 'g˙r difficult,aÚt˙~ demanding (lit. n˙'t(ofïÚ'dÉ— an a\intervening barrier such as a ridge). ‘heights and depths’). aÚ b˙n˙i z˙ 'n˙mt˙ Ðadj: , (of) towards that ni 'g˙raÚt˙~ 'j˙id˙ 'p˙j˙i'keo He questioned side. n˙'tïÚ'dÉ— a'— ≥ao— him with arduous, demanding questions. gtôlg loc: on that side (of an glg loc: 1. from there (to here). n˙'tinterveningïÚ'nÉ— î\ barrier such as a ridge). Ðadj: n˙'n2. onî— that side. Ðadj: , the one , (of) on that side. on that side. n˙'nî'k— ao— n˙'tïÚ'nÉ— î'k— gjf/ao— [Nep cgxf/' ˙nuhar g–ª loc: there, in that general area. 'n˙war‘appearance’] n: (in: ) ap- n˙Ð≥adj:˙ , the one of that area. pearance. tubu 'n˙war n˙',≥ the—ao inhabitants of that area. gofôn loc: around in that area. n˙'≥aor˙ gª/f [Nep gª\u|f n˙≥gra] n: n˙'yalso:aÚl— ˙\n˙'ya:k˙,— n˙'ya:≥˙.— Ðadj: , 'n˙claw≥˙ra of an animal, talon of a bird. (of) around in that area. also: n˙'ya'ya:'k—aÚ'l— ao—ao,— gf } [Nep] num: nine. n˙'ya'≥—— ao.— 1 n˙o gfnf} d;f¬ [Nep ny˙ulo] n: . –gf v.aff: the first person singular -'n\a n˙olaa mongoose, 'musa weasel, ferret. Ðgen: object marker: ‘me,’ as in: rïÚh-'n~ a'k\ eo\ . 'baza- He saw me. 2 biza cf–/] gk\ [Kh *r-n˙p (Mk rn˙o)] . –gf v.aff: 1. a directional marker: -'n\a (o)-rn˙pn: the fine part of flour. ant. o-'j˙hh˙ra. ‘go’ as in: mwîÚ'n~ a'k\ e\ It went on getting warmer. 2. a marker of intent, as in: gk gk [Kh *r-n˙p (Mk rn˙p s˙ih'n\a upuluso pa~îÚna... As soon as he 'n˙prn˙po)] 'n˙p adj: fine grained. cf. m˙sino. went out to kill him... , to grind fine. n.n., heÚ-nyato pulverize fine. Ðadj: n.n. rum-. cf–/] gf\ [Kh *r-na; TB *r-na] n: (o)-r'na1. ear. , large eared. nya g/ n: the world and its'n˙p people. 'n˙bo 'ao or'na ch, oÚ'wo~to be attentive to. 'gaolaor'na 'n˙r'n˙rl˙ bahl's\îu ≥a'≥aÚh 'male I have no gyaÚh~ 'j˙i-nya face with which to face the world (from 'behdaÚrae l|eo'da or'na gy~aÚh 'j˙id˙ syaÚ'zya~ A shepherd sleeps with his ear shame). cf. 'manuwa. turned toward the sheep. gu{ [Nep n˙rk˙] n: hell. , (of a dog) to perkor'na up sy its~aÚ 'n˙rg˙ ô a prominent peak g/\;L+ prop.n: ears;sy~oÚ 'j˙i-nya(fig. of a person) to be on the alert. 'n˙rsaboveîÚ~ the village of Taka. (S.I. 12,882 Kham Dictionary 227 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , to be inat- cf–] 'gfM [Kh *s-na (Mk s˙na, tentive,or'na swiÚ's uninterestedîu\ mitao ( lit.'ta-nya ‘having the ears (o)-'naÚhNis snapul, Gam hna-pul ‘beer hulls’, as though plugged’). , Nis sna ‘soup meat’)] n: the solid or to cause a judge, byor'na bribe, k˙idya-nya to turn his meaty part of soup. ant. u-'ri:h. favor away from one’s opponent. 2. the gfM [Kh (Luk nalekha)] quant.adv: gills of a fish. 3. the small, circular naÚhthat amount, that much. cf. a:h, ha:h. handles on certain pots, usually occurring , just that much; just that far. in pairs: as the handles on a wok. naÚhz gf—˙M“ n: a type of crab apple. cf. gf–Gof [Kh *na; TB *na ill] n~aÚh'g˙≥garu, ga≥˙la. 'na-nyavi.pat: 1. (of livestock) to become ill gfM–Gof“ vi.pat: (of wool) to and lose appetite. 2. ( ) in: n~aÚh-nyarot, mold, fall apart because of dampness. to pity, feel compassion for.'y~uÚ (Obj. 'na-nya can Ðset: . be expressed in the same clause by , ci-nyagfMu¬ n: earwax. Ð[Alt.root *nakli or . It can also be expressedleo'da| in a nahgu< *na ‘ear’ + *kli ‘shit’ (Mk nak˙li, conjoined-lai dependent clause, as in: nolai Gam nakli)] 'r~ïÚhd˙ u'y~uÚ 'na'k\e Seeing him, he pitied him.) gfMs quant.adv: at that distance; naÚhkat that—˙ time of day. Ðadj: , of 1. gfô [Nep] coord: neither...nor, as that size, amount. nolai b˙naÚh'k naÚh'k—ao—ao z˙ naÚin: naÚ 'zyao zyao d˙inya, naÚ 'kwaÚ 'rïÚh'k~ eo\ He saw that one too (as being) kwaih'sîu\ d˙inya Neither food to eat, nor the same size. clothes to wear. gfsM+} [Kh *s-na (Mk s˙na, Nis 2. gfô n: ear (abstract, non-possessed nahk˙snapul,~îÚ Gam hna-pul)] n: the hulls of 'naÚform). , ear lobe. , beer malt (after the beer has been upper ear,'naÚ pinna. 'chyoÚ , ear'naÚ hole. 'syoÚ squeezed out). Ðset: . , earwax. 'naÚ k~uÚ gfMsk } quant.adv:chokorah up to that nahgu gfrGof n: a male dancer be- naÚhk˙'pdistance;—˙i up to that time. Ðadj: 'nac˙nyalonging to a village dance troupe. cf. . 'jowlyani. naÚhk—˙'p —˙i'kgfMsLg—ao quant.adv: from that gfrGof afhfé n: White naÚh'kmuch\în on up; from that distance on; from 'nac˙nyaCrested bazaLaughing Thrush (lit. ‘dancer that time onward. Ðadj: . bird’, so called because its crest resembles naÚh'k—în'k—ao the turban of a Kham dancing costume). gfMNbØfn ¬ quant.adv: such a nahldyalularge thing as that. nahldyu. Ðgen: . var. , so large as that. nahldyu 'baza-biza gfô 5f]+j n: a person or par 'naÚanimal 'ch~oÚ'wo with large ears. gfMNofn ¬ quant.adv: all that nahlyalusize. gful/s [Nep] n: citizen, cit- that size. nag˙rikizenship. ≥anag˙rik 'nepall˙ z˙ My cit- gfMNo¬ quant.adv: nahlyu , about that size. izenship is in Nepal. var. 'nag˙rit. nah'walyu 228 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ gfMd [Kh *r-nahm (Mk rnahm); gfls/Øf [ < Kh 'nakira ‘pin’] nahmHim (Mag nham ‘level’); TB *nam ‘low’] 'nakiryan: s.o. or s.th. that is thin, pin-like. Ðadj: n: 1. low altitude country. ant. 'g~o:. 2. , having skinny, pin-like legs. village area (from perspective of the high- Ðnakiryasoset: . lands). p~a:cya:h gfStfsfr] M+] n: a small, insect- gfªnLM [Nep na≥lo] n: a win- naktakocfeeding bat.~eÚh nahnowing≥˙liÚ tray. gfô s "“ n: the hole of the ear. gfMk [Kh *r-nahp (Mk rnahp); 'naÚ k~uÚ gfvf prop.n: a Kham-Magar nahpMag nap; TB *s-nap] n: nasal mucus, 'nakhavillage on the Uttar Ganga River in the snot. , the channel separating Rukum District. (S.I. N—akh—a.) the twonahp sides 'poÚ of the upper lip (lit. ‘snot , male inhabitant of Nakha. 'na- place’). khalya, female inhabitant of Nakha.'na- gfMk} quant.adv: up to that khalni gfôvf/ [Kh *na≥khar (Mk nakha,~ naÚh'pamount;\˙i up to that time; up to that distance. naÚkharGam na≥khar); Him (Tib mkhar)] n: Ðadj: . village. naÚh'p—˙i'k—ao gf\l;–Gof [Kh *nah; Him gfln [Nep nal] n: 1. the barrel of a nah's(Mag\î-nya nat-ke, Chep nyas, nyah- ‘rest naligun. 2. a pipe, tube. load,’ Thak nah, Sun nayk); TB *na] gfnL; [Nep] n: a report, accusation. vi.agt: to rest. nalis , to file a report, make ac- gfMjf quant.adv: about that cusation.nalis da-nya cf. ujur. naÚh'w\a much; about that far. Ðadj: , cf–gfn] SofM–Gof vi.pat: naÚh'w—a'k—ao of about that size, amount. (o)-'nal( , kyah-nya) to lose patience in doing gfMjfk} quant.adv: up to s.th.,-t˙ -nyat˙to be exasperated by. cf. o-rcya naÚh'wabout\a'p that\˙i much; up to about that far; up 'si-nya. Ðadj: , exasperat- to about that time. Ðadj: ing. 'nal kyah'w, to—o exasperate . s.o. o-'nal keÚhdya-nya naÚh'w—a'p—˙i'k—ao gfMjf/] [Kh (Mk nahwor)] n: gfn gfyf [Nep nato] n: nahworBharal or Blue Sheep (pseudois nayaur). 'nalone natha’s relatives through the marriage of a Ðgen: . Ð[Alt.root (Mk jare son or daughter. Ðrelated words: ‘male,’'sya: mulni 'ba: ‘female’)] 'kyaÚ'da'~ ≥ao relative, kinsman, 'maiti rel- gfMjf/Øf] n: a sheep whose atives through wife, 'mansinya relative 'nahworyahorns resemble those of a nahwor. Ðset: outside the norms of marriage custom, . 'r˙hla relatives through marriage from 'patya gfls/f n: 1. a wooden pin at the other clans. 'nakiraupper end of the draw bar on a plow for 1. gfd n: 1. the earth, world. holding the leather hitch ('nara) in place. 'nam , the lower world. 2. a wooden pin for securing rafters to 't˙lna, 'namthe upper world (above this'up˙lna one). their supporting crossbeams. 'nam Kham Dictionary 229 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , the universe (lit. ‘earth- gfÅf [Nep] n: profit, gains, sky'nam’). 'n˙m 2. the ground, the floor. Ðset: naphaproceeds. cf. o-'ya:h'tao, o-go:, phaida. . gf/f [Nep naro] n: a leather hitch 'zihm2 . gfd [Kh *nam; Him (nam, Tam 'narafor joining the draw bar of a plow to the 'namnamsa)] n: village (archaic, except in oxen yoke. Ðset: . the following compounds: , gf/fg voc.n:'gohr an address to God 'rïÚ~ 'nam tÉïÚ , , and , 'naran(esp. in oaths). 'namqv.) 'buhjyal 'nam 'nisyal 'nam gf/f ;u¬ g¬ n: a sweet-scented gfd/Øf n: a bastard, illegitimate 'naraflower 'sugun found above timberline. 'nam˙ryachild (esp. of one whose father is un- gfrf { n: a grain belonging to the known). narcaamaranth family (which is parched and gfd]+ [Kh *nam (Mk namza); TB eaten like popcorn). , parched nam~eÚ *s-nam] n: (archaic) younger sister. cf. or popped amaranth.narca 'heÚ , a 'b˙î:ni.~ red flowering amaranth.'gyahmo narca , gflD;–Gof vi.agt: (of a sha- a drooping amaranth. 'lakutya, anarca white nam'sman’\î-nyas assistants) to drink ceremonial li- flowering amaranth. paloÐset: narca. quor before performing certain tasks. gfl/ [Nep] n: the wrist.hata: gfgf [Kh *nana; Him (Chep na÷, 'nari gf/Øf lg uf/Øf] expr.adv: nana Tam ana, Tib ane ‘aunt’); TB *(m-)na naryatwisted ni gorya(esp. of a timber). ‘older sister’] n: 1. older sister. 2. , to become crooked andn.g. twisted. ba≥gyas- father’s brothers daughter (older than nya gf; [Nep nash] n: destruction, ego). 3. mother’s sister’s daughter (older 'nasdamnation. , to come to than ego). (Within the confines of K-M destruction. 'nas 'ta-nya marriage constraints, the members of 1Ð3 gf;–Gof [Kh *r-nas (Mk rnas, intersect.) voc.n: term of address by nas-nyaSes *nas < nai, nah- ‘struck’)] vi.pat: nana’s reciprocals. recip. baih, 'b˙î:ni.~ to be hit, struck (as by a thrown stone).

gfgf agL+} gen.n: younger , ( ) to attack and pursue nanaand older'b˙~îÚni sisters. inh˙p an h˙p offensive-leo'da| move. cf. 'kh˙p-nya. gf·f] [Nep n~ago] adj: naked, , to be struck, as by a stone. na≥go bare (of people or landscape). kohtoÚ, forceful in speech. o-p~aÚ gf·Øf adj: naked, bare, scantily naso gf:of [Nep nase] n: (in: na≥gya clothed. , (same). 'nasya ) appearance. tubu na≥gya, (same). 'buhtu≥gya 'nasya gfô :of]ô n: the upper ear, na≥gya 'patya gflK;–Gof vi.agt: to take 'naÚpinna. syoÚ nap'shold\î-nya of a hot pot using a leaf or rag. gflt [Nep] n: 1. male grandchild. (Instr. ). to thak˙na-e napsid˙ phiÚ-nya nati2. niece’s husband (husband of sister’s remove-e grabbing with a rag. daughterÐ'bahnji). recip. bajyu, bujyu. 230 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ gfltgL [Nep] n: female grandchild. ‘two hearts’). , to be neh'y~uÚ 'j˙i-nya natini gM–] [Kh *nehs (Bhj nehs); Him undecided. , to neh'yuÚ~ nehk˙l 'j˙i-nya neh-(Mag nis, Chep nis); TB *g-ni-s] be undecided, doubtful (lit. ‘make two num.pref: two. hearts and two livers about’). cf–g] M] [Kh *r-neht (Mk rne:h, g]n g]n expr.adv: resilient, 'nel 'nel (o)-neÚhBhj neht, Kot neh); TB *s-nat] n: (in spongy. Ðadj: . 'nel 'nelo weaving) the leash strings on a heddle gkfnL] tlk¬ n: the traditional, rod. , heddle leash. , 'nepaliblack tupiNepali cap. Ðset: . the heddleneÚh dahgaÚ rod. neÚh's~ïÚ gj/] n: metal ankletstupi worn by g]M–Gof vt: to fuck s.o.; have 'new˙rdancers to produce a clanging noise. neÚh-nya sexual intercourse with. cf. guhm-nya. 1 lg part: a particle following yesÐno Ðv.recip: , to engage in sexu- niquestions, converting it to a tag-like ques- al intercourseneÚh's with\î-nya one another. tion, as in: jemas˙reszya ni Well, do gMa/] +] num: two items, two you recognize him or not? 'nehb˙reÚ~ persons. 2 lg coord: an adverbial coordinator, g]MAnf] num: two. , nias in: t˙ra:~ ni phulup 'j˙i'si'ke ‘He tossed nehbloboth. nehblo z˙ and turned.’ 1 'g]Mn n: the palate, esp. the alveolar . lg– poss.pref: the third person 'nehlridge. 'ni-dual possessive prefix: ‘their (dl.),’ as g]Mk/fô n: two halves; a twofold in: 'ni-'zihm their (dl.) house. , 'nimiÚ nehp˙raÚdivision, split, breach, rend, cleavage theirs (dual). 2 (esp. lengthwise). , to . lg– v.aff: 1. the third person dual split in two (esp. of nehp˙raÚbamboo); 'ta-nyato splinter. 'ni-object marker: ‘them,’ as in: ≥a'ni-'rïÚh'k~ e\ gMÅfdnf] ô n: fracture, split, I saw them (dual). 2. the third person nehphamsplintering—˙laÚ in two. dual subject marker ‘they’ in nominalized , to split in two, splinternehpham (esp.—˙laÚ of 'ta-dry verbs, as in: 'ni-ra'j˙i'wo— those which they wood).nya (dl.) made. 1 g]Ml;–Gof v.recip: (see . –lg loc.case: the ablative case -'ni neÚh's).\î-nya neÚh- marker: ‘from (in),’ as in: naÚkhar-'ni 'hu'ker˙\ They came from the village. (Af- nya g]M;f]/ n: backfire; delay between fixed to deictic primitives and locative nehsorthe click of a musket hammer and the roots to form complex adverbial phrases, explosion of the gunpowder. as in: from here, on this side, , (of a gun) to backfire, delaynehsor in a-'ni ru-'ni down from above, chîÚ-'ni~ later on (lit. firing'ta-nya (lit. ‘to be two sounds’ i.e. first ‘from behind’) etc.) , the the click of the hammer, then finally the Ðadj: nominalized form of the ablative-'ni'kao , as explosion). in: a-'ni'kao the one from -'ni here, g]Mo“" expr.adv: indecisive (lit. neh'y~uÚ 'zihm'ni'-'kao the one from inside the Kham Dictionary 231 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ house, etc. , to live by begging. 2. –lg case: the mediative case nihd˙ ≥a's\î-nya, to reserve a girl in mar- -'nimarker: ‘by means of,’ as in: khïÚ-'ni~ riagenihd˙ for 'n˙i-nya one’s child. 'noÚ 'luh'zalai o'zaÚt˙ 'ba'ke\ He went by foot. nihd˙ 'n˙i'k\eo He reserved her for his 3. –lg g.num: the nominal third son. Ðadj.aux: to be susceptible to, as -'niperson dual suffix, as in: ≥a'zaÚ-'ni my in: 'b˙reÚ'sî\ nihnya 'ta-nya to be suscepti- (two) children. ble to ridicule, be made a laughing stock 4 of, poh'sî\ nihnya 'ta-nya, to be susceptible . –lg v.aff: 1. the second person to a beating, etc. , -'nisingular object marker: ‘you,’ as in: Ðpass.part: asked for (esp. in marriage). nih's\îu ≥a'rïÚh-'ni'k~ e\ I saw you. 2. the second person singular actor marker ‘you’ in 'gL+M n: a high-altitude weed poi- 'n~îÚh imperative mood, as in: syaÚ-'nike~ (You) sonous to sheep, Monk’s Hood (Aconi- sleep! (Occurs only in intransitive verbs.) tum spicatum). 5. –lg v.aff: the third person dual gL+Muf/ [Nep nighar] n: the n~îÚhgar -'nisubject marker: ‘they two,’ as in: 'ba'ki-'ni juice of fermented barley, lees, dregs. They (dl.) went. 'gLMn [Kh *r-nihl (Mk r≥ihl, R˙n 'nihl gLô pers.pron: they two (in narrative rnil); Him (Chep n˙l); TB *s-nil] n: the niÚfocus), as in: niÚ b˙ 'ba'ki'ni They (our gums. cf. 'k˙t˙ot˙. Ð[Alt.root (Nis, Gam two heroes) also left. , they (two) gî:ja)]~ themselves. Ðrefl.pron:niÚz˙ themselves, as gLMD5Øf “ temp.adv: the day in: niÚ 'r~ïÚh's\î'k\îni They (two) saw nihmchyafter tomorrow.~aÚ Ðset: . themselves. , they (two) of their gLMDgL [TBa'ch *s-ni≥îm— ‘year’] own accord 'niÚÐrecip.pron: 'niÚ , they nihmnitemp.adv: the year after next. Ðset: (two) to each other. Ðposs.pron:'niÚ 'niÚ . , theirs (dl.). 'niÚ a~î:hsi lgM/LMHofjé adj: beggar. 'nimiÚ gLAh}–Gof [Nep nibhaunu] vt: nihrih'zy lgM?ao— ô n: Nepali currency (from nibj˙i-nyato complete the construction of s.th. (Obj. nihruÚthe abbreviation ‘Ne.ru.’). is the thing constructed.) cf. 'khem-nya. p–gL+ôhf/ n: a place where gLRr [Nep nico] n: one who is (u)-'nlakeîÚjar~ water seeps through gravel or rock nicc˙greedy, selfishly impatient (esp. of a child and comes out below. cf. u-'s\îr. who grabs his food without waiting to gLsfg n: a wood chisel. be served). Ðset: . 'nikan lgvn}lg adv: very, greatly. 'luhbi gL+ôuNbf n: the end of a month. nikh˙l˙inicf. b˙n˙i. 'nant.îÚg˙lda~ lagda. lgvg}–Gof vt: to redeem lgM–Gof [Kh *≥ih (Mk ≥ih); nikh˙n˙i-nyas.th. held as security. cf. r~e:h-nya. nih-nya Him *≥i (Mag ≥i-khe] vt: to beg s.th. Ðpass.part: , redeemed, from someone, to ask for. (Src. ). purchased back.nikh˙n˙i's\îu -s˙ 232 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ lgNof [Nep lgnf] nilo ‘blue’] n: a ished, in dire straits. , 'nilyaperson with a flushed complexion. to be in dire straits (esp.nirg of~aÚt˙ one 'ta-nya made , a dark colored mushroom (edible'nilya homeless through gambling, or of one only'm~oÚ if treated). Ðadj: , having a about to die). dark, flushed complexionnilyaso (as in victims gL/\Å¬; [ < neh ‘two’ + phu-s of tuberculosis or leprosy). Ðset: nirphus‘burst at seams’] n: burst at the seams, . rupture, split in two. , p~aÚcyaÚh gLd [Kh *nim] n: Himalayan to burst in two at the seams.nirphus cf. 'phu-nya. 'ta-nya 'nimBlack Bear. Ðgen: . lgl; prop.n: a Kham-Magar village lgdfGof;f'la:] adj: 'ga: unafraid (esp. 'nision the Nisi Khola river. (S.I. Nisigaon.)— nimanyasoof wild animals). Ðset: . , the village of Nisi and its 'nisyal 'nam gLd 'wfMjf+] 'patyaô n: bear spirit environs. , the river which 'nisi kholaÚ 'nim(one 'd of~oÚhwaÚ a shaman’s familiars). Ðset: flows past Nisi. , male inhabitant 'nisyal . of Nisi. , female inhabitant of Nisi. 'nisyalni 'zya:h 1. lgdLô [Kh *n˙mi(y) (Ghus 'nimiÚn˙mi, Kot n˙miu); Him (Chep nyam ‘sun, lgtfj adj: such, of that sort. nitao weather,’ Tib nyi-ma); TB *n˙y] n: the lgjf n: an edible wild plant used sun. cf. 'gahm. , to set 'niwain making hum. (of the sun). 'nimiÚ 'ba-nya, sun eclipse. gô“ [Kh *n˙≥; Him (Mag na≥, Chep 2. lgdL'nimiÚô poss.pron: 'g˙hr˙n third person 'nna≥);~ïÚ TB *na≥] pers.pron: second person 'nimiÚdual possessive pronoun: ‘theirs’ (dual). singular pronoun: ‘you.’ Ðposs.pron: gLd s“" prop.n: a small, Kham- , yours. 'nïÚ~ 'n˙miÚ 'nimMagar k~uÚ village east of Ghumilbang. gô“ u/ n: the children of two nïÚg˙r~ lgDtf] [Nep] n: invitation. sisters. (In marriage restrictions, they 'nimto , to receive an invitation.'nimto 'nimto count as dajyu-bhai.) d˙i-nyad˙i'wor˙ waz˙ 'bao d˙i'siÚ Only those who gf]ô dem: 1. he, she, it. 2. that, that received an invitation can go. n|oÚperson. Ðposs.pron: , his. n|oÚye u'miÚ gLG/b/fP jf]O{ [Sk nindra] gfM] [Him (Thak noh)] n: garlic. nindraen: sleep 'woi (lit. ‘the flower of sleepiness’). noÚh , a type of wild garlic. , nindrae 'woi mad˙id˙ ≥a'li'ke\ I stayed on b˙linoha type of wild garlic. 'h~aÚ noÚh, the without getting (proper) sleep. leaves of a wild garlic. noÚh '≥˙~îÚh gL/\a¬l; n: a medicinal root 'gf]M kf]ô prop.n: a small, 'nirbusifound above timberline (currently selling 'noÚhKham-Magar 'poÚ village between Jehr˙i for about 20 rupees per dharni). Kh˙rk˙ and Guhmilba≥. gLu{lt n: Black-capped Sibia. gfsf] /] [Nep gfs/] nok˙r] n: a nirg˙tiÐgen: . nokorpaid household servant. cf. 'n˙l, 'ba:da.~ 'baza-biza gLuf{+t nom: destitute, impover- gfS;fg] [Nep] n: loss, damage. nirgaÚt˙~ 'noksan Kham Dictionary 233 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , to suffer loss, ruin. GjL+ô;} n: the nipple of the breast 'noksan 'ta-nyagfn] gfnf] ] adj: lukewarm (of 'nw(lit.~îÚs˙i ‘breast fruit’). 'noldrinking 'nolo water). 1. –Gof v.aff: 1. contracted form gf]ôlg dem: those two. Ðposs.pron: -'nyaof , third person dual future tense, n|oÚ'n\î , theirs (dl.). as -'niya in: 'ba-'nya They (dl.) will go. 2. n|oÚn \î 'nimiÚgfô] / dem: those (plural). (with interrogative) third person dual past n|oÚrÐposs.pron:\˙ , theirs. tense, as in: ma'ba-'nya Did they (dl.) gfjf/] noÚrae| gL\ n: 'yamiÚ name giving cere- go? 'nowarnimony for a newborn. 2. –Gof v.aff: 1. the infinitive -'nya g“"–Gof [Kh *nu≥] vi.pat: to be affix. 2. a nominalizing affix roughly 'nlasting,~uÚ-nya long wearing. equivalent to a gerund. ba-'nya 'miÚ a going person. Ðadj: , nominal- g¬Mn \ n: a plague, disaster, calamity. ized form of the infinitive-'nya'kao . nuhl , to cause a plague or odajyue d˙i-'nya'kao ˙sik˙ the blessing-nya (rightfully) nuhldisaster. m˙c˙i-nya b˙tas 'hud˙ nuhl m˙c˙i'k\eo A to be received by his brother, wind came and stirred up a disaster. 'baduh-'nya'kao 'tad˙ le He has become g¬Mn\–Gof vi.pat: for a plague capable of walking. nuhl-nyaof calamity to strike. (No explicit object 1 possible. The occurrence is stated in a . Gof“ n: a game in which an 'ny~aÚ dependent clause.) underwater stone is picked out with the teeth. , to pick a stone out g¬MNkf g¬MNdf expr.adv: of water.'ny~aÚ tiÚ-nya nuhlpa(shamanic) nuhlma plague, calamity, disaster. 2. Gof“ [Nep Gofo nyay] n: justice. 'gMNof¬ n: a child, who when 'ny~aÚ , just, fair. , 'nuhlyaborn, brings disaster to the family and too-'ny judge,aÚ~ 'leo decide a case. 'ny~aÚ phal-nya, causes several to die. to settle, end a dispute.'ny ~aÚ phyaÚ-nya, with g¬k–Gof [Kh *nup; TB *nuôp] justice, equity. 'ny~as\˙ nup-nyav.evt: to set (of the sun), in: Gof“bL; [Nep GofofwLz . 'n˙m nup- 'nynyayadhish]~aÚdis n: judge, magistrate. nya GjL+ô [Kh *nun (Mk nw~î, Gam GofMd\–Gof [Kh *nyahm; Him 'nwnw~îÚ~e, Bhj nun, Nis non); Him (Chan nyahm-nya(Chep ≥am, Tam nyep)] vt: to chew, nunu); TB *n˙w] n: 1. breast, mammary masticate. , long and thor- gland. , nursing (of a child or 'bw~îÚh 'bw~îÚh 'nw~îÚlao oughly. , chomping away. young animal). 2. milk. cf. har'nw~î:. cekap cekap , to nurse a child. GofMg \ n: squirrel. cf. yahp. Ðgen: nyahn 'nwîÚ~ s˙woi-nya, (at time of weaning) to'nw give~îÚ . 'baza-biza up'ras-nya milk. Go“" [Nep nihu]~ n: 1. excuse, pretext. ny~uÚ , to make an excuse. GjL+ônfj adj: (of a child) to be ny~uÚ 'j˙i-nya, to search for an excuse ny( ~uÚ 'nwofîÚ'lao~ nursing age. esp. tokhim-nya do harm), to pick a fight. 2. the apparent 234 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ reason. uny~uÚ waz˙ 'ruhga 'ta'k\e Only *r-≥at ‘head’] expr.adv: nodding. the apparent reason (for his death) was , (of an animal) to walk with≥.≥. a cold. head'ba-nya nodding from a lame foreleg. Go¬/\tLM n: salamander. Ðgen: ª–Gof} vi.pat: to lose one’s nyurtih . '≥temper˙i-nya while in horseplay. Ðset: rwihza wanza . 'risi- nya ªM} [Kh *s-r-≥at (Mk r≥˙ih, Gam ≥ ≥˙ih≥˙‰h÷, Bhj r≥˙t, Nis r≥˙h, Seram ≥˙ht); –ª loc.case: the adessive case marker: Him *s-r≥a (E.Tib mgo, ≥o); TB *s-kra] -≥‘˙in the area of,’ as in: 'zihm-≥˙ at (around) n: head. cf. syar≥˙ih. the house. cf. -k˙. (Affixed to deictic , a place to live, shelter≥˙ih one 'k˙pnya’s head primitives and locative roots to form com- ('poÚlit. ‘place to cover the head’). plex adverbial phrases, as in: a-≥˙ around , to incriminate, accuse (lit.≥˙iht ‘put˙— this area, ro-≥˙ around the top, ch~îÚ-≥˙ onjaÚh-nya the head’). , to hold later on etc.) Ðadj: , the nominalized the head erect (as≥˙ih of anth˙d˙i-nya infant). , form of the adessive-'≥ ao , as in: me-'≥ao a lord, ruler (lit. ‘one on the head≥˙ih't’).ao— the one of a lower area.-≥ ˙ , inhabit- , a debt which binds one ants of a region, as in:-'≥ 'jeÚaor˙ kan-'≥aor˙ ≥as˙ih'tao a slave. 'd˙hn you are inhabitants of what region? (lit. ‘you are of-what-area-ones’). 'ªM+} [Kh *s-≥˙n (Nis ≥˙n, Ses '≥≥˙hn,˙~îÚh Mht g˙n); Him (Mag gan, Tib ªMn \ [Kh *r-≥˙hl (Nis r≥˙l)] n: s≥on); TB *(s-)≥ow ‘green’] n: herbs, ≥˙hlslumber, sleep. 'gehppa ≥˙hlt˙ 'bad˙ 'le edible greens. , all edible He has gone into a deep slumber. greens (lit. ‘greens-nettles'≥˙~îÚh ≥˙~îÚhti’). Ðnum.suff: , a sleep, nap, doze. [ < *≥˙ih ‘head’ + *po: ‘to t˙≥˙hl t˙≥˙hl b˙-≥ ˙hlge≥˙hlo o'leo We all dozed ª}Mkf] ≥˙ihpo off for a short nap. tie’] n: a woman’s head scarf. cf. khup.

ªMn–Gof\ [Kh *r-≥˙hl (Mk r≥˙l, ªMÅf} n: a tied turban. cf. ≥˙ihpha ≥˙hl-nyaKot ≥wai) Him (Tib nyal-ba, Jir nyal, wa:hpho.~ Sh ≥yilok)] vi.pat: to fall asleep, slumber. ª}+Mlt [ < *s-≥˙n ‘herb’ + *ti ‘to ≥˙~îÚhti , with long, deep breaths. pick’ (Nis ≥˙hnti)] n: nettles (used as a 'seÚ ka 'seÚ, while crying. staple green). , all edible greens ( ‘greens-nettles'≥˙~îÚh ≥˙~îÚhti’). hugurup ªMd\–Gof [Kh *≥˙hm; Him lit. ≥˙hm-nya(Tib ≥am)] vi.pat: 1. (Spr. ) to become ªkf} prop.n: a prominent peak '≥˙ipa addicted to. m˙d˙ chokorah-t˙-t˙ ≥˙hm'k\e above the village of Taka. (S.I. 12,391 He became addicted to alcoholic. cf. 'bu- ft.) hgi 'ta-nya. 2. to become spoiled by ªnfô expr.adv: an attititude with over indulgence, excessive pay, etc. '≥the˙laÚ head tilted back. , to '≥˙laÚ 'li-nya ªMTofp“ ªMTofp “ [Kh have the face turned upward. ≥˙htya~u ≥˙htya~u '≥˙laÚ 'lid˙ Kham Dictionary 235 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , to look with the face turned ª;–t/–t/ expr.adv: with upward.'cyuÚ-nya , to drink '≥menacing˙s-t˙r-t˙r demeanor. , with the head'≥˙laÚ tilted 'lid˙ back. 'chaÚ-nya , to sit ominously, menacingly≥.t.t. cuh's (as\î-nya of a to tilt one’s head. '≥˙laÚ 'j˙i-nya dog blocking the way). cf–/] ªd\ n: the taste or savor ªt ªt expr.adv: (of the (o)-rof ≥ s.th.˙m or≥˙m kitao 'li'zya How is its ≥˙t˙head) ≥˙t˙ a nod expressing: ‘You got what taste? was coming.’ ªd–Gof [Kh *≥˙m; Him (Chep ªttd expr.adv: unconcerned, '≥nyum,˙m-nya Thak ≥˙m); NB *q≥am] v.sta: ≥˙t˙t˙munalert, careless, heedless. var. ≥˙t˙t˙. to be good tasting, delicious. Ðadj: , to sit unalert, without con- 1. tasty. 2. (of words) pleasing. '≥˙mo cern.≥. cuh'sî-nya\ ªlD;–Gof [Kh (Luk ≥˙psi- 1. ªf– poss.pref: the first person ≥˙m'snya);\î-nya Him (Tib snyam-pa ‘think, sup- ≥a-singular possessive prefix: ‘my,’ as in: pose’)] v.sta: to sense, feel, perceive. ≥a-'zihm my house. u'li'zyao mitao ≥a≥˙m'sî'zya\ It seems to 2. ªf– v.aff: the first person singular me that there is one. Ðadj: , ≥a-subject prefix: ‘I,’ as in: ≥a-'rïÚ'k~ e\ I saw ≥˙m's\îu desirable, enjoyable. (Belongs to a con- it. struction in which a reduplicated verb ªf–Gof [Kh *≥a; Him (Thak stem precedes the adjective. 'le 'le ≥˙m'sîu\ '≥nah,a-nya Tam nah)] vt: to raise, rear, breed. desirable to live at, 'cyuÚ 'cyuÚ ≥˙m's\îu , to support oneself (lit. desirable to behold, etc.) jyuÚ‘raise ' ≥bodya-nya’). , to make a ª/–Gof [Kh *s-≥˙r (Nis sk~˙r); living. nihd˙ '≥a's'îzya\≥a's \î-nyaHe makes a living '≥˙r-nya Him (Tib ≥ad ‘scent’)] v.sta: to smell by begging. Ðpass.part: , raised (give off odor); to stink. , strong (esp. of domestic animals).'≥a's \îuzimza'kin 'ph~aÚ alcoholic odor. Ðadj: . , '≥a'sîu\ raised from when it was small. odorous (good or bad).'≥ ˙ro u'siÚ '≥˙ro, /–ªf\ ô [Kh *r-≥a; Mag ba≥a; TB fragrant. , havingcao u'siÚ the 'stench≥˙ro r-*l-≥a]≥aÚ num: five (only in Mk and Bhj of rot. [Alt.rootci ci 'siÚ '≥ ˙ro*s-n˙m (Gam hn˙≥, dialects). Ses hn˙m); Him (Mag nam-khe ‘stink,’ ªfô [TB *≥a] pers.pron: first person Chep nam- ‘scented,’ namh- ‘sniff’); TB '≥singularaÚ pronoun: ‘I.’ Ðposs.pron: *m-nam] , mine. '≥aÚ ª/ +] ª/+] expr.adv: low-grade '≥amiÚ ªf–\ [Him (Mag ≥has, Chep h≥a- ≥˙rillness.eÚ~ ≥˙r eÚ~ , to be ill ≥ah-‘precede’)] deictic.prim: before, in front with a chronic,≥.≥. 'joro low-grade 'hu-nya illness. of, as in: ≥ah'da— before, earlier ≥ahk˙ in [Him (Mag ≥ur-ke, Chep ª/–ª/ front, ≥ah'ni (from) before, etc., qq.v. '≥≥ar-˙r-≥ ‘˙rpurr, growl’)] growling expr.adv: Ðrelator.noun: (with possessive prefix- sound. , (of an animal) es), as in: o-≥ahk˙ in front of him, o-≥ahl˙ to growl.'≥˙r-≥˙r 'li-nya preceding him, o-≥ah'ni from before him, 236 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ o-≥aht˙ before him, etc. Ðadj: , the one in front, the front one. the one in front of it, o-≥ ah'kaothe one ≥ah'kao , the one in front of it. preceding it, etc. o-≥ah'lao o-≥ah'kao ªfs;\ } loc: slightly forward. 1. 'ªfM [Kh *s-≥a (Mk s≥a, Gam ≥ahk˙'s˙iÐadj: , the one slightly in '≥haÚh~ah, Bhj sk~a, Nis sk~a); Him (Mag ≥has front.≥ahk˙'s˙i'kao ‘in front of,’ Tib ≥o)] n: face. ªfsLg\ loc: from the front, from , (of a person’s countenance)o-'≥aÚh ≥ah'kinbefore. , from before his pres- scowling,cum 'cumo sulking. ence, awayo-≥ ah'kinfrom. '≥aÚh 'r~ïÚhd˙ da- , to act out of favoritism. ªfs\ " “ prop.n: a fish trapping spot nya '≥aÚh , to talk face to face. ≥ahknear~uÚ Taka. bahl'sjor˙id˙îu\ 'p≥aÚh~aÚ-nya 'male unable to face anyone ªfn\ loc: preceding, before. (for shame). ≥ahl˙ , preceding it, before it. Ðadj: 2 . 'ªfM [Kh *≥ah (Mk ≥ah, Gam o-≥ahl˙ , the one preceding it. '≥aÚh ≥ah); Him (Chep ≥a÷); TB *≥ya] n: fish. o-≥ah'lao , on the preceding day. , minnows. Ðtypes of: '˙s˙la '≥aÚh o-≥ah'lao ªflg\ chyam loc: on the front side. ≥trout,ahj~uÚ 'poÚkha~ '≥aÚh carp, 'jeÚhp˙lya~ manu ≥ah'niÐtemp.adv: beforehand. , pre- catfish. ceding it, from beforehand.o-≥ o-ah'ni≥ah'ni h˙i ªfa\ g] n: a fish creel (made of daÚ'k~ eo\ He told me beforehand. Ðadj: ≥ahben bamboo). , (of) beforehand. ªfbf\ [Kh *s-≥a (Mk s≥a); Him o-≥ah'ni'kaoah'ni'kao h˙i odo'w—o 'p~aÚ The things ≥ah'da(Mag ≥has, Chep h≥a); TB *s-≥a] he told him from beforehand (before they temp.adv: before, in earlier times. happened). , at a time before that. ªfª\ temp.adv: sometime earlier. o-≥ah'da o-≥ah'da , of one who thinks ≥ah≥˙ , before its time. Ðadj: , uchîÚ'da~ mabhal'sîu\ only of today; gives no thought to conse- ofo- ≥anah earlier≥˙ time. , (of)≥ah' before≥ao quences (lit. ‘doesn’t look before or be- its time. o-≥ah'≥ao hind’). Ðadj: , the earlier one, ªft\ loc: up ahead. ≥aht˙ 'banke\ the one from≥ before.ah'da'≥ao ≥aht˙Go ahead! , in front of him. ªfbfsLg\ temp.adv: from Ðadj: o-,≥ aht˙ the one in front. ≥ah'da'kin beforehand, since earlier times. Ðadj: ≥ah'tao, the one in front of him. , the one from before- o-≥ah'tao ªfdLô poss.pron: first person hand,≥ah'da'kin'kao the one of earlier times. '≥singularamiÚ possessive pronoun: ‘mine.’ n: minnow. ªfh\ "“ –ªfj loc.case: 1. the nominalized ≥ahj~uÚ ªfs\ loc: right in front. ≥ahk˙ -'≥form—ao of the adessive case marker , as ≥ahk˙ r˙îÚh'zya~ It appears to be right in front in: me-'≥ao— the one of the lower- ≥area,˙ (of us). , in front of it. etc. 2. the nominalizing affix for the o-≥ahk˙ Ðtemp.adv: earlier, before. Ðadj: allative case marker , as in: a-'da'— ≥ao— the one towards here.-'da Kham Dictionary 237 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ªfl;–Gof v.refl: to earn a ≥a'sliving,\î-nya support oneself. O 1 ªf:of yfD:of] expr.adv: . cf–] v.aff: the third person singular o- ≥asyain vain. thomsya , to return in subject marker in nominalized verbs, as vain, in: ≥.th. 'thol-nya in: o-ra'j˙i'wo— those which he made. 2 ≥asya 'thold˙. 'hu-nya, thom- . cf]– poss.pref: the third person o- sya 'thold˙ ªf–Gof\] 'hu-nya [Kh *s-≥o; Him (Thak singular possessive prefix: ‘his, her, its,’ ≥oh-nya≥oh, Tib r≥od-pa); TB *r-≥ao] vt: 1. as in: o-eÚh its price, o-r'na his ear, etc. ( ‘parched grain’) to roast, parch. 2. allomorph: - (preceding syllables with u of'heÚ seed to dry out in the ground. 'gahme high vowels). 3 ≥oh'keo\ Parched by the sun. Ðpass.part: . cf]– v.aff: marker of optative , parched, popped. , o-mood: ‘may it be,’ as in: o-'bazyar˙-k˙ parched≥oh's\îu grain, popcorn. ≥oh'sîu\ 'heÚ May they keep on going, o-'j˙iduh'wo-k˙ ªfO] –Gof{ [Kh *≥wat (Bhj ≥wat, May he be able to make it, etc. (The ≥oi-nyaNis ≥wat, Kot ≥wá÷)] vi.pat: to become prefix must be accompanied by a o- lost, lose one’s way. cf. 'mah-nya. matching suffix .) 1 -k˙ ªf/f] ô–Gof [Him (Mag ghur, . –cf] v.aff: the third person singular -o '≥CheporaÚ-nya h≥rok, Sun ≥or, Gur ≥ruh, Tib subject marker in transitive verbs of the ≥ar-≥ar)] vi.pat: to snore. narrative paradigm, as in: ya'j˙i'k— e-o\ He , quietly and steadily. ≥ war ka made them, 'j˙i'zya-o He is making it, ≥war , loud with whistling. s~eÚkore etc. allomorphs: - (following long vowels or diphthongs),wo - (following s~eÚkore ªjf\ –Gof“ vi.pat: to stare off high vowels). u '≥intow~aÚ-nya the distance (as from sadness, or in 2 deep thought). , to stare . –cf] loc.case: a nominalizing suffix -o into space with ≥aw blank~aÚd˙ 'li-nyaexpression; out for locatives -k˙, -t˙, and -l˙, as in: ak˙ of touch; schizophrenic. here > a'ka-o the one of here, n˙l˙ in there > n˙'la-o the one of (in) there, rot˙ ªjf/\ sf ªjf/\ expr.adv: on top > ro'ta-o the one on top, etc. ≥warquietly ka ≥andwar steadily. , 3 to snore with steady breathing.≥.≥. '≥oraÚ-nya . –cf] v.aff: marker of imprecatory -omood, as in: m||eÚh-ye ozyas 'ta-o May ªjf/\ ªjf/\ expr.adv: with he be a feast for the fire! or'ger˙ 'si-u ≥warcomliness. ≥war , to come into May his masters die! allomorphs: - being with ≥beauty,.≥. boh-nya comeliness. Ðadj: (following long vowels or diphthongs),wo , beautiful, comely (of a - (following high vowels). ≥baby).war ≥war'o u cf–Gof] [Kh *o] vt: to drink. (in: , qv.) ªjf;\ o-nya '≥was 'koho '≥was (Occurs w/o .) , to drink water. Ðvt: -lai 'riÚh, too-nya give to drink. sowoi-nya 238 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 2. –cf] [Him (Chep -÷o ‘nominalizer’)] 'rïÚh's~ î'k\ e\ He saw himself. , of his -'ov.aff: 1. (in verbs non-finite for person or its own accord. ol'ni| 'ta'kol'ni| e\ It came and number) a relativizing/nominalizing into being on its own. , affix in which the head of the relative through self interest. ollai| 'tanya'ni, the one clause is the agent or subject of the verb, on his side, associated ols˙'kao|with him. as in: 'j˙i'zya-'o he who makes, 'gyoÚh-'wo cfnf] k] [Nep lop] nom: disappear- the one which is big, etc. var. -'wo. 2. olopance, desertion, vanishing. , (in verbs finite for person and number) to disappear, withdraw, vanish,olop cease'ta-nya to a relativizing/nominalizing affix in which exist. o'd~oÚhwaÚr˙ olop 'tad˙ 'ler˙, the head of the relative clause is the object mapulus'ker˙\ His familiar spirits have of the verb, as in: ya'j˙i-'wo— that which disappeared, they didnt turn up.’ they made, ≥ara'rïÚh-'wo~ those which I cfNofª] lg kfNofª] ex- saw, etc. var. -'wo. 'olyapr.adv:≥ ni 'polyarummage,≥ pulling apart. cf5flb] coord: used in proving a , to pull a load'olya apart≥ 'ochadipoint, as in: 'ochadi 'cyusaÚki~ As proof, toni find'polya s.th.≥ 'j˙i-nyafor oneself (esp. of a child). have a look. cf]d–Gof [Kh *om] vi.pat: 1. cfbf] [Nep-Eng ‘ward’] n: a village om-nya(of an animal) to trip and fall on front 'odaward, division of a panchayat. legs; to collapse, fall from hunger. cfbf] O] –Gof{ vt: to waste money. , fall face forward; fall onto 'odoi-nya , to toss food to handskhogoro and knees. thechal gods. boloÚ 'odoi-nya , head to fall forwardpha pha from omd˙ drows- '~uÚgi- nya cf]uf/}–Gof [Nep pu|fpg' iness. 2. (of a building) to deteriorate, 'ogar˙i-nyaugraunu] vt: (of cattle) to chew the crumble. Ðset: collapse. tah-nya, cud. (Obj. is ‘grass,’ but rarely made cfDvf] /f] [Nep amkhora] n: explicit.) 'om'khoraa brass water jar (more slender than a cfxf] /] (in: , qv.) bohpka). Ðset: . 'ja: 'ohor cfek]xf]/ 'ohor bf]xf]/ [Nep] adv: –cfkf] /f] ô num.clsf: a measure -'oporaÚ 'ohortwo 'dohor way, round trip. of one pathi (about one gallon). , 'toporaÚ , to give and take'ohor in marriage. 'dohor one pathi. ( equals one seme:). Ðset: neh'oporaÚ. r˙i's cfO]î-nya\ { interj: ‘hey,’ an exclamation to goî:~ oiattract attention (somewhat disrespect- cfkf] ]ô;hé adv: entirely, wholly, opoÚs˙z˙ ful). en toto. cfsLn] [Nep] n: lawyer, cftf] /f] [Nep utara ‘answer’] n: 'otora okilattorney. ± ukil the antiphonal response in a singing match between a boy and a girl. cfn] pers.pron: he (in narrative focus), , to exchange responses.o-'tora ol| as in: |ol b˙ 'ba'k\e He (our hero) also khya's\î-nya went. Ðrefl.pron: himself, as in: ol| Kham Dictionary 239 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ mi.) , male inhabitant of the P village'p˙d˙myal of Padmi. , female kr}–Gof [Nep krfpg' p˙caunu] inhabitant of the village'p˙d˙myalni of Padmi. p˙c˙i-nyavt: to respond to food or medicine. wahs˙Ú kuLn [Kh (Gam p˙kil, Nis p˙gil zyad˙ map˙c˙id˙ 'si'ke\ He took the med- 'p˙gil‘hip joint,’ Kot p˙kil ‘twist’); Him (Chep icine, but not responding to it, died. kil ‘hip joint’)] n: 1. buttocks of a 1. klr–Gof [Nep kRg' p˙cnu] human, hindquarters of an animal. 'p˙ci-nyavi.pat: 1. (of food or medicine) to take , eager, willing, alacritous effect. 2. (of a person) to take to a place, (u-'p˙gillit. ‘light-butt bom'o’). , apathetic, become acclimatized. al˙ 'linya ≥a'p˙ci'ke\ inactive (lit. ‘heavy-buttu-'p˙gil’ ).'giso 2. an append- I have become acclimatized to living here. age or lower end of a large moveable Ðvt: , to respond to food or object, such as a grain bin, etc. u'p˙gil'ni medicine.p˙c˙i-nya wahs˙Ú zyad˙ map˙c˙id˙ 'si'ke\ kyoÚhd˙ a'da— sar˙ike Grab it by its lower He took the medicine, but not responding end and move it this way. Ð[Alt.root to it, died. (Mk rme:hs~ e:,~ Gam misi≥)] 2. klr–Gof vi.pat: to lose kx/ [Nep p˙h˙ro ‘cliff’] n: a 'p˙ci-nyaone’s collateral or surety because of the 'p˙h˙rlarge boulder. inability to redeem it. ≥a'˙d˙na ho'da knfM [Kh *r-plah (Mk rp˙la:); TB 'p˙ci'ke My collateral was lost. p˙hlaÚ*pla ‘ashes’] n: an appeasement offering krLô–Gof vt: to squeeze or to the evil spirits. (A paste made of ashes 'p˙ciÚ-nyawork with the hands (as liquid inside a and butter with a chilli pepper stuck up- skin bag). Ðpass.part: , right in the center.) squeezed. 'p˙ciÚ'sîu\ kn]Mt] [Nep kn]+6L p˙l~eÊi] ex- klrsf [Nep p˙cka] n: 1. a toy p˙hleÚtepr.adv: cross-legged. cf. dehs˙re:te. 'p˙cikasquirt gun made of bamboo. 2. a syringe. , to sit cross-legged. p. k5fj [Nep p˙chauÊe] adj: (of cuh's\î-nya kMNofk expr.adv: splatting. 'p˙chaocrops) late planted. ant. '˙gao. p˙hlyap , to splatter with a splat. p. k5fl/–Gof [Nep k5fg'{ p˙lep-nya kg]M [Nep p˙ni~u] n: a flat metal p˙chari-nyap˙charnu ‘knock down’] vt: to cast to p˙hneÚstirring spoon, spatula. cf. dabi:. the ground. , to cast one- 'kM/ [Kh (Mk p˙hr); Him (Chep self onto thep˙chari's ground (asî-nya\ in a fit of laugh- 'p˙hrpar÷.kuy÷ ‘wild dog,’ Tib phar-ba ter). Ðpass.part: , cast to the ‘wolf’)] n: wolf, Wild Dog. Ðgen: ground. p˙chari'sîu\ . 'la: k5"“Ø [Nep klÔd p˙schim] n: 'ga: k/Mn\–Gof (var. of: 'p˙chywest.~uÚ p˙hr˙l-nya, qv.) pohrol- kbld prop.n: a Kham-Magar nya k/fMlt temp.adv: tomorrow. 'p˙d˙mivillage in the Rukum District. (S.I. Pad- p˙hraÚti , on the day after, the fol- 'ho p˙hraÚti 240 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ lowing day. Ðset: . 'k}M n: a baton shaped stick for 'kl/–Gofa'ch [Nepîm— k9\g' p˙Îhnu] 'p˙ihtwisting lengths of string which have 'p˙hri-nyavi.agt: 1. to read a book. 2. to learn in been spooled onto a 'tosor. cf. 'p˙ih-nya, school. , to teach reading 'tosor. and writing.p˙hr˙i-nya 'k}M–Gof vt: to twist lengths of k/“M n: a thorny bush growing at 'p˙ih-nyastring which have been spooled onto a p˙hrtimberline.~ïÚ 'tosor using a 'p˙ih. (Obj. w/o ). k} n: a large wooden bowl. , cf. 'm˙nd˙n. Ðset: 'c.eÚh~ -lai 'p˙ia large wooden pot for brewingsîÚ'p˙i~ beer. k}MSof interj:'kil-nya a term of contempt Ðset: . p˙ihkyaapplied to s.o. considered insignificant, –k'ja: } loc.case: the lative case marker as in: nitao p˙ihkya 'si 'si oma'li'zyao, -'p˙i(see or ). Ð[Alt.root (Luk naÚh 'dah'pa o'j˙i'sî'zyao\ The insignificant -t˙k)].-k˙'p˙i -'wa'p˙i jerk won’t say ‘die,’ he keeps acting the k}–Gof [Kh *s-p˙t (Mk sp˙i, flirt. 'p˙i-nyaNis sp˙t, Bhj sp˙t] vt: ( ) to teach, 'k}M/g [Nep p˙hir˙n ‘apparel’] show how. cf. syu:-nya. -nya , 'p˙ihr˙nn: apparel, clothing (esp. style of cloth- to show the way. Ðpass.part:'yem 'p˙i-nya, ing). op˙ihr˙n kitao o'leo What kind of taught. 'p˙i'sîue\ waz˙ s˙îÚ'zyao~ Only'p˙i's oneîu\ apparel (was he wearing)? cf. 'kwa. who is taught knows. k}M/f [Nep p˙iro] n: landslide, 1. k}+–Gof [Kh *s-pan (Mk p˙ihraavalanche. p˙sp˙~îÚ-nya~~î, Nis span)] vt: to need, require. k};f [Nep] n: money. al˙ 'l~uÚ tubu p˙~~îÚ'zyao It needs another p˙isa , (Spr. ) to pay moneyp˙isa for stone here. (Occurs w/o Agt.) Ðv.aux: (on)jaÚh-nya s.th. -t˙ 1. (with vt: or vi.agt: present tense) to k}l;–Gof vi.agt: to learn. 'kham want, desire. 'geÚs˙ 'bao p˙~îÚ'zyao He 'p˙i's'p˙i'sî-nya\ î'zya\ He is learning Kham. cf. wants to go with us. 2. (with vt: or syu:'sî-nya.\ vi.agt: future tense) to be liable to. n˙'zihm k}+l;–Gof vi.agt: (of a shaman) paÚ'w—o p˙~îÚ'wa He is liable to break into p˙to~îÚ's reveal\î-nya the identity of his possessing your house. 3. (with vi.pat:) about to. spirit while in possession, to speak under 'siu p˙îÚ'zyao~ He’s about to die. the influence of a spirit. 2 . k}+–Gof vt: to inform, tattle kh}–Gof [Nep k'5\g' puchnu p˙~îÚ-nya on. (With .) , (same), 'p˙j˙i-nya‘to ask’] vt: 1. to address s.o. opaÚ~ -leok˙| p˙~îÚdya-nya as in: p˙tek˙ n˙babu u'huk˙ ci p˙îÚd˙~ ≥ayaÚ~ cyaÚh'ni waz˙ 'p˙j˙i'zyao He addresses b˙ Later on when your father comes, him only by his nickname. 2. to answer. I’m going to tell on you. olekhal˙ m˙ni oma'ra'p˙j˙i'zyao He k}bf [Nep] n: formation, creation, wouldn’t give them a straight answer. p˙idagenesis. , to come into Ðpass.part: , addressed, spoken being, be formed,p˙ida 'ta-nya created. to. caos˙ 'p˙j˙i's'p˙j˙i's\îuîu\ addressed politely. Kham Dictionary 241 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Ðv.bt: to ask s.o. for information. tubu strength, receive refreshment. ≥a'p˙j˙i'nirih'zya I want to ask you some- , to encourage, give'saÚ thing. strength'p˙leÚdya-nya to another. 2. to produce, exhibit, kSsf [Nep] n: certain, sure. bring out of hiding. 3. to expel, throw p˙kka , to be certain, sure. out, oust. 4. to deliver (from danger, p˙kka 'ta-nya kn–Gof [Kh *p˙l; Him *pal etc.). 5. to cock a gun, in: o'k˙l 'p˙leÚ- 'p˙l-nya(Chep pal-)] vt: 1. to chop wood. , . Ðpass.part: , expelled. nya 'p˙leÚ'sîu\ with a swift, striking sound. 2. tothyap knife 'jel'ni 'p˙leÚ'sîu\ delivered from prison. or stab s.o. 3. to butcher an animal. 2. kn]ô–Gof vi.pat: (of the Ðset: . Ðpass.part: , 'p˙leÚ-nyasun) to come up, in: . chopped,'kyal-nya butchered. khorcyoe'p˙l's 'p˙l'sîu\ \îu 3. kn]ô–Gof'gahm [Kh 'p˙leÚ-nya *plek (Nis hacked with a khukri. 'p˙leÚ-nyapleko ‘flat’); Him *ple (Thak ple); TB knfô–Gof [Kh *pla; Him *pla *ple≥] vi.pat: to be flat, thin. Ðadj: 'p˙laÚ-nya(Gur pla)] vt: to untie, unbind, undo , flat, thin (as a plank). (as a rope button, etc.). , wind 'p˙leÚ'wo kn]k–Gof vt: (Obj. ‘house’ after wind. Ðpass.part: ph˙r ph˙r, untied, p˙lep-nyaw/o ) to splatter a wall with mud (as turned loose. 'p˙laÚ'sîu\ the first-lai step in mudding a house). cf. knf“ [Kh *pla≥ (Mk p˙la~o, Gam seh-nya. , with a splat. 'p˙lpla≥aÚ~ ‘white’); TB *pra≥ ‘dawn’] ex- Ðpass.part: p˙hlyap , splattered with pr.adv: bright, illuminated. Ðadj: mud. p˙lep'sîu\ , bright, illuminated, lit up. kn];–Gof [Tib *bra ‘forked, 'p˙laÚ'wo~ knfnf expr.adv: an unrolling. p˙les-nyadivided’] vi.pat: (of two branches) to p˙lala , to unroll, roll upon roll. p. split where they fork. cf. p˙le:-nya. Ðvt: p˙las-nya knf;–Gof vt: 1. to unroll (as . p˙leÚ-nya p˙las-nyaa mat). , roll upon roll. 2. (fig) to kln–Gof vi.pat: (of leaves on a explain p˙lalathe meaning. , to 'p˙li-nyatree) to bud. , budding quickly, unroll. Ðpass.part: p˙las's, unrolled.\î-nya universally. Ðh˙rset: h˙r . se:-nya kn]ô–Gof p˙las's [Him\îu (Chep ple- kNt}l;–Gof v.refl: to roll p˙leÚ-nya‘wrench joints by splitting’)] vt: to p˙lt˙i'sover, î-nya\to toss to and fro in one’s sleep. split two branches apart where they fork. , tossing about (as in a cf. p˙les-nya. , by tugging on. 'ph˙lfit). ~îÚ ph˙l~îÚ 1. knty]ô–Gof~aÚ t~eÚ [Kh *s-plu-t (Mk kNts adv: on the other hand 'p˙leÚ-nyaspului, Nis splut, Gam pli, Ses *plet < p˙lt˙k˙(unexpected). cf. taki t˙r˙. p˙le÷, -p˙let- ‘emerged’)] vt: 1. to cause kNtg [Nep] n: regiment, compa- to emerge. , to foam at 'p˙lt˙nny, military unit. the mouth, 'g˙jyain: 'p˙leÚ-nya 1. klNt–Gof [Nep kN6g' p˙lÊ˙nu . o'yaÚh'ni phwiÚ, to 'g˙jyaregain 'p˙lti-nya‘overturn’] vi.pat: to fall over, roll over. 'p˙leÚ-nya 'saÚ 'p˙leÚ-nya Ðvi: to plop oneself down, to stretch. 242 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , fat and satisfied, esp. of , drizzling and letting up intermit- ab˙deÚ large ± object. b˙tde , fall from tently.rum over eating, swelling,phaly ~aÚetc.; ph˙l prostrate~îÚ from k/k k/k [ < Kh 'p˙r˙p-nya illness, as in: god˙ phalyaÚ~ ph˙lîÚ~ p˙ltike p˙r˙p‘to sprinkle p˙r˙p rain’] expr.adv: slight drip- He’s fallen ill from swelling. Ðvt: ping. , to weep with slight [Nep p˙lÊaunu] 1. to turn s.th. p˙lt˙i-over. tears. p.p. g˙hr-nya nya , flip over to the other k/; expr.adv: twisting, squirming. phaly~aÚ ph˙l~îÚ side (as frying bread, etc). 2. to throw 'p˙r˙s , to twist and squirm in an s.o. in wrestling. , to over- effort'p˙r˙s to 'li-nya get up. ugur duÚhl˙~ 'p˙r˙s 'li'zya paÚ~ p˙lt˙i-nya throw what s.o. has said. Ðrelated word: He’s twisting and squirming under his 'd˙hli-nya to fall (of upright objects). load. , (emphatic). 2 . klNt–Gof vi.pat: to turn to p˙r˙s ki'p˙r˙s p˙r˙s ki u'lidi 'p˙r˙s b˙ 'li-nya'uskiu z˙ mad˙i'keo\ 'p˙lti-nyasomething, as in: 'luÚ~ 'p˙lti'ke\ He turned Even though he squirmed, he couldn’t to stone. get out of the hold. kNTof;–Gof vi.pat: (of the –k/fô [ Kh < p˙ra:-nya ‘to slit’] p˙ltyas-nyalip on a jug) to turn out. Ðadj: . -p˙raÚnum.clsf: part, portion, half. nehp˙raÚ kNofk–kNofk p˙ltyasoexpr.adv: 'j˙i'keo He cut it in two halves. , 'p˙lyap-p˙lyapin thick layers. , to fall in one part, one slice. t˙p˙raÚ thick layers (as p.p.of dew te-nya on grass, sap k/fô–Gof [TB *bra ‘divide’] from a dripping tree, mud off a wall). p˙raÚ-nyavt: to slit open down the center (esp. of kNoftf ] n: 1. a flat, tablet-like an animal’s stomach). (Obj. can be the 'p˙lyatostone. 2. a deadfall for killing rats. cf. animal, or the stomach of the animal.) 'jihb˙la. , slit from one end to other. Ðset: kgflt [Nep] n: great-grandson. t˙r t˙r . Ðpass.part: , slit 'kyal-nya p˙raÚ's\îu 'p˙nati kgfltlg [Nep] n: great- open. 'n˙m p˙raÚ's\îu mitao r˙~îÚh'ke The 'p˙natinigranddaughter. sky appeared to be split open. kGr k/wfg\ [Nep kwfg| k/f “ 5L+ô n: a sneeze. 'p˙raÚ~ chîÚ~ 'p˙nc˙pr˙dhan] 'p˙rdahn n: the leading official in a cf–k/f] M“ [ < *pa ‘male’ + panchayat. (o)-p˙r*'rï:h~ ~aÚh‘pheasant’] n: the male of game kGrfot [Nep] n: a village birds. cf. o-m˙ra:h,~ bap˙ra:h.~ Ðgen: 'sya: p˙ncay˙tlevel governmental administrative entity. . 'ba: kGt/}–Gof vt: (Loc. ) ka { [Nep] n: a festival, religious p˙rb˙ 'p˙nt˙r˙i-nyato change the subject in a touchy situation.t~ïÚ'da observance. cf. 'jat˙ra. , to observe a festival. p˙rb˙ 'mani-nya k/ªsfM [Kh (Mk p˙r˙≥ka, p˙r˙Gam≥kah p˙r˙≥ka)] n: a tick or mite. kaVofg{ expr.adv: long, p˙rb˙khyanrepetitious prayer. , k/k–Gof v.evt: to sprinkle to make long repetitiousp˙rb˙khyan prayers or'li-nya man- 'p˙r˙p-nyarain, in: . 'n˙m 'p˙r˙p-nya burum bu- tras; invoke the names of the gods asking Kham Dictionary 243 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ for wealth, prosperity. . kat{ [Nep] n: mountain country, 'tana 1. k/Lô–Gof vi.pat: to sprout 'p˙rb˙tmountains. Ðn: , a person from p˙riÚ-nyafrom the ground. cf. 'p˙tki-nya. the mountains.'p˙rb˙tya , an , evenly from the ground. 'j˙hp appelation given to'p˙rb˙tya the Takale 'kham dialect by 'j˙hp, completely out of the ground. h˙l˙ Kham speakers from the south (lit. h˙l˙ 2. k/Lô–Gof [Kh *prit (Bhj ‘mountain Kham’). p˙riÚ-nyap˙rit)] vt: 1. to braid (as hair, or seed kRof–kRof+{ + { expr.adv: corn). 2. to alternate the even and odd 'p˙rcysassing.aÚ-p˙rcy~ aÚ~ , to talk threads of the warp by means of the back, sass.'p˙rcy cf. 'ya:haÚ-p˙rcy~ da-nya.aÚ~ 'li-nya heddle and shed stick. Ðpass.part: kb{k–Gof vi.pat: to trip or , braided. 'p˙rd˙p-nyastumble over s.th. (Spr. ). Ðset: p˙riÚ'sîu\ k/Lô+ –Gof [Kh *s-prin (Mk . -t˙ pa- 'p˙rsp˙rîÚ-nya~ ~î, Nis sp˙r~e, Gam pr~î); Him (Mag nya k/wfg\ [Nep kwfg| pr˙dhan] birhin-ke, Tib spri≥-ba ‘send a mes- 'p˙rdahnn: chief, principal. , sage’)] vt: to send something to s.o’s the headman of a panchayat.'p˙nc˙ 'p˙rdahn place ( ). , to send -leo'da| 'p˙r~îÚdya-nya kb{]l; [Nep] n: an outsider, (as a message ) to someone. Ðv aux: the 'p˙rdesiforeigner. causative auxiliary. 'guhr'o 'p˙r~îÚkeo He made him carry it. Ðpass.part: , k/]ô n: vagina. Ð[Alt.root (Nis sent. sent news.'p˙rîÚ's~ îu\ 'p˙reÚrta)]~ 'p˙r~îÚ's\îu thaÚ

kuL{n [Kh (Mk p˙rgil, Gam p˙rgy- kl/jf [Nep p˙rewa] n: domestic p˙riwa 'p˙rgilal, Kot b˙-yel); < TB *buw ‘bug’ + *kiôl pigeon. Ðgen: . 'baza-biza ‘twist’] n: worm. , ks{nf n: a small, poor ear of 'p˙rk˙la ascaris worm (lit. ‘wormphuÚ'lao of stomach 'p˙rgil’). corn. cao b˙hri tïÚ'da,~ o'p˙rk˙la b˙hri tïÚ'da~ , a white worm which 'j˙i'cîke\ Set the good ears to one side, twitchesph˙t ph˙tya when 'p˙rgil touched. Ðgen: and the poor ears to another. aîÚhsi~ ≥aeÚh~ . rwihza j˙mma 'p˙rk˙la waz˙ 'ta'ke\ This year my whole field has only poor ears. wanza kl/–Gof [Nep kg{' p˙rnu] vi.pat: 'p˙ri-nya1. to fall or land in a particular spot, to kgL { (in: , qv.) 'p˙rni '˙rni 'p˙rni fall to a particular lot. 2. to be caught in k;f{t [Nep pr˙sad] n: food a snare. Ðv.sta: ought to, should. cf. 'p˙rsatwhich has been offered in a Brahmanic 'ta-nya. puja and is distributed among the partic- –k/Lô num.clsf: a braid of rhubarb. ipants. -p˙riÚ(For other villages to obtain digging k/\l;–Gof v.refl: to show rights from Taka, a fee of one braid per p˙r'soneselfî-nya\ guilty by denying an act before dharni must be paidÐabout 10%.) an accusation has been made. p–k/Lô n: (in weaving) the klt { [Nep] n: defendant in a law (u)-p˙riÚshed or counter shed of a loom. Ðset: p˙rti 244 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ case. , accuser and defendant. k:of ]+ n: 1. sweat. 2. condensed badi k– 'p˙rti/Øf“M n: the father of one’s 'p˙systeam.~oÚ p˙'ry'rya:h~ ~aÚh. kt}–Gof [Nep k6\ofpg' k/Øfn n: 1. one’s family. 2. 'p˙t˙i-nyap˙Êyaunu] vt: to fold; fold clothes. cf. 'p˙ryalvillage clan based on exogamy; descen- dobor˙i-nya. Ðpass.part: , fold- dents of one person (regardless of how ed clothing. 'p˙t˙i'sîu\ many generations). ant. . kts hé adv: not at all. 'pa: 'kanchi , an exogamous clan of Taka vil- p˙t˙k z˙ kt d¬vf} { adj: violent, 'p˙ryal lage. , an exogamous clan 'p˙t˙unmanageable. 'murkh˙o of Taka'jithi village. 'p˙ryal , an exog- kt kt expr.adv: intensely. amous clan of Taka'sahu village. 'p˙ryal p˙t˙ p˙t˙ , (of clothing) to be stiff k;n [Nep] n: a merchant’s p.p.from dirt.c~~ïÚ-nya , to scorch badly. 'p˙s˙l shop. cf. 'dokan. , to p.p., gah-nyato whip intensely. set up shop. 'p˙s˙l 'th~aÚ-nya p.p. riÚh-nya –kt/ num.clsf: layer, as in: k;Nof [Nep] n: a shopkeeper, -p˙t˙rnehp˙t˙r 'leo Having two layers. 'p˙s˙lyausu. the owner of a shop; merchant, kt/f; kt¬ ?;¬ expr.adv: tradesman. 'p˙t˙rassnapping puturus of several strands. k;d [Kh (Mk p˙s˙m)] n: house- , to snap (of several strandsp.p. at aphyaÚ- time). p˙s˙mfly. Ðgen: . nya kt/Lô [Nep] n: (in shamanism) 'mulza buhsuna: k;fn}–Gof [Nep k;fNg' 'p˙t˙riÚa woven, leaf plate used in certain cere- p˙sal˙i-nya p˙salnu] vt: to cause to enter. cf. lwi:-nya. monies. kl;–Gof [Nep k:g' p˙snu] vi.agt: kt/ kt/ [ < p˙t˙r ‘layer’] 'p˙si-nya to enter. , without hesitation. p˙t˙rexpr.adv: p˙t˙r layer on layer. khwas , to harass, persecute. , to add layer after layer.p.p. kh˙p˙l˙i- khiri 'p˙si-nya , to harass, persecute nya kt/Øf [ < p˙t˙r ‘layer’] n: a j˙raÚl˙( ‘enter 'p˙si-nya one’s roots’). lit. 'p˙t˙ryaBritish issue silver coin (which looks , (of a shaman) to enter satal˙into a trance. 'p˙si- double layered). Ðnyavt: . Ð[Alt.root (Gam nu)]~ kt/Øf n: 1. s.th. having layers p˙sal˙i-nya k;Lô [Kh *p˙si(-s) (Mk psis, Nis 'p˙t˙rya(as pages of a book). 2. s.o. having a p˙siÚp˙cis, Bhj p˙set); TB *m-si(y)] broom. n: tooth growing out of the gums. Ðset: 'syap˙ra. cf. . Ðadj: , layered. [Nep] sweat. kl;gf n: p~a:cya:h ktfNn [Skp˙t˙ryaso patala ‘hell’] loc: p˙sina , sweat and perspiration. '˙sina p˙tall˙deep in the ground. oj˙raÚ p˙tall˙ 'p˙sina k;¬ [Nep pushu] n: animal, beast. oma'ba'kin th~ïÚnya le If its roots don’t 'p˙su c~eÚhl˙ s˙g˙id˙ s˙ihnya yagyan ma'leo go deep, it will wither. They were like stu- 'p˙su syasor˙ 'ta'ker˙ ktf/ [Nep p˙Êar ‘girth for a horse’] pid beasts who get caught and killed in 'p˙tar snares. Kham Dictionary 245 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ n: cord, string. Ðset: . gun). , to be heard (of a kt] temp.adv: later'ce:h~ today. , small poppingp. thas-nya sound). p˙telater on. , this evening.p˙tek˙ kTofk expr.adv: tapping sound. , tonight.p˙te rihmk˙ p˙te 'p˙tyap , to hit with a tapping sound. riÚl˙ klt adv: as soon as. o'zoÚ'wo p˙ti p. poh-nya kysfnf{ n: a toy gun made p˙tio'n˙hm phyaÚ'ke\ As soon as he leaped, 'p˙th˙rkalaof bamboo with a bamboo spring for his tumpline snapped. ejecting stones. klt–Gof [Nep kTofpg ' p˙tyaunu] kySof{ [Nep pothro] n: shrub, p˙ti-nyavt: to believe (a person or his words). 'p˙th˙rkyabush. cf. johpora:. Ð[Alt.root (Gam kwe)]~ kyfGof n: s.o. or s.th. that is ktLô [Kh *r-p˙tik (Mk rp˙ti, Gam 'p˙thanyashort and plump. cf. 'p~o:cyaso. Ðset: p˙tiÚp˙ki, Seram p˙tik, Kot p˙tiu); Him (Mag . Ðadj: , short and lawat, Chep pyat, Kai p˙rtipa, Tam tipit); pplump.~a:cya:h p˙thanyaso TB *r-pat] n: leech. Ðgen: kYofª/Lô [Nep p˙Êhekri] n: . rwihza p˙thyaa female≥˙riÚ kid. cf. patha. Ðset: . wanza klTs–Gof vi.pat: (of plants) ko]d ko]d 'bak˙ra expr.adv: 'p˙tki-nyato sprout from the ground, break through 'p˙yemgasping. 'p˙yem , to the soil. cf. p˙ri:-nya. Ðvt: , gasp for air'p˙yem (esp. when 'p˙yem dying). 'j˙i-nya p˙tk˙i-nya to cause to sprout. koô" n: a large toad. cf. bokoroh. ktf]ô ls ktfô] expr.adv: 'p˙yuÚ kf part: a post-nominal particle denot- p˙toÚ ki p˙toÚ successive popping sounds. paing a slightly comical or amusing sit- p.p. keÚh- , to break one after another with a uation. (The speaker uses it to tease him- nya popping sound. self or demean his situation.) gurra pa kQ r¬/ expr.adv: quickly ge'yen'na'zyao We were off (on a little p˙tt˙fleeing. cur , to flee with trip) to cut straw for the cattle. var. padi. p.c. hai's\î-nya great speed. kf–Gof [Kh *pa-s (Kot pai)] vi.pat: kQofd expr.adv: whacking pa-nya1. to fall down, stumble. 'p˙ttyamsound. , to hit with a whack- , fall flat. 2. to plungegad˙ryas (as nia ing sound.p. poh-nya stoneguduris down a mountainside). Ðrelated kQofn] expr.adv: quickly fleeing. words: 'l˙ndi-nya to fall awkwardly, p˙ttyol˙ , to flee with great speed. 'd˙hli-nya to topple (of upright objects), p. hai's kt\î-nya¬sf n: a woolen cummerbund 'p˙rd˙p-nya to trip, stumble, te-nya to 'p˙tukabought from Taralis. fall, drop, tuhm-nya to stumble. 1 kTofô [Nep kf]t] pote] n: bead on . cf]–kf [TB *pa] n: 1. the p˙tyaÚa necklace. (o)-'pamale of a species (esp. of mammals). cf. kTofs expr.adv: small popping o-p˙ra:h.~ 2. the upper stone of a quern. p˙tyaksound. , to misfire; pop (of a Ðset: . Ðquant: , one of a p. 'ap-nya pair (asra:th˙i~ the upper or lowert˙paÚ half of a 246 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ grindstone); one of a set (as one post of matter. , obscenity. , a door frame). truth. phuri p~aÚ, established truth,saco mat- p~aÚ 2. cf–kf] n: the outside corner of ters which'thïÚriuÉ can p beaÚ~ verified. , (o)-'paa wall. ant. o-konya. Ðset: . to obey, follow. p~aÚ da-nya, to p~aÚ d~uÚhl˙ 'li-nya kf–Gof vi.pat: to'zihm swell when be subject to orders. , to p~aÚ gal-nya 'pa-nyacooked. (Obj. ‘meal’ or ‘rice’). understand, pick up the gist. , paÚ~ jor-nya cf.'go-nya. 'k~aÚ 'chal to side with s.o. in what he is saying, to lend support, to corroborate. kfô–Gof [Kh *pak (Seram pak-, , to be unyielding in a matter,p~aÚ kyoÚh- obsti- paÚ-nyaSes *pak < pa÷, pak- ‘broken’); Him nate.nya tubu n˙paÚ~ waz˙ kyoÚhd˙ n˙'n˙i You (Chep p˙k- ‘break’)] vi.pat: to break, are holding obstinately to a single view- shatter (as a clay pot). , point. , to trap s.o. into pieces. cyakap, smashed cikup in his words.p~aÚ kyoÚhdy —a-nya , to dis- into shards.'chili Ðvt:≥ ga 1. 'chilito break,≥ga shatter, regard, refute.p~aÚ khyadya-nya , to smash. 2. (of a house) to break in and spread word. p~aÚ 'ph~~îÚj˙i-nya , to steal. 3. to break a trail through snow, reveal a confidentialp~aÚ s˙'gw matter.~aÚhdya-nya in: , ‘break road.’ , to spread and exaggeratepaÚ~ 'woi-woi a ru- 'yem, nearlypaÚ-nya breaking (an intensitypaÚ'wa of mor.'j˙i-nya , to endure thepaÚ'wa senses). or'na p.p. h˙i dad˙ b˙ 'gyal abuse. macao p~aÚ gal-nya, to say one thing gil z˙ ma'tae He won’t move even though and do nehpanother.~aÚ da-nya , of you shout at him till his ear nearly breaks. s.o. incapable of speakingo-p~aÚ catataÚ'wo correctly in a n˙'miÚ p.p. 'r~ïÚh'zyaot˙ b˙ 'gaih z˙ given situation, undiplomatic. n˙madoe Even though you look till your , of s.o. forceful in speech. o-p~aÚ eye nearly pops, you do nothing to help. naso (archaic) of s.o. who’s wordso-p are~aÚ s˙niÚ p.p. 'j˙i'k\eo (He made a stench) sure,piso true. , of s.o. who’s enough to break the nose. words are sure,o-p~aÚ grounded 'thÉïÚriu in truth. kfô n: the clan of one’s wife (from

'paÚwhich other members of one’s clan also kf“–Gof vi.agt: to speak, speak p~aÚ-nyawith, talk. , to speak a take their wives). ant. 'p˙ryal. , confidential'b˙htya matter outwardly.b˙≥g˙ , the clan of one’s wife. (pl. 'pa:'paÚ 'khe:r˙). 'kheÚ adding exaggerations and fabrications.caÚd˙ kf“ [Kh *s-pa≥ (Mk sp~a, Gam pa≥); , uncompromisingly. , p~aÚHim (Thak pah≥ ‘argue’); TB 'ch˙tk˙id˙to speak a confidential matter openly.chwas *(s-)br(w)a≥ ‘speak’] n: words, sayings, , with speculation. talk, spoken matter; events. , o-rg~aÚht˙ kalam ku- 'ag˙lya paÚ~ , to speak a language poorly. fabrication. , fu- lum kohba ch~~îÚ'ni'kao 'tanya p~aÚ , without sense, anything that ture events. , speculation, kohba o-rgaÚh'tao~ paÚ~ comes to mind. , in a whis- groundless matter. , coming 'khus-khus 'hunya p~aÚ per. , in one’s sleep. events. , a secret, unrevealed u-'mïÚ'cya'ni~~ '≥aÚh 'k˙p'sîu\ paÚ~ , face to face. , jor˙id˙ o-≥˙iht˙ jaÚhd˙ Kham Dictionary 247 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ accusingly. , smoothly, artifi- ful eyes, 'kyaolya having a crooked cially. 'r˙g˙-r˙g˙, in hushed tones. mouth, 'kh˙ralya tall, skinny, 'khatya ,'ruhm undermining, 'ruhm humiliating. bearded, 'khoÚcya~ crippled, limping, s˙ted˙ , against without evidence. 'khulkya bald, 'khyuÚnya~ thin, worn out, o-soraÚt˙, with fabrication. , 'lata ± 'lati (male ± female) deaf-mute, s˙s˙id˙against s.o. , openly, afterupurt˙ keep- 'lumurkya short, roundish, 'm˙k˙lya bel- ing it secret.o-'yaÚht˙ , (with neg- ligerent, combative, 'miÚ 'l˙≥gya having ative) without preply,~aÚnya defeated 'yem in debate, bulging eyes, 'miÚ sili slant-eyed, as in: nïÚs˙~ paÚnya~ 'yemz˙ 'male There is 'mudukya blind, mindless, stupid, nothing I can say to you (lit. ‘no talking 'mundulya having stumped fingers, road’). 'nakirya a person with skinny, pin-like kf“r [Nep] num: five. cf. r≥a. legs, 'p˙t˙rya having a tooth growing out p~aÚc kf“RofM n: 1. a nickname, familiar of the gums, 'pit˙lya wall-eyed, having p~aÚcyaÚhname. 2. reputation (esp. foolish), as in: one eye turned outwards, 'poÚcya~ short, nitao p~aÚ cyaÚh ta't—ak˙ Don’t pick up a plump, 'pucya fat, stocky, 'ralya slobbery reputation for that! Ðcommon nicknames: faced, 'reÚtya~ having a low nose bridge, 'b˙ihra ± 'b˙ihri (male ± female) blind 'rupsya attractive, comely, 's˙h˙silya live- person, 'ba≥˙lya having a protruding jaw, ly, full of fun, 'syuÚtya small legs and a 'baÚkatya~ useless, 'boÚkocya~ dwarfish, large body, 'taÚkya~ button-eyed, one eye with bulging, puffy features, 'buchulya smaller than the other, 'teÚkya~ small having a protruding, adze-like tooth, framed, slightly built, 'tip˙lkya small in na≥gya 'buhtu≥gya poor, destitute, stature, 'tiskya small in stature, 'thuÚdya~ 'cim˙rkya, a person who blinks a lot, having stumped extremities. 'cim˙rya having a drooping eyelid, kfbf n: water buffalo calf (male). 'cyahk˙tya of slight build, ek 'ch˙tkya, 'pada kflb part: a post-verbal particle adamant, stubborn, 'dab˙rya left-handed, padidenoting a slightly comical or amusing 'dahrya with protruding front teeth, situation. (The speaker uses it to tease 'g˙j˙nya enomorous, gigantic, gaÚdya~ himself or demean his situation.) gurra have an enlarged goiter, 'girgaÚdya~ large, geennazyao padi We were off (on a little strong, 'gohldoÚgya~ dull-witted person, trip) to cut straw for the cattle. var. pa. stupid, 'goÚhtya~ stooped, bent-over, kflb n: water buffalo calf (female). 'gyaÚhsya~ disabled, crippled, 'hak˙lya 'padi kfun [Nep kfun ‘colt of an ass’] having teeth missing, 'juhpurya ill- 'pag˙ladj: stupid, foolish, daft. Ðrelated words: tempered, churlish, jusulyah hairy bod- 'buÚhliudemented, insane, 'taola-baola (of ied, k˙t˙rsya small, diminutive, 'kana a shaman) wild and in a frenzy from the blind, 'kap˙lya having a scar on forehead, influence of spirits, 'dasa ni 'bisao crazy, 'kisya crippled, lame, 'patya 'koropcya eccentric. having a scarred face, 'kurkurya ill- tempered, churlish, 'kwiÚrya having hate- 248 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ kfxf n: integrity. , 'n˙m u'sïÚ'wo~~ paîna~~ as soon as it dawns. pahato produce incriminating pahaevidence jaÚh-nya against kfO kfO{ { lg kfO] kf{ O] { adj: one’s integrity. , to lose paipaihilly, nirolling 'poipoi (of the terrain). Ðadj: one’s integrity (byo-paha being 'ba-nya exposed). . paipai kfxf/–Åt [Nep pahar ‘sun- ni 'poipoi'wo kfhL [Nep] n: a liar, a mischievous pahar-ph˙t˙shine’] loc: the sunny side of a valley. 'pajifibber. cf. 'chulya. ant. jim˙r. Ðadj: , the one kf“lh–Gof [Nep kHg“ ' p˙jnu~ ‘set on the sunny side.pahar-ph˙'t—ao 'pin~aÚji-nya order’] vt: to stack in crossing layers kf\uf] n: 1. father’s elder brother. (esp. of firewood). Ðpass.part: pahgo2. husband of mother’s elder sister (i.e. , stacked. ). (Within the confines of K-M 'paÚji's~ îu\ kfs}–Gof [< Nep ksfpg' marriagemahgo constraints, the members of 1Ð2 pak˙i-nyap˙kaunu ‘to cook’] vt: to merit, earn as intersect.) voc.n: term of address by one’s due. Ðpass.part: , earned, pahgo’s reciprocals. recip. 'b˙hrca, 'b˙hr- merited. pak˙i'sîu\ p˙isapak˙i'searned\îu money. ci. kfsTof n: one who is fat in kfMn\–Gof [Kh *s-pal (Nis spal)]~ 'pak˙tyathe rump. cf. 'p~o:cya. Ðset: . pahl-nyavt: to discover, find, or uncover s.th. Ðn: , fat rumped. p~a:cya:h hidden from view (as a copper mine, a pak˙tyaso kf“ ls kf“ expr.adv: with fish hole under a rock etc.). Ðpass.part: p~aÚwailing ki p~aÚ and commotion. , , discovered. Ðrelated words: to wail with great commotion.p.p. lïÚ's~ î-nya\ pahl's\îuto find, to identify d˙i-nya t˙h˙k˙i-nya kfSof lg k¬ls [ < Nep s.th. temporarily lost (as a trail), sojor-nya pakyapoko ni‘packet, puki bundle’] expr.adv: many (much the same but with additional refer- bundles, different sizes. , ence to dreams). to bundle into many bundles.p.p. pokoi-nya expr.adv: kf“MNof kf]+Mn] kfvf n: 1. the outside. kisti p~aÚhlyasudden prising.~oÚhle , to rise from 'pakhab˙hri 'pakha'ni 'daÚci~ sehdi'keo\ The whole sleep in an instant.p.p. 'so-nya boat he plastered from the outside with kfnf\ ] { adv: in addition to, as in: pitch. , away from the vil- pahrlo pahrlo khorcyo palo r˙ike While you’re lage, out'pakha in the 'jiÚda fields. at it, bring the knife also. (euph) to go out to relieve'pakha'da oneself. 'ba- kfxgf¬ [Nep] n: guest. 2.nya out in the open, in full view, as in: 'pahuna kfO{+M adv: all, everyone, everything. 'pakhat˙ ta'n˙iyo Don’t leave it in the pa~îÚh , in every way. , open! 3. external, outward (as opposed pamost,~îÚh'ni more than the rest, as in:pa pa~îÚhrîÚhr~ ||a'nia'ni| to inward reality). 'gyoÚh'wo the biggest of all. 1. kfvf] n: pre-cooked, ready-made kfO{ln (in: , qv.) 'pakhotrail food. Ðset: . 'paili kfOgf+{ o-'ailitemp.adv: 'paili as soon as. 2. kfvf ] 'zyao [Nep kfsf] pako] adj: pa~îÚna 'pakho Kham Dictionary 249 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ experienced, proficient, adept. Ðset: play sin on someone’). , . u-hil to be caught by the consequences pap˙e| gal-nya of sin. hai'wo 3. kfvf] n: a multi-colored, kfkNof“ n: quarter section of 'pakhostriped wool blanket which comes from 'pbambooaÚp˙lya~ (when split lengthwise). Ðset: Dolpo. . kfn [Nep] n: tent. , c˙hl kfôkfô nd¬ nd¬ expr.adv: 'palto pitch a tent. also: 'pal'pal 'thu:-nya. 't˙≥g˙i-nya 'paÚpaÚchildless lum (oflum a man and his wife). cf. , to take down, dismantle a tent.'pal 'thari. t˙ih-nya kfnf [Nep palo] n: time, period, kfkf/f k¬k¬? expr.adv: palaoccasion. , during the time of. paparashallow pupuru (of soil). palaÚk˙, each in his own turn. kfkL [Nep] n: cruel, wicked, pala ,palaÚs˙ this time. ath˙ 'papisinful. pala kfnf n: a vessel having a small kfKtf n: boiled and dried bean 'palahole in the bottom which fills with water paptapods. (for measuring time). cf. 'g˙hri. kf/ (in: , and 1 . kfnf] adv: also. cf. b˙, m˙ni. par , qv.) ahldyu par nahldyu palo 2 . kfnf] [Kh *pal; Him *pal (Kai par kf/ [Nep] nom: cancellation, inval- palopal-ma); TB *plu] adj: white. var. pal 'paridation. , to be cancelled, palo. Ðrelated words: 'doih 'doih'wo ex- rendered 'parinvalid. 'ta-nya n˙jaÚh'wo 'kirya 'par tremely white, 't˙k˙-t˙k˙o white and glis- 'ta'ke\ The oath you swore has been inval- tening. idated. kfNof [Nep kfn] pale] n: a guard, kf/}–Gof [Nep kfg{' parnu] vt: 'palyawatchman, sentinel. , to par˙i-nyato cause to fall into, ensnare. kata itao stand guard, keep vigil.'palya da-nya aÚh macaol˙ jepar˙i'nao What is this, that kfd kfd expr.adv: many you have ensnared me in such evil? 'pamlayers 'pam thick (esp. of patches on an old , to improve, upgrade, path˙edify. garment). , ( ‘snow’) Ðpar˙i-nyapass.part: , ensnared. 'ceÚhl˙~ to snow deeply,p.p. jaÚh-nya as though'pom in layers. par˙i'sîu\ ensnaredpar˙i's inîu\ a trap. kf·f n: a Tibetan style, striped kf/f n: a phosphorous match. 'paapron≥ga worn by women. also: 'cya≥ga. 'para kf/fô kf/f] ]ô [ < Kh 'poro:-nya kfk [Nep ‘sin’] n: sin, cruelty, paraÚ‘to turnporoÚ white, have fair complexion’] 'pap˙inhumanity, brutality. , to expr.adv: whitened with mold. be the victim of suffering.'pap˙ 'ta-nya , , to become moldy and white.p.p. to sin, act with cruelty. 'pap˙ da-nya, mos-nya kf/fk k/k [ < Kh 'p˙r˙p-nya to cancel sin, prevent the pap˙effects 'kyal-nya of. parap‘to sprinkle p˙r˙p rain’] expr.adv: intermittent , ( ) to cause s.o. 'pap˙to sin rain. , to rain intermittently. r˙ih'sî-nya\ ky~aÚt˙ or fall into a state of suffering (lit. ‘to p.p. kf5Øf 'wa-nya { n: the interpretation of 'parchya 250 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ a dream. kftô n: a small, red flower with a cf–kfl/] n: the hem of a garment pat˙Úspherical head, found above timberline. (o)-'pari(esp. the colored hem at the bottom of a kfts [Nep] n: incest. dancer’s apron). 'pat˙k , to suffer the consequences'pat˙k of kf/ kf/] expr.adv: under wraps. incest'lagi-nya by failing to produce children. Ðn: 'par por , to keep s.th. hidden, un- , one who commits incest, mar- derp.p. wrapsm~oÚh-nya (refraining from making it ries'pat˙kya outside accepted marriage regula- known). tions. kf/ k¬/ expr.adv: scraping up kft/\lg [Nep pat˙r] n: a harlot, 'parthe purlast remains. cf. pya:h pi:h 'j˙i-nya. 'pat˙rniprostitute; a loose woman. kf/Øf k/]ô expr.adv: taking kft/f ] [Nep kfqf] patro] n: calen- paryaeverything, p˙reÚ leaving nothing. 'pat˙rodar. , to seize, capture, take everythingp.p. n˙~îÚ- 1. kftf n: a honey-comb, beeswax. away.nya 'pata , a bee’s honey-comb. 1 . kf; [ < Nep < Eng ‘pass’] nom: zeÚ~ 'pata 2. kftf [Nep pato] n: a leaf or pasmastery, success. , to pass, 'patasheet (as of tin). , in sheets, succeed, master a skill.pas 'ta-nya layered. o-'pata, a plot of 'leo land, terrace. 2. kf; n: charge, responsibility. cf. Ðnum.suff:eÚh~ 'pata , a measurement for pas'picha, 'jimba. , to keep the width of-'pata cloth (in terms of strips off in one’s charge.pasl˙ 'n˙i-nya , to put the loom), as in: t˙'pata one strip wide, into another’s charge.pasl˙ jaÚh-nya neh'pata two strips wide, etc. 3. kf; [Kh *r-pas (Mk rpas)] n: kftfnf kt¬ n¬ ¬ expr.adv: to paslong, stringy moss (which hangs from patalaadorn; putulu make s.o. beautiful (by dressing trees). them up). Ðadj: . 1. kf;–Gof vi.pat: (of a voice) kftfô ktpatalaô expr.adv: putuluÚw snapping—o 'pas-nyato echo. , as in a cave. pataÚoff p˙t several.ïÚÉ , to shake 2.wah kf;–Gof≥ wah ≥vi.pat: (of a bitch) off pursuers withp.p. a 'chjerking~aÚ-nya motion. 'pas-nyato be bred cf. re:h-nya.~ , to snap several at a timep.p. (as phyaÚ-nya kf;f kf;f] ] expr.adv: carrying of cords). 'pasawith posoease. , to carry with kftf ;L+ô n: wooden threshhold ease (esp. ap.p. heavy 'guhr-nya load). 'pataat entrance 'sîÚ~ of house. Ðset: . 'zihm kf“l;–Gof v.recip: to discuss kflt n: (in shamanism) a sacred p~aÚ'swith\î-nya one another. patiplant in certain purification rites. pati kf“;¬nf [Nep p~asulo ‘shin’] n: , one of the shaman’s ter- 'woi'tao 'b˙raÚ~ 'pbone~aÚsula (esp. the long bones of the legs or tiary spirits; the spirit of the pati blossom. arms). kflt–Gof vi.pat: 1. (of a muscle 'pati-nyaor body member) to become tired, fa- Kham Dictionary 251 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ tigued. , to become neck, 'kh˙irya a rusty-brown animal, sleepy, weary-eyed.'miÚr˙ 'pati-nya 2. (of a shaman’s 'kharkya ± 'kharki a (male ± female) sheep spirits) to become weary of waiting for with a black neck, 'lahpya ± 'lahpi a (male re-incarnation. 'jaÚhk˙rie~ o'doÚhwaÚr˙~ 'pa- ± female) big-eared sheep, 'lakutya animal ti'k\er˙, 'c~aÚdoz˙ utkirih'zyar˙ The (de- with a tasselled tail, 'lati a cow which ceased) shaman’s spirits are weary of does not kick while being milked, 'leÚdya~ waiting, they will soon emerge (in a new an animal without a tail, 'muÚdya~ an animal shaman). without a head, 'nah.worya a sheep with kftLô [Nep-Eng ‘party’] n: a political wild-sheep-like horns, phurkya a cow patiÚparty or faction. , to with a white tipped tail, 'phusurya an form a clique, or politicalpatiÚ j˙m˙i-nyafaction. animal with a white head, 'setya a white

kft¬ (in: , qv.) animal, 'surkya ± 'surki a (male ± female) sheep having a black head with a brown 'patu 'satu kfTofd 'patu ktLd expr.adv: stripe on the face, ± a (male ± patyamrepeated p˙tim blows. , to beat 'tarya 'tari female) cow with a white mark on the each other with repeatedp.p. 't˙p's blows.î-nya\ forehead, 'tikarya ± 'tikari a (male ± fe- kfTof;–Gof vi.pat: to become male) cow with a small, white mark on patyas-nyafully ripe (of grain). the forehead, 'thap˙lya ± 'thap˙li a (male kfTof n: 1. a spot, blemish, scar. ± female) black headed sheep with a white 'patya 2. a male animal with a mark on its body. strip on the crown. , a female animal with a mark kfy adj: good, better, preferable. on'patyani its body. , a person path˙buru 'sinya path˙ 'li'zya It would be better with a scar 'patya (esp. on'koropcya the face). Ðadj: to die. , to improve, , marked, blemished. Ðanimal upgrade, path˙edify s.o.par˙i-nya Ðadv: , with patyasomarkings: 'caÚkhya~ brown with reddish loving care. path˙-s˙, to care chest and reddish eyebrows, curyaso a for s.o. lovingly.path˙-s˙ 'n˙i-nya sheep with black patches around the face, or ‘a black dog with white patches around kfyf [Nep patho] n: a male lamb. patha1 the face,’ 'd˙ohlya a white-footed ox, . kfyL [Nep] n: a dry measure pathi 'duÚhli a white-footed cow, 'doÚhwalya~ a (equivalent to about one gallon ) cf. opo- gray headed sheep, 'd~uÚhsya a gray- ra:. Ðset: . 2 goî:~ colored sheep or cow, 'dwiÚhrya a dirt . kfyL [Nep] n: a female lamb. colored bull, 'gorya a red-headed animal, pathi kf“Yof;–Gof vi.pat: to be 'gyahm˙rya ± 'gyahm˙ri a (male ± female) p~aÚthyas-nyasleek, healthy, fat, plump. Ðadj: reddish colored animal, 'h aÚsi~ a white ewe, . p~aÚth- 'haÚsya~ a white ram, 'jahlya ± 'jahli a (male yaso kfôj (in: , and ± female) speckled animal, 'kalya ± 'kali paÚ'w—o 'syaÚ, qv.) syaÚ paÚ'wo a (male ± female) black animal, 'kh˙galya wal ki walkfôj paÚ'wo adj: endless, long (as of a an animal with a white band around the 'paÚ'wo 252 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ trail). , broad plain. cf]–/\k]k n: a wedge, shim (for , broad'gwaÚ-gwaÚ plain. , tiring,'syaÚ- (o)-r'peptightening handles, or between a pillar syaÚendless, never comingwal to ki an wal end (as a and the beam it supports). cf. o-rkep. trail). k]+k]+ uf]uf“ n: a double reed k]Rofs expr.adv: a neat squirt. p~eÚpmake~eÚ gog of ~aÚbarley stalks or bamboo, used pecyak , to spit with a neat squirt. to toot on by children. p. tihl-nya k]M n: a bamboo box with a lid. cf. lk–Gof [Kh *(s-)pi (Mk spi, Gam peÚhkodom. pi-nyapi)] vt: 1. to suck; to chew and suck k]Mn\–Gof vi.pat: to run out, (as corn stalks). , pehl-nyaexpire. , to expire of a slurping, smackingsyarlyap lips. ka syarlyap, mak- contract.'bahka pehl-nya ing wet with the mouth.'sep 2. 'septo absorb k]M/\–Gof [Kh *s-pir (Nis spir)] water. pehr-nyavt: to clean waste from the intestines of kLô–Gof [Kh *pek (Mk pe:, Nis an animal. . piÚ-nyape:, -pek-, Ses *pek < pyo÷, -pek- ortaÚr˙k]/}M–Gof pehr-nya vt: to cause incon- ‘milked’)] vt: 1. to milk an animal. pehr˙i-nyavenience or trouble to s.o. cf. g˙hc˙i-nya. , with small squirts. , kur kur zwar zwar k:ofMn] \ k:ofMn] \ expr.adv: with a large flow. 2. ( ‘beer chokorah pehsyalslight limping.pehsyal , to walk malt’) to extract fermented malt from the with a slight limp.p.p. 'ba-nya hulls by squeezing in the palms with a scrubbing motion. , a large k]d–Gof vi.agt: to crouch (esp. amount, quickly. zwar zwar , 'pem-nyawhile stalking). , sitting still, Ðpass.part: milked. piÚ's\îu not moving. 'ch˙p˙k ô [Kh *pi≥ (Mk py~u, k]d]–k]d] [ < Kh 'pem-nya kL+ –Gof 'pMht~îÚ-nya pi≥o); Him *pi≥ (Chep pli-, Kai 'peme-peme‘to crouch’] expr.adv: crouching, stalking. , to move forward in pi≥ma, Thak pin)] v.sta: to become a crouchingp.p. 'ba-nya position; to stalk. green, blue. Ðadj: , green, blue, yellow. 'p~îÚ'wo k]g [Kh *r-pen (Mk rp~e, Nis rpen); small (of a walnut). 'penHim (Chep p˙n)] n: bedbug. Ðgen: lklrp adj: 'piciu . cf. rï:hci~ 'piciu. [Nep ‘shelter’] protection, syar 'pusum cf–k] g] n: green barley or corn lk5f n: 'picha (o)-'penwhich is boiled and dried. guardianship. n˙'pichal˙ ≥a'p˙ri'hu'ke,\ joÚ 'j˙i'nake I have come under your protec- 1. k]gf [Nep pina] n: the residue tion, do with me as you like. cf. 'jimba, 'penafrom straining walnut oil. cf. 'kh˙li, pas. , protection money khï:g˙r.~ paid to'picha village 'rupiya authorities. 2. k]gf [Nep pinÎa] n: a lump, kLM–Gof [Kh *s-pik (Mk spi:, 'penaball (as of mud, dough, etc.). piÚh-nyaNis -spik-, Bhj sipi] vt: 1. to remove by scraping. (Obj. is dirt, mud, skin, Kham Dictionary 253 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ etc.). u'kwiÚ piÚh'keo\ He scraped the skin kLNaf “ prop.n: a Kham-Magar off of his hand. , to strip off 'pilbvillageaÚ~ in the extreme north of Rukum clothes. , scrapecar c˙r out remains. District. (S.I. Pelma.) , male gar, scrape gor clean. 2. to peel the inhabitant of the village'pilba of Pelma.≥gya huskskalya-k˙leÚ off corn. cf. pho:-nya. , , female inhabitant of the 'pil-vil- completely. Ðvi: pyaÚh, to become piÚh lageba≥ gyaniof Pelma. piÚh's\î-nya peeled off, skinned up. , badly lkn“ " n: pestle. cf. 'chum. skinned up. Ðpass.part:car c˙r , 'piluÚ~ kL+ôNoftf/ n: Striped Hyena. scraped, skinned. u'g~uÚda piÚh'spiÚh's\îu \îuhis pîÚlyatar~ Ðgen: . knees are scraped up. 'la:lkdf 'ga:ô [Kh *plima (Ses p˙lima)] to slip into lkMn\–Gof vi.pat: 'pimaÚn: (in southern dialects only) wheat. cf. pihl-nya position (as a stone in a wall). tam. ' [Kh *r-pihl (Mk rpil, Bhj kLMn lkl/ n: a generation. 'pihlrpi:, Nis rpi)] n: tears. , 'piri kLnLk{ sf kLnLk{ expr.adv: to weep (lit. ‘release tears’'pihl). cf. 'ras-nyag˙hr-nya. pirliprepeatedly. ka pirlip , to come re- Ð[Alt.root (Gam mikli < *mik ‘eye’ + peatedly, beingp.p. a'hu-nya pest (as of children *kli ‘shit’); Him (Chep mik-kli÷)] coming into the house). lkMu¬{n n: a skin bag for carrying kLNof { tô] n: a type of frog. pihrgulbeer malt. 'pirlya 'teÚ lk?·f [Nep peru≥go] n: a kLMl;–Gof v.refl: (see 'pirusmall,≥ga purse-like basket (used esp. for piÚh's\î-nya). piÚh- containing walnut meats). Ðset: . nya kLMlt expr.adv: unprosperous. cf. kL;–Gof vi.pat: to becomebe:h firm, piÚhtime'da— 'ta-nya. pis-nyasolid (as a stone in a wall, or an axe on ô (of corn kL+ hL;–Gof vi.pat: its handle). Ðadj: , firm fitting. p~îÚjis-nya kernels) to turn bad because of no op- , of one whosepis' words—o are sure,o-p true.~aÚ portunity to dry out. pis' —o lk;]/ n: husband’s elder sister. to draw back kLn–Gof vt: (vulg) piservoc.n: term of address by piser’s recip- pil-nyathe foreskin of the penis. Ð[Kh *plet rocal. recip. 'bahari:. (R˙n ple:); Him (Chep pl˙t-)] lktn [Nep pitt˙l] n: brass. cf:

kLnfd expr.adv: blinking, flicker- pit˙l'ka:sa.~ pilaming. var. pilam pilam. , lktNof [ < Nep pit˙l ‘brass’] n: to barely watch, with flickeringp.p. bahl's eyes\î-nya (as 'pit˙lyaa person with slightly red colored eyes. of a dying person). , to cf. 'k~aÚsya. Ðset: . Ðadj: burn with small, hesitatingp.p. c~aÚh-nya flame. , having reddishp~a:cya:h eyes. (fig) to have a covetous eye forp. pit˙lyaso [Nep peÊ] 1. a leather belt. something.'j˙i-nya (Obj. , as in: paîÚh-t˙~ u'miÚ lklt n: 'piti2. the backstrap on a loom. 'wa:hka.~ pilam 'j˙izyao He -t˙has a covetous eye for cf. everything.) 254 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Ðset: . string. Ðpass.part: , tied, girded 'tana kLQ/ [Sk ‘father’] n: 1. the up. Ðrelated words:poÚ's ki-nya\îu to bind s.o. 'pitt˙roldest living member of a clan (connected by his arms and legs, sur-nya to tie about with certain religious rites). 2. ancestors, the neck to a post (of animals), thum-nya ancestor spirits. Ðset: . to tie a knot. , sacrifice done to the'deota ancestor'pitt˙r spir- kf]ô [Kh *po:] n: place. its.'puja 'poÚ (idiom) modest, reserved (lit.o-'poÚk˙ ‘at his 1. lkjf n: a malady causing place'leo ’). cf. o-'th˙kans˙' leo. 'piwaswelling of the jaw (as mumps, tooth , unstable (lit. ‘not stayingtubu 'poÚk˙in one abscess, etc.). placemale’). 2. lkjf nom: advantage, prerogative. kf]+ [Kh *s-pum (Mk sp~u, Mht pum, 'piwa , to act out of selfish 'pGam~oÚ pu≥, Kot pu≥); TB (DEW) *pum u-'piwamotives, forda-nya one’s own advantage. (Tib dpu≥-pa, Thak pohm, Sh pumu)] . cf. u-tir. u-'pi- n: shoulder, area between neck and wa kwaz˙ô n: do'zyaoa wilderness spirit believed to shoulder. , to carry on 'p~oÚt˙ ch~îÚ-nya 'pbeÉïÚ responsible for the sudden death of the shoulder. anyone in the wilderness, or of s.o. just kfRof+] n: s.o. or s.th. that is returned. 'pÉïÚrae yad˙i'wo ci o'leo The 'pshort~oÚcya and plump. Ðset: . Ðadj: spirits overtook him! Ðset: . , short and plump.p~a:cya:h p~oÚcyaso kô–Gof [Kh *p˙k'zya:h (Luk p˙g, kf]ôbf n: outside room on porch 'pSeramÉïÚ-nya p˙ko); Mag pak-ke ‘unripe tast- 'poÚdabehind grainbin (where outside fire pit ing’] v.sta: to be bad tasting, unripe is situated). Ðset: . tasting. Ðadj: . kf]uf]n (in: 'zihm , qv.) k“ô expr.adv:'p ÉïÚ'wo stopped, confined. pogol kf]\–Gof 'dohl [Kh *s-popogol (Mk spo); p~ïÚ , to plug up completely. p. poh-nyaHim (Tib phog)] vt: 1. to beat. , swiÚ-nya , to detain, confine, put p.in with a slapping sound. 'b˙hryap, beat prison.thun˙i-nya , to prevent, hold to a pulp. , withkutu a kutuwhacking up, thwart.p. wo~îÚ-nya sound. 'p˙ttyam, with a tapping sound. kô kô expr.adv: choked up. , 'p˙tyapwith the palm of the hand. pÉïÚ pÉïÚ , to be unable to 'l˙ptae , to be susceptible to a beating.poh's \î breathe.p.p. kudup's \î-nya , to be plugged 2.nihnya to thresh grain. Ðpass.part: , up, unablep.p. to breathe.swiÚ's\î-nya beat up, struck. Ðrelated words:poh's 'tup-nya\îu kf]ô–Gof [Kh (Ses *pok < po:÷, to beat metal, 't˙p-nya to beat a drum, or poÚ-nya-pok- ‘bound’)] vt: 1. to tie (as a turban play an instrument, 'c˙tk˙i-nya to slap,

or waistband). , wind after l˙ph˙r˙i-nya to slap, l˙pt˙i-nya to slap

wind. ph˙n, ph˙nto bind an oath. with palm of hand, 'guhs˙i-nya to hit

2. (Instr.'baca ) poÚ-nyato tie s.th. with a cord or with the fist. Ð[Alt.root (Gam coh)] -e Kham Dictionary 255 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ kfxf] g] [Nep p˙un] n: life, life- kfNofª] (in: , 'pohonbreath. cf. 'sï:.É , to die. 'polyaqv.) ≥ 'olya≥ ni 'polya≥ 'pohon, to give 'ba-nya one’s life (as kf]d ['Kh *r-pom (Mk rpom, Nis in'pohon a cause). jaÚh-nya 'pomrpom); Him *pom ‘frost’ (Kai pamu, kf/f] Mn] –Gof\ vt: to search a Gur poma:, Sh pomok); TB (DEW) *pom pohrol-nyaperson, inspect his belongings. (Obj. is (Tsang pom)] n: snow. , the person or his belongings.) Ðpass.part: to snow. , deeply,'pom asjaÚh-nya though , searched over, inspected. in layers. 'pam 'pam pohrol's\îu kf]\l; lgMGof (see kf]d afhfé n: a small bird poh's\î). nihnya poh- 'pomwhich baza flies in large flocks. Ðgen: nya kf]O{kf]O{ expr.adv: (of the terrain) . 'baza- 'poipoihaving a rolling hill. cf. paipai ni 'poipoi. biza cf–kf] ô] lg expr.adv: early. Ðadj: . (o)-poÚni , to rise early, with haste. p. kf'poipoi'wosf] [Nep poko] n: packet, bundle, 'so-nya 1. kfk] n: a stuffed leather ball used pokaparcel. , a cluster, huddle. popin field hockey. cf. purkaoni. topoka , to huddle together. 2. kf]k expr.adv: dropping. topoka 'j˙i's kfsf]î-nya\ O] –Gof{ vt: to bundle. pop , (of heat) to ‘fall’ as from a fur-p. pokoi-nya , many bundles, different nace,te-nya in: . pakyasizes. Ðnipass.part: puki , tied into a 'gahm kf/f] ô] –Gof pop vt: te-nya to rip cloth along bundle. pokoi's\îu poroÚ-nyaa seam. Ðvi: . kfSof] n: a rounded hill. cf. kf/f] poros-nyaô] –Gof v.sta: to be light in 'pokya'thumka. Ðadj: , hilly. 'poroÚ-nyacolor. Ðadj: 1. light, fair com- kfpokyaso]+vf 'ªfM n: carp, a fish plexion. 2. an'poroÚ'wo albino. 'pwhich~oÚkha lives'≥aÚh in large rivers. Ðset: . kf]/f]d–Gof [Kh *porom (Nis)] kf]+vfl/–Gof [Mag pukarik-'≥a:h porom-nyavi.pat: (of a muscle) to twitch involun- 'pke]~oÚkhari-nya vt: to pray to, beseech a god. cf. tarily. ≥a'miÚ poromzya My eyelid is p˙rb˙khyan 'li-nya. , twitching. to pray for s.o. 'p~oÚkharidya-nya kf]/f];–Gof vi.pat: to rip on a 1. kf]nf [Kh *pola; Him (Kai poros-nyaseam. Ðset: . Ðvt: . 'polapola)] n: shoe. cf. 'zyo:. Ð[Alt.root kf]/Øf cis-nyan: corn husks. poroÚ-nya Ðset: . (Nis pod˙i,~ Gam pona)] 'porya cf–kf] /Øfk] n: a bodylohsya with 2. kf]nf [Nep pulo] n: a sheaf of (o)-poryapthe spirit gone (expected to die within a 'polagrain. , (same). few days). oporyap waz˙ 'r˙hi'k\e Only kfnf+] 'r aÚpola~ expr.adv: jumping to the feet. his body is left. cf. 'bul, 'mohro. p~oÚla , to rise quickly, jumping up. kf]; n: grain steeped in water and p. 'so-nya , to rouse s.o. quickly from 'posmixed with a fermenting agent, to be left sleep.p. socoi-nya 256 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ in the open for several days. 'k¬Md expr.adv: without strength. , the basket in which 'pos is'pos kept juhr- until 'puhm , to be exhausted. nu the process known as sos-nya is com- p. 'th˙li-nya k¬ldMtf{ô n: a type of fern plete. Ðset: . puhmirt(non-edible).—aÚ chokorah kf];fs [Nep poshak] n: clothing, 'k¬M/–Gof vt: 1. (Obj. ‘arm’) posak garments. 'puhr-nyato get one’s arm out of another’s grasp. kf]ôl;–Gof v.refl: to tie one’s 2. (Obj. ‘illness’) to escape un- poÚ'sturban\î-nya or cummerbund, in: harmed from'joro a shaman’s bad prognosis. . w~aÚhpho ≥a'joro ≥a'puhr'ke\ I escaped my illness. poÚ's\î-nya kf:tf] sf] ] [Nep k'Sts pust˙k] n: , to attempt to free oneself postokobook (esp. religious). cf. kitap. (in'puhr's a test\î-nya of strength in which one con- kfyL] [Nep] n: female chick. testant holds the other by the wrist.) 'pothi , to distinguish Ðpass.part: , struggled free, es- male'bahlya and 'pothifemale jor-nyachicks. caped. 'puhr's\îu kfYof+] Vof]ô n: a sleeveless 'k“"MtnLô n: the navel. 'pshirt~oÚthya or 'khyoÚblouse. 'p~uÚht˙liÚ, (of the umbilical cord)'p uÚht˙li~to fall tel-nya k¬–Gof vi.pat: to decay (of hard off several days after birth. pu-nyathings, as teeth or grain). , tooth k¬hf [Nep k"hf] n: a religious decay. Ðset: . 'haÚ puÚ 'pujaobservance in which s.th. is offered, usu- k“"lr n: ci-nya 1. the urinary bladder. var. ally an animal sacrifice. , 'puja da-nya 'psyapuÚci~ u:ci.~ 2. a toy balloon. to perform or engage in a puja. k¬Rof n: s.o. or s.th. with fat k¬hf/L [Nep k"hf/L] n: one ap- 'pujari 'pucyacheeks (like a squirrel). cf. p~o:cyaso. pointed to officiate at a 'puja. (For some Ðset: . Ðadj: , chubby- 'pujas the 'pujari must be a member of cheeked,p~a:cya:h squirrel-faced.pucyaso the Gharti clan; while in others, he must stand in a particular kin relationship to k¬5 n: (when asking for a girl in the one for whom the 'puja is being per- puch˙marriage) a gift offered by the suitor to formed). the girl’s relatives (usu. of beer-malt or wine). k¬n n: epilepsy. pul 1 k¬5} n: a wooden wine jug (smaller . kn¬ [Nep] n: a cable suspension 'pul 'puch˙ithan a theka:). Ðset: . bridge. also: 'jehlo≥ga 'pul. cf. 'ch˙m. 2 k¬5/ prop.n:'ja: a Kham-Magar . k¬n n: grain hulls, chaff. cf. 'pul puch˙rvillage near Maikot on the same side of nahk˙î:.~ the river. (S.I. Puchhargaon.)— 1. k¬n–Gof vi.pat: to become pul-nya kb?k¬ kb?k¬ expr.adv: messy, untidy (esp. of a house). pud˙rupsudden bounding.pud˙rup , to jump 2. k¬n–Gof [Kh (Mk rpul-nya)] with sudden bounds.p.p. 'zoÚ-nya pul-nyavi.pat: to suffer an epileptic fit. cf. 'bapulya. Kham Dictionary 257 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ k¬n}+ (in: , qv.) cave. , a natural cave above 'b˙r˙haÚ 'pup pul˙~îÚ kln¬chul˙ xfOîÚ~ –Gof{ pul˙ vt:îÚ~ to harvest Taka said to have been inhabited by a pulithe hai-nya first-fruits. god. (The god himself used to set out the pans and vessels for his worship, k¬nL; [Nep-Eng] n: police. until one day they were stolen, and now pulis k¬n¬;–Gof [Kh *plu-s (Ses the worshipper must take his own.) pulus-nya*p˙les < p˙le, p˙lih- ‘emerged’); Him , a cave near Taka once 'se-in- (Chep plus- ‘open of buds’)] vi.agt: 1. habitedhd˙n 'pup by an abominable snowman. to go or come out of a place. (Elative , a cave a few hundred ). , immediately (as yards'syap˙raÚ from 'pup Taka. from-'ni fear).phyalta 2. to philtu ascend (as a mountain).

(All. ). 3. to emerge, appear, show k¬/–Gof [Kh *pur; TB *pruk pur-nya up. -'da , immediately, straightaway. (Tib spar-ba)] vt: to scratch or claw. khyoÚto, (of dawn) streaking the sky. , lightly , khoreforcefully. khore Ð kohreÚ kohreÚ, to Ð'zahr-zahrvt: . v.refl: scratch oneself. Ðpass.part:pur's\î-nya , 'p˙leÚ-nya kNof¬ [Kh (Mk rpulo, Gam pulna)] scratched. o'n˙≥˙rae pur'sîu\ scratchedpur's \îuby 'pulyan: an epileptic. Ðadj: , having its claws. Ðrelated words: citaÚ-nya to epilepsy. pulyaso claw and tug at, to scrape or 1 tuhriÚ-nya . k¬d–Gof [Him (Chep phu≥] grate. pum-nyavi.pat: (of cornmeal) to steam long k¬/Grg [ ? < Tib pan-«chen enough after cooking for khoigah to come pur˙nc˙n‘great lama’] n: name of the mythical out with the food. first shaman; Puranchan. 2. k¬d–Gof [Kh *pum; Him k¬/f n: a kid or lamb of three pum-nya(Mag pu≥-khe, Chep ÷um÷ot, Thak phum, 'purayears. Ðset: . Chan phum ‘egg’)] vi.agt: (of a hen) to 'behda: brood or set. k¬/f“bf ] [Nep purano] adj: old 'pur(of~aÚdo an object). k¬d–Gof [TB *pam ‘sit’] vi.agt: 'pum-nyato crouch. , to bivouac. ka¬ { [Nep ka" ]{ n: east. 'purb˙ n: everywhere, in every k¬g prop.n:pumd˙ one 'li-nya of the four Kham- ka¬ g{¬ purbundirection. They 'punMagar clans; Pun. purbun-ni z˙ 'hu'k\er˙ came from everywhere. k'GgL [Nep k"l0f{df pur˘ima] n:

'punnithe day of the full moon. (On this day k¬u¬{lt expr.adv: a relaxed attitude 'purguti the fire pit is purified, incense is burned, in which one leg is crossed over the other. , to sit leaning and no plowing is allowed.) ant. 'a~u:si. back in'purguti such an cuh's attitude.î-nya\ 'purguti cf. syahp˙ri:. var. dad˙ cuh'sî-nya.\ k¬k [Kh *r-pup (Mk rpup, Kot

'puppu÷); Him *pup (Kai pu, Tib sbubs); k¬/\hL [Nep ‘message’] n: a gov- 'purjiernment permit (for cutting timber, etc.). TBpop] n: an overhanging rock, natural 258 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , to obtain a permit. k¬; [Nep kfif} p˙osh] n: the ninth 'purji 'kyal-nya k¬¬/\h¬lDt [Kh (Mk p˙rjumti)] pusmonth of the Nepali calendar, mid- 'purjumtin: ant. cf. 'm˙hjî:ka.~ Ðgen: December to mid-January. . rwihza wan- k¬;} n: thatch. , za k¬sf{jgL n: a wooden hockey 'pus˙ithatched house. 'pus˙ie 'zihm purkaoniball. cf. pop. k:tf¬ [Nep] n: generation. al˙ k¬vf{ (in: , qv.) 'pustaya'h~uÚ'wo s~oÚh 'pusta 'ta'ker˙ They have purkha k¬lv{–Gof'sakha vt: topurkha make a pledge been three generations since coming here. purkhi-nyaor vow to a god guaranteeing a sacrifice Ðcf. sakha, purkha, s˙nthan, tho:. on a given day. (Part of the wool of hair k¬;¬d [Kh (Mk puzum, Gam of the pledged animal is removed, per- 'pusumpuzu≥)]~ n: flea. Ðgen: . meated with incense, and hung in a prom- k¬t/f“ (in: syar 'pusum, qv.). inent place. If the pledge is not kept, the put˙r~aÚ k¬t¬ln [Nepcit˙r put˙li]aÚ~ put˙r n: doll.aÚ~ shaman who recommended the sacrifice 'putuli k¬t¬n¬ (in: , qv.) receives all the harm.) cf. 'b˙k˙l da-nya. 'putulu k¬jf [Magpatala puha putulu‘fiber’] n: a

–knf¬ { num.clsf: a long distance, a puwafibrous plant, the stem fibers of which -purla long time. are used for making cloth; the Hill Nettle. k¬/\k¬/ n: temple (of the head). cf. bah≥go. Ð[Alt.root *p-si (Nis swyi 'purpur˙ k¬/\l;–Gof (see ). < -osi, Gam hwyi)] pur's\î-nya pur-nya ky¬ { n: completion. Kof“r/Øf k]+r/] ex- purth˙ , to do to completion. purth˙-s˙ pypr.adv:~aÚc˙rya squeezing p~eÚc˙re with force. da-nya –k?¬ ô num.clsf: in: , a , to wring, to squeeze out withp.p. force. cyar- -puruÚsmall amount of liquid, onetupuruÚ swig, one nya , to pin down, crush squirt. withp.p. force.k˙dem-nya k¬?; [Sk purush ‘person,’ Tib KofM kLM [ < Kh pi:h-nya ‘to 'puruspurusa ‘soul’] n: human soul (closely pyaÚhremove piÚh by scraping’] expr.adv: stripping associated with the real person). cf. 'satu. everything. cf. 'par pur. , , to cause one’s spirit to remove completely by p.p.scraping. piÚh-nya to'purus wander. dul˙i-nya (Said to be the cause of cha: , to remove clothing, stripp.p. cho:. It is called back by preparing a completely.syuÚh-nya , to sell all sumptuous feast for the spirit.) Ðtypes one’s holdings.p.p. 'yoÚ-nya of: o-'aili 'paili soul which travels in sick- KofM/\ k]M/\ [ < Kh pehr-nya ness, 'h~ïÚs˙ 'purus human soul, spirit, pyahr‘to clean pehr waste from the intestines’] ex- 'satu the soul which is retrieved by a pr.adv: clean intestines out. pyahr pehr shaman, 'syaÚ 'kwaÚ objects of a persons 'j˙i'sîd˙\ 'hunke Go take a crap and come identity which can be controlled by the back (said esp. to a child). spirits (nail pairings, dry skin, and cloth).’ Kofs ¬ Kofs¬ expr.adv: plas- pyaku pyaku Kham Dictionary 259 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ tered wet. , to be plastered Ðpass.part: , pacified, hu- wet (of clothing).p.p. cyuÚ-nya mored. Ð[Alt.rootph˙k˙i's (Mk\îu om-nya, Gam Kofnf [Nep] n: a tin or enamel wa≥-nya ‘ask for wife’)] 'pyalacup. Ðset: . Ånf n: a blister, callous. 'ja: 'ph˙la Ånfô n: a wooden mallet (for PH ph˙laÚbeating blankets, or tamping the earth ÅbfjNof n: braggart, boaster. on a flat roof). 'ph˙daolyacf. 'baisya. Ånf–Gof“ [Kh *phla≥] vi.pat: ph˙l~aÚ-nya Åu Åu expr.adv: over- to rip on the seam. , from one t˙r t˙r ph˙g˙cooked ph˙g˙ (of boiled things). var. ph˙g˙. end to the other. , with heavy 'd˙hr 'd˙hr , to over boil, over ripping sound. Ðset: . Ðvt: to cis-nya ph.ph.cook. m~îÚh-nya rip on the seam. k}m–Gof [Kh *pho-t (Bhj ph˙t, Ånfgf [Nep ph˙lano] adv: a 'ph˙lana ph˙i-nyaNis phot); Him (Mag phos-ke, Jir phet); particular thing or person; so-and-so, TB (Tib phyed, Chinese phet)] vt: to such-and-such. cf. tubu. , ph˙l˙na 'miÚ open (as a door). , (of a hen) a certain person. to hatch all her eggs.'chelalaÚ , ÅnLªufM [Nep phil~îgo] n: a with rattling and banging.gohrl ~aÚ gohrl, (of~aÚ ph˙lifire ≥spark,gah in: . the mouth) to open wide. 'gaÚ 'gaÚ, (of ÅnLªsfM'meÚh ph˙li n: ≥ agah bird snare a dog, to open its mouth) threateningly.jahl-jahl ph˙liwith≥ kaha loose peg as a perch. (When the Ðpass.part: , opened. yahm peg drops off with the weight of the ph˙i'sîu\ 'lizyaph˙i'sThe door\îu is open. bird, the bird’s legs are caught in a loop). k}mln–Gof [Nep ˚lng} ' ph˙ilinu] cf. kuhm, 'ce:h.~ 'ph˙ili-nyavi.pat: to spread, flourish, increase (of ÅnL+ô ÅnL+ô expr.adv: flop- wealth, but also of news, religion, etc.) 'ph˙lpingîÚ~ about. ph˙lîÚ~ , to roll cf. 'phabi-nya. Ðvt: , to and flop aboutph.ph. (as in p˙lt˙i's a fit). î-nya\ spread, make flourish. ph˙il˙i-nya ÅNof [Nep ph˙le] n: 1. a plank, k}+m–k}+m expr.adv: cool and 'ph˙lyashingle, tablet. , a house 'ph˙breezy.~îÚ-ph˙ cf.~îÚ 'pho:-ph~ o:,~ 'ph˙i-phwi:. Ðadj: with a wood shingle'ph˙lya roof. 'zihm , . a stone tablet. Ðset: . 'l2.uÚ~ (in 'ph˙lya weav- 'ph˙~îÚ-ph˙ ~îÚ'wo km–Å} OÒ ô{ expr.adv: cool, ing) the batten stick'zihm on a loom. Ðset: 'ph˙i-phwiÚbreezy. cf. 'ph˙î:-ph˙~ î:,~ 'pho:-ph~ o:.~ . , to be cool and breezy.ph˙i 'tana Åggf adv: cast to the ground. b˙tasphwiÚ ph˙i 'ta-nya phwiÚ 'tazya The breeze is cool. ph˙n˙nage'cem'ni kyoÚh'wo— 'yehn, ho'da ph˙n˙na Ås–Gof} [Nep ˚sfpg' 'j˙i'wo 'yehn 'j˙i'sî'ker˙\ They grabbed us ph˙k˙i-nyaph˙kaunu ‘persuade’] vt: 1. to pacify by the hair and cast us to the ground. or humor (as a pouting child), to assuage ÅGb}–Gof vt: 1. to wave anger. cf. 's˙b˙î:h-nya.~ 2. ask for a wife. 'ph˙nd˙i-nyas.th. (as the hand or a piece of cloth). 260 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , gently, as a baby in a 1. Å/]+–Gof vt: to brush h˙rlyaswingingu~ h˙rlyabasket.u~ 2. to swing something. ph˙ranother~eÚ-nya’s hair. , to brush , to push a large hanging ob- one’s hair. ph˙r~eÚ's\î-nya ph˙ndya~u ject, making it swing. 3. to nod the 2. Å/]+–Gof vi.pat: (of s.th. head, in: . 4. to shake ph˙rpierced,~eÚ-nya as an ear) to tear loose. or'na ≥˙ih ph˙nd˙i-nya s.o., give a shaking. 5. to toss a child in ph˙reÚ'k~ e\ Her ear ripped. caos˙ silyo, the air. Ðpass.part: , waved, ph˙reÚya~ Pierce it well, it may rip loose. shaken. 'ph˙nd˙i'sshaken\îu by b˙tase 'ph˙nd˙i's\îu Å/]k–Gof [Kh *s-prep (Mk the wind. ph˙rep-nyasp˙re:, Kot ph˙rap)] vt: to hit or slap ÅGb ÅGb [ < Nep s.o. with something flimsy (as with a 'ph˙nd˙ 'ph˙nd˙ ph˙nÎi-nu ‘to dangle, swing, wave’] ex- piece of cloth). pr.adv: dangling, swinging freely (as Å/];–Gof vi.pat: (of milk) the legs when hanging from a crevice). ph˙res-nyato sour or curdle. Ðadj: . cf. Åg Åg expr.adv: round b˙les-nya. ph˙res'o— ph˙nand round.ph˙n , to walk Åu{]k expr.adv: out from under. the long wayph.ph. around, 'guhmi-nya in a circle. ph˙rgep , of feet to slip out from , to stir round and round.ph.ph. ph.under. 'sŸul-nya 'guri-nya , to tie with wind after Ål/ adv: again. , again ph.ph.wind (as poÚ-nya a turban or waistband). 'ph˙ria second time (lit. ‘even again'ph˙ri’). b˙ Ðcoord: [Nep Å/–Gof} ˚/˚/fpg' , and then. Ðadj: , the 'ph˙r˙i-nya ph˙rph˙raunu ‘flap’] vt: to shake (esp. 'ph˙rione after. 'ph˙ri'kao of an animal to shake prey in its mouth); Ål/sfj h¬lg n: the to tear, rend. 'ph˙r˙i'zyao 'laÚ mitao o'haÚr˙ 'ph˙ri'kaoafter-life. 'juni jal jal 'j˙i'keo Like a rending lion, he bared his teeth (at me). Ås–Gof{} [Nep ˚sfpg{ ' ph˙rk˙i-nyaph˙rkaunu] vt: to turn around, cause to Å/fk n: a fire-fan woven of go back. , to repent, 'ph˙rapbamboo. change one'y’s~uÚ heart ph˙rk˙i-nya or mind (lit. ‘turn the [Nep ‘Persian’] printed Å/f;L n: heart around’). Ðpass.part: , 'ph˙rasi cotton material. turned back, returned. ph˙rk˙i'sîu\

ÅRof { ÅRof { expr.adv: Åls{–Gof [Nep ˚sg{ ' 'ph˙rcyathrashing 'ph˙rcya about. 'kh~ïÚ 'ph˙rcya ni 'kwiÚ 'ph˙rki-nyaph˙rk˙nu] vi.pat: to return. thrashing one’s hands and feet 'ph˙rcya , to regain senses (as whencet˙ recovering 'ph˙rki- about. , to thrash about. fromnya shock). , to repent, ph.ph. 'li-nya, to kick into the air; have a change'y ofuÚ~ attitude.'ph˙rki-nya Ðvt: ph.ph.with involuntary th~eÚ-nya jerks (as of a dying , to turn around, cause to goph˙rk˙i- back. person). nya Ån{k [Kh (Mk ph˙rl˙p)] n: 1.

Å/ +] n: a hair-brush made of 'ph˙rl˙pthe ankle, the ankle bone. 2. , ph˙r~eÚ coarse grass. eyelid. 'mi 'ph˙rl˙p Kham Dictionary 261 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Ånfk–Ånf{ k{ expr.adv: as in: me-ph˙t˙ on the lower side, a-ph˙t˙ 'ph˙rlap-ph˙rlapflopping around. on this side, etc. Ðadj: , the , to flop around'ph˙rlap-ph˙rlap (as a chicken with 'li- nominalized form of -ph˙'tao. itsnya head cut off). , the village -ph˙t˙ of Lowermeph˙'tao Sera. 'seroÚ Ånô]{ –Gof vt: to twist or turn , the village of Upper roph˙'tao 'seroÚ ph˙rleÚ-nya(as a doorknob). , to wrestle to the Sera. ground with a singlebur twist (as when toss- Åtxf [Nep phuÊaha] n: one ing a sheep for castration). , to ph˙t˙hawho causes dissention. twist round and round.bur-bur ÅTs–Gof} [Nep ˚Tsfpg' , (of clouds) tobur-bur come ph˙tk˙i-nyaph˙tkaunu] vt: 1. to make explode, twistingph˙rleÚ'hu-nya and swirling from a distance. detonate. 2. to fire a gun. Ðpass.part: Ðset: . Ðvi: , to , exploded, detonated. twist and'kil-nya curl up (as theph˙rleÚ's edges ofî-nya\ a drying ph˙tk˙i's\îu ÅlTs–Gof [Nep ˚Tsg' plant). Ðpass.part: , twisted, 'ph˙tki-nyaph˙tk˙nu] vi.pat: 1. (of a gun or explo- curled. Ð[Alt.root (Kotph˙rleÚ's p˙kil)]îu\ sive) to fire, go off. , with a ÅgL { [Kh *p˙rni≥ (Kot p˙ni≥, pop, bang. 2. (of fire)ph˙tyahk to crackle, burst. ph˙rniGam ph˙rni≥); TB *ni≥ ‘year’] temp.adv: Ðvt: , to make explode; to next year. Ðset: . fire aph˙tk˙i-nya gun. Å/ Å/a ~î:hsi expr.adv: wind upon Åt ÅTof k/\uLn ph˙rwind. ph˙r , to unbind wind ph˙t[Nep ph˙tya ph˙Êph˙Êi 'p˙rgil ‘struggling’] n: a type after windph.ph.'p˙laÚ-nya (as a cummerbund). of worm which twitches when touched. Å; expr.adv: cutting short. Åt"ô n: a heavy woolen coat of ph˙s , to overtake and cut in frontph. of ph˙tuÚthigh length (worn especially by shep- togihr-nya turn back (as a runaway animal). herds). , to turn out too short. ph. ÅTofMs\ expr.adv: popping tw~îÚ-nya Å;·–Gof} [? < Nep ˚;fpg' ph˙tyahksound, bang. , to crack- ph˙s˙ph˙saunu]≥g˙i-nya vt: to trap, ensnare, beguile le, burst with aph. bang. 'ph˙tki-nya into evil. Ðpass.part: , en- Åo]d Åo]d expr.adv: snared, beguiled. ph˙s˙≥g˙i's\îu 'ph˙yemout of sight. 'ph˙yem , to go out Å; Å; expr.adv: exces- of sight. ro'taoph.ph. gy~aÚh 'ba-nya 'ph˙yem 'ph˙yem ph˙s˙sively. ph˙s˙ , to put on ex- mol 'molo 'bazya Something black is cessively,ph.ph. overload. jaÚh-nya , moving out of sight above us. to eat excessively, over-eat.ph.ph. zya-nya Åfô n: a low holly-like shrub with –Åt loc.case: the cisative case phaÚred berries. -ph˙t˙marker: denoting ‘on one side of two.’ Åf“ expr.adv: in a flash. var. pha:~ (Affixed to deictic primitives and locative 'phph~aÚ~o:. , to fly off in a roots to form complex adverbial phrases, flash. ph. buhr-nya, to ignite with a ph. c~aÚh-nya 262 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ poof. , to smell of strong son), 'phasila da-nya to pronounce a de- alcohol.ph. oyaÚhni '≥˙r-nya m˙d˙ si 'ph~aÚ '≥˙rke He cision after examination. had the smell of alchohol on his breath. Åfnf expr.adv: greatly. , to lose suddenly. 'phala , to be greatly offended.ph. ph. s˙m˙ih-nya Åfla–Gof [Nep ˚fKg' phapnu tohl-nya ('y~uÚ) Åfnfk Å¬n¬k [ < Kh 'phabi-nya‘be auspicious’] vi.pat: to prosper, flour- phalapphulup-nya phulup ‘to turn upside down’] ex- ish. cf. 'ph˙ili-nya. Ðvt: , to pr.adv: prone, upside down. cause an increase in flocksphab˙i-nya or material , to cast down into aph.ph. prone assets. (If God is the agent, the one pros- positionkhya-nya (as of wind to a corn crop). pered is the object; if man is the agent, , to turn completely his flocks or assets are the object.) upsideph.ph. down.phulup-nya Åfbf“ ] [Nep ph~a‹o ‘gruel’] n: ÅfNof“ ÅnL+ô expr.adv: 'phrice~aÚdo or wheat cooked in milk. phalyturn ~aÚover. ph˙l ~îÚ , to fall over Åfug¬ [Nep ˚fNug' phalgun] n: from over-eating,ph.ph. 'p˙lti-nyaswelling, etc. phagunthe eleventh month of the Nepali calendar, , to flip over to the otherph.ph. side mid-February to mid-March. (asp˙lt˙i-nya frying bread, etc). Åfu¬Gof prop.n: the highest –Åfdnf num.clsf: half, portion. 'phagunyapass out of Dhorpatan on the trail to -pham˙la , to separate into Pelma. twonehpham˙la halves. 'ta-nya ÅfObf [Nep] n: profit, earnings. ÅfgL n: flour, fine meal. cf. m˙n˙m. 'phaidacf. o-go:, o'ya:h'tao, napha. phani , fine and coarse meal, as in: Åfs“ n: a style of singing in phani batiÚbatiÚ bek˙t˙i-nya to separate fine phwhich~aÚk˙ a boy (with his friends) sings one from coarse meal. line, and a girl (with her friends) sings cf–Åfª] n: a wooden lintel the next line in reply. (The songs are (o)-phaabove ≥a door or window. Ðset: . sung with slow dancing, everyone hold- Åfk/ [Nep] n: buckwheat'zihm ing hands, and has its own style of melo- phap˙r ÅfÅf ÅÅ¬ ¬ [Him (Chep dy.) phaphapha- ‘swell phuphu’)] expr.adv: puffiness. Åfs Åfs expr.adv: firmly , to swell with puffiness phakattached. phak , to attach inph.ph. face. 'go-nya ph.ph. taÚ's\î-nya itself securely, of an insect. Åf/–Gof vt: to enlarge a piece 1. Åfn–Gof vt: (Obj. ) 'phar-nyaof clothing, let out the seams, alter. phal-nya khas˙i to extract or pick the meat from walnuts. Åf/fn Å¬?n expr.adv: 2. Åfn–Gof vt: to judge between pharalsnapped phurul off, completely broken. phal-nyatwo sides of a dispute. , , to break, snap completelyph.ph. in to judge, arbitrate. Ðrelated'ny words:~aÚ phal-nya 'bicari- two.kyah-nya nya to examine a case (esp. of one per- Åfl/–Gof vt: to bear the cost

'phari-nyaof s.th. equally among several people. Kham Dictionary 263 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Åfnfk{ Ån¬ k{¬ expr.adv: kmDaftf] expr.adv: light as air pharlapflopping phurlup over. , to die phembata(as of a dried mushroom). , suddenly and unexpectedly.ph.ph. 'si-nya to become light as air. ph. bom-nya Åf/f] [Nep pharu] nom: frugality. kmkgf] kmkgf] expr.adv: 'pharo , to economize, conserve. phep˙naitching phep˙na skin eruptions, hives. ≥˙îÚhti~ 'pharo da-nya, with frugality, as in: 'pharos˙ odaÚk˙ p.p. 'tae When stung by nettles, 'pharos˙zya-nya eating with frugality. one gets skin eruptions. Åf/Øf“ k]m/]+ [Tib sprin k]mk k]mk expr.adv: pat on phary‘cloud~aÚ’ ]pher expr.adv:~eÚ (of clouds) to clear phepback. phep , to pat a child away, dissipate. , to clear on the phepback tophep put 'j˙i-nyahim to sleep. (of clouds or fog).ph.ph. 'bel-nya , to k]m/–Gof [Kh *pher; Him (Mag wipe clean (esp. of tears).ph.ph. 'siÚ-nya pher-nyapher ‘rise of sun’)] vi.pat: to pass out Åf;Lnf [Nep k}m;nf ph˙is˙la] of sight, to cross over. 'phasilan: decision in a legal case, verdict. , (prov.paîÚhz˙~ of geser'kgrowinge,\ , to pronounce a decision paold)~îÚhz˙ ‘We've gepher'k all grown\e old, we've all after'phasila examination. da-nya , to crossed over.’ pronounce s.o. not-guilty.'phasila 'j˙i-nya k]m/}–Gof [< Nep k]mg{' phernu] , to receive acquittal. Ðset:'phasila d˙i-. pher˙i-nyavt: to change (as clothing). nya Åft–Gof} [Nepphal-nya ˚f6fpg' , to take revenge. khis phat˙i-nyaphaÊaunu] vt: to separate off, cause pher˙i-nya k]ml//Lô expr.adv: the sound of a division, create a split or faction. cf. pheririÚflute or pipe. , to make the ph˙t˙ha. sound of a flute.ph. 'li-nya Åftfô n: a bow string made of k]m/jf n: shepherd tent in the phataÚbamboo (for teasing wool). pherwashape of a wigwam, made of goat-hair Åflt–Gof [Nep ˚f6g\ ' phaÊnu blankets. 'phati-nya‘tear’] vi.agt: to break off from the kmt] ] kmt] ] expr.adv: crumbling flock and stray (esp. of sheep). Ðvt: phetefrom phete dry rot. b˙ihd˙ phete phete 'ta'k\e , to cause a split or faction. Rotting, it crumbled. , cf.phat˙i-nya ph˙t˙ha. to completely crumbleph.ph. from rot. b˙ih-nya –k]mô num.clsf: times, occurrences, k]mtô] k]mt]ô expr.adv: -pheÚas in: t˙pheÚ once, nehpheÚ twice, etc. 'pheteÚsoaked, 'pheteÚ plastered wet. , k]mô n: the ball of thread which to be plastered with waterph.ph. or mud. cyuÚ-nya 'pheÚbuilds up on a spindle. , to be plastered drunk, soused.ph.ph. k]mb n: girth. ophed˙ khaÚ 'leo mÐadj:~ïÚh-nya 1. muddy, turbid phed˙How great is its girth? , (of a 'pheteÚstream). 'pheteÚ'wo 2. wet, muddy, soiled (of slightly bulging in the centerophed˙ (lit. ‘having 'leo clothing). girth’). ÅLô–Gof [Kh *r-phi: (Mk rphi:)] phiÚ-nyavt: 1. to unstring a bow or trap. 2. to 264 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ hamstring an animal. cf. o-'tara hai-nya. spinning and spinning. Ðpass.part: , unstrung. , to spin wool withoutph.ph. letup. 'kh˙l- ÅLôphiÚ's–Gof \îu[Kh *phit (Seram phit-, nya ÅLsf{ ÅLsf{ expr.adv: 'phiÚ-nyaSes *phit < phi:÷, -phit- ‘removed from phirkacutting phirka into small chunks. fire’)] vt: to remove food from the fire. , to cut meat into smallph.ph. chunks. 'k˙riÚ- (Obj. usu. ‘meal,’ but can be nya ÅLls{ [Nep] n: something which ‘pot’ if the 'kpot~aÚ is empty.) Ðpass.part:jaÚ 'phirkispins (as a toy propeller). , removed from the fire. ÅLls{–Gof vi.pat: to spin (of 'phiÚ's\îu ÅL+ô–Gof [Kh *phin (Bhj phin, 'phirki-nyaa spindle, or a water driven wheel). phNis~îÚ-nya phin, Mht pin) TB *s-min ‘cooked’] , spinning rapidly. Ðadj: vt: to cook meat, potatoes, and other phiriri phiriri, of a very quick, fast running chunky foods by boiling. (Note: man.'phirkiu cf. 'ch˙nkiu. Ðvt: , to ‘meal’ is not cooked, but made.) 'k~aÚ spin a spindle (but not'phirk˙i-nya a grindstone, , thoroughly. Ðpass.part: g˙j˙, which is 'ch˙nk˙i-nya). g˙j˙ ph~îÚ's\îu cooked. Ðrelated words: lohm-nya to ÅL/ ÅL/ expr.adv: straight

boil meat for later drying, ‘to phirand phir tall. , straight and sohm-nya boil vegetables for later drying. tall (esp. ofph.ph a tree). 'd ~aÚ'wo Ðadj: , ÅL+ôh}–Gof [Nep l˚hfpg+ ' straight and tall. phir phir'o 'phîÚj˙i-nya~ phîjaunu]~ vt: 1. to spread out (as clothes ÅL/ ÅL/ expr.adv: rapid, for drying, or goods for display). cf. phirswift. 'phir , to bound swiftly 't˙ra:-nya. 2. to spread news, in: (of a rollingph.ph. stone). coih-nya . cf. s˙th˙i-nya. Ðpass.part:p~aÚ ÅL; [Mag mi-phyu] n: spleen. 'phîÚj˙i-nya~ , spread out, proliferated. phis ÅL; [Nep-Eng] n: fees, tuition 'ph îÚj˙i's~ îu\ twisting, turning, ÅL/ expr.adv: 'phis(esp. school). phirspinning. var. 'phir-phir, phiriri phiriri. ÅL;–Gof [Mag pis-ke ‘slip , to revolve, rotate rap- phis-nyaloose’] vi.pat: 1. (of a trap) to spring idly.ph. 'guhmi-nya , to bore with a turning of its own accord. 2. of a knot to come motion.ph. 'l˙p-nya , to spin rapidly. undone. , to slip undone (as of ph. 'phirki-nya, to hurtle, bounding a sur ga:tha~ phyass˙). Ðvt: . withph.ph. great coih-nya force and speed. ÅL:sf ] n: failure,phiÚ-nya omission. ÅLu¬{nf] adj: (of an animal) fat, 'phisko , to fail, come to naught'phis- (esp. 'phirgulohealthy, sleek. , (same). ofko an'ta-nya agreement). , to 'phirgul 'tulo ( ). lÅl/–Gof vi.pat: see fail in a promise, neglect'phisko to do.'j˙i-nya Ðrelated 'phiri-nyaÐ . khis vt: words: 'kiryal˙ 'budi-nya to get out of a pher˙i-nya lÅl/l/ lÅl/l/ (var. of: promise by clever means, s˙t˙ 'hari-nya phiriri phiriri , qv.) to be faithless in a relationship, break a phir ÅL/ sf ÅL/ expr.adv: treaty of friendship. phir ka phir Kham Dictionary 265 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 1. Åf]ô–Gof [Kh *phok (Ses manner, in: . phoÚ-nya*phok < pho:÷, -phok- ‘husked’, Nis phot 2. s˙niÚ Åf–Åf+] 'ph +] expr.adv:~oÚ-ph~oÚ 'mo-nya cool and < ? phot ‘open’); TB *pwaôy ‘husks’] 'phbreezy.~oÚ-ph ~oÚcf. 'ph˙î:-ph˙~ î:,~ 'ph˙i-phwi:. vt: 1. to husk corn. cf. pi:h-nya. Åf/] expr.adv: sudden return. var. , stripping off the whole husk.lak˙tya 2. phorphor phor. , to bounce, ric- tolukuti rip a chicken apart (the breast from ochet straightph. off. 'toi-nya , the back). cf. bapho. to give an answerph.ph. foolishly, 'yaÚh toh-nya without 2. Åf]ô–Gof [Kh *pho:] vt: to thought. phoÚ-nyamake peel, crack, chip (esp. of a mud cf–Åf] /f] [Nep phoro] n: blister, floor). , totally crack, chip. (o)-phoracyst. , to blister. var. Ðvi: b˙≥g˙ b˙. ≥g˙ u-phura.o-phora 'ta-nya phos-nya1 . Åf]ô–Gof [Kh *phok (Nis Åfnf] ;f]{ ] adj: (of the eye) whit- 'phoÚ-nyapho:, -phok-, Ses *phok < pho:÷, -phok- phorlosoened, covered by a cataract. ‘paid’); Him (Gur pho)] vt: to pay. Åf/f] /f] c} adj: 1. even, equal Ðpass.part: , paid. phororo'win size (as—o a load of wood exactly the 2 'phoÚ's\îu . Åf]ô–Gof vt: to weigh or same length on top and bottom). 2. (of 'phoÚ-nyameasure volume. Ðpass.part: , cooked rice) light and fluffy. cf. weighed. 'phoÚ's\îu 'horara:'wo. 3. (of parched corn) popped Åf+ ] [Kh *s-pu≥ ([Mk baph~uza, Nis equal in size. 'phbaph~oÚ u~ ‘chick,’ Gam bwaphu~ ‘wild duck,’ Åf/] Åf/] expr.adv: dying, Ses bapu≥); Him (Tam pyohn ‘young’)] phorclose 'phor to death. Ðadj: . n: 1. offspring of wild animals. 2. seed- Åf/–Åf] /] phor expr.adv: 'phoro hot and lings springing up at the foot of a parent 'phor-phortired. rihchoso-e 'phor-phor 'tad˙ ≥a'le I tree. am hot and tired from thirst. Åfufn+] expr.adv: pulling loose, Åf;–Gof] [Kh *phos (Ses *phos ph~oÚgal roots and all. cf. bohs-nya. phos-nya< phoi, -phoh- ‘peeled’)] vi.pat: to peel, ph. bohs- , to come loose, roots and all. crack, chip (esp. of a mud floor). cf. nya Åf1+] f/ n: the eave stones on a pho:-nya, kos-nya. , totally phflat-roofed~oÚgyar house. , heavy cracked, blistered. Ðb˙vt:≥ g˙ b˙≥g˙ . ph~oÚgyar teÚ stones pressing down on the pho:gyar~ Åf]ô;f [Nep ˚fphoÚ-nyaS;f] ] phokso] n: to hold them in place. Ðset: . 'phoÚsalung. 'zihm Åflh] [Nep ph˙uji] n: fighting Åf;f] /Øf] n: corn husks. var. phoji troops. 'phosorya'porya. Ðset: . Åfnf] ô] –Gof vt: to split bamboo lohsya Åftf] ·f] Åftf] ·f] ex- pholoÚ-nya into halves or quarters. cf. b˙la:-nya.~ photopr.adv:≥ga photo 1. (of ≥popcorn)ga popping into 1. Åf]+–Åf] + expr.adv: to sniff large kernels. 2. (of a foot or hand) to 'phthe~oÚ-ph breeze~oÚ for a fight, act in a contentious become blistered. 266 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Å–Gof¬ [Kh *r-pu-s (Mk rpho, Å¬n¬k–Gof [Kh *s-plup (Mk 'phu-nyaNis rphu, Kot pui); Him Tam pho, Khal phulup-nyaspulup); Him (Mag poloh- ‘flop down, bhu ‘open’); Mag pho-ke ‘open’; TB collapse,’ Chep pl˙w÷- ‘invert’)] vt: to *pu ‘open’] vi.pat: to burst open (from turn upside down. , com- inside pressure). cf. ph˙i-nya. Ðset: pletely upside down.phalap Ðphulupv.refl: . cis- , to bow down, prostratephu- one- nya Å"ô [Kh *phu:; TB *puôk] n: belly, self.lup's \î-nya Ðpass.part: , turned phuÚabdomen. cf. b~u:hdi. , to over, prostrated. o≥phulup's˙ih phulup's\îu \îu 'ta'ke suffer diarrhea. also: phu:phuÚ 'cher˙i-nya. 'ba-nya His head was bowed. , to cause a bowel evac- Å¬d¬nLM n: a miniature 'bum phuÚuation, jaÚh-nya as with a laxative. phumulihfor storing grain. Ðset: . Åa¬ ¬ [Nep phupu] n: 1. father’s Å·f¬ n: a tightlybe:h, woven, 'd˙hnsar cylin- phubusister. 2. husband’s mother. 3. wife of 'phudrical≥ga basket for storing ground meal. husband’s father’s brother. (Within the Ðset: . confines of K-M marriage constraints, be:h Åa¬ { ¬ [Kh *rphubu (R˙nma rphubu the members of 1Ð3 intersect.) voc.n: phurbu'below knee cap')] n: upper part of term of address by phubu's reciprocals. knee-cap. recip. 'b˙d˙i, 'bahari:. Åa¬ Òô{ –Gof vt: 1. to pick at. Ån¬ –Gof} [Nep k'mnfpg' phurbuÚ-nya , to be meticulous phul˙i-nyaphulaunu] vt: 1. to inflate (as a balloon). in'khoyam small, detailed ka 'khoyam work. 2. (of chickens) , excessively, profusely. 2. (of to dig in the dirt. (Obj. is either thebor wind)bor to lift from underneath. 3. ‘earth’ or ‘dirt,’ w/o .)'nam cf. (fig) to flatter s.o. Ðpass.part: , cet˙ra:-nya. 'g˙mÐv.refl: -lai , (of inflated. phul˙i's\îu a chicken) to dust itsphurbuÚ's feathers. \î-nya Åô" nfj kuL{n n: ascaris Å/L¬ [Nep phohori ‘dirty’] adj: phuÚ'lworm.ao— cf.'p˙rgil 'zyahl. phuriobscene. Åln¬ [Nep] n: a jewel worn in Å¬/LMHofjé adj: obese (lit. 'phulithe side of the nose. cf. 'bulakhi. 'phurih'zyao‘about to burst’). Ån¬ n¬ "ô expr.adv: in profusion. p–Åsf¬ { n: the tip of a tree. 'phululuÚ , to bloom in profusion (of (u)-'phurka ÅSof¬ { n: 1. a white-tipped tail. ph. 'woi-nya a field of flowers, or a crop of grain). 'phurkya2. a cow with a white tipped tail. Ðset: Å¬n¬k [ < Kh phulup-nya ‘to . Ðadj: , white-tipped phulupturn upside down’] expr.adv: leaning 'patya(of a tail). phurkyaso over. , to waver and Åkf¬ n{ [Nep-Eng] n: a football, ph.ph. khya-nya cast about (as grass in the wind), in: 'phurpalleather kickball. Å¬/ Å¬/ [ < Kh *s-bur ‘to a'da. phulup ni ho'da phulup khya- phurfly;’ phurTB *pur] expr.adv: high in the nya Kham Dictionary 267 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ air. , to fly high into , to dance about, hopping the air.ph.ph. buhr-nya , high, lofty andph. skipping.syah-nya (esp. of aphur building). phur cf.buhr'o 'n˙m swî:t˙~ 'bao. Åjf\ “ expr.adv: in an instant. Å;¬ n{¬ n: leisure, freedom. 'phw~aÚ , to fly off in a flash. ph. phursul , to become free. 'hoÚye buhr-nya, to instantly disappear. ph. u'kwiÚ'niphursul phursul'ta-nya ge'ta'ke We have been mah-nya Åjfs\ expr.adv: immediately, freed from his hand. phwakdirected to a single spot. , Åt¬ {¬ Åt¬ { ¬ expr.adv: stomp- to fit immediately into place.ph. taÚ-nya Ðredup: phurtuing the phurtu feet rapidly. , , of several at one time. to dance about in anger.ph.ph. ph.ph. syah-nya syahd˙ phwak phwak , (of insects) to attach g˙hr'ke\ He cried stomping his feet in immediatelyph.ph. taÚ's\î-nya to a person. anger. , to sow seed unevenly,ph.ph. with was-large Å¬?k–Gof [TB *prup amountsnya in one spot. phurup-nya‘squirt’] vt: 1. (Obj. ) to sprinkle 1. ÅO" ô{ [Kh *r-phwi (Mk rphwi)] water on s.th. (as on a floor'riÚh when sweep- phwiÚn: foam, froth. ing). 2. (Instr: ) to sprinkle s.th. 2. ÅO" ô{ (see ). riÚh-ye with water, as in: c˙hllai riÚh-ye 'phwiÚ ÅO" {ô–Gof'wiÚ [Khni 'phwiÚ *phut (Nis phurup'keo\ He sprinkled the bamboo 'phwiÚ-nyaphut); Him *phut (Thak phuy); TB *s-

with water. cf. 'ch˙mk˙i-nya. mut ‘blow’] vt: ( ‘bellows’) to Å¬?k Å¬?k expr.adv: pump bellows. khal˙ phurup phurup having a splattered coloring. cf. chy- ÅO" {ô–Gof [Kh *phun (Kot ab˙rya chib˙ri:'wo. Ðadj: phwphun]~îÚ-nya vt: to hack brush, clear under- phurup phu- . growth. , swiftly without rub'—o Å¬;¬/Øf [Nep phusro ‘griz- stopping.ch˙n˙ Ð pass.part:ch˙n˙ , 'phusuryazled’] n: an animal with a white head. hacked, chopped away.phw 't˙rwalie~îÚ's\îu Ðset: . Ðadj: , white phw~îÚ's\îu hacked down by a sword. 'patya phusuryaso headed. Åof\ ô–Gof [Kh *phyak (Mk k“"mlt n: a wild rhizome used for phyaÚ-nyaphya, Nis phya, -phyak-, Seram phyak-, 'phfood~uÚti in the winter. Gam phya÷)] vi.pat: 1. to break, snap ÅTs/¬ n: small change (notes in two by pulling (as a rope). 2. (of a 'phutk˙ror coins). breed or strain; of a lineage) to pass out ÅTklt¬ expr.adv: hopping. of existence, to be cut off. cf. 'mol-nya. 'phutp˙ti , to dance or hop about , to go completely extinct. var. cata (asph. whenr˙ih's standing\î-nya on s.th. hot). c˙tï:.ÉïÚÉ , damned. Ðvt: 1. o-phyaÚ'h~uÚ'w—o Åt¬ "ô expr.adv: a sudden leap. to break or snap by pulling. , pataÚ p˙tïÚÉ phutuÚvar. phutu: phutu:. , to leap several at a time. , 'p˙t˙ras puturus with a sudden boundph. (as 'zoÚ-nyaa grasshopper). (same). 2. to break off relations, in: 268 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ . 3. to settle a dispute, 's˙ryoin: phyaÚ-nya . R 1 'ny~aÚ phyaÚ-nya cf–Å] of\ ôxj"“ (see . –/ g.num: the nominal third (o)-phyaÚ'h). ~uÚ'w—o phyaÚ- -r˙person plural suffix, as in: m|îÚ-r˙ men,

nya ÅofNtf\ ÅLNt¬ expr.adv: ao-r˙ these, etc. 2 phyaltaslipping philtu away. , to . –/ v.aff: the third person plural get out immediately.ph.ph. pulus-nya -r˙subject marker: ‘they,’ as in: 'ba'ke-r˙\ Åofk–Gof\ vi.pat: to become They went. 'phyap-nyathin, weak, poor. Ðadj: , or /la n: young crops not yet gone to . 'phyabo 'r˙biseed. 'r˙bi 'jogoi'cyo Be careful of the

'phyap 'phyabo Åof\ ô ÅLô expr.adv: sweeping. crops (not to trample them). cf. 'bali. phyaÚ phiÚ , to wipe clean (esp. of /b–ab expr.adv: tangled (esp. ph.ph.tears). 'siÚ-nya 'r˙d˙-b˙d˙of string). Ðadj: . 'r˙d˙-b˙d˙o Å\of“ Å\of“ [Kh *r-phya≥ /l2 [Nep] expr.adv: profane, 'phy(Nis~aÚ rphy 'phya)]~ ~aÚ expr.adv: lithe, lean, strong. r˙ddifoul, vulgar. , to profane, Ðadj: . treat with abuse.r˙ddi 'j˙i-nya 'phy~aÚ 'phy ~aÚ'woÅof;Nof\ lÅ;nLô ex- /u–/u expr.adv: smoothly, phyas˙lyapr.adv: non-penetrating phis˙liÚ (of a knife edge), 'r˙g˙-r˙g˙nicely. , smooth slipping over. , uselessly in speech,o'yaÚht˙ suave, 'r˙g˙-r˙g˙ artificial ('leolit. ‘smooth dull. ph.ph. machae, to slip without on the mouth’). , to speak sticking.ph.ph. sŸul-nya smoothly, artificially.r.r. p ~aÚ-nya , to r.r. seh-nya Å\of; ÅL; expr.adv: faint smoothly plaster a wall, mud a floor. phyasfrom phislack of food. , to drag along (esp. of an animalr.r. 'sehl-nya with broken back). Åof:;\ expr.adv: coming un- phyass˙done. , (of a trap) to spring /x:of [Nep] n: mystery, secret; r˙h˙sya of its ownph. phis-nyaaccord. a matter difficult to understand. Åof\ + ] expr.adv: with a flashing /lx–Gof [Nep /xg' r˙h˙nu] 'r˙hi-nya 'phystreak.~oÚ , to go swiftly, or vi.pat: 1. to remain, be left behind. 2. with a flashph. 'ba-nya(as a shooting star). to survive, come through a disaster. cf. , unstable, unset-a'da 'b~a:ci-nya. Ðvt: , to cause to r˙h˙i-nya tled'phy oÚ~ (lit. ni ho'da‘flashing 'phy hereoÚ~ and flashing remain, leave alive. there’). /Mn\ prop.n: a Kham-Magar village r˙hl Åof\ +] Aof+] expr.adv: straight, in the Ranma— Panchayat. (S.I. Rahal.) phyon~oÚ the by level.~oÚ , to be straight. '/nfM n: the runners of a vine. ph.b. daÚ-nya~ 'r˙hla 1. runners and shoots. 2. relatives'r˙hla 'mela through marriage from other clans. Ðset: . 'nal natha Kham Dictionary 269 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 1. /Md\ [Kh *b-r˙hm (Mk br˙m, , burning steadily from afar. r˙hmNis rwøhm); Him *s-ram (Mag mi-rham, zw~aÚ zw~aÚ , dimly, indistinctly. Rt har˙m, Khal jherem)] n: rib. Ðzyahrlyavi.pat: to appear.zirliÚ 2. /Md \ [Kh *r˙hm] n: weed. /}Mdf prop.n: a Kham-Magar r˙ihma— r˙hm /Md\–Gof vt: to weed. (Obj. village comprising the northernmost pan- r˙hm-nyacan be corn, potatoes, or a field, all w/o chayat in the Rukum District. (S.I. .) Ðpass.part: , weeded. ~eÚh Ranm—a.) , male inhabitant of r˙ihmali— b˙hri-lai r˙hm'sîu\ 'ta'ker˙hm'sThe wholeîu\ field was the village of Ranma. , fe- r˙ihmalyani— weeded. Ðrelated words: chal-nya to male inhabitant of the village of Ranma. weed corn or potatoes by hand, 'khoreÚ- /}Ml;–Gof [Kh *p-s-rat (Nis nya to weed corn with a hand-pick, syal- r˙ih'srwyi);î-nya\ Him (Mag ret-ke, Sun rit) ‘laugh’; nya to thin corn. TB *rya-t ‘laugh’] vi.agt: to play. '/Md '/Md expr.adv: tin- , to dance or hop about (as 'phutp˙ti 'r˙hmgling, 'r˙hm burning sensation. when standing on s.th. hot). 'juwa , to feel a mellow, burning'r˙hm 'r˙hmsensa- , to gamble, play dice or r˙ih'sî-nya\ tion'ta-nya (as of medicine on a sore, or of cards. , to hunt for 'ehera r˙ih'sî-nya\ strong drink). Ðadj: . game. , to cast nets for fish. Ðvt:jal r˙ih'sî-nya\ , to entertain a child /MD;Lô+ n: 'r˙hmthe shed r˙hmo stick of a by playings˙reÚh-nya with him. r˙hm'sloom.îÚ~ also: b˙le:ja.~ Ðset: . ( ). /} n: a cereal crop similar'tana to barley. /}l;–Gof v.recip: see r˙i'sî-nya\ r˙i-nya r˙ialso: kaona. /ns expr.adv: flattery. r˙l˙k , to beguile with lavish flattery.r˙l˙k /}–Gof [Kh *r˙-t (Nis røt, Ses 'j˙i-nya r˙i-nya*r˙t < r˙‰, -r˙t- ‘brought’); Him (Mag /njf n: Blood Pheasant. Ðgen: r˙l˙wa rak-ke, Chep rot- ‘take to oneself’)] vt: . 'sya: 'ba: 1. to bring, to receive , quickly. /Ns–Gof} vt: to pull out of , full and jwahtt˙overflowing. 2. to r˙lk˙i-nyajoint, cause to slip from its socket. yahm.e— take'sisi a'mama wife, in: . 3. to make u'khur r˙lk˙id˙ ya'p˙siu o'leo They en- a reputation, in:'jyaÚ r˙i-nya . Ðv.recip: tered by slipping the door from its socket. , to marry.min Ðr˙i-nyapass.part: , Ðpass.part: , out of joint. r˙i'sbrought,î-nya\ received. r˙i'sîu\ r˙lk˙i's /Nsf îu\ /Nsf expr.adv: in /}+ [Kh *r-wan (Mk lirw˙î);~ TB (Tib 'r˙lkalarge 'r˙lka beads or drops. , (of 'r˙do≥-po,îÚ~ Bur to≥)] n: a quiver (for ar- tears) to come in great r.r.drops. 'hu-nya rows). , to release tears in great drops.r.r. 'ras- nya /}+M–Gof [Kh *r˙hn] v.sta: to /lNs–Gof vi.pat: to be pulled r˙be~îÚh-nya visible, evident. , clearly, 'r˙lki-nyaout of joint. u-khutiÚ 'r˙lki'ke His hip completely. ch˙rl˙≥, tog˙ be poorly slipped out of joint. Ðvt: , to visible (of a'dahrya trail). 'duhri , pull out of joint, cause tor˙lk˙i-nya slip from its flickering from afar (asdihp˙l of a fire~aÚ burning).dihp˙l~aÚ socket. 270 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ /df [Kh *r-ma (Mk rma); Mag ra-'j˙i'ke I made them, etc.) 'r˙malama; Him (Tib rma-bya ‘peacock’)] n: –/f g.num: (allomorph of: , qv., a shaman. cf. 'ja:hk˙ri.~ , -raoccurring anywhere a suffix follows,-r˙ as name of the mythical first'r˙ma shaman. pur˙nc˙n in: odajyu-ra-s˙ with his brothers.) /g (in: , qv.) /f–Gof [Mag ra-khe] vi.agt: (only 'r˙n˙ 's˙n˙ /Gb–aGb 'r˙n˙ expr.adv: scat- ra-nyain Southern dialects) to come. see 'r˙nd˙-b˙nd˙tered, strewn about; make rumors about . Ðvt: , to bring, cause'hu- to s.o. , to scatter, come.nya r˙i-nya strew r˙nd˙ about. b˙nd˙ 'noÚye 'j˙i-nya p~aÚr˙ 'r˙nd˙-b˙nd˙ cf–/f] “ n: width. Ð[Alt.roots (Mk 'j˙i'zyao He scatters rumors about. (o)-rowo,~aÚ Gam ˙chat)]~ /g /g expr.adv: tightly stretched. /fô–Gof [Kh *b-ra (Mk b˙ra:)] r˙n r˙n , to stretch one’s muscles. 'raÚ-nyavt: 1. to spread (as grain on a mat for r.r. tani's /· [Nepî-nya\ r˙≥g] n: color. cf. 'rogon. drying). cf. 'ph~î:j˙i-nya. 2. to cause to r˙≥g˙ /·–Gof} [Nep /·fpg' disperse. Ðvi: , to disperse, 'raÚ'sî-nya\ r˙r˙≥gaunu]≥g˙i-nya vt: to color, dye, paint. spread abroad (as of population spread). Ðpass.part: , painted, colored. Ðpass.part: , spread out, dispersed. 'raÚ'sîu\ /kr˙ /k≥g˙i's expr.adv:îu\ greasy (of 'r˙pfood); 'r˙p oily (of skin). Ðadj: . /f–Gof“ v.sta: to be wide, broad. 'r~aÚ-nya . /lK;–Gof [Kh 'r˙p *b-r˙p 'r˙bo (Mk Ðadj: 'raÚ'wo~ r˙p'sbrop)]î-nya\ v.recip: (of bulls or rams) to /fr [Nep /fh raj] n: dominion, rac fight by butting horns. rule. , to rule a kingdom, rac da-nya , with clashing noise. kap˙ryak have dominion. , to handle the administrationrac ofc˙l˙i-nya a kingdom. k˙p˙rik /; [Nep ‘juice’] n: the prime or , rule and dominion. rac r˙schoice part, as in: 'dese or˙s the fat of kac the land. /fr wfgL [Nep rajdhani] n: raccapital dahni city. /;}–Gof [Nep /;fpg ' r˙saunu 'nepal'lao rac dahni kath˙mandu z˙ The capital city of Nepal 'r˙s˙i-nya‘to solder’] vt: to patch s.th. which is Kathmandu. leaks, solder. (Obj. jug, roof, etc.) Ðset: . Ðpass.part: , welded, /fr sfr [Nep raj ‘kingdom’] rac kac 'tali-nyasoldered. 'r˙s˙i'sîu\ gen.n: kingdom and rule. , to administer and rulerac a kingdom. kac c˙l˙i- /:of n: a miniature 'koporah. nya [Nep raksh˙s] 'r˙sya /tjf [Nep r˙tuwa] n: Barking /f5Øf; /fÔ; n: rachyasdemon. cf. 'zya:h. 'r˙t˙waDeer. Ðgen: . [Kh *ra≥r˙i (Nis r~ara, Gam /f– v.aff:'sya: (allomorph 'ba: of: , qv., /fb“ } raÚd˙i~ ra≥r˙i); Him (Thak ra≥re)] millet, ra-occurring with a preceding prefix,ya- as in: n: kodo. Ðset: . ma-ra-'j˙i'wo He didn’t make them, ≥a- /fbf“ [Nephata: r~a‹a] n: widower. cf. 'r~aÚda'ra:di.~ Kham Dictionary 271 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ /f“bL [Nep r~a‹i] n: (in: '/fdf prop.n: an alpine sheep 'raÚdi~ ) widow. cf. 'ra:da.~ 'raÚdi~ 'rahmapasture east of 'burkuti:. 'meÚma~ /f“ug n: arthritic pain in the /fMlG;–Gof vi.pat: to be 'raÚg˙n~joints. (The cure is said to be monkey rahn'sfreed,\î-nya liberated, unfettered. dhoÚ rahn'sîu\ meat.) 'tad˙ ≥ale I have difficulty getting free /f“uLn n: 1. a small, curved sickle (because of poverty). ≥adukh˙ra'ni b˙ll˙ raÚgil~ used for plucking barley heads. 2. the ci ≥arahn'sî'k\ e\ I have finally been freed shape of the moon in early or late phase. from my difficulties. kata'ni b˙ rahn'sîu\ /f–Gof\ [Kh *b-rah (Mk brah, ≥amad˙i'ke\ I can’t get relief from any- rah-nyaBhj b˙ra, Nis rwao); Him (Chep r˙w÷- where. , not allow rahn's\îu maya-nya ‘be hot’)] v.sta: to be hot (to the touch). to get ahead. Ðadj: . , to be fe- /f–/f\ \ Åf/–Åf] /] ex- verish.rah'w —o 'ky~aÚ rah-nya, burning up of a rah-rahpr.adv: 'phor-phor burning hot (of objects, or a fever. 'yehp 'yehp body in fever). Ðadj: rah-rah 'phor /fM [Kh *ra:h; Him *ra (Mag rha, , burning hot. 'phoro raÚhKai ra, Tib ra-ma)] n: (archaic except /fx¬ n: a dividing wall made of in Mk, Nis, and Bhj) goat. cf. 'bak˙ra. 'rahuvertical planks. cf. 'bar. Ðset: . Ðgen: . , a goat /fOnf+{ [Nep] n: fifth son.'zihm killed '˙g˙i-b˙g˙iin memory ofraÚh a childk˙r˙m who has 'raîÚla~ /fO { lg wO" M{ expr.adv: gusting, died, or of one who has died an unnatural raiblowing. ni dwiÚh 'b˙tasr˙ te rai ni dwiÚh b˙n˙i z˙ death. (The goat is killed and eaten by 'do'keo The wind blew in great gusts. shamans at a bridge.) , an /fhf [Nep] n: king. imprecatory statement, as raÚh.in: n˙n˙—e zyasîÚ~ raÚh.e— 'raja /fHof [Nep /fHo rajy˙] n: kingdom. zyas 'tao May you be (the occasion for) rajya /fsf“ n: torch (made of bamboo a feast of your friend the goat. 'r~aÚkaor pitchpine). /fM–Gof vi.pat: to be successful /f“sfl; n: a sickle for cutting raÚh-nyain hunting or fishing. n˙maraÚhya Were 'raÚkasi~grass. you successful? ant. mahn-nya, 'thol-nya. /f“s¬ln [Kh *ra≥kuli (Mk r~akuli, /fMVof“ [Kh *s-ra≥ < TB *ro≥ 'raÚkuli~Gam la≥kuri)] n: a type of deciduous r~aÚhkhya‘cat, tiger’ + *s-la TB ‘tiger’ (Kot ba-kila, tree having significance for ancestor wor- Jang hela, Mk ras˙la,~ Gam syala) ‘jackal’; ship. (The tree is transplanted from the Him (Mag rasila,~ Nep syal) ‘jackal’] n: forest to a trail side rest-stand in honor Common Jungle Cat (felis chaus). Ðgen: of a clan patriarch.) . /fSof“ [ Kh 'r~a:ka ‘torch’] n: a 'la: 'ga: /fMn–Gof\ vi.pat: to line up, be 'r~aÚkyafestival for village service castes cele- rahl-nyaparallel (esp. of beams). Ðadj: , brated on the first day of Saw˙n (mid- parallel. rahl'o July). (Lights are burned and a ceremonial 272 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ fight is staged between men and women (in producing compost). Ðset: . known as 'chop zyas.) /fk n: honey. be:h /fn–Gof vt: to cover with dirt. rap /fkf“ nf] n: a sheaf of wheat, ral-nyacf. gad˙i-nya. Ðpass.part: , cov- 'raÚpola~oats, or barley. cf. 'pola. ral'sîu\ ered with dirt. /flÅ–Gof [Nep rap ‘heat’] 1 . cf]–/fn [Nep ralo] n: the raphi-nyavi.pat: to become hot, radiant with heat (o)-'ralclapper of a bell. (esp. of metal). cf. 'tapi-nya 2. cf–/fn] [Nep] n: 1. the white /f;–Gof [Kh *ra-s (Gam ra‰, (o)-'ralof an egg. 2. drool, slobber. 3. the 'ras-nyaSes *ras < rai, -rah- ‘released’) Him (Mag slime or mucoid secretion of slugs. das-ke)] vt: 1. to release, set free. /fln–u¬ln expr.adv: trampled, , hurriedly. , to weephw~aÚ 'rali-guliknocked down by wind. h(lit.~oÚ ‘release tears'pihl’). 'ras-nyaÐ , in , to be trampled and knocked'rali-guli down 'ta- great drops. 2. to quit a'r˙lka habit, 'r˙lka abandon innya every direction. cf. chil'sî-nya.\ a job. , (of a child) to /fNof n: s.o. or s.th. with a slobbery stop nursing.'nw~îÚ 'ras-nya 3. to forsake a person, 'ralyaface. Ðset: . Ðadj: , abandon loyalty to a principle or faith. slobbery, coveredp~a:cya:h with drool (esp.ralyaso of a 4. to start out from a place, leave. 5. to child’s face). clear the way for another to pass, in: /fd n: a show, entertaining spectacle. . Ðpass.part: , 'yem 'ras-nya 'ras'sîu\ 'ram , to watch a show. freed, released. 'ram bahl's /fDaî-nya\ bf+] n: tomato. /fôl;–Gof (see ). 'raÚ'sî-nya\ 'raÚ-nya 'ramb~eÚda /fld–Gof vi.pat: 1. (of a vine) /f“l; prop.n: a Kham-Magar village 'raÚsi~ 'rami-nyato spread, extend, ramify. 2. (fig. of in the Rukum District. (S.I. R—a≥si.) descendants) to extend, branch out, , male inhabitant of the village of 'rïÚsyal~ spread. Ra≥si. , female inhabitant of the village'rïÚsyalni~ of Ra≥si. /fg r/f¬ n: bangle, bracelet. [Nep] night (as a period of ran cura /fg 5fg expr.adv: peace, /ft n: rat 'rantranquillity, 'chan freedom from anxiety or dis- time). (Used only with the Nepali numerals four or more, as in: four turbance. , to be at 'car rat

peace, free'ran from 'chan fear. 'ta-nya , nights.) cf. ri:. 1 with peace, in tranquillity.'ran 'chan-s˙ . /f“tf n: 1. an ox which cannot 'raÚta~be trained to plow. 2. a person who /fgL [Nep] n: queen, princess. will not accept discipline. 'rani /f·f [Nep /f“uf] r~ago] n: male 2 'rawater≥ga buffalo. . /ftf“ nom: unplowed, unbroken 'raÚta~soil, hardened earth. , of /f·Øf n: a large, loosely woven a field to have hard, unplowed'r~aÚta 'ta-nya spots be- 'rabasket≥gya for carrying leaves from the forest tween furrows. cf. o'dahr, o'gora:ta.~ Kham Dictionary 273 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ /fy“ } [Him (Tam ranta, Thak rahm- (of the relatives) to release or ransom a raÚth˙i~ ta)] n: a stone hand-mill for grinding newly initiated shaman from the 'suwa grain, a quern. cf. g˙htï:.É Ðparts of: bihya pole by paying money to the master sha- wooden axle, khutiÚ handle, o-'pa upper mans. stone, o-'ma lower stone, 3. /M–Gof+] vt: (of a bull or ram) /fp “ lg 'µØfp“ expr.adv: r~eÚh-nyato mate a female. 'ranoisyu~ ni 'jyaanduh~ boisterous. '/]+M [Kh *b-rih≥ (Mk br~eh, Nis , to be boisterous 'raand~u noisyni 'jya (of~uh a 'reÚh~rw~eh < -or~eh, Gam rih≥, Ghus ˙rih≥); group).'li-nya , to make Him (Chep ri≥h)] n: a shaman’s drum. a lot of noise'rau~ ni(of 'jya a group).uh~ 'j˙i-nya , to re-skin a shaman’s cf–/] +] n: (archaic except in Maikot) drum.'r~eÚh 'muri-nya Ðset: . (o)-rroot.eÚ~ '/]+M–Gof'ja:hk˙ri~ v.sta: ja:r˙ (of a drum) to /]ô [Kh *b-re (Bhj bre, Nis rwye < 'r~eÚh-nyagive out a resonant sound. Ðadj: , 'reÚ-ore, Gam rwye)] n: husband. resonant (of a drum). 'reÚh'wo~ , to marry a husband (lit. ‘do'reÚ a '/]+Muf]/ [Kh *b-rih≥ ‘drum’ + husbandda-nya ’). cf. 'res-nya. , married 'reÚhgor~*'gor ‘circle’ (Mk br~eh zgor, Gam rih≥, (of a woman). 'reÚ 'dao, unmarried Ghus ˙rih≥); Him (Chep ri≥h ‘drum’; (of a woman). 'reÚ mada'tao— gw˙r÷ ‘circular frame,’ Tib skor ‘circle, /]+–Gof v.sta: to be happy, joyful. ring’)] n: the hoop of a shaman’s drum 'reÚ-nya~Ðadj: . (make from oak wood, 'gwi:). 'gwipal 'reÚ'wo~ /]u]–d]uô] expr.adv: long of (shamanic, 'r~eÚhgor, 'gwimal 'r~eÚhgor 'rege-megeÚclothing (dragging on the ground). in chant) drum hoop. Ðset: 'ja:hk˙ri~ , to be dressed withregeÚ ill . ja:r˙ fittingmegeÚ clothing'j˙i'sî-nya\ (dragging on the ground). '/]+M–/]+M [ < Kh 'r~e:h-nya ‘of a Ðadj: . 'reÚh-r~drumeÚh~ to make a resonant sound’] ex- /]M'rege-megeÚ'wo n: type of pheasant. Ðgen: pr.adv: stretched tightly, resonant. r.r. reÚh . 'sya: , to stretch very tightly (as of a'thuÚ-nya drum skin). , taut, 'ba: 1. /M–Gof+] [Kh *rihn (Nis rehn, Ðadj: tightly stretched. 'reÚh-r~ eÚh'wo~ r~eÚh-nyaMht rihn); Mag rhen-ke] vt: (Obj. w/o ) (in setting up a loom) to arrange'tana /]+M;L+ô n: stakes driven into the r~eÚhs~îÚ the contour-lai of warp threads into their ground for aligning the warp threads of proper alignment by winding them a loom. Ðset: . 'tana around stakes set in the ground. , /sf] O] +{ n: a wild plant, the stalks stakes driven into the ground for raligning~eÚh's~îÚ rekoof whichîÚ~ are used for food. the warp threads of a loom. Ðset: . 1. /n] n: shale, loose rock. 2. /]+M–Gof n: 1. to acquire'tana by rel 2. /n] [Nep < Eng ‘rail’] n: railroad, r~eÚh-nyapaying the remaining money. 2. to re- reltrain. , train (lit. ‘rail vehicle’). deem a pledge or security ('˙d˙na). 3. rel gadi 274 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ /]n–Gof vt: to separate out the forth. , to wander aim- 'rel-nyarejects. Ðpass.part: , rejected, sep- lessly. r.r. 'bar\îh-nya, to pace back and arated away. 'rel'sîu\ forth rockingr.r. dul˙i-nya a baby on one’s back. /nf] –/] nf] ] expr.adv: strewn /Lô [Kh *rik (Seram rik, Kot riu÷)] n: 'relo-reloabout. , to sleep strewn riÚnight time. , in the night. about. r.r. sy~aÚ-nya, to die with bodies , day andriÚl˙ night. , midnight.'laÚk˙ strewn about.r.r. 'si-nya ÐriÚl˙num.suff: , nightahdariÚ (as a duration of -riÚ /]n /]n [ < Kh ryalna ‘slimy time), as in: t˙riÚ one night, nehriÚ two

'relweed 'rel’] expr.adv: slippery, slimy. 'yoÚh nights, etc. Ð[Alt.root *mun (Ja≥ mun); 'gutiÚk˙ 'rel 'rel 'tazya When grating a tur- Him (Chan muhn ‘night,’ Tam muna, nip it becomes slimy. Ðadj: . Tib mun-pa ‘darkness’); TB *muô≥ ‘dark’] /]ô /]ô [Kh *b-re'rel (Nis 'relo rwyo 'reÚ‘long 'reÚ’)] expr.adv: strung out. l/M– comp.root: water. (Used only rih- , to chase right on the heelsr.r. in compounds, such as: 'rihs˙r˙m otter, of'cahari-nya another. , to chase 'rihgauÚ~ rainbow, rihm˙i cooking water, far and long. r.r. khep˙i-nya, long and etc. qq.v.). flowing (as of ar.r. garment). 'ben 'beno , –l/M v.aff: 1. marker of imminence: to drag loose ends. Ðadj:r.r. 'sehl-nya, -rih‘about to,’ as in: 'ta-rih'ke\ about to belong, strung out, ridge-like'reÚ (of 'reÚ'woa nose, come. 2. marker of desiderative mood: ridge, etc.). ‘want to,’ as in: kata'kao n˙laÚ-rih'zyao~ /];–Gof vi.agt: 1. (of a woman) Which do you want to take? 'res-nyato marry. cf. 're: da-nya. 2. to marry l/M–Gof [Kh *b-ris (Mk rwi, Nis into another village, as in: 'seroÚ'da 'res'ke\ rih-nyarwyis, Gam wyi); Mag arhin- ‘numb- She married into Sera. (Loc. ). ness’] vi.pat: to tingle, prickle, go numb /]ôl;–Gof vi.pat: to -'dacrack (esp. (as of a limb from lack of blood circula- reÚ'sof î-nya\a wall); or of a mountainside about to tion). , with tingling, throbbing j˙n˙n˙n slip away in an earthslide. cf. 'c˙rki-nya. sensation. Ðvt: . /LM [Kh *b-rih (Mk bri:h, Nis rwyih); riÚh /s˙reÚ-nya]tô [Nep /]t ret] n: a metal file. Him (Tib dri-ma, Mag ris-ke ‘get dirty’); ret˙Ú , to file (lit. ‘apply a file’). TB *ri(y)] n: dirt, filth. , (intensive). , 'kahndirty, filthy.kahno ret˙ / 'l˙i-nya]+t n: joy, happiness. oreÚt˙e~ 'zoÚ'ke\ u-riÚh, pure, 'leo without filth. 2. reÚt˙~ He leaped for joy. pollution,u-riÚh 'maleo contamination. 3. (in: /Tof+] n: a person having a low ) vt: (of a shaman) to makeriÚh 'reÚtya~nose-bridge. Ðset: . Ðadj: andum'na-nya ecstatic night journey to the entrance , low, depressedp~a:cya:h (of the nose-reÚt-~ of the underworld to gather up evil spells bridge).yaso and omens which have been directed /]j} /]j } expr.adv: back and rew˙i rew˙i Kham Dictionary 275 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ against his patient. Ðset: . (Obj. can be ‘stone’ or ‘wall’ '/LM [Kh *ri:h; Himk Éï:h-nya*di (Mag Îi, w/o .) 'lÐuÚ~pass.part: bahrna, laid. r|îÚhChep ti÷, Rw≥ ti); TB *ti(y)] n: water. 'buhlie-lai rihm's\îu bahrna rihm'swall laidîu\ by a Ðn: 1. the water or fluid inherent mason. to s.th.-r|îÚh (as fruit juice, soup broth, etc.) l/d}M [Kh *rihmun < *ri:h ‘water’ 2. rain, when snow was expected, in: rihm˙i+ *mun ‘warm’ (Mk rihmw~î)] n: (in u-rîÚh| waz˙ 'hu'ke\ Only rain came. cooking) heated water to which the meal 1. /LM–Gof [Kh *s-p-ri (Mk is added. riÚh-nyasphre, Gam pri:÷)] vt: (Agt. ) to whip, l/Mdf5¬Dt“" [ < ri:h ‘water’ lash. , with stroke after-e stroke. rihma'ch+ ma ‘feminine—umt~uÚ ’ + 'ch˙m ‘bridge’ + tu≥ p˙t˙ p˙t˙ , to be susceptible to a ‘pillar’] prop.n: a wooden bridge which riÚh'swhipping\î nihnya (lit. ‘begging a whipping’). constitutes the main entrance into the vil- Ðpass.part: , whipped. 'syakorae lage of Taka. (The bridge has special riÚh's\îu whippedriÚh's \îuby a scourge. religious and ceremonial significance. 2. /LM–Gof vt: (Obj. w/o Any place beyond the bridge is outside riÚh-nya) to treat a rope so that it'c willeÚh~ not the confines of the village and becomes untwist-lai (by rubbing it back and forth the repository of ceremonial impurity Ð around a post). cf. u-r'kil s˙ih-nya. burial sites, scape-goat sacrifice, the place l/Mrf ] 3frf ] n: an evil spell for depositing evil omens, the road to rihcocast gahcoby a witch or evil spirit. the underworld, etc.). l/M5f ] [ < *ri:h ‘water’ + *chos-nya '/LMDbf [Kh *rihm; Him *rihm 'rihm'da rihcho‘to thirst’] n: thirst. also: rihchos. (Sh rhimrhim); TB *rim] temp.adv: to- , to slake one’s thirst. rihcho wards dusk, in the evening. , towards evening.'rihm'da s˙ih-nya 'l/Mufp “ [ < *ri:h ‘water’ + Ðadj: 'rihm'da , (of a time) towards 'rihga*gwah≥uÚ~ ‘circle’ (Mk rihgwah)]~ n: rain- evening.'rihm'da'≥ao bow.

'l/Mu¬n [ < *ri:h ‘water’ + *guhl '/LMDs [Kh *rihm; Him *rihm 'rihmk˙(Sh rhimrhim); TB *rim] at 'rihgul‘snake’] n: water snake. Ðgen: temp.adv: . rwihza dusk, in the evening. , at about dusk. p˙te 'rihmrak˙ 'hu'ni'rihmrak˙Come at about wanza 'l/MhfgL n: early morning. cf. dusk. Ðadj: , (of) evening time. 'rihjani'ch˙kalnya. l/Md¬n'rihm'kao [ < *ri:h ‘water’ + (Nep) 'l/Msf]/fnLM [ < *ri:h ‘water’ rihmul*mul ‘spring’] n: water spring. rihkoral+ *koralihîh— ‘peach’] n: a fruit resembling a blackberry. /LMª \ /LMª\ (var. of: , rihqv.)≥ rih≥ 'reÚh-r~ eÚh~ 'l/Mvf/ [ < *ri:h ‘water’ + *khar [Kh *rihp (Kot riu)] the rihkhar‘center’] n: an island in a river. /LMk\ n: rihpwhorl or flywheel on the shaft of a spindle /LMd\–Gof [Kh *b-rihm (Mk (for spinning wool). cf. 'taku. rihm-nyabrihm)] vt: to lay or construct a wall. 276 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ /LMk\–Gof vi.pat: to be even, l/l/ (in: , qv.) rihp-nyalevel, of the same height (as of floor or riri l/; [Nep]s˙raÚ n: riri anger. , to ceiling joists). , to rain risbe angry (lit. ‘anger to boil’).ris co-nya , universally. rihp-d˙ 'wa-nya, to sprout belonging to one’s wrath oru-ris ill-favor. co'wo evenly. Ðadj:rihp-d˙ p˙riÚ-nya . , (Spr. ) (of anger) to abate. 'l/M;/drihbo, [Kh rihp *sr˙m rihbo (Nis rih- ris 'si-nya -t˙, to appease another’s 'rihs˙r˙mslim); TB *sram] n: river otter. Ðgen: anger.u-ris s˙ihdya-nya— . /L; n: a man’s first wife. cf. 'chin. rwihza wanza'l/M;Ln–'tLM [ < *ri:h ‘water’ + 'ris , offspring of one’s first rihsilt*siltihîh— ‘type of bird’] n: Brown Dipper. wife.'ris bat˙ni'kao— , White Capped River l/l;–Gof [Nep l/;fpg ' risaunu] Chat.'thap˙lya Ðgen: rihsilt îh— . 'risi-nyavi.pat: to become angry. , 'l/;M 'baza-biza [ < *ri:h ‘water’ + *s˙k to become angry with s.o.'risidya-nya Ðrelated 'rihs‘breathïÚÉ ’] n: sacred water. (Used in certain words: '≥˙i-nya to lose one’s temper (esp. shamanic ceremonies, and also sprinkled during horseplay), 'yuÚ~ co-nya to be an- on the head of a sacrificial animal to gry, 'yuÚ~ 'j˙hm-j˙hm 'ta-nya to be infuri- determine its acceptability to the gods.) ated, 'yuÚ~ kola kola 'ta-nya to become irate. cf. 'wan-nya. l/tf]ô [Nep l/Qf] ritto] adj: empty, '/LM :ofô :of]ô n: (shamanic, ritoÚunoccupied, void. cf. 'khali, dahso. 'riÚhin chant)syaÚ syoÚ the name of a place near the l/yf n: Adam’s apple. entrance to the underworld, in: 'ritha l/yf afg (see ). . 'riÚh syaÚ ritha / ô'ban n: charcoal made in'ban a kiln for the syoÚ, 'h~aÚ chyaÚ chyoÚ l/h ¬ n: a large rope made of bamboo rïÚÉ smithy. also: 'gol. 'riju(used for dragging logs, etc). Ðset: . p–/M n: the woof threads of a 'ce:h~ l/nfô n: Himalayan Silver Birch. (u)-rloom.ÉïÚh cf. u-thul. Ðset: . rilaÚ zila:. cf. 1. /M–Gof [Kh'tana *r˙hk (Nis r˙:h, /Ld n: year. , one year (not rÉïÚh-nya-r˙hk-, Luk r˙hg, Seram r˙hk-); Him *dak rim t˙rimk˙ long ago). , the year before (Tib 'thag-pa, Mag dak-ke); TB *trak] t˙rim'kao sal last. , one year long ago. vt: to weave. Ðpass.part: , wo- t˙rim t˙rim≥˙ Ðnum.clsf: duration of one year, as in: ven. c˙hle rÉïÚh's\îu woven withrÉïÚh's bamboo.\îu t˙rimone year, nehrim two years, s~oÚhrim 2 . /M–Gof v.sta: to be smooth, three years, etc. rÉïÚh-nyalevel. Ðadj: . cf. rihp-nya.

/Lg [Nep C0f ‹i˘] n: debt. ant. 1. '/“M [KhrÉïÚh'w *b-r˙h≥—o (Mk br~ah, Nis rinkach˙. , to incur a debt. 'rïÚh~rwøh);~ Him (Tib byas-ldan-bya)] n: Im- rin 'lagi-nya l/g ¬ n: a tendrilous weed especially peyan Pheasant, or Danphe (the national 'rinu ruinous to wheat crops. bird of Nepal). Ðgen: . /L/ªu¬ln n: an edible fern. cf. 'sya: 'ba: 'riphumir≥guli ta:. Kham Dictionary 277 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 2. '/“M [Kh *b-r˙h≥ (Mk b˙rah,~ Bhj /f–] deictic.prim: up, as in: ro'da— 'rïÚh~br~˙h, Nis r˙~oh, -or~˙h, Mht r˙h≥); Him ro-upward, rok˙ at a higher place, ru'n—î from *s-rwa≥ (Mag -rha≥, Chep ro≥÷, Khal above, etc., qq.v. gro≥); TB *rwa≥] n: horn, antler. cf. –/f] v.aff: tag question marker, as in: sya'rï:h.~ , to charge -'roo'bao-'ro He went, did he? ao-'ro This headlong,'r impulsivelyïÚh~ 'thaÚd˙~ ('ba-nyalit. ‘go with horns one? lowered’). /f]ô n: (in southern dialects only) a '/“M–Gof [Kh *r˙h≥; Him *da≥ roÚstatement, spoken matter. cf. pa:.~ 'r~ïÚh-nya (Mag Îa≥-khe, Kai ra≥); TB *mra≥] vt: /f]ô–Gof vi.pat: to become raspy 1. to see, behold. cf. 'cyu:-nya. 2. to roÚ-nya(of the voice). view as. cao ≥a'rïÚh'ni'zya~ You are beau- /fbf] loc: upwards. Ðadj: , tiful to me ( ‘I see you as beautiful’). lit. ro'dthea— upward one. ro'da'— ≥ao , to despise, contemn. /f]uf] df“b (see ). helaÐpass.part: r~ïÚh-nya , seen. 'miÚye rogo m ~aÚd˙ [Nep r˙≥] j color,~aÚd˙ m paint.~aÚd˙ 'r~ïÚh's\îu eye witnessed.'rïÚh's~ îu\ /f]uf]g n: 'rogon , to paint, apply color. /“Mlr lklrp [ < *'rï:h~ ‘Dan- 'rogon 'l˙i-nya a churn. Ð , a rïÚhci~ phe’ 'piciu+ *'piciu ‘small walnut’] n: any /fM] n: num.suff: roÚhchurnful. one churnful, -roÚh of several species of Sunbird. Ðgen: , toroÚh nehroÚh

. two churnfuls, etc.

'baza-biza /Mhf [ < *rÉï:h ‘weave’ + *ja: /fM–Gof] vt: (w/o ). to churn roÚh-nya for extracting ghee. -lai(Obj. is only rïÚhjaÉ ‘implement’] n: weaving instruments, 'd˙hi: ‘milk,’ even though churning parts of the loom. also: jasî:.~ Ðset: . har'nw.) ~îÚ , with a steady '/“Mv“" n: Snow Cock. 'tanaÐgen: 'd˙hiÚchurning motion.guÚhr guÚhr 2. to rebuke a person. 'r~ïÚhkh~uÚ . Ðpass.part: , churned. 'sya: 'ba: /“M/Øf n: 1. roosting place of roÚh's /f]MlN;–Gof\îu vi.pat: ( rïÚhrya~ the Danphe Pheasant. 2. name of the rohl's‘tongueî-nya\ ’) to stutter, stammer. cf. serohl.seÚ country at the high point between Dhor- patan and Sera. /f]Md\–Gof vi.pat: to deteriorate rohm-nyafrom illness. Ðset: . /“ô gfd [ ? < Tib ro≥ ‘Nepal’] tah-nya [Kh *rok (Ses 'rïÚ~prop.n: 'nam the villages and area around /f]Ml;–Gof roÚh's\î-nya Hukam and Maikot, acclaimed to be the *rok < ro:÷, -rok- ‘searched’); TB *m- first Kham settlements south of the Hi- ruôk ‘steal’] vi.agt: to rummage through malayas. a place, ransack (usu. with the intent to steal). , looking everywhere. /“ô:ofn prop.n: male inhabitant s˙r sap 'rïÚsyal~of the village of Ra≥si. , female /f–s] loc: at the top. Ðadj: , rok˙ ro'kao— inhabitant of the village'r ofïÚsyalni~ Ra≥si. the one at the top. a bit further up. /ªf\ ô [Kh *r-≥a; Mag ba≥a; TB *l-≥a] /f]s;} loc: rok˙'s˙i r≥num:aÚ five (only in Mk and Bhj dialects). 278 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , to barter (lit. –?ô (see ). rok˙'s˙i mek˙'s˙i 'j˙i-nya ‘make (price) up and down’). Ðadj: -'ruÚ ?lu [Nep'uruÚ rogi] n: sickly, diseased, , the one higher up. 'rugipoor in health. o'zaÚr˙ paîÚh~ 'rugi 'lizyar˙ rok˙'s˙i'kao /fsf] prop.n: one of the four sub- All his children are sickly. 'roka tribes of Northern Magars who speak ?u¬d prop.n: the village of Ru- Kham as their mother tongue; Roka. 'rugumkumkot, from which Rukum District de- /fsf+] n: a bitter herb of commercial rives its name. , male inhabit- 'r~oÚkavalue. ant of Rukumkot.'rugumya , female /fn] [Nep-Eng] n: type, order, inhabitant of Rukumkot.'rugumyani 'rolsuccession. 'r˙ma pur˙nc˙ne o'rol'ni'kao ?“M–Gof [Kh *ruh≥; Him *du≥ after the order of Shaman Puranchan. r~uÚh-nya(Chep dun, Kai Êu≥, Thak ‹u≥] v.sta: /f–n] loc: in the area at the top. 1. to be thick (of dimension). 2. dense rol˙Ðadj: , (of) the area on top. (as of crops). cf. 'ci:'wo. Ðadj: . ro'lao /fnf] /fnf] expr.adv: inflicted '?uf [Nep ?3f rugha]r ~uÚh'w n: the—o 'rolawith 'rola hives, itching welts. 'ruhgacommon cold, influenza. /f–ª] loc: around the top. Ðadj: ?Mn\–Gof vi.pat: (of a sore) to ro≥˙ , (of) around the top. ruhl-nyaheal over. cf. luhm-nya. ro'≥ao— /fÅ–t] loc: on the upper side ?Md\–Gof [Him (Chep rum- roph˙t˙(of two). Ðadj: , the upper ruhm-nya‘close up’)] vi.pat: 1. (of ‘the one. roph˙'t, the ao— village of Up- menstrual cycle’) to cease; passbeth˙ the age per Sera.roph˙'tao— 'sero of childbearing. 2. (Instr. ) weakened /f]Åtfj ;]/fô] prop.n: by illness. -e. roph˙'taothe Kham-Magar 'seroÚ village of Upper Sera, '?MDabeth˙-e¬ [Him ruhm'k *du≥e\ (Sh do≥bu, Rukum District, approx. pop. 700. (S.I. 'ruhmbuThak Êuh≥, Kai Êa≥pu] n: any great Seragaon.)— tree. cf. 's~î:. /f–t] loc: on the top. Ðadj: , '?Md '?Md expr.adv: quietly rot˙the one on the top. ro'tao— 'ruhmmumbling. 'ruhm , to speak in /fjf] [Kh *r-wa (Mk rwa, Nis low tones. r.r. p~aÚ-nya 'rowarwa, Gam wa÷); Mag arua; TB *r-pwa] '?Md ?dM–Gof} vi.agt: n: axe. 'ruhmto grumble, ruhm˙i-nya complain. /fjf] aftLM [< *r-wa ‘axe’ + ?Mk\–Gof [Kh *ruhp; Him (Tib 'rowa*ba ‘batihbird’] n: Hoopoe, a bird with ruhp-nyadrub-pa, Mag rup-, Chep rup-, Thak Êu- axe-like head feathers. Ðgen: . hp); TB d-rup] vt: 1. to sew, stitch. /tf\ ô [Kh *r-ta; Him *r-ta'baza-biza (Tib rta, , quickly w/o care, as a tem- r'taÚKai Êa, Thak ta)] n: horse (archaic except porarytarap t˙r˙pmeasure. 2. to close or shut (esp. in Hukam and Maikot dialects). cf. 'gohra. a door). cf. g˙l-nya. , slam shut. Ðpass.part: gahrla ,gohrlo sewn, shut. ruhp's\îu Kham Dictionary 279 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ yahm ruhp'sîu\ 'ta'ke The door was shut. 'rupi's\îu 's~îÚ tree planted on a (trail side) Ðrelated words: 'korop-nya close a hole rest stand. by sewing the edges together, 'mokot˙i- ?lkof [Nep ?lkof“ rupiya]~ n: a nya close a hole by darning. 'rupiyarupee; money. , protection ?M;\ [Kh *s-rus (Mk syaruhs, Gam money. picha 'rupiya ruhsruih, Ses rui); Him *s-rus (Mag mi-rhus, ?K:of n: 1. an attractive bull or Chep hrus, Kai suru); TB *rus] n: bone. 'rupsyacow. 2. an attractive, comely child. Ðset: cf. 'syaruhs. . Ðadj: , attractive, ?lh–Gof [Nep /fHg] ' rojnu] vt: ppretty,~a:cya:h comely (esp.rupsyaso of a child). 'ruji-nyato pick out, select, choose among several. ?O{M [Kh *b-s-rut (Mk bri-za, Bhj Ðset: . Ðpass.part: , rwiÚhbrut, Nis ruht, Kot lui); Chep juy, Mag chosen,'ch selected.a:ti-nya~ 'ruji'sîu\ bu ‘bug,’ lawat ‘leech’; TB *r-wat ?n–Gof [Kh *b-rul (Mk brul); ‘leech’] n: a bug or insect. , rul-nyaHim (Chep tul÷-); TB *r-tul] vt: 1. to a dung maggot. 'kiÚ, a rwiÚhwood roll (as a mat). 2. to roll up in a mat. grub. 'sîÚ'lao~ , a caterpillar. rwiÚh Ðvi: , to turn, curl (as of a jusulyah, a grub rwiÚh found in decayed wood.'ka- kniferul's edge).î-nya\ Ðpass.part: , rolled Ðbugen: rwiÚh . up, curled. rul'sîu\ rwihza ?O{M–Gof wanza vi.pat: to be full of ?d–Gof [Kh *rum] vt: 1. to rwiÚh-nyamaggots. , eaten full of rum-nyagrind to powder, pulverize. , holes, aboutkh˙rle to collapse kh˙rle (as a cornstalk); (of hard things) pound to smallerkutu grains. kutu honey-combed. , bug eaten, , to pulverize fine. 2. to smash full of maggots (ofb˙g˙ food). b˙g˙ ('n˙pesp. 'n˙pa body part, such as a finger). ?OMhfé jfGhfé [Kh (Gam , smash or pound soft thingskocya (as rwihzarwija gyanja,wanza Mk ghul bri-za)] gen.n: garlic),kocya to pulverize. Ðpass.part: insects, worms, snakes, lizards. Ðinsects, , mashed, pulverized. 'chuml˙ bugs, and worms of this class: jusulyah rum's\îu\îuground in a mortar. rwiÚh caterpillar, 'kabu m˙laÚ earth grub, ?dfn [Nep] n: a small piece of 'kabu rwiÚh wood grub, 'kiÚ rwiÚh dung- 'rumalcloth such as a towel, scarf, rag, hand- maggot, m˙k˙rah spider, m˙l˙Ú weevil, kerchief, etc. 'p˙rgil worm, p˙tiÚ leech, 'purjumti ant, ?lg loc: 1. down from the top. 2. rwiÚh bug, 'sa≥ula centipede. Ðanimals ru'nion the upper side. Ðadj: , the of this class: chep˙raÚ smooth-skinned one on the upper side. ru'ni'kao lizard, 'daÚ~ python, 'guhl snake,

?lk–Gof [Nep /fKg] ' ropnu] vt: jeÚhp˙lyat~ îh— rough-skinned lizard,

'rupi-nya1. to plant a seedling. 2. (fig) to adopt a nyurtih salamander, 'rihgul water snake,

son, put him in line of inheritance. 'rihs˙r˙m river otter. Ðset: ya's—ÉïÚ 'leo Ðpass.part: , planted. 'n˙it˙ all living beings. (See 'sï:)É 'rupi'sîu\ b˙hri, 280 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ /jf\ ª] ls /jf\ ª] expr.adv: in: s˙cheÚ-nya to frighten < che:-nya ‘be rwounrestrained.≥ ki rwo≥ , to sing loudly frightened;’ s˙gah-nya to scorch < gah- and unrestrained.r.r. 'g˙i-nya nya ‘be scorched,’ etc. –/Øf v.aff: 1. future tense marker –; case: the comitative case marker: -ryawith plural actor, as in: 'j˙i-rya They’ll -s˙‘with,’ as in: onana-s˙ 'ba'ke\ He went make it. (A contraction of + .) 2. with his elder sister. Ðadj: , affil- (with interrogative) past -r˙tense-ya marker iated with, allied to, as in:-s˙'kao 'geÚs˙-'kaor˙ with plural actor, as in: ma'j˙i-rya Did those allied with us, '≥aÚs˙-'kao the one they make it? with me, etc. /Øfô n: Serow (a game animal). ;e/fô–Gof vt: to thin crops. ryaÚÐgen: . s˙b˙hraÚ-nya ;a–Gof} [ < *s-ba-t] vt: to /Øf'sya:ô n: 'ba:a volume measure equivalent s˙b˙i-nyalead, steer, convey s.th. or s.o. along. 'ryaÚto about one pint. , a measure ;e}M–Gof vt: to allow wood of about one cup, a'ryaÚ half-pint. baÚh Ðset: . s˙b˙ih-nyato rot (as through neglect). Ðnum.suff: , one pint. t˙'ryaÚgooneî:~ ;'e}+M–Gof vt: 1. to attend pint, neh'ryaÚ-'ryaÚtwo pints, etc. 's˙b˙to, or~îÚh-nya humor a crying child. 2. to cause /Øfô –Gof vi.agt: (of a bird) to to agree, convince of one’s viewpoint. ryaÚ-nyaroost. ;afô–Gof vt: to increase, make '/ØfM [Kh *r-b-yah (Mk byah, s˙baÚ-nyamultiply (esp. one’s flocks). 'ryaÚhNis wyah < -oyah, Bhj wya, Gam rw- ;af1“ f;–Gof vt: to bend. yah)] n: the upper side of the thigh. cf. 's˙b~aÚgyas-nya ;AbØf (in: , qv.) sya'phal. 's˙bdya ;an–Gof] ek vt.evt: 's˙bdya (of the sky) '/Øf“M [Kh *ryah≥ (Nis ly~a:)] n: s˙bel-nyato clear, as in: a'chîm— 'n˙m s˙bel'keo To- 'ry~aÚh a bond friend. cf. n˙î:,~ m˙rya:h,~ p˙rya:h.~ day it cleared. '/Øf“Md] + n: the wives of two ;eLn–Gof vt: to cause to 'ryaÚhm~ eÚ~ bond friends. s˙bihl-nyachoke on liquid (as a baby by giving '/ØfDof 'l/ld [ < Kh liquid too fast). Ðv.evt: 'ryahmya'rihm- ‘evening 'rihmi’] expr.adv: darkened. , (of the weather)s˙bihla to be so s˙bihla hot as , to grow dark (of late to'j˙i-nya make one choke on dried tongue and evening).r.r. jyah-nya throat. /ØfNgf n: a weed which makes ;lan}–Gof vt: to melt, dissolve ryalnathe mouth slimy when put into mouth. s˙bil˙i-nyas.th.. ;Aofn–Gof vt: to fill (as a S s˙byal-nyavessel). Ðpass.part: , filled ;– [TB *s˙] v.aff: a causativizing full. Ð[Alt.root (Mks˙byal's spl~e-nya,\îu Gam s˙-prefix which can be applied productively s˙phra≥-≥ya)] to most intransitive patientive verbs, as Kham Dictionary 281 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ;'rf“M–Gof [Kh (Mk s˙pcah-~ ;5f–Gof vt: to sharpen. 's˙cnya)]~aÚh-nya vt: to make a fire blaze. Ðpass.part: s˙cha-nya ;5fg–Gof vt: (shamanic) to , caused to blaze. s˙chan-nyaceremonially purify or cleanse. Ðv.refl: 's˙c~aÚh's\îu ;r]d–Gof vt: to cause one to , to purify oneself. s˙cem-nyahave a distressing nightmare. (Subj. is s˙chan's\î-nya ;5]ô–Gof vt: 1. to frighten. either ‘spirits’ or nonexplicit.) s˙cheÚ-nyavar. s˙ce:-nya. 2. to threaten or warn. 'zyaÚh ;lr–Gof [Kh (Mk s˙p˙i-nya)] Ðpass.part: , frightened, threat- s˙ci-nyavt: to allow meat or fruit to rot (as through ened. s˙cheÚ's\îu neglect). ;5]/–Gof vt: to allow food ;lrk [Nep ;lra s˙cib] n: village s˙cher-nyato grow cold. s˙cipsecretary or scribe (in panchayat system). ;5Lk–Gof vt: 1. to allow ;rLu¬{n–Gof vt: to cause a s˙chip-nyapumpkins or squash to ripen on the vine. s˙cirgul-nyarope to knot by twisting too tightly. 2. to allow an animal to grow to full size ;lrl/–Gof vt: to dilute, water for slaughter. 3. to ferment beer malt. s˙ciri-nyadown. ;b}–Gof vt: 1. to make meet ;Rofô–Gof vt: to wear down s˙d˙i-nya(as in building a road from both ends s˙cyaÚ-nyawith work, make gaunt. , (in- and meeting in the center). 2. to bring tensified). huli huli two parties together for conference. ;'Rof“M–Gof vt: 1. to make Ðpass.part: , brought together, s˙d˙i'sîu\ s˙'cyupright.~aÚh-nya 2. to help s.o. to his feet. introduced. Ðpass.part: , made to stand. ;bk–Gof vt: to pour liquid s˙'cy~aÚh's\îu, ‘He was made s˙d˙p-nyaso as to pour back over the lip of a pot. toya stand≥ahk˙ before s˙'cy them.~aÚh's\îu’ Ðvi: . d˙p's\î-nya ;Rof/–Gof vt: to grind corn ;bf“–Gof vt: to straighten. s˙cyar-nyain such a way as to cause the grains to s˙dÐpass.part:~aÚ-nya , straightened. pop back out of the intake hole. (Usu. ;bf/–Gofs˙d~aÚ's\îu vt: to punish (lit. with the negative imperative: s˙dar-nya‘give a taste to’). ma'khi'niu, t˙khep .) tasc- s˙darke He won’t obey you, give him a yar'yo ;Ro"ô–Gof vt: to wet. cf. taste (of punishment). Ðpass.part: s˙cyuÚ-nyachim-nya. , punished. s˙dar's\îu ;5}+–Gof vt: 1. to cleanse, ;bf;–Gof vt: to empty s˙ch˙purify,~îÚ-nya shine (as a pot). 2. to cleanse s˙das-nya ;w]d–Gof vt: to lower. ceremonially. , to cere- s˙dehm-nyaÐpass.part: , lowered. monially cleanses˙ch˙ oneself,îÚ's~ î-nya\ go through pu- ;bs˙dehm's]:of [Nep\îu ;b:o s˙d˙sy˙ rification rites. Ðpass.part: , s˙desya‘member’] n: vice head of village ward purified in a rite. s˙ch˙îÚ's~ , bap-îu\ (in panchayat system). cf. ˙d˙kchya. tized. riÚhl˙ s˙ch˙îÚ's~ îu\ 282 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ;b“ô–Gof vt: to cause a pot to ;ufn–Gof vt: to get one’s s˙doverflow~ïÚ-nya before being cooked (by putting s˙gal-nyaclothes dirty; soil clothing (in: in too much raw meal). ). Ðv.bt: , 'kwaÚto get ;3/–Gof vt: to cause to cry. anothers˙gal-nya’s clothes dirty.s˙galdya-nya s˙g˙hr-nya , to make one another cry ;3]M–Gof vt: to make cow’s (ass˙g˙hr's by embracingî-nya\ when about to separate). s˙geÚh-nyamilk drop by stimulating with nursing var. s˙g˙r's\î-nya. Ðpass.part: calf (in: ). , made to cry. 'nw ;uLn–Gof~îÚ s˙geÚh-nya vt: to cause s.o. to s˙g˙hr's îu\ ;u}–Gof vt: to catch in a trap, s˙gil-nyawalk quickly. s˙g˙i-nyato make jam (as a door). Ðpass.part: ;uL;–Gof vt: to increase the , ensnared. s~îÚl˙ s˙g˙i's\îu stuck s˙gis-nyaweight of s.th. (as a load). Ðpass.part: s˙g˙i'sin a tree.îu\ , made heavy, weighted down. ;u}–Gof [Nep ;ufpg ' s˙gaunu] s˙gis's\îu ;uô–Gof vt: to set out to 's˙g˙i-nyavt: to help, give aid to. cf. 'gaih 'goi s˙ghardenÉïÚ-nya or solidify (as ghee). 'j˙i-nya. ;'3jf\ M–Gof“ vt: to make a ;un–Gof vt: to cause s.o. to s˙'gwhole~aÚh-nya in s.th., puncture, perforate. s˙g˙l-nyahurry. , make full of holes.'totona ;un“ô–Gof vt: to lay on its bobona , to reveal someonep~’aÚs s˙g˙lstomachïÚ-nya~ (as a child). secret.s˙'gw~aÚhdya-nya Ðpass.part: , punc- ;uk ;uk expr.adv: entered tured. s˙'gw~aÚh's\îu s˙g˙pby hordes. s˙g˙p , to be covered ;'3ØfM–Gof“ vt: to lay down (inside clothing)s.s. zip's by î-nya\biting insects. s˙'gy(as ~aaÚh-nya child). ;u/–Gof vt: to leave s.o. ;'3Øfd–Gof vt: to redden, s˙g˙r-nyastuck (as in a tree). s˙'gyahm-nyamake red hot. Ðpass.part: , ;u/f“–Gof vt: to heal, cure. reddened. s˙'gyahm'sîu\ 'jïÚh~s˙'gyahm'sred hot iron.\îu s˙g˙r~aÚ-nya , swiftly and completely. ;'3ØfM–Gof] vt: to enlarge. halÐpass.part:~aÚ hol~oÚ , healed. s˙'gyoÚh-nya , to magnify ;u/s˙g˙r“ô–GofaÚ's~ îu\ vt: to get sufficient someone'min s˙'gyoÚhdya-nya’s name, praise. Ðpass.part: s˙g˙rsleepïÚ-nya~ (in: ). , enlarged. s˙'gyoÚh's\îu u'min s˙'gy- 'miÚr˙;uf“–Gof s˙g˙r vt:ïÚ-nya~ to cause or be , ‘His name is praised.’ oÚh'sîu\ 'lizya s˙gresponsible~aÚ-nya for s.o. becoming stiff from ;'3Øf]Ml;–Gof v.refl: to the cold (as by not giving him proper s˙'gyoÚh'sact proudly,\î-nya self importantly. , clothing). puffed up with self importance.baÚ baÚ s˙'gy- ;3f–Gof [Kh (Mk zg˙i, Gam , to boast, brag. oÚh's\îd˙ p~aÚ-nya s˙gah-nyas˙gha)] vt: 1. to scorch food. ;3Ø“"M–Gof vt: to frighten a , much. 2. to consume by fire (p˙t˙esp. s˙gypheasant~uÚh-nya to dive from a cliff. flesh).p˙t˙ Ðpass.part: , scorched. ;xg n: a brass horn with a reed s˙gah's\îu 's˙h˙n˙ Kham Dictionary 283 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ mouthpiece. sywŸo); Mag sya-ke; TB *sey] vi.pat: 1. ;x/ [Nep zx/ sh˙h˙r] n: to go to seed, bear fruit. 's˙h˙rcity. , hanging in clusters.jahndya ni juhndi g~aÚtha 2. ;x/ n: a broad, well marked , in large knots (like millet). g~aÚtha 's˙h˙rtrail. , a , hanging in clusters. tyarl1 aÚ~ terloÚ~ foolishkah' venture—em 's˙h˙r (lit. ‘ dog-trailmah'—em highway,'s˙h˙r . ;} [Kh *r-sat (Mk rs˙i, Nis rsat, loss-trail highway’). 's˙iBhj sat, Gam s˙‰÷); Mag sat] n: comb. 2 ;xl;Nof n: a lively person, . ;} [Kh *p-set (Mk se:, Nis syo); 's˙h˙silyalife-of-the-party. Ðset: . 's˙iHim (Chep say÷); TB *sey] n: fruit, ;xLô [Nep] n: psignature.~a:cya:h berry, seed. , to bear, yield 's˙i jaÚh-nya s˙hiÚ , to apply one’s signature.s˙hiÚ fruit. 3 jaÚh-nya 1. ;lx–Gof [Nep ;xg' s˙h˙nu] . ;} n: sense, meaning. cf. ˙rth˙, 's˙i 's˙hi-nyavt: to endure, have patience with. 'manya. , (of words) sensible, o's˙i 'leo , to endure trouble, pain.dukh˙ discerning. , (of words) senseless. o's˙i 'maleo 's˙hi-nya 2. ;lx–Gof [Nep ;xfpg' ' 's˙hi-nyasuhaunu] vt: to suit someone, be be- ;}–Gof [Kh *r-sat (Mk rs˙i, Nis 's˙i-nya coming to the person. 'no 'kwaÚye nïÚlai~ rsat, Bhj sat, Seram sat-); Him *sat (Mag ma's˙hi'niu That clothing doesn’t suit saÊ, Tib sad-pa)] vt: to comb another’s you.) hair. , to comb one’s own hair. 's˙i'sî-nya\ ;xôbØf–Gof v.bt: to bring s˙hpeaceÉïÚdya-nya to a region, remove danger. 'no –; } loc.case: the orientative case -'s˙i hud˙ ci s˙hÉïÚdya'si'keo He came and marker (see .) -k˙'s˙i brought peace to us. ;}+ [Kh *s˙n] interrog: expresses s˙~îÚ ';M/ [Kh *s˙hr; Him *sar (Mag the alternative: ‘or.’ h˙i s˙~îÚ maÚhk—˙ yes

's˙hrsar, Chep syar, Kan sar, Kai syarip)] n: or no. Ðcoord: whether, if. 'n˙m 'wae Goral; goat-antelope. Ðgen: . s˙~îÚ ≥a'lizya I’m wondering whether it might not rain. ';M/–Gof [Kh *p-s˙r'sya: (Mk 'ba: ps˙r, 's˙hr-nyaGam s˙r)] vt: to write. Ðvi: , ;}+–Gof [Kh *s˙n; Him *syen s˙~îÚ-nya to have one’s name recorded.'s˙hr's Ðpass.part:î-nya\ (Chep syan, Sun sy~e, Nw sena) TB , written, recorded. *(m-)kyen] vt.sta: to know something, know how. (Obj. marked by , .) 's˙hr's 1. ;} îu\ n: laughter. , funny, , knowingly, deliberately.-o -nya s˙ihumorous, comical (esp.s˙i hai'woof a person). s˙Ðvt:îÚ'zyaot˙~ 1. to learn, b˙ acquire knowledge of , (same, esp. of a matter). something. 2. (with imperative) deter- s˙i 2. 'h ;~uÚ'wo} [Nep ;o s˙y] n: a hundred. mine, figure out. 'jeÚz˙ s˙îÚ'cyo~ You figure s˙i , one-hundred. [Nep it out for yourselves. s˙ik˙‹a],t˙-s˙i per-hundred, percent.s˙i k˙ra ;}M–Gof [Kh *saht (Bhj s˙ht, ;}–Gof [Kh *p-se (Mk pse:, Bhj s˙ih-nya s˙i-nya Nis s˙ht, Seram s˙ht-); Him (Mag sat-ke, 284 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Chep sat-, Chan sar-); TB *g-sat] vt: door). (Obj. is singular and can include 1. to kill. 2. to extinguish a light or fire. or .) cf. jor˙i- 3. to quench thirst, satiate hunger. 4. to nya.'paÚ'wo-lai kyah'wo-lai, to clench the teeth. appease anger. 5. to neutralize the twist 'haÚ ;h; s˙j˙m-nya [Nep s˙h˙j˙] adv: with in a rope, in: . 6. to 's˙j˙s˙ease. ur'kil s˙ih-nya finish s.th. another has started, in: ;hf [Nep ;hfo s˙jay] n: punishment. 'thali- . 7. to cheat s.o., extort s˙ja , to receive punishment. ulai s˙ih-nya money. Ð , in a ruinous way, putting s˙ja d˙i-nya, to administer punishment. s˙ja out of business.'b˙rïÚÉ Ðv.refl: , to ya-nya ;'e]+mM–Gof vt: to raise, elevate commit suicide. s˙ih's\î-nya , s˙'j(as~eÚh-nya a wall). Ðpass.part: , ele- to work hard at somethings˙ih'sî'wa\ ( 'j˙i's ‘killî-nya\ one- lit. vated. s˙'j, encouraged.eÚh's~ îu\ self off’). s˙ih's\î wa 'j˙i's\îd˙ t˙'chaÚt˙ z˙ u'y~uÚ 1. s˙'j ;e~eÚh'smnf] –Gof+] \îu vt: to loosen, 'khem'keo\ Killing himself off he finished s˙jehlcause~oÚ-nya to become slack. it in one day. Ð , slain, pass.part: 2 (did not die of its own accord).s˙ih's\îu . ;e]mnf]+–Gof vt: to slide s˙jehlpoles~oÚ-nya down a hill. cf. suzyuhl-nya. ;nf} ] [Nep soilo] n: the vertical s˙ilopins on a yoke which fit on either side ;lhnf] [Nep] adv: easy, not 's˙jilodifficult to do. of the oxen’s neck. Ðset: . (of weath- ;}+Gof adj: knowledgable,'gohr know- ;µØf–Gof vt.evt: s˙jyah-nya s˙ing,~îÚnya having awareness. , er) to make the sky dark, in: 'n˙m s˙jyah- to become aware, come ‘s˙intoîÚnya~ the 'ta-nyaknow.’ nya Ðv.bt: , to cause one’. s companions s˙jyahdya-nya to be overtaken by , (esp. of a shaman) s˙having~îÚnya know-how, g˙r~aÚnya experienced, skilled. nightfall (by wasting time on the way, etc). Ðset: . to feed meat to u-hil ; hai'wo}l;–Gof (see ). ;s}–Gof v.bt: s˙k˙i-nyas.o. obabulai sya'k˙riÚ s˙k˙i'k\eo He fed 's˙i'sî-nya\ ;}+l;–Gof vi.pat:'s˙i-nya 1. to wake meat to his father. Ðpass.part: , s˙up.~îÚ's \î-nya 2. (of a person) to come out of a given meat to eat. s˙k˙i'sîu\ fever. 3. (of a crop) to begin coming out of sterility. ;snL [Nep ;SsnL s˙kk˙li] adj: s˙k˙ligenuine, good quality. ant. . ; +} :jL+ô [Nep sun-san] expr.adv: ( n˙k˙li of sheep) s˙lonely,îÚ~ swîÚ~ quiet, uninhabited. Ðadj: ;s/f“–Gof vt: esp. s˙k˙r~aÚ-nya . s˙~îÚ to cause weakness in young by refusing to nurse. sw~îÚ'w—o ;yfg+} (in: , to make 's˙qv.)~îÚthan 'sakha 's˙~îÚthan ;s/fd–Gof vt: s˙k˙ram-nyacloth scorching hot by the fire. ;hd–Gof [Him (Chep j˙m÷- [Nep ‘difficulty’] pressure, s˙j˙m-nya‘keep mouth closed’)] vt: to rejoin bro- ;s; n: s˙k˙s ken halves (e.g. rejoin the broken halves stress, tension. , (of ill- s˙k˙s 'j˙i-nya of a pot, weld metal, realign a warped ness) to cause great distress, bring close Kham Dictionary 285 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ to death. , to pressure ;Sof/–Gof vt: (Obj. ) s.o. (as in as˙k˙s sales khya-nyapitch). s˙kyar-nyato weave so that the woof is out of'tana kilter. –;sfj (see ). ;sØ“"–Gof vt: to remove the -s˙'kao ;sfkNof;–Gof-s˙ vt: to s˙kyhead~uÚ-nya of an axe or other instrument by s˙kap˙lyas-nyabreak a pot in half. tapping the handle on the ground. ;sfKRof;–Gof vt: to 1. ;v}–Gof [Kh *kh˙t; Him s˙kapcyas-nyafork something (esp. of a blacksmith who s˙kh˙i-nya*khat (Mag khat-ke, Chep khat- fails to take the wrinkle out of a piece of ‘match’)] vt: 1. to match, align, arrange. metal, thus forming a split at a critical 2. to reconcile two parties. point, as at the point of a pick-axe). , to become reconciled, ones˙kh˙i's to theî-\ ;sf ;¬/\nLôj adj: very other.nya Ðpass.part: , reconciled. s˙katall surliÚ'w(of a tree).—o 2. ;vs˙kh˙i's}–Gof vt:\îu to cause or ;s];–Gof vt: 1. to escort s.o. s˙kh˙i-nyaallow to rust. s˙kes-nyato his destination. 2. to throw s.th. hard ;v/“ô–Gof vt: 1. to toast enough to make it reach its target. s˙kh˙rmeal cakes~ïÚ-nya by the fire. 2. to parch khoigah Ðpass.part: , destination in the bottom of a pot for easy removal. reached. s˙kes's\îu 3. to cure firewood in the sun. ;ls coord: alternately, as in: s˙ki ;v;/f;–Gof vt: to grind s˙kipa'na'zya s˙ki 'zoÚ'na'zya He falls and s˙kh˙s˙ras-nyagrain so that it comes out coarse. jumps alternately. , (in: s˙ki ;vf–Gof vt: to cause s.o. to t˙r˙ ak˙'s˙i, s˙ki t˙ri s˙kihok˙'s˙i t˙r˙Part of the s˙kha-nyabe late.

time in this direction, part of the time in ;vfô–Gof vt: (Instr. ‘bone,’ that direction.) s˙khaÚ-nyaetc.) to cause s.o. to choke. ;ls–Gof vt: 1. to sound (as ;vf/–Gof vt: to make a s˙ki-nya blowing a horn). , the sound s˙khar-nyanotch (esp. in the end of a post for use k~eÚh k~eÚh of a fart. 2. (Obj. ‘crier’) as a support). to make the town herald'k˙twalya-lai announce a mes- ;v]d–Gof vt: (Obj. ) sage. , shouted out. Ðpass.part: s˙khem-nyato make a child finish his food. 'k~aÚ naÚkharl˙ s˙ki'sîu\ announceds˙ki's\îu throughout ;v];–Gof vt: to allow food village. s˙khes-nyato cool. ;Ss expr.adv: a tossing. ;Vof/–Gof vt: to make s˙kk˙ , to throw, toss. s˙kk˙ s˙khyar-nyathin. 'j˙i-nya, an assuasive gestures˙kk˙ to the 'chetto spirits,'j˙i-nya in which crumbs of food or drops of ;Vof]ô–Gof vt: to lengthen. s˙khyoÚ-nya beer are tossed into the air before eating. Ðv.evt: (in: ) to become summer'n˙m (lit. ‘s˙khyoÚ-nyato lengthen the sky’). ;lSt [Nep zlSt sh˙kti] n: power, s˙kti Ðpass.part: , lengthened. supernatural endowment. s˙khyoÚ's\îu 286 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ;Vo"ô–Gof vt: to wear s.th. counsel. , to take counsel, s˙khyuÚ-nyaout with use. discuss a's˙lla problem. da-nya , to 's˙lla ya-nya ;n n: a small splinter which gets give counsel, advice. 's˙lunder the skin. cf. zu:. ;n–;n expr.adv: tall. 's˙l-s˙l s.s. ;nô n: (shamanic) a nine-tiered , tall and straight. 'd~aÚ'wo s˙l˙Ústack of pitch pine sticks in which 'bipya ;NofMd\–Gof vt: to make 'ri:h, 'sipya 'ri:h is burned. s˙lyahm-nyasavory (esp. meat). ;nn expr.adv: swept swiftly away ;d [Nep ;Dd s˙mm˙] adv: up to s˙l˙l˙in a flood. , to sweep away s˙m˙(a point in space, time, or volume), as silently ands. swiftly. b˙g˙i-nya , to take in: s~oÚh'ryaÚ s˙m˙ jaÚh'yo Put in up to silently away. s. l~aÚ-nya three pints. ≥ama'huwa s˙m˙ ak˙ z˙ ;nfô [ < *s-la ‘leaf’ (Nis sla ‘leaf’, kîÚ'na'yo~ Until I come, wait for me here. s˙laÚs˙la ‘compost’)] n: dry leaves gathered Ð[Kh 'p˙i]. from the forest for making compost. ;d ud expr.adv: (of a , a type of frog found among fallens˙laÚ 's˙m˙river) 'g˙m˙ flooded, full from bank to bank. leaves.'teÚ Ðadj: , flooded. 's˙m˙ 'g˙m˙o ;nfd [Nep] greet: a form of ;d } [Nep ;do s˙m˙y] n: period, s˙lamgreeting (often given with a salute). 's˙m˙iseason, time. ;nftf;–Gof vt: to deaden, ;d}M–Gof [Kh < *s-mat s˙latas-nyamake numb. s˙m˙ih-nya(Seram s˙mwat-); Him (Chep hmat- ‘dis- ;nfô tô] (see ). appear’)] vt: to lose something. 1 , suddenly. Ðv.refl: ph~aÚ, s˙laÚ 'teÚ . ;nk–Gof] s˙laÚ vt: to lay a stone toph withdraw~oÚ (purposely ‘lose's˙m˙i'si-nya oneself’). s˙lep-nyain a wall so that it is slightly indented , lost, withdrawn. from the rest. Ðpass.part: s˙m˙ih's [Skîu\ s˙m˙] equal 2. ;nk–Gof] v.bt: 1. to have a ;d–;d adj: 's˙m˙-s˙m˙in size or amount. s˙lep-nyadog lick a platter clean. tathiÚ kaÚhlai s˙lep'keo\ He made the dog lick the platter. ;dfg [Nep ;fdfg saman] n: s˙man 2. (fig) to bribe. pulislai t˙s˙i s˙lepd˙ goods, merchandise, stuff. 's˙r 'n˙i'wo He bribed the police for one hun- , (same). s˙manr˙ dred rupees. ;df/ [Nep s˙mbhar] nom: main- 's˙mar ;nô [Nep s˙l˙h˙] n: a type of tenance, care. , to main- 's˙mar da-nya s˙lgrasshopper,ïÚÉ locust. Ðgen: . tain, care for. , carefully. 's˙mars˙ ;Ns}–Gof [Nept˙ri: ;Nsfpg kosyo: ' ;dfl/–Gof [Nep ;xdfNg' 's˙mari-nya s˙lk˙i-nyas˙lkaunu] vt: to ignite a fire. Ðpass.part: s˙hmalnu] vt: 1. to care for, maintain. , ignited. 2. to care for, look after, nurse an individual. Ðpass.part: , cared s˙lk˙i's ;Nnfîu\ [Nep ;Nnfx s˙llah] n: advice, 's˙mari'sîu\ 's˙lla for. Ðrelated words: 'cyuÚ-nya watch after, 'dahni-nya manage, protect in anoth- Kham Dictionary 287 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ er’s absence, 'jogoi-nya protect, deliver, ;g /g expr.adv: swollen rescue, 'khor da-nya care for one’s wel- 's˙n˙out of'r˙n˙ proportion. , to swell fare, 's˙mar da-nya, maintain, care for. out of proportion. s.r. 'go-nya , to ;lDb n: 1. father of daughter-in-law, enlarge out of proportion.s.r. 'gyoÚh-nya s˙mdiif younger than ego. 2. father of brother’s ;gf–Gof vt: (Agt. ‘poisonous daughter-in-law, if younger than ego. s˙na-nyaplants’) to cause illness in livestock. ;'dL+M–Gof vt: 1. to allow ;gf“M–Gof vt: to cause or s˙'mto ripen.~îÚh-nya 2. to cook until fully done. s˙nallow~aÚh-nya wool to rot. , completely. 3. to soak a boil in ;gfd–Gof vt: (of a shaman) ph˙g˙ hot water to bring to a head, or a festered s˙nam-nyato give his assistants ceremonial wine sore to draw out the pus. Ðpass.part: during a ceremony. , ripened, fully cooked. ;gf;–Gof [(Mk s˙rnas-nya)] s˙'m~îÚh's\îu ;d“M–Gof vt: 1. to make s˙nas-nyavt: to hit or strike with something thrown s˙m~ïÚh-nya drunk, inebriate. , stag- or shot. geringly drunk, soused.'pheteÚ 2.'pheteÚ to stun fish ;Gr [Nep ;Grf] s˙nco] n: repose, with poison. 3. to make a person groggy s˙nc˙calm, peace. , (of deeds) (as from the smell of certain plants). to afflict ones˙nc˙ with guiltymaya-nya conscience. Ðpass.part: , made drunk, ;GbØf;f ] n: iron tongs. stunned. s˙m~ïÚh's\îu 's˙ndyaso ;gLô [Kh *s-nat (Bhj snat, Nis sna, ;Dh}–Gof [Nep ;Dµfpg' s˙niÚMk sn~e, Gam hn~î, Mht nhe, Ses hn~e÷, s˙mj˙i-nyas˙mjhaunu] v.bt: 1. to remind s.o. of Seram h~et); Him (Mag mi-nha, Chep something. ahjyoÚ'kao h˙i odo'wo neh); TB *s-naôr] n: nose. , s˙mj˙i'keo\ He reminded him of what he nostril. s˙niÚ k, ~uÚto said yesterday. 2. to reason with s.o. sniff thes˙niÚ air 'ph (for~oÚ-ph a quarrel).~oÚ 'mo-nya (Agt. ‘words’). s˙niÚ p~aÚye , to be proud of s.o. (esp. ;lDh–Gof [Nep ;Dµg' cyof ~aÚh'sa disciple\î-nya who brings honor to his 's˙mji-nyas˙mjh˙nu] to remember, recall (as vt: master) (lit. ‘nose to stand’). s.th. temporarily forgotten). Ðrelated , to cause s.o. to be honoreds˙niÚ words: to remember ( a per- cet˙i-nya esp. ('n˙idya-nyalit. ‘make nose remain’). ,

son) by doing s.th. for him, 'yahka da-nya (of one’s honor) to remain.s˙niÚ r˙hi-nya to hold in remembrance (as a covenant). , to cause s.o. disappoint-s˙niÚ ;DktLô [Nep ;Dklt s˙mp˙ti] ment,keÚhdya-nya let him down by one’s poor per- 's˙mp˙ti n: wealth, riches, belongings. formance (lit. ‘make nose break’). , (same). 's˙ri ;gL; [Kh *s-nis (Mk sin~î, Gam 's˙mp˙ti ;g [Kh *p-s˙n (Mk ps˙~î, Nis swøn s˙nishn~î, Bhj sni); Him *s-nyis (Mag ≥es, 's˙n < -os˙n, Gam s˙n)] n: wool. Nw nhi); TB *(s-)nik ‘filth’] n: pus. , to shear wool. 's˙n ;gL;–Gof vi.pat: to become 'yen-nya s˙nis-nyainfected, festered (of a wound). 288 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ;g ;g expr.adv: swiftly. other material to prevent leakage. (Obj. s˙n s˙n , to ford a river swiftly, withouts.s. is the thing carried, as in: sapiÚ beÚhl˙ trouble.'t˙ri-nya 's˙p'keo\ He carried salt in a lined basket.)

;G;f/ [Nep ;+;f/ s˙sar]~ n: the 2. to put on a menstrual cloth. Ðpass.part: 's˙nsarworld. cf. 'nam, 'n˙r, 'manuwa. , lined from the inside. 's˙p's\îu ;Gyfg [Nep ;Gtfg s˙ntan] n: ;ks ;ks expr.adv: in s˙p˙k s˙p˙k 's˙nthandescendants. Ðset: . swift, smooth motions. cf. s˙p ka s˙p. , to cut grain in steady mo- ;ªMn\–Goftho: vt: to put to sleep, tions.s.s. 'yen-nya s˙cause≥˙hl-nya to doze. Ðpass.part: , put to sleep. s˙≥˙hl's\îu ;knf“–Gof vt.evt: (of the s˙p˙lsky)~aÚ-nya to light up, be illuminated, in: ;ªMd\–Gof vt: to cause s.o. . 'n˙m s˙to≥˙hm-nya become habituated or accustomed to s˙p˙l~aÚ-nya1 over indulgent treatment. guhs yad˙ . ;kn]ô–Gof vt.evt: (of s˙p˙leÚ-nya s˙≥˙hm'ker˙\ They spoiled him by giving sun) to come out from the clouds, in: bribes. Ðpass.part: , spoiled . 'gahm s˙p˙leÚ-nya2 by indulgent treatment.s˙≥˙hm's\îu . ;kn]ô–Gof vt: to make s˙p˙leÚ-nya ;ª}–Gof vt: to cause s.o. to flat (as of a board with an adze). s˙lose≥˙i-nya his temper, make angry (by constant ;k/k–Gof vt.evt: (of rain) horseplay). s˙p˙r˙p-nyato sprinkle, drizzle, in: 'n˙m s˙p˙r˙p- ;ªd–Gof vt: to make savory, . nya s˙delicious.≥˙m-nya , to give ;kb{k–Gof vt: to cause to one the relish'yaÚhr˙ for goods˙≥˙m-nya (lit. ‘make the s˙p˙rd˙p-nyatrip, make fall. mouth savory’). also: 'ya:h s˙≥˙mdya- 1. ;k/Lô–Gof vt: to cause to nya. Ðpass.part: , made sa- s˙p˙riÚ-nyasprout (esp. a nurse-crop). vory. s˙≥˙m's\îu 2. ;k/Lô–Gof vt: to make ;ª/–Gof vt: to smell, to smell s˙p˙riÚ-nyastrong, healthy (by feeding well). s˙by≥˙r-nya sniffing. , sniffing it out. ;k/L;–Gof [Nep ;lk|g' ;°f [NepsiÚ siÚ z°f sh˙≥ka] n: doubt, 's˙p˙ris-nyas˙prinu ‘to flourish’] vi.pat: 1. to flour- 's˙suspicion,≥ka mistrust. , ish, grow well from being planted in to have suspicion about's˙ s.o.,≥ka to'lagi-nya suspect, good soil. 2. strong, healthy, well-bodied mistrust, have misgivings. (from being well fed). Ðadj: . ;ª/ft [Nep ;ª\qmlGt s˙≥kranti] Ðvt: . 's˙p˙riso 's˙n:≥ rat˙ the first day of the month. s˙par˙i-nya ;kf–Gof [Kh (Mk spa)] vt: ;k n: menstrual rag. s˙pa-nya( ) to cause s.o. to fall; to push from -'da 's˙p ;k–Gof [Mag sap-ke ‘line a s.th. , sprawling. Ðpass.part: l˙nd˙rkeÚ 's˙p-nyabasket’] vt: 1. to carry ground meal, , pushed off. 'h~aÚ'da s˙pa's\îu s˙pa's\îu etc. inside a basket lined with cloth or pushed from a cliff. Kham Dictionary 289 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ;kf“–Gof vt: to cause to speak, natural means. , completely s˙pto~aÚ-nya play a radio. annihilate. Ðpass.part:cataÚ c˙t ÉïÚ , s˙phyaÚ's\îu ;kf/}–Gof vt: to help, build made extinct, exterminated. Ðrelated s˙par˙i-nyaup, edify others. cf. path˙ par˙i-nya. Ðvi: words: 'mol-nya to go extinct, mas˙i-nya

. annihilate (esp. to destroy enemies), tut˙i-nya to bring to an end (esp. a bad 's˙p˙ris-nya ;kf;–Gof vt: (of a dog) to habit). s˙pas-nyaimpregnate a bitch. 1. a stripe. , striped. ;k]Mn\–Gof vt: to go past the ;/ n: s˙r2. part of the hair. os˙r 'leo s˙pehl-nyaexpiry date on a contract, in: . 'bahka ;/–Gof [Kh *s˙r] vi.pat: (of s˙r-nyawet objects) to dry. Ðset: . s˙pehl-nya ;k]d–Gof vt: to pat a child 1 th~ï:-nya s˙pem-nyaon the back (esp. to put him to sleep). . ;/ n: a divining stick used by 's˙rshamans in locating a missing soul or ;kLô+ –Gof vt: to make green. spot of ceremonial significance. (It can s˙pÐv.evt:~îÚ-nya (of weather) to prevent harvested be made only of a type of grain from drying properly before thresh- ze:h~ 'bahtaÐ bamboo.) 's˙r. . ing. cf. Ðset: 2. [Nep sh˙r ‘arrow'ja:hk˙ri~ ’] ja:r˙ the ;kLMn\–Gof vt: (of a rounded ;/ n: 's˙r s˙pihl-nyastone in a wall) to cause another stone shaft of a spindle (a rihp or a 'taku). 3 to slip out of place. . ;/ expr.adv: searingly. var. 's˙r's˙r-s˙r. , to lick with flames, ;kLô+ hL;–Gof (var. of: sear. s. lep-nya, to burn swiftly, burn- s˙p~îÚjis-nya, qv.) s˙p~îÚ- ing everythings.s. 'la-nya in path. nya ;kL;–Gof vt: to put a lid on s˙pis-nyatightly to prevent leakage. ;/}+M–Gof vt: to reveal, make s˙r˙appear.~îÚh-nya cf. s˙t˙~î:-nya. , com- ;k sf ;k expr.adv: in pletely, hiding nothing.dyahpp˙ , s˙pswift, ka s˙psmooth motions. , to appear before s.o., reveal's˙r˙ oneself.îÚsi-nya~ to harvest grain swiftly ands.s. systematical- kyaÚ-nya , suddenly for an instant, ly. then'jahlak disappear. 'j˙hl˙k Ðpass.part: , ;Ånf–Gof“ vt: to tear a revealed. s˙r˙îÚh's~ îu\ s˙ph˙lgarment~aÚ-nya at the seams. ;/s [Hin s˙‹˙k] n: a motorable

;Å/];–Gof vt: to cause or s˙r˙kroad. s˙ph˙res-nyaallow milk to curdle (by not cooking ;/fô [Tib za-la ‘clay, lime’] n: a soon enough). s˙raÚtype of white earth used for roofing hous- to spring or ;ÅL;–Gof vt: es. Ðset: . s˙phis-nyauntrigger a trap. (shamanic,'zihm ins˙raÚ chant) riri, white 'syargwa earth ;Åof\ ô–Gof [Kh (Mk spya)] andthiri magical leaves (markings on the road s˙phyaÚ-nya vt: to cause (or allow) a particular strain to the upper world left by Rama Puran- of breeding stock or seed to die out by chan, the first shaman). cf. duhli: walwal, 290 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ m˙sï:~ walwal. 2. ;/–Gof+] vt: to delight some- ;/f“–Gof vt: to widen. s˙rone.~eÚ-nya s˙r~aÚ-nya ;'/f–Gof vt: to make hot. ;/]M–Gof [Kh *s˙-reh-t (Seram s˙rah-nya ;/fMn\–Gof vt: to line up s˙reÚh-nyas˙reht)] vt: to entertain a child, cause s˙rahl-nyabeams in a parallel fashion. him to play. , to arrange flowers in patternscaÚ s˙rahl- (of a ;'/]+M–Gof vt: to heat a drum shamanicnya ceremony). Ðpass.part: s˙'rby~eÚh-nya the fire to make it sound resonant. , lined up, made parallel. ;/]; n: a sign, recognizing feature. s˙rahl'sîu\ ;/fln–Gof vt: to spread, dis- s˙res ;/];–Gof [Kh *r-ses (Bhj ses, 's˙rali-nyaseminate, permeate. Ðvi: , s˙res-nyaRam rhis); Him *ses (Tib ses);« TB *syey] to spread throughout the whole's˙rali's bodyî-nya\ (as vt: to know a person, recognize. an allergic reaction, or a skin infection). , to know one another. o'ky~aÚ 'b˙hri 's˙rali's\î'ke It spread Ðs˙res'spass.part:î-nya\ , acquainted.

throughout his whole body. Ðpass.part: ;uL{ns˙res's n: a îu\ root which is dried, , permeated. s˙rgilground, and put in corn or millet dough 's˙rali'sîu\ ;/fk [Nep] n: a curse, oath. to give it an adhesive consistency. cf. s˙rap , to curse, give a curse. o-r'kes.\ s˙rap ya-nya ;/fô 'HofMé n: an evil spirit ;l/–Gof [Nep ;g{' s˙rnu] vi.agt: s˙raÚwho 'zyaÚh throws its victims to an unnatural 's˙ri-nyato make movement, stir. cf. can'sî-nya.\ death. (Accidental death is attributed to ;/Lô n: a large tree (the foilage of this spirit.) Ðset: . s˙riÚwhich is used as a miniature 'suwa used 'zya:h ;af { adv: quite, as in: s˙rba cao in house seances). , (same). s˙rba quite good. ;/LMk\–Gofs˙riÚ vt: 'suwa to even, make ;b{d n: a shaman’s equipment, s˙rihp-nyalevel. Ðpass.part: , leveled, 's˙rd˙mfull accoutrements. 'jaÚhk˙rilai~ smoothed out. s˙rihp's\îu o's˙rd˙mras˙ khuld˙ r˙ike Go bring the ;l/ ;DktLô (see ). shaman with all his equipment. cf. 's˙ri 's˙mp˙ti ;/M–Gof vt: to smooth,'s˙mp˙ti level 's˙rjam. s˙rout.ÉïÚh-nya Ðpass.part: , smoothed ;lb { [Nep] n: a malady (such as over. s˙rÉïÚh's\îu s˙rdihay-fever) causing runny eyes and nose. ;/ô“ ;/ô“ expr.adv: proud, ;/]ô–Gof vt.evt: to crack a wall 's˙rhaughty,~ïÚ s˙r~ïÚ insolent. , s˙reÚ-nya (of a natural event, such as an earth- to be haughty, proud.'s˙r cf.~ïÚ 's s˙rï-nya.É ~ïÚ 'ta-nya quake). ;h{ld n: a witness to a crime or 1 . ;/]+–Gof [Kh (Mk s˙br~e, s˙rj˙mispecial event. cf. 'saci. s˙r~eÚ-nya Gam s˙ri≥)] vt: to drain the entire con- , to get a witness to s˙rj˙mitestify. b˙hk˙i- tents from a cup or bowl. (Obj. liquid). nya ;hf{d [Nep] n: full set of cf. t˙r˙i-nya. Ðpass.part: , 's˙rjamequipment, complete trappings. cf. drained. s˙reÚ's~ îu\ Kham Dictionary 291 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 's˙rd˙m. ;;fô–Gof vt: (Agt. animal) to ;/sf/ [Nep] n: 1. the king. 2. s˙saÚ-nyastop producing milk. s˙rkarthe government. ;;f;–Gof vt: to make laugh. ;/ nfô n: type of leopard or s˙sas-nya ;;Ld–Gof (o“") vt: to 's˙rwild 'laÚ cat; Tiger. Ðgen: . s˙sim-nyatake revenge, ('y~uÚ) avenge oneself. 'la: 'ga: ;d{ [Nep] n: timidity, shyness. ;;ô“ –Gof vt: to stay up all s˙rm˙cf. laj˙. s˙snight~ïÚ-nya without sleep, in: ;g}{–Gof [ < *r'sa 'n˙i-nya] (lit. ‘to dawn the sky’), as'n˙m in: p aÚd˙~s˙s~ïÚ-nya paÚd˙~ s˙rn˙i-nyavt: to give rest (as to plowing oxen). 'n˙m ges˙s~ïÚ'ke Talking and talking we ;/ ;dfg–/ (see ). stayed up all night. 's˙r s˙manr˙ ;/ ;fk [ < Kh 'sap-nyas˙man ‘to ;:of–Gof\ vt: to get s.o. to s˙rsearch sap’] expr.adv: searching. s˙syah-nyadance (as by beating a drum). , to go in several directionss.s. on'ba- a ;t [Nep ;To s˙ty˙] n: truth, search.nya , to search by scat- s˙t˙justice, faithfulness. , just, tering ins.s. several khim-nya directions. fair, faithful. o-s˙t˙, faithless.'leo , to rummage through a place,s.s. roÚh's looking\î- o-s˙t˙, to be 'maleo faithless in a rela- everywhere.nya , to search in tionship,s˙t˙ 'hari-nya fail to honor a treaty. every direction.s.s. 'sap-nya , to bear the consequencess˙t˙ of acting 'lagi- ;/ :ofk expr.adv: leaking. faithlessly.nya , to be faithful, s˙r syap , to leak from many holes. as in: jyaÚyes˙t˙t˙ os˙t˙t˙ 'li-nya 'li-nya to be faithful s.s. 'yuÚ-nya ;/Øf n: approval. , to one’s wife. , honestly, fairly. s˙t˙s˙ 's˙ryato gain approval (lit. ‘to reach's˙rya approval kes-nya’), s˙t˙s˙'phoÚke Weigh it honestly!

as in: sip˙îÚye~ m˙ni k˙mand˙r-lai kata-ni“ ;t Ao"ô [Nep] n: (shamanic) o's˙rya ≥akes'ke” lid˙ ol o'yehn danya'd\a s˙t˙‘magical byuÚ seed’ used by the shamans in l˙ntha z˙ mado'wo. A soldier too, in order ‘animating’ a divining stick ('s˙r). (It con- to gain the approval of his commander, sists of several types of grain mixed with does not concern himself in his own af- copper slag.) fairs. ;t}+–Gof [Kh *s-t˙n (Mk st˙~î, ;/Øf] n: relationships, social ties. s˙t˙Nis~îÚ-nya st˙n, Kot t˙n); Him (Chep tan- 's˙ryo , to break off social ‘show,’ Tib ston-pa)] vt: 1. to bring ties.'s˙ryo phyaÚ-nya out of hiding, reveal. o-'d~aÚ'j~îÚ s˙t˙~îÚ- ;;}–Gof vt: (Obj. ) to fabri- , to reveal one’s inner feelings (lit. nya s˙s˙i-nyacate a story, speak withoutp ~aÚconclusive ‘show one’s guts’). 2. to teach or show evidence. (Usu. with in an adverbial the way. Ðv.bt: , to show s˙t˙~îÚdya-nya function, as in: s˙s˙id˙-d˙ p~aÚ-nya to speak or display s.th. to someone. Ðv.refl: with fabrication.) Ðpass.part: , , to show oneself, appear s˙t˙îÚ's~ î-nya\ fabricated. s˙s˙i'sîu\ paÚ~ a fabrication,s˙s˙i's lie.îu\ for inspection. Ðpass.part: , revealed, shown. s˙t˙îÚ's~ îu\ 292 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ;tjf n: a medicinal root which rential rains.) 's˙t˙wais ground and applied to sores; Love ;jf“M–Gof vt: to satisfy s.o. apple. s˙wwith~aÚh-nya food. ;t]–Gof vt: 1. to drop s.th., ;jflgsfj adj: one’s con- s˙te-nyalose. , tossing s˙wani'kaotemporary. , of the same one at khop˙lyaka time. khop˙lyak, to lose age, a contemporary.'t˙s˙wani'kao heart, be discouraged.'y~uÚ s˙te-nya 2. to lower (as ;jfl/–Gof vt: to castrate a by a rope). Ðpass.part: , dropped, 's˙wari-nyagoat. cf. 'thuki-nya. Ðpass.part: lost. s˙te'sîu\ , castrated. ;Tofk–Gof vt: to sharpen a 's˙wari's îu\ ;jfO] –Gof{ [Kh *s˙-o-t (Nis s˙tyap-nyapoint. Ðpass.part: , sharp- s˙woi-nyas˙wot)] v.bt: to give to drink. ened. s˙tyap's\îu , to nurse a child. cf. sunw'nw~î:-~îÚ ;y–Gof} v.bt: to proclaim. nya.s˙woi-nya s˙th˙i-nyageÚlai p~aÚ b˙hri s˙th˙i's\î'k\eo He told us ;jfn–Gof] vt: to turn s.o. all the news. Ðpass.part: , pro- s˙wol-nyaback, cause to return. v.bt: claimed, preached. s˙th˙i'sîu\ , to return s.th. to s.o. Ðs˙woldya-pass.part: ;yf;–Gof vt: to cause to be nya , turned back. s˙thas-nyaheard. , to call out, s˙wol's\îu ;ofl/–Gof [Nep l;ofg{' make oneorgaÚ’s voice s˙thas-nya heard. s˙yari-nyasiyarnu] vt: to save, garner, store up, , to give renown to s.o.u'min s˙thas- take care of. Ðpass.part: , nya ;y]k–Gof vt: to pour out stored up, kept in reserve. s˙yari'sîu\ s˙thep-nyaliquid by drops, make drip. ;'o]Mn–Gof vt: to leave over, ;y“ô–Gof vt: to dry, set out to s˙'yehl-nyacause a portion to remain. Ðpass.part: s˙thdry.~ïÚ-nya Ðpass.part: , dried, with- , left over. s˙'yehl's\îu 'zyao ered. s˙th~ïÚ's\îu s˙'yehl'skuduÚh 'ta'keîu\ There was much left over ;jf–Gof [Kh *s-r-wa-t (Mk food. s˙wa-nyas˙rwoi)] vt: to make it rain; perform a ;o]Mk\–Gof vt: to cause to rain-making ceremony. (The ceremony s˙yehp-nyaskip (as a young child by holding his is performed by representatives of every hand and walking too quickly). household from the community. The head ;ofô] –Gof vt: to fulfil, ac- of a live piglet is poked into all the springs s˙yoÚ-nyacomplish, complete (as the terms of a and water sources around the village contract, etc.). while the men and women speak and act ;oô" –Gof vt: (Obj. liquid) to out sexual vulgarities. The piglet is then s˙yuÚ-nyamake s.th. leak (as a roof leaking water, taken to a high shrine above the village or a basket leaking grain). thala at 13,000 feet where it is sacrificed. This s˙'gw~aÚhd˙ 'riÚh s˙yuÚ'k\eo Putting a hole infuriates the water gods who strike out in the roof he made it leak water. with thunder and lightning and cause tor- Kham Dictionary 293 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ;h/fé M–Gof“ vt: to make milk). , completely. , s˙z˙hrfabric~aÚ-nya loosely woven. completely,c˙k˙r˙k as in: 'b~oÚhkoraph ph~oÚ~oÚ phph~oÚ~oÚ ;hLd–Gofé vt: to shrink s.th., saÚ-nyathroat dried by thirst. 2. (of snow) s˙zim-nyato reduce its size. , to to melt away. , completely, leav- 'horgop humiliate s.o. s˙zimd˙ p, ~aÚ-nyato debase ing no residue. Ðset: . th~ï:-nya oneself. Ðpass.part:s˙zim's î-nya\ , made ;f “ n: a game similar to jacks, played small, debased. s˙zim'sîu\ s~aÚwith pebbles. ;HofMd–Gofé vt: to dry cf–;f] “ [Kh *sa≥] n: 1. shadow. s˙zyahm-nyagreen wood beside the fire before using (o)-scf. ~aÚ'ch˙ya:.~ 2. reflection. as fuel. ;f“–Gof vt: to spy on, attempt to ;'Hoé M–Gof"“ vt.evt: to cause 's~aÚ-nyafind evidence against s.o. who is suspect. s˙'zyto turn~uÚh-nya cold (as from swirling clouds, ;fan“ n: grain (esp. corn) which etc.), in: . 'saÚb˙l~is wrapped with the deceased into a burial ;f part:'n˙m a post s˙'zy verbal~uÚh-nya particle roughly mat as food for the other-world. saequivalent to ‘maybe,’ but which also ;flanf“ n: a gate with sliding asks for confirmation, as in: nitao te ma'ta 'saÚbila~bars. sa It may not work like that, what do ;f“rf [Nep ;f“rf] saco]~ n: 1. a key. you think? s~aÚca2. a mechanical tool (as a wrench or –/;f\ [Kh *r-sa; TB *r-sa] n: 1. screwdriver). -r'sasinew. 2. strength, vigor. , ;flr [Nep sakchi] n: a witness. strong, vigorous. o-r'sa, weak, 'leo 'saci , to give witness (not neces- feeble. o-r'sa, to 'maleo rest, refresh sarily'saci ya-nya forensic). 'saÚ 'n˙i-nya oneself, cease from work. cf. s˙rn˙i-nya. ;f“lr–Gof [Nep ;fRg“ ' s~acnu] , to regain strength. s~aÚci-nyavt: to use only occasionally so as to 'saÚ 'p˙leÚ-nya 'saÚ , to encourage, stir up en- preserve (esp. of clothing). 'p˙leÚdya-nyathusiasm in another. , to ;frf] [Sk] adj: true, genuine, real. receive strength (as from'saÚ food, p˙riÚ-nya rest, etc.) saco , truth. , to become disheartened, dis- saco p;f~aÚ“b n: a border stone, boundary mayed,'saÚ 'si-nya perturbed, exasperated (esp. 's~aÚd˙marker. when ruining s.th. after long, patient work [Nep s~aÎhe] 1. a on it). Ð v.compl: (intensi- ;fbf“ ;f“9] n: 's~aÚda fied). kutu kutu, to exasperate s.o. breeding bull or ram. cf. 'duhr. 2. victor by frustrating'saÚ s˙ih-nya his plans. , or champion. to grow or mature in strength.'saÚ zyas-nya ;f“lb n: border, boundary. 's~aÚdi ;fô n: (the generic or impersonal ;fb¬ [Nep sa‹u] n: husband of sadu saÚform of , qv.) wife’s sister. voc.n: term of address for the husband of wife’s sister. recip. sadu. ;f-r'saô–Gof vi.pat: 1. to dry (of a saÚ-nyaflow, as a stream, or an animal giving 294 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ;f“un [Nep s~aglo] n: an iron ;f“lhln n: the third born daughter. 'saÚg˙l~chain. 'saÚjili~ ;fsL [Nep sakchi] n: witness, ;fxf n: season, as in: 'zy~uÚh'wo 'sakiesp. in oaths, as in: isor saki 'lizya, God sahasaha cold season, etc. is witness. cf. 'saci. ;flx n: bride price. (First offered to ;fsL t/ h}l;–Gof sahithe girl. If she accepts, she accepts the 'sakivi.agt: 't˙r˙ to 'j˙i'sinfiltrateî-nya\ a group unobtrusively marriage. If she refuses and only the with the intent to spy or gather informa- parents accept, the marriage is a forced tion. var. 'sak˙ 'j˙i'sî-nya.\ one.) ;fSs adj: real, genuine, true. ;f/f\ ] [Kh *sahr (Ses char); Him sakk˙ ;fvf [Nep] n: a distant forefather; sahro(Mag sar-co, Tib gsar-ba, Kai sar-ba, 'sakhaa common ancestor. , Tam tshar, Chan tshar) TB *sar] adj: (same). 'sakh, ancestors purkha and new. descendants.'sakha 's˙~îÚthan ;fx¬ [Nep ;fx" ‘merchant’] n: a 1. ;fn [Nep] n: the afterbirth of an 'sahurich man, money-lender. 'salanimal. cf. bikh˙. ;fx¬ k/Øfn prop.n: an 2. ;fn [Nep] n: year (as a point in 'sahuexogamous 'p˙ryal sub-division of the of the 'saltime), calendar year. cf. b˙rs˙, -rim. Ðadj: 'kanchi 'p˙ryal clan in Taka village. , yearly, annually, as in: 'sal˙'kao ;fOnf+{ [Nep] n: the third born t˙khep'sal˙'kaoonce a year. 'sason.îÚla~ cf. 'sa:jila.~ ;fnf [Nep salo] n: 1. mother’s ;fO{+ln [Nep] n: the third born 'salabrother’s son (younger than ego). 2. 'sadaughter.îÚli~ cf. 'sa:jili.~ wife’s younger brother (even if older ;fOg{ [Nep sainu] n: kin relation- than ego). (Within the confines of K-M 'sain˙ship. jin'sain˙ kata o'ta'zyao What is your marriage constraints, the members of 1Ð4 kin relationship (to each other)? (Note: intersect.) voc.n: term of address by any person who is senior either by age sala’s reciprocals. recip. behna, bahnji. or relationship must be addressed by his (Note, 'sala is the brother of one’s poten- kin name. If the person is junior in both tial wife and used in the presence of his respects, one may address him by his sisters to tease them. It is considered a proper name, but it still respectful to ad- derogatory term of address for a non- dress him by his kin name.) relative implying both lower rank and a , to exchange new kin names'sain˙ on one toh-’s sexual relationship with his sisters.) marriagenya day. ;fnL [Nep] n: 1. mother’s brother’s ;fOyfg{ [Nep shaitan] n: devil, 'salidaughter, younger than ego. (The partner 'saithandemons. Ðset: . of choice for male ego.) 2. wife’s younger ;flhnf“ 'zya:hn: the third son. , sister (even if older than ego). (Within 'saÚjila~the third born daughter. 'saÚjili~ the confines of K-M marriage constraints, the members of 1Ð2 stand in Kham Dictionary 295 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ the reciprocal relationship of 2. to escort or convey s.o. to a place. .) nana-'b˙~îÚ- Ðpass.part: , escorted. ni ;fdf [Kh *r-z˙m ‘foodstuff’ (Mk ;f/·Lsar˙i's [Nep]îu\ n: stringed instru- 'samarz˙m, Nis rj˙m); Him *zam (Tib zama, 'sar˙ment,≥gi violin. , to play Jir sama, Sh s˙ma)] a violin. 'sar˙≥gi 't˙p-nya [Hin ‘provisions’] n: advance prep- ;f/fk ;¬?k [Him (Chep aration. , to prepare in 'sarapsrap ‘'surupeat noisily’); TB *s-rup ‘to sip’] advance, make'sama ready. da-nya , pre- expr.adv: slurping. , to pared, prudent. o-'sama 'leo, unpre- slurp down quickly. s.s. hum-nya o-'sama 'maleo pared, foolish. ;fnf{k ;¬n¬{k expr.adv: ;fd ;d¬ expr.adv: submerged. sarlapwrapped surlup completely. , 'sam 'sum , to be submerged com- to wrap oneself in a s.s.blanket, lumb˙i-nya head to pletely.s.s. g˙d˙i-nya foot. ;fg [Nep] n: hand signs, sign ;f/Øf n: a wind or loop of string. 'sanlanguage. , to make signs saryaÐnum.suff: , string loops. 'san da-nya with the hand (for communication). ;f;–Gof-sarya [Kh *sas (Ses *sas < ;flg part: a post verbal particle 'sas-nyasai, sah- ‘laughed’)] vi.agt: to laugh. saniroughly equivalent to ‘isn’t that so,’ as , gasping for air. in: ao waz˙ cao r˙~îÚh'zya sani It’s only hugurup hugurup , (same, this one that looks nice, isn’t it! morehugurup intense). hugurup chiri, chirigiggling. var. ;fl· n: a pole for carrying s.th. khititi khititi. khiti khiti , to smile. 'sasuspended≥gi between two men. 'musu-musu , till one’s ;fªf/f] ] [Nep ;f3“ /f' ] saghuro]~ adj: sides'w~aÚhr˙ nearly phyaÚ'wa split. phyaÚ'wa 'sanarrow.≥oro Ðset: . ;f–;f“ “ expr.adv: cool and breezy. ;fªnf' n:'cu:'wo centipede. Ðgen: 's~aÚ-svar.~aÚ 'sa:-s~ a:~ ni 'pho:-ph~ o:.~ 'sa≥ula . rwihza ;f;fk lg ;;¬ k¬ expr.adv: wanza ;fk [Nep saph] expr.adv: clean up. sasapstifling, ni 'susup claustrophobic. cf. 'sï:É 'sup subo. sap 1. to clean or tidy s.th. up. Ðadj: . 2.sap to 'j˙i-nya process film, develop. sasap ;f:t/ ni [Sk'susubo shastra] n: story, ;fk–Gof [Kh *sap] vt: to 'sast˙rfolk tale. , to tell a story. 'sap-nyasearch for. cf. khim-nya. , in 'sast˙r ,jaÚh-nya scriptures. Ðset: . every direction. s˙r, thorough- sap Ð'd˙hrm˙[Alt.root 'sast˙r (Mk syaloko)] g˙hrti ly and long. 'b˙îÚh~ 'b˙îÚh~ ;f:t/Lô [Sk shastri] n: one ;fkLô [Kh *sa + *pik (Bhj sa, Nis 'sast˙riversed in the Hindu scriptures (esp. one sapiÚsa, Ses sapiu÷, Seram sapik); Him (Mag who reads them at special functions). cha, Balti pa-yu); TB *tsa] n: salt. ;ft [Nep] num: seven. ;f/}–Gof [< Nep ;fg {' sarnu] 'sat ;ftf [Nep] n: week. Ðnum.suff: sar˙i-nyavt: 1. to move s.th. to a new location. 'sata 296 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , a week. t˙sata one week. Ðadj: lay] n: tongue. , to hang -sata , weekly. 'sata'kao t˙khep once out the tongue whileseÚ cpanting~îÚ-nya (as of a weekly.'sata'kao dog). Ð , (intensified). , ;ftfn kl;–Gof vi.agt: to determineleÚ leÚ someone’s opinionseÚ 'ku-nya about satal˙(of a 'p˙si-nyashaman in a preliminary seance) to something for subversive purposes (lit. fall asleep and travel by means of the ‘steal tongue’). , of a per- spirit to areas near the village in search son who stammers,o-seÚ stutters. rohl's\îu of a patient’s missing soul. Ðset: ;]ô–Gof [Kh *p-set (Mk pse:, . kÉï:h- seÚ-nyaBhj sywot,Ÿ Nis syet ‘corn tassel’)] vi.pat: nya ;ft ufp“ vf]nfô prop.n: (of grain) to bud, come into tassel, begin satan ga appellation~u kholaÚ from Baglung for the ad- producing a head. Ðrelated words: 'mom- ministrative area of Maikot, Hukam, Ran- nya (of fruit) to bud, begin to flower, ma, Arjal, Maya≥, Taka, and Bacchi (lit. 'p˙li-nya (of a tree’s leaves) to bud. ‘Seven-villages River’). 1. ;]\–Gof [Kh *p-si (Mk psi, ;ft ¬ [Nep sato ‘senses’] n: one of seh-nyaNis swyi, Bhj syŸu); Him *tsek (Mag 'satuthe human souls, the loss of which is ce-ke, Sun cet, Tib 'cheg-pa)] vt: (of said to be the cause for illness. (A missing firewood) to split in lengths. Ðpass.part: 'satu often assumes the form of a bug or , split (of firewood). Ðrelated beetle, and is re-introduced into the patient words:seh's\îu ciraÚ-nya (same), but also to cut as such by swallowing.) Ðset: . open an animal, , (of a shaman) to'purus retrieve ‘to split wood into'kap˙la-kap˙la large chunks. 'j˙i-nya a'satu 'satu hai-nya. Ðset: . , 2. ;]\–Gof vt: to plaster a wall, courage, spirit.kÉï:h-nya 'satu 'patu, seh-nyamud a floor. cf. p˙lep-nya. , frightened (lit. ‘spirit'satu wrung-out 'patu ’cyar'o). smoothly, nicely. Ðpass.part:'r˙g˙-r˙g˙ , , frightened (lit. ‘without'satu plastered, smeared with mud. seh's\îu spirit'patu’ ).'maleo , to ;]M expr.adv: blockage, obstruction. badly frighten'satu s.o.'patu (lit. so frighten≥oidya-nya the spirit seÚh , (of a doorway or passage) out of him’). toseÚh be 'ta-nya blocked. ;fp “ [Nep] n: principle on a loan. ;]+M [Kh *p-sin (Mk ps~î, R˙n ps~î, sa~uÚ ;fjg [Nep ;fpg saun] n: the s~eÚhGam sih≥, Kot sin); Him (Chep sinh); saw˙nfourth month of the Nepali calendar, mid- TB *m-sin (Rw≥ b˙sin)] n: liver. July to mid-August. ;]+M–Gof vi.pat: to wrinkle (as a ;fo]k [Nep ;fxa] saheb] voc.n: s~eÚh-nyapotato skin). Ðadj: . sayepterm of respectful address: sir, lord. ';]+M expr.adv:s ~eÚh'w blow—o nose. ;]ô [Kh *p-s-le (Nis swyo < -ose, 's~eÚh , to blow nose. n˙nahp 's~eÚh's 'lid˙~eÚh seÚBhj syo, Ses hle, Ram lhe); Him *s-le-t khyake'li-nya Blow your nose! (Mag let, Chep le, Chan khele); TB *s- ';]a]M ';]a]M expr.adv: 'sehbeÚslow-paced 'sehbeÚ (esp. on the trail, but also in Kham Dictionary 297 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ work). , to go slowly. Ðadj: grow old. cf. 'ju:cas-nya. , old s.s. 'ba-nya. Ðrelated words: and bent. Ðadj: , old kutiti(of a man). 'sehbeÚm˙ihdyaso 'sehbeÚ'woslow, sluggish in work habits, Ðn: , an sehrjasoold man. , o-t˙hnd˙reÚ 'leo loitering, delaying. old 'sehrjafolks (men and women).'sehrja-juÚca ';]bg [Kh (Mk sede,~ Gam sehg~ e)]~ ';]M/ sf ';]M/ expr.adv: 'sehd˙nn: abominable snowman; yeti. (A hairy 'sehradult, ka grown-up. 'sehr Ðadj: , man-like creature living in the high forests adult like, acting grown-up.'sehr ka 'sehr'o said to capture men from time to time. It ;]M;\–Gof v.sta: (of firewood) is said to live on meal which resembles sehs-nyato split easily. Ðadj: Ðvt: . sand, and worm stew.) cf. zenza. ;]tsehs']M sf —o.;]t]M expr.adv:seh-nya ';bg] kk¬ prop.n: a natural sehteÚthe sound ka sehteÚ of sawing. , to 'sehd˙ncave above 'pup timberline near Taka, said to cut with a sawing motions.s. (as'kyal-nya with a dull have once been the habitat of a 'sed˙n. knife). ';]Mn–Gof [Kh *sehl; Him (Nw ';]t] 't]M expr.adv: self- 'sehl-nyasal)] vt: 1. to pull, drag by pulling. 'sehteimportant. 'teh , to sit self- , drag along (esp. of an animal importantly,s.th. when cuh's work\î-nya is in order. 'sehte with'r˙g˙-r˙g˙ broken back). o'w~aÚhr˙ 'r˙g˙-r˙g˙ 'teh cuhsid˙ talini Don’t just sit not work- 'sehl'na'keo\ He drug himself along (with ing. Ðadj: , self-important.

a broken back). , drag ;hf] ] n:'sehte beer 'teh'womalt (still in the hull). 'reÚ 'reÚ 'ben 'ben loose ends. , to pull sejo , new beer malt (not yet fully t˙hnd˙reÚ t˙hnd˙reÚ back, resisting. 2. to draw, tug (as a aged).'balko sejoÐset: . sponge or magnet). Ðv.refl: ;]sf n:chokorah a coin necklace; a coin 1. to drag oneself home with'sehl's difficultyî-nya\ 'sekafrom a necklace. cf. p˙tya:. (due to illness, etc.). 2. to play tug of ;]ô sf ;]ô expr.adv: sound war; to pull one another (as on a leather 'seÚof kadeep 'seÚ breathing. , to slum- skin). ber with long, deeps.s. breaths. ≥˙hl-nya –';]k/ØfMk num.clsf: a ;]+sf]/] ;]+sf]/] expr.adv: -'sehp˙ryapscoop or slurp of food. t˙'sehp˙ryap s~eÚkorewhistling s~eÚkore sound. , to o'j˙ik˙ te, 'kiÚ ci o'leo When he took a snore loudly with whistling.s.s. '≥oraÚ-nya slurp of food, (he discovered) it was shit! , two scoops. ;nf] nom: the bits of grain left over 'sela neh'sehp˙ryap, three scoops. in a field after harvest. , to glean. , leftovers,'sela da-nya odds- s~oÚh'sehp˙ryap ';]M/ n: the elder, the senior. ant. and-endso-'sela of little 'bala value. 'sehr'kanca. cf. b˙hlad˙mi. ;nf] nf] ] [Mag selo-khe ‘slide down’] ';]M/\hf;–Gof [Kh *p-ser seloloexpr.adv: slide with persistent motion. sehrjas-nya‘old’ + *ja-s ‘become’ (Nis swyero ‘old’, , to slide down a slope with- psero ‘old man’)] vi.pat: (of a man) to outs. zehl comingoÚ-nya~ to a stop. 298 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ;nf] ·f] n: long poles to be cut 'j˙idyaÚ'k~ eo\ He got me all slimy with his 'selointo≥ galengths for firewood (but not requir- drool. , to suck on ing splitting). cf. 'thu:da,~ 'mu:da.~ s.th., suckle'sebo a 'sebobreast. 'j˙i-nya ;]d [Nep sim] n: swamp, marsh. ;KTof;f] ] adj: gaunt, skinny, sem , an edible plant found in 'septyasowithout flesh. Ðn: . Ðset: semmarshes≥˙~îÚh (lit. ‘swamp green’). . 'septya , a small swampy area belowsem p~a:cya:h cf–;] /] (var. of: , qv.). the'kh˙rk˙ peak of Manja Khagar. (o)-ser ;]/–Gof vi.pat:syaser (of humans) to ;]d–Gof [Him (Chep sem÷- ‘sub- ser-nyaage, grow old. , old and bent. sem-nyaside’)] v.evt: to let up (of the rain), in: ;/fn] n: shamankutiti ’s costume; sha- . seralman’s equipment. Ðitems of a shaman’s 'n˙m ;sem-nya]d]ô n: a dry measure equivalent costume: b˙hltha wooden bracelet, semeÚto about two gallons; a bushel. nehoporaÚ b˙n'pa 'kowda, b˙n'ma 'kowda cowrie t˙semeÚ 'tazya Two opora: make one shells on vest, b˙n'pa 'kuc˙r, b˙n'ma 'kuc˙r bushel. Ðset: . dried root on necklace, ba'k˙r— feather ;]Dª}+Mgo (î:~see ). headdress, 'bompha yak tail, cherla an- sem≥˙~îÚh ;]d–;]d [

a fine mist. s.s. 'wa-nya ton garland, 'g˙ldya 'dahra, 'g˙ldu 'dahra wild boar tusks on vest, claw- ;]g [Kh *r-sin (Mk rs~î, Nis j˙≥'g˙ shaped bell, trousers, senrsin, ± sinGam s˙ri≥, Ses hrin); Him (Mag jîÚgil~ 'jumuli 'd˙hja red and white ribbons on hair tuft, mi-arkin, Chep san÷); TB *m-tsyen] n: bearskin vest, fingernail, toenail. 'kh˙k˙nd˙ la'pa khuri, la'ma khuri leopard prints on feet, 'mala neck- ;]k–Gof [Kh *s-ip; TB *ip lace, now jun, now 'bel nine iron suns 'sep-nya‘sleep’] vt: 1. to put to bed. and moons, 'syargwa khyaÚ leaves to cov- , pin s.o. in wrestling. gy Ð~aÚhset: er ears, w~aÚhphoÚ turban. gy~aÚh . 2. (euph) to take a woman male inhabitant of tok˙rtyap-nya bed. Ðpass.part: , put to sleep. ;/fn] prop.n: 'seralShera. , female inhabitant of ;kf] ;/f] + ] prop.n:'sep's\îu Sepa Serong; Shera. 'seralni 'sepaname ser ofoÚ~ the spirit who is usually in pos- ô broad and shal- session of a missing soul ('satu). Ðset: ;/f/f] expr.adv: 'seraraÚ . low (of a river). Ðadj: . [Kh *p-ser (Nis'seraraÚ'wo swyero ‘old’, 'deota ;]k ;]k expr.adv: sucking, ;]/f] sero 'sepwetting 'sep with the mouth. , to psero ‘old man’)] n: an old man. cf. 'sehrja. suck with slurping. Ðadj:s.s. pi-nya , wet and slimy. o'ralr˙ ≥akyaÚt˙~ 'sep 'sep 'sebo 'sebo ;]/fô] prop.n: a Kham-Magar village 'seroÚacross from Taka in the Rukum District, Kham Dictionary 299 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ approx. pop. 1250. (S.I. Ser—agoan.) 2. –l; v.aff: the first person plural Lower Shera (located -'sobjectî\ marker: ‘us,’ as in: 'rïÚh-'s~ î'k\ eo\ meph˙'tat the down-riverao— 'seroÚ site), approx. pop. 550. He saw us. Upper Shera (located l;–Gof [Kh *si; TB *siy] vi.pat: roph˙'t—ao 'seroÚ at the up-river site), approx. pop. 700. 'si-nya1. to die. , without apparent , male inhabitant of Shera. , cause. 'khuduruÚ , one at a time in 'seral 'seralni female inhabitant of Shera. close succession.'katyam 'k˙tim , ;]/f]Mn \ [ < *se: + *rohl'sî-nya]\ n: suddenly and unexpectedly.pharlap phurlup, serohlone who stammers or falters in speech. with bodies strewn about. 2. 'relo-relo(of a fire) ;]+–;]+ expr.adv: snorting. to be extinguished. , in delicate 's~eÚ-s~eÚ (of an enraged bull) to snort's~eÚ-s or~eÚ stages of kindling. 'b˙r, ïÚÉby exhausting blast'li-nya air from the nostrils. the fuel. Ðvt: cuyap. ;]+–;]+ a¬?d–a¬?d ;Lô–Gofs˙ih-nya [Kh *sik (Seram sik-, 's~eÚ-sexpr.adv:~eÚ 'burum-burum snorting, blasting air from nos- siÚ-nyaSes *sik < siu÷, -sik- ‘stepped on’)] vt: trils. 1. to step on, tread on. , on (of an's enraged~eÚ-s~eÚ 'burum-burum bull) to snort or 'li-nya blast air tiptoes. choÚj˙i~, with ch carelessoÚj˙i~ from the nostrils. 2. (fig, of a person) strides. Ðpass.part:'gahp 'gahp , trodden on. to be overbearing, pushy. p–;Lô n: smell,siÚ's odor,\îu scent. ;–;+] +] Åf–Åf+] +] expr.adv: (u)-'siÚ, having an odor or smell. u'siÚ 's~eÚ-sout ~eÚof 'ph breath,~oÚ-ph gasping~oÚ for air. 'leo, odorless. , havingu'siÚ an 'ma-odor ;Tof] [Nep sete] n: a white male leoor smell (Usu.u'siÚ bad, '≥ unless˙ro modified by 'setyaanimal. Ðset: . , a white female ‘good.’ Can also be preceded by animal. Ðadj:'patya 'seti~ , white certaincao reduplicated verb stems, as in: ci (esp. of a dog orsetyaso cow). setiso ci 'siÚ '≥˙ro smelling of putrefaction, or

;]jf [Nep ;af] ] n: service (as to muhr muhr 'siÚ '≥˙ro roasted smell, etc.)

'sewaaging parents, government, or god). Ð[Alt.root (Mk s˙rip)] , to serve cf. 'cak˙r da-nya. ;Lô–Gof [Kh *sit (Bhj sit, Nis 'sewaÐrelated da-nya words: 'cak˙r religious devotion, 'siÚ-nyasit, Seram sit-, Ses *sit < si÷, -sit- 'b˙hk˙t asceticism, 'dyahn worship, t˙p˙s ‘wiped’); Him *sit (Mag sit-ke, Khal asceticism. chi); TB *s(y)wiy] vt: to sweep, wipe 1. –l; [TB *-s] v.aff: a detransitivizing off, wipe away. , swept clean c˙k˙ c˙k˙ -'saffixî\ marking passives, reflexives, and (esp. of a house). , wipe pharyaÚ~ phereÚ~ reciprocals, as in: kyoÚh-'si'ke He got him- clean (esp. of tears). , (same). phyaÚ phiÚ self caught, 'rïÚh-'s~ î'ke\ He saw himself, Ðpass.part: , swept, wiped clean. 'siÚ's\îu poh-'si'ker˙ They beat each other, etc. ;L+- comp.root: wood. (Used only Ðadj: , passive participle, as in: 'miÚye s~î-in compounds, such as: s~îÚ'p˙i wooden 'j˙i'sîu\ -'sman-made.\îu pot, 'sîÚla~ firewood hill, sîÚkah~ splinter,

300 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ etc. qq.v.). apprenticeship. , to train ;L+ô [Kh *si≥; Him (Mag si≥, Chep in a skill. siklai da-nya s~îÚsi≥÷); TB *si≥] n: 1. a tree. 2. wood, l;v/ [Sk shikh˙r ‘summit’] n: firewood. , the stem of a plant, 'sikh˙ra cold climate. the wood oru-'s trunk~îÚ of a tree. Ðtypes of 1. ;Ln–Gof [Kh *p-sil (Mk psil, trees: b˙rich˙ largest tree in a forest, b~uÚh sil-nyaNis swyil, Bhj syŸul); TB *(m-)syil (Tib Himalayan Spruce, 'd˙hk˙riÚ a white- bsil-ba)] vt: to scrub or clean s.th. barked tree with edible berries, daÚ~ Pine, Ðpass.part: , scrubbed.

'duhpi Juniper, guhmil a large evergreen, 2. ;Ln–Gofsil'sîu\ vt: 1. to string (as

'gwiÚ Holly Oak, 'j˙hm Hemlock, jehr˙i sil-nyabeads on a string, or chunks of meat on

a small, black-barked tree, 'juhla Fir, a bamboo strip). 'thosat˙ sya'k˙riÚ sil'keo\

koralih Peach tree, 'kyaÚ~ a type of tree He strung meat on a bamboo strip. 2. to

growing in swamps, 'mici Yew, 'misîÚ~ a thread a needle. dahgaÚ 'g˙pe ukuÚl˙~ sil'keo\

type of oak, 'raÚkuli~ ancestor tree, rilaÚ He strung thread through the hole of a

Himalayan Silver Birch, 'ruhmbu any needle. , straight through.

great tree, sizaÚ a type of tree with yellow , khwasto hold a grudge against'y s.o.uÚl˙~

flowers, 'syargwa a type of tree used in (sil-nyalit. ‘string up in the heart’). shamanistic seances, 'syuÚ a large ever- 3 . ;Ln–Gof vi.pat: (of joints) to green, Maple, a type of birch. yuÚhtali zilaÚ sil-nyahurt, pain. , sharp, stabbing

;L+ô r“ô [Kh *r-c˙≥ (Mk rc˙,~ Gam pains. Ðset: silik silik. sîÚ'~ c˙≥)] cïÚ~ sweet tree-sap. n: ;L+ônf [hur-nya < *s~î: ‘wood’ + *la ‘hill’] l;b? l;b? expr.adv: sliding 'sîÚla~prop.n: the name given to most temporary sid˙ru sid˙ru of the feet. , to walk slowly, summer villages of the Kham-Magars. sliding the feet.s.s. 'ba-nya l;nLd bLd expr.adv: smooth, l;wf [Nep] adj: straight, honest. 'silimcovering 'dim everything evenly. sidah o-paÚ~ sidah z˙ 'lizyaHis words are honest. , (of snow on the ground) deep,s.d. cov-'j˙i-

'l;k¬?k expr.adv: slurping. eringnya everything. cf. 's˙m˙ 'g˙m˙o. Ðadj: 'sihpurup , to slurp food from . 'sihpurup 'j˙i-nya the hand. var. 'sehp˙ryap. 'silim 'dimo p–l;ln :ofk dfnp] ;L+ôhf [ < *sî:~ ‘wood’ + *ja: ‘vessel’] (u)-'sadj: îli\ (of syap a person, 'maleo or his words) disori- sîÚ'ja~ n: wooden tools or instruments, includ- ented, without logic, confused. ing bowls, plows, etc. ;LNkt [Nep] n: aluminum. l;lh–Gof (var. of: , qv.) silp˙t ;Ln l;nf] (o“)" adj: (of a siji-nya siti-nya ;Lô+ sfM n: a small splinter or silcliff) 'silo frighteningly ('y~uÚ) high. also: 'hihl 'hihlo. s~îÚkah speck of dirt (as in the eye, or in one’s ;L/ntLM n: a small bird with a food). siltihflicking tail. Ðgen: . ;LSnfO{ [Nep siknu] nom: training, ;Ld–Gof [Kh'baza-biza *sim; TB *sim siklai sim-nya‘sweep towards self’] vt: 1. to scoop Kham Dictionary 301 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ up, gather into a basket. , quickly l;ªf? n: 1. an asexual person. gathering. gar, to gorfeel the sat- 'si2.≥ arua child born with both male and female isfaction of'y being~uÚ sim-nya avenged (lit. ‘scoop sexual organs. the heart’). 2. to harvest, bring in crops. ;Lk [Kh *sip (Mk sip)] adv: together, , planting and harvest- 'sipas in: 'sip gin'ba'k— e\ We (two) went to- jaÚhnya simnya ing. gether. , together all the way. l;dnLô n: a flat-shaped basket Ð[Alt.root'sip (Gam 'sip blo≥)] 'sim˙li made of bamboo. Ðset: . p–;Lk [Kh *p-sip (Mk psip); be:h l;dt [Nep-Eng] n: cement. (u)-'sHim\îp *sip (Mag sisip, Thak sip, Kai -syu, sim˙t l;df prop.n: a Kham-Magar village Jir -syup)] n: 1. nest (of a bird, rat, 'simain the Rukum District below Kengsi on etc.). 2. the shell of a turtle, snail, etc. the north side of the river. 3. container, receptacle, sheath, etc., as l;df“ n: a type of rye. Ðset: . in: khorcyo 'sip khukri sheath, za'sîp\ sim~aÚ ;LDof n: a malady in childrenhata: womb (lit. ‘child sheath’). 'simyacausing varying degrees of motor paral- ;Lk–Gof [ < *s-ip ‘put to bed’] ysis, etc. , (by a sha- 'sip-nyavt: to nest something (as to tuck one’s manic ceremony)'simya to khya-nya cast off the evil forces legs in; for a plane to nest its wheels). causing 'sîmya\ . Ðset: . , doubled up, awk- syagarap sigurup 1. –;Lg v.aff: thek Éï:h-nyafirst person dual wardly. , pulled completely in. 'syap-sip -'sobject\în marker: ‘us two,’ as in: poh'sîn'k\ eo\ , to nest itself, move into cor- 'sip's\î-nya He beat us (dl.). rect position. Ðpass.part: , nest- 2 ed, tucked in. ukhïÚ~ 'sip'sîu\ 'sip'shis legs\îu were . –;Lg v.aff: the reflexive singular tucked in (towards his body). -'simperative\în marker, as in: hur'sînke\ Wash yourself! ;Lk [Nep zLk ship] n: skill, ability, sip˙talent. ;Lg (var. of: , qv.) ô [ < *s~î: ‘wood’ + *'p˙i 'sin l;gf n: beef.'sen ;L+ k} sîÚ'p˙i~ ‘bowl’] n: a large wooden pot for brew- 'sina 1. l;g ¬ [Nep; Mag sinu ‘corpse’] ing beer. Ðset: . 'sinun: 1. carrion, the kill of a carnivorous 'ja: animal. 2. meat bait for a trap. l;k} + [Nep l;kfxL sipahi] n: soldier, 'sip˙guard,îÚ~ police. 2. l;g¬ n: porcupine. l;kfnf ] [Nep l;kfn' sipalu] adj: 'sinu l;ªf/–Gof vt: to warn, ad- 'sipaloskillful. Ðset: . si≥monish,ar-nya rebuke. cf. th˙l-nya. Ðpass.part: u-hil hai'wo to fill cracks be- , scolded. o'amae si≥ar's\îu l;lk–Gof vt: 'sipi-nya siscolded≥ar's\îu by his mother. tween 'k˙t˙r with leaves and branches to prevent dirt from falling through ceiling. l;ªf/}l;–Gof [Nep l;+uf/ cf. 's˙p-nya. si≥s~îgarar˙i's ‘ornamentationî-nya\ ’] v.refl: to adorn

oneself with jewelry and finery. l;lkl;–Gof vi.agt: to shinny sipisi-nyaup a pole. 302 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ;LlK;–Gof (see ). expr.adv: sniffing. , to s.s. s˙≥˙r-nya 'sip's\î-nya ;LKof [Nep] n: the'sip-nya correct way, smell by sniffing. 'sipyathe right side (as of cloth). ant. 'bipya. l;l; nfDnd¬ expr.adv: blan- , any rhythm played on a sisiketed. lamlum , to cover with snow drum'sipya which d˙m˙ya is not a funeral dirge. in a violents.l. khya-nya storm; to blacken the sky , water used in certain shamanic'sipya cer- with storm clouds. emonies'riÚh scooped from the river in an l;l;Noft µfM–Gof [Nep uphill motion. Ðadv: , in a cor- sisilyat˙;';]nf ] suselo] jaÚh-nya vt: to whistle. rect fashion. 'sipya'ni l;;Ld nom: apathy, indifference. p–;L/ [Nep ‘head’] n: the sisim , to be without concern, (u)-'sirsource of a river. also: u-'nî:jar.~ apathetic.sisim da-nya sisim dad˙ 'li-nya to live ap- l;/Ll:t [Sk sirshÊi] n: the beginning athetically. siristiof creation. ;Lô ;Lô dfln–Gof vi.agt: ;Lh}{–Gof [Nep sirjaunu] vt: 'siÚto siÚ refuse 'mali-nya to call it quits (lit. ‘to never say sirj˙i-nya1. to create, bring into being, give birth die’). to. 2. to bring an egg yolk to the stage l;l; dfdf expr.adv: over- of forming blood. Ðpass.part: , 'sisiloaded. 'mama , to bring completely created. sirj˙i'sîu\ loaded. s.m. r˙i-nya ;Llh{–Gof [Nep sirj˙nu] vi.pat: l;t [Nep sit] n: dew. , 'sirji-nya1. to come into being. 2. (of an egg si't˙to be ill with a fever associatedsi't˙ 'lagi-nya with the yolk) to reach the stage of forming blood. falling of the dew. Ðvt: . l;t}–Gof vt: to mock, ridicule. sirj˙i-nya ;LSof { n: a narrow field, a narrow 'sit˙i-nyacf. 'h˙is˙i-nya. 'sirkyastick. Ðadj: , narrow (esp. of a l;lt [Nep l;lQ ‘for free’] adv: field); long,sirkyaso flat, and narrow (as of a sitieasily. (Used only with negative verb, stick). Ðset: . as in: u'yuÚ~ tohlo 'miÚ u'yuÚ~ siti ma'ph˙rki ;Ldf{ [Nep'cu:'wo serma] n: a government An offended person does not easily re- sirmaproperty tax (esp. on fields). turn. , (same). ± , tosirma collect 'dup- tax. siti l;lt–Gofmiti vi.pat: (of roasted Ðnyatypes of:sirma 'b˙naolo 'syoÚ-nyatax on grazing rights, 'siti-nyagrain) to become damp and hard to chew.

doroÚ tax paid for fishing or root-digging ;LlQsfj adj: useless (of a

rights, 'j˙gat road tax, 'juÚhki~ a weighing sitti'kaoperson). tax on salt. l;p adj: dead, paralyzed, lifeless. ;L/ l;/}–Gof v.evt: (of the 'siu , to be foul, useless to society. sirweather) sir˙i-nya to be cold, brisk, nippy (though 'siu 'ta-nya ;L+ôjfln–Gof vi.pat: (of silver) the sun is shining). s~îÚwali-nyato become tarnished. ;Lô ;Lô [ < Kh 'si: ‘smell, odor’] siÚ siÚ Kham Dictionary 303 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ l;o¬ [Nep siyo] n: an injection. rwihza wanza bugs, worms, snakes, liz- siyu , to give an injection. ards kosyoÚ kolapih flying, non-biting in-

siyu 1 .jaÚh-nya l;hfé ô n: a type of tree with sects (lit. locust-butterflies), t˙riÚ kosyoÚ sizaÚyellow flowers. flying locusts, grasshoppers, and crick- 2 ets, 'mulza buhsunaÚ biting, flying insects . l;hfé ô n: type of wasp. Ðgen: ( biting flies and gnats), sizaÚ . lit. syar 'pusum biting insects which crawl (lit. lice-fleas). 'mulza ;ô [Kh buhsuna: *s˙k (Luk s˙k); TB *sak] n:

'sÉïÚ1. breath. , to breathe. p–;ô n: 1. first fruits. , (u)-'sÉïÚ 'k~aÚsÉïÚ 'sïÚÉ dohor˙i-nya, to have difficulty first fruits of the barley harvest. , first fruits of a feast (taken by a womanli'sïÚÉ breathing,'sÉïÚ 'guhmi-nya esp. exhaling. , to have spasms in which's ïÚÉ the 'thuni-nya breathing to her parentsÐbeer or wine). , sya'sÉïÚ stops. , stifling, claustro- the first cuts of an animal divided among phobic. 's 2.ÉïÚ the 'sup human sobo spirit. , members of a hunting party (beginning to die. , to cast'sïÚÉ away'ba-nya the with the head of the animal). cf. syaser. spirit of's theÉïÚ khya-nyadead in an after-death cere- , a libation of water offered to the 'rihsïÚÉ mony. (No matter when the death occurs, spirits in certain shamanic ceremonies. the ceremony must be performed before , a libation of wine offered to them˙d˙ spirits 'sÉïÚ in certain ceremonies. Dasain or B˙l KÉï:h.). , b˙rm˙ to die. 3. life. 'sÉïÚ phyaÚ-nya, all (shamanic) an offering of 'sÉïÚ, ladu 'sÉïÚ living beings. ya's—ÉïÚ 'leo b˙hri, one’s sacred leaves and roots to the visiting entire lifetime. 's4.ÉïÚ relief. u'li'wa b˙hri , spirit of a deceased shaman. 2. fresh to regain one’s strength. 'sÉïÚr˙ 'hu-nya, grass not yet grazed upon. usÉïÚ usÉïÚt˙ peaceful, restful. 5. desire. 's ÉïÚ hol~aÚ 'tao yachokeo He grazed them in fresh grass.

, to struggle after,'sïÚÉ grasp phyaÚ'wa for. ;ô–Gof [Kh *r-s˙k (Mk rsÉï:); 'sÉïÚ-nya 'j˙i'sî-nya\ , to crave after, yearn Mag sosak ‘proud’] vi.agt: to be proud, for.'sÉïÚ bauhzat˙raÚ c~îÚ-nya nw~îÚt˙ u'sÉïÚ t˙raÚ c~îÚ'zyao A haughty, arrogant; to act with insolence. baby craves after milk. , to speak with insolence. 'sÉïÚd˙ p~aÚ-nya gen.n: all living beingsya's (lit.ïÚÉ— ‘'leoall thingsb˙hri Ðadj: , insolent. 'sÉïÚ'wo having breath’). Ðanimal generics: 'j˙i ;“ô–Gof [Him (Chep sya≥-)] v.evt: 'j˙ntu four-footed beasts (domestic and 's~ïÚ-nyato dawn, in: . , wild), 'syaÚ 'baÚ game animals (lit. deer- with the first 'n˙mbeginning 's~ïÚ-nya traces.buk buhk, birds), 'laÚ 'gaÚ predators, animals of prey completely, enough to see clearly.'chelalaÚ (lit. leopard-eagles), 'baza-biza small , with streaks across the sky.z˙hr Ðvt:aÚ~ birds and burrowing creatures (lit. bird- z˙hraÚ~ , to stay up all night (lit. ‘cause rats), kah'za baza household animals; pets thes˙s ~ïÚ-nyamorning to dawn’). Ð[Alt.root *hot (lit. puppy-chickens), ka≥gah 'moÚ~ carrion (Mht hoi, Luk hoi); TB *hwa-t ‘light’] eaters (lit. crow-vultures), kaÚ gidd˙ car- ;“ôuf/ [Nep s˙≥ar] n: a window rion eaters (lit. crow-vultures [Nep]), 'sïÚgar~or door frame. Ðset: . 'zihm 304 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ p–;ôst [ < *'sï:É ‘firstfruit’] to bring the beauty out in s.th.. (u)-'sadv:ÉïÚk˙t˙ firstly. Ðadj: , first. ;faf] –Gof+] vt: (of a mother ;“ôu-'ssLnÉïÚk˙'t lg —aob“ôsLn ex- sobbird)~oÚ-nya to put her young out of the nest. 's~ïÚkilpr.adv: ni 'dchoking~ïÚkil to death (with something ;f]ef]–Gof vt: to spill (liquid caught in the windpipe). , soboh-nyaor grain). to silence s.o., make unables.d. to khya-nya answer. ;faf] d–Gof] vt: to lighten (as ;ô ;ô expr.adv: a near hit. sobom-nyaa load). Ðv.refl: , to debase sÉïÚ sÉïÚ , to almost hit a target, makesÉïÚ oneself, make sobom'soneself of\î-nya little account asïÚÉ near 'j˙i-nya hit. by speaking foolishly, etc. ;ô“ ;ô“ lg a“ôa“ô expr.adv: ;faf] /f] n–Gof] vt: to see as 's~ïÚsboisterous,~ïÚ ni 'b~ïÚb rude.~ïÚ soborol-nyathe same, be unable to distinguish (as of ;ôj (see ). one’s sheep in a mixed flock). 'sÉïÚ'wo ;ôéhf [ < *'s'sÉïÚ-nyaÉï: ‘breath’ + *za ‘di- 1. ;f]rf]O{–Gof [Kh *s-so-t 'sïÚzaÉminuitive’] n: wisp of breath, in: u'sïÚzaÉ socoi-nya(Nis sojot); Mag sot-ke ‘awaken s.o.’] waz˙ 'li'zya He has only the wisp of a vt: to awaken, to rouse s.o. from sleep. breath (i.e ‘about to die).’ , quickly. Ðpass.part: , p~oÚla socoi'sîu\ ;f–] v.aff: (allomorph of: , qv., awakened, roused from sleep. so-used on verb roots whose principles˙- vowel 2. ;f]rf]O{–Gof [Kh *p-co-t is .) socoi-nya(Mk s˙pc˙i, Nis socot)] vt: to boil o ;f]–Gof [Kh *p-so ± *r-so (Mk water. Ðpass.part: , boiled. socoi'sîu\ so-nyapso, Nis rso)] vt: to hate, scorn, despise. ;f]rf]O{+–Gof [Kh (Mk s˙pc˙~î)] soco~îÚ-nya 1. ;f]–Gof [Kh *so (Mk so); vt: 1. to set s.th. down in an upright 'so-nyaMag so-ke ‘awake’; TB *m-sow] vi.agt: position. , solidly. 2. to ‘seat’ a th˙p˙k to rise from sleep. , early, with shaman, i.e. engage his services. 3. to haste. , quicklyo-poÚni jump up. land an airplane. Ðpass.part: , soco~îÚ's\îu , pof~oÚla a group. Ðvt: jarak, to seated. 'j~aÚhk˙ri soco~îÚ's\îu engaged the

makejuruk s.o. rise; wake s.o. socoi-nya services of a shaman. 2. ;f]–Gof [Kh *so; Him (Mag ;f'] rf]O{M–Gof vt: to propel; 'socoih-nya 'so-nyaoso-ke ‘itch,’ wosotke ‘itch,’ co-khe to cause to pitch, hurtle, fling (as when ‘scratchy,’ Chep sos-); TB *m-sak] threshing grain to make the grains scat- vi.pat: to itch. , with welts ter). all over. cyacyal cicil ;f5f] –Gof+] vt: to make a wall soch~oÚ-nya ;fô] adv: about to. (Usu. reduplicated, come out crooked. 'soÚas in: 'soÚ 'soÚ o'cyaprih'zyak˙. Just as he ;f'] wfM–Gof+] vt: to make flee, was about to peck him...) so'dscare~oÚh-nya away. Ðpass.part: , so'd~oÚh's\îu cf–;f] af] [Sk shobha' ‘beauty, frightened away. (o)-'sobasplendor’] n: beauty . , ;f]bf]Gof;–Gof vt: to make o-'soba hai-nya sodonyas-nyathe lip of a jug elliptical in shape. Kham Dictionary 305 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ;fô] u/Lôs temp.adv: in a 'syal sohnoÚ 'nim-'ni the jackal and the soÚmoment. g˙riÚk˙ bear (dl.). ;f]uf] [Nep shok] n: care, concern, cf–;f] O] { [Kh *sot (Gam swe÷, sogoanxiety. , to worry, be full (o)-soiSeram sot); Him (Mag me-sos, Chep of concern.sogo da-nya , to be anx- ch˙w÷); TB *tsow ± *saôw] n: animal ious about s.th.o-sogot˙ 'li-nya fat. var. syasoi. ;f]uf]O{–Gof [ < *s-go-t] vt: to ;f]O{–Gof vi.pat: to grow fat, sogoi-nyacause to swell (as of bread by adding soi-nyahealthy. Ðadj: , fat, healthy. yeast). Ðpass.part: , made to ;fhf] /–Gof]soi'w —o vt: to locate some- swell. sogoi's\îu sojor-nyathing (as a rat hole by poking with a ;f]uf]O{+–Gof vt: to match one stick, or a trail which has been lost). sogosize~îÚ-nya against another, compare. Ðset: . pahl-nya ;f]uf]nf]+–Gof vt: to roll (esp. ;f]µØf]n–Gof vt: to slacken sogola log~oÚ-nya down a hill). soja Ÿohl-nyarope. ;f]uf]+Yof;–Gof [Him ;f]sf]uf]/Øf;–Gof vt: to sog(Chep~oÚthyas-nya go≥÷- ‘bent’)] vt: to bend, make sokogoryas-nyacause or allow a piece of leather to become crooked. hard and inflexible. ;fM–+] [Kh *sohm; Him (Mag som, ;fn] n: pause. , to s~oÚh-Chep sum); TB *g-sum] num.pref: three, solwork without a pause solor rest. ma'li-nya t˙khep sol as in: s~oÚh-thoÚ three kinds. b˙ 'male He hasn’t paused even once. ';fMa/+] +] num: three. also: so- ;fnf] [Nep ‘stake’] n: (in shamanism) 's~oÚhb˙rhmlo. ~eÚ 'solacone shaped leaf cups held off the ground ';fhf] ] [Nep ;fµf] ] sojho] adj: by small stakes. (Nine are used in the 'sohjostraight, honest, righteous. Ðadv: thumbu ceremony for containing special- , honestly. 'so- ly purified water.) hjos˙ ';fhf] sfj] adj: restored to full ;f]nf]DAof;f ] (var. of: solombyaso sulum- sohjo'khealth,—ao whole. , qv.) byaso ;f]Md\–Gof [Kh *sohm; TB ;fDaf/] [Nep ;fdaf/] ] n: Mon- sombar sohm-nya(Garo song)] vt: to boil grain for drying. day. (Usu. in: sombar chyam Monday

Ðset: . Ðpass.part: , day.) scalded,ph ~î:-nyaboiled. sohm's\îu ;fdf] xf] /] adv: directly ahead, somohor ';f]Md–Gof v.sta: to be cool directly overhead, as in: somohor 'banke 'sohm-nya(of drinking water). Ðadj: . Go directly ahead! somohor 'laÚ midday.

';fMDnf] ] num: three.'sohm'o ;f]df]n–Gof vt: to blacken. somol-nyaÐpass.part: , blackened. sohmlo ;fgf] M] coord: and, accompanied somol's\îu sohnoÚby. (Requires a dual marker on the final ;f]df];–Gof vt: to cause or somos-nya NP of the two conjoined NP's, as in: allow grain to become moldy. 306 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ;fdf] of] n: spikenard, a perfume soraÚt˙ directly above. Ðrelator.noun: 'somoyaroot sold for about one rupee per dharni; (with possessive prefixes), as in: o- Indian Valerian. soraÚk˙ directly above it. o-soraÚt˙ p~aÚ- ;fgf/] (var. of: , qv.) , to speak against s.o. without evidence.nya , the one di- sonar ;fgLaf/] [Nepsunar zlgjf/ sh˙niwar] Ðadj: rectly overhead.o-soraÚ'k also: —ao o-sora:'l—ao, o- sonibarn: Saturday. sora:'≥ao,— o-sora:'tao.— ;f]Gkf n: a bright star or planet, ô , 'sonpausu. the morning star, Venus. ;f]/] (in: qv.) 'soreÚ 'khoreÚ dak˙ 'soreÚ making a ;f]Gtf]sf ] [Nep ;Gtf]if s˙ntosh] ;f/] –;f] /] ] expr.adv: 'sore-sorerustling sound. 'jy~aÚh kharl˙ 'sore-sore 'sontokon: contentment, happiness, satisfaction He’s making a rustling sound , to live with content- 'j˙i'zyao in the woods. , to come 'sontoko-s˙ment. 'li-nya making a rustlings.s. sound. 'hu-nya ;f]ª\uf]M [Nep s˙h˙go]~ adj: inex- [Nep sw˙rg˙] heav- 'sopensive.≥goh ant. 'm˙≥goh. ;f]/\uf] :ju{ n: 'sorgoen. ;fªf] O] –Gof{ vt: 1. to lose some- sothing≥oi-nya in a chase. 2. to lose money by ;f/] sf\ O] –Gof{ vt: to strain sorkoi-nya failing to account for it. ears to hear (of a person hard of hearing). , to scare s.o.o-'satu senseless. 'patu cf–;f] /] dfnp] adj: care- (o)-'sor 'maleo Ðsov.refl:≥oidya-nya , to get oneself lost less, reckless. (by not watchingso≥oi's\î-nya landmarks, etc.) ;f/f] ]ô [Kh *s˙ro; Him (Chep kar); soroÚ ;fªf] /f] ô [Kh *s˙bra≥ (Mk s˙b˙ra, TB *s-k˙r] n: star. soGam≥oraÚ s˙:ra, Nis sora);~ Mag patta sar] n: ;f]/f]Md\–Gof vt: to cause or the rhododendron. cf. 'mab˙la:,~ 'khu:.~ sorohm-nyaallow an animal to become weak or starve. ;f]k–Gof [Him (Mag soh- ‘swell ;fyf] ]ô{ –Gof [ < *s-r-tho] vt: sop-nyaup’)] vi.pat: to subside from swelling. sorthoÚ-nyato pass the word. 'ao thaÚ nolai b˙ ;fkf] /f] ]ô–Gof vt.evt: to turn sorthoÚyo Pass the word to him too! soporoÚ-nyathe ground white with frost. Ðv.recip: , ( ) to discuss together. sorthoÚ's'ao paÚt˙~ jin\î-nya sorthoÚ's-t˙ î'c\ în\ You ;fÅf] ;–Gof] vt: to cause two discuss this matter! sophos-nyafloor plaster to peel (by wearing shoes Ðpass.part: , announced, promulgated. in the house, etc.). sorthoÚ's \îu vi.pat: (of ‘beer ;f]/ [Nep :j/ sw˙r] n: 1. a voice. ;f];–Gof sos-nyagrains’) to ferment; to begin thesejo fermen- 'sorcf. o-rga:. 2. message. cf. tha:. , to send a message. 'sor tation process in a 'pos juhrnu. Ðvt: , to put beer grains in a sosos- 'p˙r,îÚ-nya~ to give notice. 'sor ya- 'pos juhrnu nyato begin the fermentation process. nya ;f/f] ô– loc.root: above, directly to fatten an soraÚ-overhead, as in: soraÚk˙, soraÚl˙, soraÚ≥˙, ;f];f]O{–Gof vt: sosoi-nyaanimal. Ðpass.part: , fattened. sosoi's\îu Kham Dictionary 307 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ;f:tf] n: bean. with possessive.) , someone, as suwar˙ sosta ;f:tf] ] [Nep ;:tf] s˙sto ‘cheap’] in: suwar˙ ya'hu'kin if someone comes. sostoadj: plentiful, abundant. cf. d˙hm'sîu.\ , no one, as in: suÚz˙ male There’s nosuÚz˙ one (lit. ‘there is not whoever’). (Oc- ;ftf] ;ftf] expr.adv: sweating, curs with negative.) sotaunder sota heavy toil. , to sweat from'gahm heavy sotatoil. sota 'ta- p–;ô" [TB *saôw ‘fat’] n: 1. (u)-suÚmarrow. 2. the discharge from a boil or nya ;ftf] Mn] –Gof\ vt: to bump, pimple. sotohl-nyaknock into s.th. (as with a load or beam). , (of liquor) to cause ;"ô [Kh (Mk rsÉï: c˙l, Gam s˙lma)] 'suÚ 'ya stomach-ache.~uÚ sotohldya-nya n: a type of bamboo. Ðset: . c˙hl ;ftf] O] –Gof{ [Him (Chep thot- ;af;¬ np] [Nep] adj: polite, subas l|eo sotoi-nya‘rebound’)] vt: to bounce s.th. (as against well-mannered. a wall), to make rebound. ;¬e¬–Gof vt: to cause a dog subuh-nya ;ftf] /Øf] n: a plague or epidemic. to bark. 'sotorya ;ftf] /Øfg] n: annihilation. ;¬e¬/–Gof vt: to frighten a subuhr-nya sotoryan , to annihilate, exter- bird, cause it to fly. minate,sotoryan wipekhya-nya out. nuhl tubu 'hud˙ ;¬e¬?n–Gof vt: a sprain sotoryan z˙ yakhya'keo A plague came subuhrul-nyaor twist a limb. and wiped them out. ;¬5¬d–Gof vt: to put things ;fjf] O] M–Gof{ vt: to cause to suchum-nyaaway, in their proper place. Ðpass.part: sowoih-nyasquirt out, spurt (as when squeezed). , put away, arranged in an orderlysuchum's way.\îu ;jf]d–Gof vt: to cause or ;¬lw–Gof [Nep ;f]Wg ' sodhnu] sowom-nyaallow an animal to become weak through 'sudih-nyav.bt: to ask a question of s.o. lack of food. ;¬b¬d–Gof vt: to fully account ;fhfé] ]ô–Gof vt: to make flee, sudum-nyafor, bring all together (as sheep). sozoÚ-nyafrighten away. Ðpass.part: , accounted for. sudum's\îu ;–¬ v.aff: (allomorph of: , qv., o'behdaÚ b˙hri sudum's\îu 'ta'ker˙ All of su-used on verb roots whose principles˙- vowel his sheep were accounted for. is or .) ;“"bØflNg n: a midwife. 's~uÚdyalni 1u. ;ïÉ "ô [Kh *su; Him *su (Mag su)] ;¬lu–Gof vi.pat: to miss some- suÚinterrog: who? , who all? as in: 'sugi-nyaone, feel bereavement. n˙l˙ suÚ suÚ ya'li'zyaosuÚ suÚWho all is in there? ;¬u"ô–Gof vt: 1. to cause to Ðposs.pron: , whose? suguÚ-nyatremble (as a shaman by his spirits). 2. 2. ;"ô indef.adv:suÚye u'miÚ whoever. , (fig) to frighten someone. suÚeach his own, as in: suÚ suÚ je'miÚ suÚr˙i'c suÚîke\ ;3¬ /–Gof¬ v.bt: 1. to make Each of you, bring your own! (Occurs su'guhr-nyasomeone carry a load. ozaÚlai 's~îÚ 308 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ su'guhr'keo\ He made his child carry the ;/Saf/¬ [Nep z'qmjf/ wood. 2. ( ) to make someone else sukr˙barshukr˙war] n: Friday. (Usu. in: sukr˙bar bear the cost.o-eÚh 3. to make illicitly pregnant, chyam Friday day.) in: . ;¬s"O{ô–Gof [Kh *s-ku-t (Mk 'zaÚ su'guhr-nya ;¬u¬/–Gof vt: to cause a strand sukwiÚ-nyaskwi:)] vt: to cause a fire to smoke. sugur-nya of rope to pop out of place when twisting ;¬v [Nep] n: bliss, prosperity, it. Ðvi: . sukh˙ease. ant. dukh˙. , bless- gur's\î-nya ;¬M\–Gof [Mag namsu ‘wind,’ ings and trials. gesukh˙r˙sukh˙ dukh˙ gedukh˙r˙ suh-nyasu-ke ‘blow wind’] v.evt: to become gepaÚ'zya~ We’re talking over our good hazy (of the atmosphere), in: times and hard times. 'n˙m suh- . , hazy. ;¬Nkf n: s straight smoking pipe, nya 'n˙m suh'wo ';¬–Gof [Kh *sup (Nis sup, 'sulpamade of wood or clay. 'suh-nyaGam su)] vi.pat: to suffocate. ± , to smoke a pipe.'sulpa c~îÚ-nya 'riÚhl˙ , to drown. zya-nya ;NTof;f¬ ] [Nep sulÊo] adj: correct, 'suhd˙ 'si-nya ;¬bf/}M–Gof [Nep ;wfg' '{ sultyasoright-side-out. Ðn: , the one which suhdar˙i-nyasudharnu ‘improve’] vt: to correct, make is right. ant. 'ultya.'sultya right. Ðpass.part: , recti- ;¬n¬Md\–Gof vt: 1. ( suhdar˙i's\îu fied, reformed. suluhm-nya‘flesh’) to cover a wound with scar tissue.sya-e ';Md¬ ls ';¬Md expr.adv: 2. to allow the hole in a pierced ear to 'suhmrecklessly. ki 'suhm , to go recklessly, close. s.s. 'ba-nya carelessly. , to apply ;¬n¬DAof n: a cylindrical basket. s.s. 'lagi's\î-nya oneself intently. 'sulumbyaÐadj: , (of a basket) cylin- ';¬MGb¬; [Nep s˙ndus] n: a dricalsulumbyaso in shape so that a tumpline slips 'suhndussmall wooden box with a lid for keeping off. valuables. cf. 'muhdus. ;¬d–Gof vt: to receive, take in, ;¬x¬k–Gof (o“ " vt: to 'sum-nyaaccept. m˙hrr˙ b˙ ya'sum'k\eo He even suhup-nyaexercise faith ('y ~uÚ)or confidence in s.o. took in (low caste) blacksmiths. var. ;x¬ /–Gof¬ vt: to cause hurt to susum-nya. suhur-nyas.o. Ðv.bt: , to cause hurt ;¬Dnf ;¬Dnf [Nep sumlo to one’s hands,suhurdya-nya etc. (as by a tool handle). 'sumla‘swelling 'sumla’; Mag sumula ‘welt’] ex- ;¬sf n: 1. one-fourth of a rupee; pr.adv: swollen and aching after a blow, sukatwenty-five paisa. 2. (in standard weight- or from excessive exercise. ing) a unit of weight equivalent to four ;¬Dt¬t¬d expr.adv: alone, lone- 'ana (one-eighth of a dihm). 3. (in weigh- sumtutumly. , to sit alone in the ing precious metals) a unit of weight darkness.s. cuh's\î-nya equivalent to one-fourth of a tohla, or ;¬'d¬M/–Gof vt: to cause a twenty-five lal. Ðset: . 'sumuhr-nyanutty flavor (esp. of milk by cooking kach˙ long). Kham Dictionary 309 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ;¬d¬Nof;f ] adj: huge, massive, ;¬k¬–Gof vt.evt: (of the weather) sumulyasolike a large pillar (as of a cloud). Ðn: supu-nyato cause corn to go bad on the stalk. , s.o. having large calves. ;¬k¬n–Gof vt: to dirty a house 'sumulya ;¬DjL+ô–Gof vt: to heat, warm supul-nya(as by tracking in mud, spitting on the sumwsomething~îÚ-nya over. Ðv.evt: (of the weather) floor, etc.). to warm up. Ðpass.part: , 1. ;¬k¬d–Gof vt: 1. (of a warmed, heated. sumw~îÚ's\îu supum-nyahen) to incubate her eggs. 2. (of a person) ;¬g [Nep] n: 1. gold. 2. disk-shaped to refrain from eating eggs, so that they 'sungold earrings worn by women. may be brooded. ;¬gf/ [Nep] n: a gold or silver 2. ;¬k¬d–Gof vt: to allow sunarsmith; a person of the goldsmith caste. supum-nyacornmeal to set after cooking so that the ;¬Gb d¬Gb expr.adv: with khoigah will come out with the rest of sund˙haste. mund˙ , to get out of a the food when served. place withs.m. haste. hai's\î-nya ;¬k¬d–Gof [TB *put ‘knee’] ;¬Gt¬sL [Nep ;Gtf]if s˙ntosh] su'pum-nyavt: to cause to kneel. 'suntukin: contentment. ;¬Å¬–Gof [Kh *s-r-phu (Mk ;¬Gt¬nf [Nep ;¬Gtnf sunt˙la] n: suphu-nyasurphu-nya)] vt: to cause a bag or con- 'suntulaorange (fruit). tainer to burst (as by attempting to stuff ;¬g“"–Gof vt: to make something in too much). sunlast~uÚ-nya long through care. cf. sa:ci-nya.~ ;¬/ n: an article of clothing for men sur ;'¬ g¬Mn–Gof vt: to cause and women. (Made of a long strip of 'sunuhl-nyacalamity, destruction. cloth, tied at the shoulders, and crossed in front and back. Its function is similar ;¬GjLô+ –Gof [Kh *s-nun; Him to that of a petticoat, but worn on the sunw(Tib~îÚ-nya snun-pa ‘suckle’)] vt: to nurse a outside.) , the shoulder knot child at the breast. on a sur. sur g~aÚtha , to wear a sur. ;“"lk–Gof [Nep ;DKg' ' sumpnu] 1. sur sur's \î-nya to put a on 's~uÚpi-nyavt: 1. (with animate object) to hand over, ;¬/–Gof vt: sur sur-nya deliver up. 2. (with inanimate object) to another. Ðv.refl: , to put on a . sur's\î-nya send or give back (esp. of a gift which sur 2 is refused). ≥aeo p˙isa 's~uÚpi'na'k\eo He . ;¬/–Gof vt: to tether an sur-nya returned the money I gave to him. cf. animal by the neck. , to tarap t˙r˙p bi:h-nya. Ðpass.part: , deliv- tether animals on stakes all over a cattle ered over. pulisrae 'kwiÚt˙'s~uÚpi's 's~uÚpi's\îu \îu de- yard, one here, one there. Ðset: . po:-nya livered into the hands of the police. Ðpass.part: , tethered. sur's\îu ;k¬ ;af¬ ] adj: stifling, claustro- ;¬/f n: 1. an iron wedge. 2. an 'sura 'supphobic, subo in: . iron stake driven through the chest of a 'sÉïÚ 'sup subo dead child in his grave to prevent the return of his spirit. 310 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ;/¬ af\ “ [Kh *s˙rba≥ (Mk sarba≥, away. , to go straightaway, surbGam~aÚ s˙rba≥)] n: a stuffed animal or withouts.s. being 'ba-nya sidetracked. , bird skin. to work minding one’s owns.s. business. da-nya ;¬ls{–Gof vi.pat: (of a loop , to come without being side- s.s. 'hu-nya surki-nyaknot) to slip. tracked. , to apply oneself to a tasks.s. steadily.'lagi'sî-nya\ ;¬Sof{ [Nep surke ‘long and nar- 'surkyarow’; Mag surkyas-ke ‘white stripe’] n: ;¬;f/Øf [Nep susare ‘attendant’] susarya a male sheep with a black head with a n: a nurse, personal maid. brown stripe on the face. , a female ;¬;¬d–Gof (see ). sheep with such characteristics.'surki Ðset: susum-nya ;¬;Ø¬/–Gof vt: 'sum-nyato make s.th. . Ðadj: , black headed sussour.Ÿur-nya 'patyawith a brown stripesurkyaso on face. ;TSoflNg¬ [Nep ;Ts' /L] sutkeri] ;¬ln { (in: , qv.) 'sutkyalnin: a woman’s time of child-delivery. surli ;¬/'b˙ihra\l;–Gof surliv.refl: (see ;¬t¬–Gof vt: to poison (as of sur's\î-nya). sur- sutu-nyafish, or of sheep by allowing to get into nya ;¬? [Nep] n: beginning. naÚh b˙hri poison grass). surusuru waz˙ 'ta'ke All that was only the ;¬t"ô–Gof vt: to make food beginning. sutuÚ-nyaspicy, hot. ;¬?“M–Gof vt: to cause to be ;¬t¬Md\–Gof vt: (Obj. ‘foot’) surthick~uÚh-nya (as a crop by sowing much seed, sutuhm-nyato trip over one’s own feet. cf. s˙p˙rd˙p- or a blanket by weaving tightly, etc.). nya. ;¬?Mn\–Gof vt: to counterbal- ;¬t¬/ [Nep zq' sh˙tru] n: enemy, suruhl-nyaance evil or a bad prognosis by means 'suturfoe. , (same). of sacrifice. (The agent is conceived of, 'sutur ; ¬t'b˙iri¬/–Gof vt: to withhold food not as the person sacrificing, but as the sutur-nyafrom s.o. act itself. The only object is either ;TjL¬ ô+ –Gof vt: to shorten. macao ‘evil,’ or ‘bad progno- sutw~îÚ-nya, too short. Ðpass.part: , macao bapho sis.’) 'mahr s˙ihd˙ macao bapholai ph˙sshortened. sutw~îÚ's\îu suruhl'keo\ He counterbalanced the bad ;¬jf indef.adv: someone. , prognosis by killing a sacrifice. Ðvi: suwasomeone (pl.), anyone. suwar˙ ya'hu'kinsuwar˙ , to counter evil against sund˙ mund˙ hai's\î'ni If anyone should 'surul'soneself by\î-nya means of sacrifice. come, get out quickly! 1 . ;¬?k [Nep sw˙rup] n: a ;¬jf [Tib «sug-pa ‘juniper, pencil- 'suruplikeness or image of s.th. 'suwacedar’] n: 1. a pole climbed by a newly 2 . ;¬?k (in: , initiated shaman at the public bo:h'sînya\ 'surup 'sarap ni 'surup qv.) ceremony. (The pole is a peeled pine ;¬? ;¬? [Nep shuru-shuru] tree whose branches have been lopped suruexpr.adv: suru single-mindedly, straight- Kham Dictionary 311 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ off, except the crown.) 2. a miniature hole. , to stop up entrance completely. 'suwa made of the s˙ri: tree, used for Ðvi: p~ïÚ , to get plugged up. seances inside the house. 3. a pine pole, , swiÚ's unable\î-nya to breathe, choked up.pÉïÚ whose crown is preserved, which pro- Ðppass.part:ÉïÚ , plugged. 'yem trudes from the top of a shaman’s burial swiÚ'sîu\ 'lizyaswiÚ'sThe road\îu is blocked. cairn. ;"O{+ expr.adv: swiftly. , ;¬Hoé Mn–Gof¬ vt: to slide swto~îÚ make a long, whistlings. gy dive.~uÚh-nya suzyuhl-nyapoles down a hillside. cf. s˙jehlo:-nya.~ , to hurl, fling swiftly ands. ;ØL/\ [Kh *b-sir; Mag bir ± byur; far.'l˙pd˙i-nya redup: , swiftly. sŸuhrTB *s-kyur ‘sour’] n: a citrus fruit. , to go'sw swiftly.~îÚ-sw~îÚ s.s. 'ba-, to , lemon. , a thrownya with force. s.s. jaÚh-nya , to typekag˙ti of large,sŸuhr sour citrus.'thekya sŸuhr race swiftly. s.s. 'sw~îÚki-nya ';ØLM/–Gof [Kh *b-sir; Mag ;"O{+M–Gof [Kh *suhn (Mk 'sŸuhr-nyabyur-ke; TB *s-kywaôr] v.sta: to be swsoihN,~îÚh-nya Mht suhn); Mag sin-khe] vi.pat: sour. , slightly sour (esp. to fit into or through. (Loc. ). of beer).cyacyar cicurŸ , very sour. Ðadj: ;"O{+M df;"O{-l˙+M expr.adv: , sour.cyakap var. cikup suhrŸ 'suhr'o.Ÿ swpacked~îÚh masw to ~îÚh capacity (lit. ‘fitting, not- 'sŸuhr'o , sweet and sour. taÚh-taÚh fitting’). , to crowd sŸuhr-s Ÿ uhr;ØLn–Gof [Kh *p-sulŸ (Mk psul,Ÿ in beyonds.m. capacity. chwiÚ's \î-nya , to 'sŸul-nyaKot sul); Him (Chep sulh-, syulu÷-, Sun come packed to capacity.s.m. 'hu-nya silsil, Nw tsulu)] vi.pat: to slip, slide. , to come filling a rooms.m. to capacity.'byal'hu- , of feet to slip out from under. nya ;"O{+ôls–Gof vi.agt: to speed, ph˙rgep , to slip, slide without 'swrace,~îÚki-nya run swiftly. also: 'kw~î:ki-nya, sticking.phyas˙lya Ðv.sta: phis˙li , to be slippery. 'gwî:ki-nya.~ , swiftly on and Ðadj: , slippery.'sŸul-nya on. Ðvt: 'sw~îÚ-sw~îÚ, to hurl or sling ;ØL;'sul'oŸ [Kh *p-sis] n: an apprentice, away. sw~îÚk˙i-nya sŸusdisciple. ;"O{ôl;–Gof (see ). :jfbf ] n: a pleasant job in which swiÚ's\î-nya ;"O{{+ô ;O" {+ôj adj:swiÚ-nya hairy (of 'swadoit is easy to acquire money. 'swa ~îÚperson), 'sw~îÚ'wo in: . , to have it easy, get a good'swado job. ;"O{+ôt (in:u'muhl 'sw~îÚ 'sw~îÚ'wo, qv.) da-nya :jfs :jfs expr.adv: sucking sw~îÚt˙ :of- comp.root:'n˙m flesh. sw~îÚt˙ (Used 'bao only swaksound. swak , to smoke a pipe sya-in compounds, such as: syaphal thigh, quickly. s.s. c~~îÚ-nya sya'k˙riÚ butchered meat, syar≥˙ih animal ;"O{ô–Gof [Kh *p-sut (Mk pswi, head, syasil shares of meat strung on a swiÚ-nyaNis sut, Bhj sut, Seram sut-, Ses *sut < bamboo strip, etc. qq.v.). sui÷, -sut- ‘plugged’); Mag sut-ke ‘put :ofô [Kh *sya; Mag sya ‘meat,’ between’; TB *tsuw] vt: to plug up a syaÚChep sya÷ ‘animal’); TB *sa] n: game 312 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ animal. , game birds and an- Chukar Quail, 'jeÚ baza Crimson Horned imals (lit.'syaÚ ‘deer-birds 'baÚ ’). Pheasant, jyaÚka~ Koklas Pheasant, k˙iya~ cf–:of] ô n: 1. the meat or flesh Chir Pheasant, 'kok˙lya Crow-Pheasant, (o)-syaÚof an animal. 2. the chewable part of 'kwiÚt˙m dove, lwîÚcya~ Red Junglefowl, tobacco leaves. 3. the warp threads of a 'malowa Snow Pigeon, 'moÚj˙r~ Peafowl, loom. cf. o-'tana. 4. the outer part of r˙l˙wa Blood Pheasant, reÚh a type of bamboo, used in weaving. Ðset: . pheasant, 'r~ïÚh Danphe Pheasant, 5. furrow of a plow. cf. 'gohrsya.c˙hl 'r~ïÚhkh~uÚ Snow Cock, o-m˙raÚh~ female

:ofô–Gof vi.pat: to multiply (of game bird, o-p˙raÚh~ ± bap˙raÚh~ male game syaÚ-nyachickens). bird. Ðset: all living beings. (Seeya's 'sï:)É —ÉïÚ 'leo b˙hri, 1. :of–Gof“ [Kh (Wale ˙isya-nya);~ syHim~aÚ-nya (Rau sy~a, Chep ÷en÷)] vi.agt: to :ofefM n: a portion of the kill. syabaÚh sleep. , when watchfulness cf. 'bila. is in order.b˙ht˙ b˙ht˙ , stretched out com- :ofaf; [Nep] interj: an exclama- fortably. cocŸ oŸ lala, strewn here and syabastion of commendation. there. Ðadj: 'relo-relo, (of a limb) withered, :ofr¬g [ < sya ‘meat’ + *cun but still functional.sy~aÚ'w—o Ð[Alt.root *em (Mk syacun‘chopping block’] n: a grazing area in em, Luk im)]. the alpine pastures at the foot of 'd˙ihlya 2. :of“–Gof vt: to disassemble, 'khag˙r. sytake~aÚ-nya apart (as stones from a wall, or sticks :ofuf/fk l;u¬?k ex- from a fire). syagarappr.adv: tosigurup be doubled up. , :ofa“ } n: a monkey-fur lining on to tuck one’s legs in awkwardly.s.s. 'sip-nya sythe~aÚb˙i lower half of a 'lad˙n to protect it :of–Gof\ [Kh *p-syah (Mk psya, from snagging or tearing. (Can also be syah-nyaNis swyah, Bhj sywo);Ÿ Him *syah (Mag made of goat or sheepskin.) sya-khe, Chep syah, Tam sya)] vi.agt: :ofô afô [ < *sya ‘meat’ + *ba 1. to dance. , to dance 'syaÚ‘bird 'baÚ’] gen.n: game birds and animals. slowly. chumo chumo, stomping feet Ðgame animals include the following: 'b~ïÚ rapidly inphurtu anger. phurtuph.ph. syahd˙ g˙hr'k\e bas'ma (male ± female) Himalayan Tahr, He cried stomping his feet in anger. kholb˙ Tahr kid, 'g˙l Wild Boar, 'k˙sturi , hopping and skipping. Himalayan Musk Deer, pal'o yuÚh Langur 2.phutuÚ to march phutuÚ in a military parade. Monkey, nahwor Blue Sheep, 'r˙t˙wa –:ofM [ < *syah ‘moon’] num.clsf: Barking Deer, 'dahrya (male) Barking -syaÚh(archaic except in Hukam, Maikot) Deer, 'munduli (female) Barking Deer, month, as in: t˙syaÚhone month, nehsyaÚh ryaÚ Serow, 's˙hr Goral. Ðgame birds two months, etc. cf. 'm˙ina. include the following: 'b˙n 'bahlyaÚ Kalij :ofrLM [ < *syah ‘moon’ + *ci Pheasant, cilaoÚ~ Snow Partridge, 'cyakura syahciÚ‘rot’] n: the fortnight of the waning moon. Kham Dictionary 313 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ :ofk/LM [ < *syah ‘moon’ + . syahp˙riÚ*p˙ri: ‘sprout’] n: the fortnight of the 'purus :ofn [Nep Zofn shyal] n: jackal. waxing moon. 'syalcf. ra:hkhya.~ Ðgen: . :ofM/ \ :ofM/ \ expr.adv: sound :ofn–Gof vt:'la: to'ga: thin out corn syahrof grain syahr striking ground. , syal-nyawhere it has been planted too thick. Ðset: to sow seed methodically. s.s. was-nya . :ofjfO] M{ [Kh *p-s-ya + *hwot r˙hm-nya cf–/] :of\ ô n]p adj: (of a syahwoi(Gam hwya hwe, Nis syahwo, Kot hya (o)-rsyaÚcucumber l|eo or mushrooms) tasty. cf. 'sya: hwoi, Mht hoi ‘dawn’); Him *s-gla hwot 'sya:. , not tasty. (Mag gyahot, Chep lah-h˙w, Buj lahou, o-rsyaÚ :ofNgf mal n: dumplings.eo| Rw≥ sala); TB *s-gla ‘moon’ + *hwa-t 'syal'na :ofnf] [ < *sya: ‘animal’ + *'lo: ‘light’] n: moon. , (of sya'lo‘mat’] n: an animal skin (used as a syahwoi ci-nya the moon) to wane (lit. ‘to rot’). sitting mat); leather. , to wax ( ‘to sproutsyahwoi’). lit. :ofô df“; [ < *sya: ‘flesh’ + p˙riÚ-nya :oflµ n: an oath of affinity (lit. 'syaÚNep m *m~aÚs˙~as ‘flesh’] n: a binding oath 'sya'jih ‘flesh-blood’). which is said to recoil if disobeyed. :ofh¬/ªu¬ afh¬/ªu¬ , the form of declaring'syaÚ syajun: daddy-long-legs≥gu baju≥gu (spider). anmaÚs˙~ oath 'chu's in whichî-nya\ each man of the two :ofsn [Tib rkyal, W.Tib kyal parties holds the other’s flesh between syak˙l‘leather bag’] n: a small money bag or his thumb and forefinger while declaring purse with drawstrings. the words: 'ao ≥ap~aÚ 'phisko n˙'j˙i'kin, :ofs/Lô [ < *sya ‘meat’ + *'k˙ri: ≥a'syaÚ m~aÚs˙ olagisk˙, ≥a'jiÚh m~aÚs˙ sya'k˙riÚ‘cut’] n: butchered meat, as in: 'basyak˙riÚ olagisk˙ If you fail to keep these my chicken meat, 'uÚ sya'k˙riÚ pork, har words, may the oath of my flesh recoil sya'k˙riÚ beef, '≥aÚh sya'k˙riÚ fish. upon you, may the oath of my blood :ofsf·f] ] n: the cleaned carcass recoil upon you. , 'syaÚ maÚs˙~ 'lagi-nya 'sya'koof an animal.≥'go for an oath to recoil when disobeyed. :ofsf/f] [Kham sya ‘flesh’ + :ofd ;Ld expr.adv: lonely, 'syam sim 'syakoraNep sf/f] { korra ‘whip’] n: a leather quiet, deserted (esp. after a friend has whip, scourge. cf. 'korra. left). :ofô Sjfô [ < *sya ‘meat’ + :ofd–:ofd expr.adv: run- 'syam-syam 'syaÚ*'kwa: 'kwaÚ ‘cloth’] n: (in witchcraft) a small ning in a herd, stampeding. s.s. 'd~oÚh- packet of cloth containing nail parings, , to flee in a group or flock (as of nya hair, and bits of dry skin. (If a spirit or wild game). , to stroll, s.s. 'duli-nya witch can gain possession of these items, walk about in a large group. illness ensues for the victim, the only :ofGh/LM [ < *syar ‘louse’ + cure of which can be effected by the syanj˙rih*zuhri: ‘egg’] n: a louse egg. shaman’s retrieval of the 'sya: 'kwa:.) Ðset: 314 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ :ofj [Nep syau] n: apple. used in shamanistic seances. (It was from syao :ofjlb lg Aofjlb n: this tree that Rama Puranchan, the myth- syaodiodds andni byaodi ends, bits of this and that. ical first shaman, sprang into being.) 2. adj: (of a person) leaves which cover a shaman’s ears when syaodiirrational, ni foolish. byaodiu in full costume. Ðset: . , the birthplace of Ramaseral Puranchan.'syargwa :ofjnf [Nep syaulo ‘cut branch’] 'b~aÚ , (in: 'syaolan: foliage, forest undergrowth. 'syargwa qv.) thiri s˙raÚ riri, 'syargwa :ofk/fô n: a coarse broom for thiri, ' [ < Kh *sya ‘animal’ + 'syap˙raÚsweeping rooftops, etc. cf. p˙si:. :of– /“M sya'r~ïÚh , a small, natural cave near *r˙h≥ ‘horn’] n: horn, antler. var. 'rï:h.~ Taka.'syap˙raÚ 'pup :ofnfd{ n: newly hatched louse. 1 syarlamÐgen: . . :ofk–;Lk expr.adv: empty, syar 'pusum 'syap-sipcleaned out. , to finish :ofNofk{ sf :ofNofk{ syarlyap ka syarlyap off completely.s.s. 'khem-nya , to rob, expr.adv: slurping, smacking lips. s.s. plunder, taking everything.s.s. luti-nya , to suck with smacking sound. pi-nya 2. :ofk–;Lk expr.adv: pulled :of/ª\ M} [ < *sya: ‘animal’ + syar≥˙ih 'syap-sipin (as of genitals in a castrated animal). *r≥˙ih ‘head’] n: the head of an animal. , to nest s.th., tuck in com- :of/ k¬;¬d [Kh *syar (Mk pletely.s.s. 'sip-nya syarsyar, 'pusum Gam sir); TB *sar] gen.n: lice :ofk–:ofk expr.adv: noisily, and fleas; biting insects which crawl. cf. 'syap-syapwith much racket. , (of a 'mulza buhsuna:. Ðtypes of: 'pen bedbug,

voice or noise) to sounds.s. khya-nya far, to make a 'pusum flea, syar louse, syarlam newly

lot of racket. hatched louse. Ðset: all living beings. (See ya's'sï:)É —ÉïÚ 'leo b˙hri, :ofk“"lr [ < *sya ‘animal’ + syap*'pu:ci~~uÚci ‘bladder’] n: 1. the bladder. 2. :of;f{ [ < *sya: ‘animal’ + *r'sa syarsa a toy balloon. ‘sinew’] n: sinew. :ofÅfn n: the under-side or :of/ :of/ expr.adv: flocking syar syar sya'phalfleshy side of the thigh. cf. 'rya:h. together. , to graze in a large herd. s.s. 'la-nya :of/ [Kh *syar (Mk syar, Nis sir, syarGam sir, Ses ser); TB *sar] n: louse. :of/tf\ ô [ < *sya: ‘animal’ + *rta syartaÚ Ðgen: . Ð[Alt.root (Mk ‘intestine’] n: the innards of an animal, bamayap,syar Gam 'pusum bamya ‘chicken louse’)] intestines, guts. :ofbf{k lg ;Lb¬{k ex- :of–'?M; [ < *sya: ‘animal’ + syaruhs syardappr.adv: ni without sirdup control, spastic. *ruhs ‘bone’] n: 1. bone. 2. hard , to walk without muscle controls.s. plastic, china. (like'ba-nya a spastic). :of;–Gof vt: to clear stones 'syas-nya :of/Ujf\ n: 1. a type of tree from a field or trail. , making 'syargwa completely clean. c˙k˙ c˙k˙ Kham Dictionary 315 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ :ofô ;]ô expr.adv: completely , to make flee, scatter. syaÚfallen. seÚ , to lose heart, become s.s. khya-nya :of:of/Øf l;l;l/ ex- discouraged,s.s. te-nya in: . syasyaryapr.adv: intermittently. sisiri , to :of;/] [ 'yuÚh < *sya: syaÚ ‘meat seÚ te-nya’ + *ser rain slightly, then let up.s.s. 'wa-nya syaser‘old’] n: the head of an animal (sacrificial :ofô :of]ô [ < Kh 'syo:-nya or otherwise) divided among the elders 'syaÚ‘gather, syoÚ collect’] expr.adv: quickly gath- of a clan division in order of rank. (The ered. ranking of the cuts are as follows: ears, :of“ :of]+ expr.adv: attentive, eyes, jaw, nose. The remainder of the syperking~aÚ sy~oÚ up. 1. (of a head is divided equally.) dog) to perk syup~aÚ its sy ears,~oÚ 'j˙i-nya in: :ofô ;Lô [ < Kh 'si:-nya ‘to . 2. (fig, of a person)or'na to sy be~aÚ 'syaÚsweep, siÚ wipe off’] expr.adv: tidied up, alert,syoÚ~ 'j˙i-nya attentive toward s.th. swept clean. :of]ô n: a material contribution. cf. :of;Ln n: cuts or chunks of meat syoÚ'ju:.~ syasilstrung out on a bamboo strip ('thosa). :of]ô–Gof vi.pat: 1. to pass out Ðset: . syoÚ-nyaof season, be no longer available. 'heÚ -ba:h :of;ô [ < *sya: ‘meat’ + *'sÉï: k˙inya syoÚ'k\e The season for eating sya's‘firstfruitsÉïÚ ’] n: the firstfruits of meat parched corn has passed. 2. to come to (the head of an animal) divided among its climax or completion. hunters by age. (The first piece goes to :of]ô–Gof vt: to gather together, the oldest member in the name of his 'syoÚ-nyacollect. , to collect tax. clan ancestor.) cf. syaser. cf. 'dup-nya.sirma 'syoÚ-nya :of;f] adj: 1. the similative case: :of+ ] expr.adv: swiftly, straightaway. syaso‘like,’ as in: 'miÚ syaso manlike, 'sy~oÚ , to go straightaway. d~uÚhsyaso soot-like (in color). cf. mitao. s. 'ba-nya, to pass swiftly by. s. khy-

2. worthy. o'yehn danya syaso ≥ama'le I an˙i-nya :ofa+] ]ô expr.adv: deserted, lonely.

am not worthy to do his work. sy~oÚbeÚ , to sweep away leaving :of;fO] { [ < *sya: ‘animal’ + *soi nothing.s.b. b˙g˙i-nya , to take leaving syasoi‘fat’] n: fat, lard. nothing. s.b. l~aÚ-nya :ofô :ofô expr.adv: tasty (of :ofM] expr.adv: spilling sound. 'syaÚcucumbers, 'syaÚ mushrooms). Ðadj: syoÚh , to spill (of a sack of grain).s. . 'syaÚ boh-nya , to dump liquid. 'syaÚwo :ofô–:ofô expr.adv: broad and s. thu-nya ':ofM–:of] M] expr.adv: rushing, 'syaÚ-syaÚendless. , broad and large 'syoÚh-syoÚhroaring sound. , (of water) (of a plain).s.s. 'paÚ'wo to come rushings.s. and 'hu-nya roaring. :of “ :of“ expr.adv: cleaned out, , (of water) to make the sounds.s. kih- of syvacated.~aÚ sy~aÚ , to leave an area. rushing.nya , to sound with a s.s. 'ba-nya great roaring.s.s. thas-nya 316 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ :of]ônf] expr.adv: unanimous, unit- 'syu:rya has passed over one’s food. (To 'syoÚloed in a matter. t˙chyoÚ'niz˙ 'syoÚlo 'ta'ker˙\ prevent this while cooking in the open, They stood united on a single side. a bit of cornmeal is sprinkled over the , to knock down en masse,s. surface of the water to cover it while it d˙hl˙i-nyaall in the same direction (as of wind to a is heating.) also: cha: ba: 'lagi-nya. crop of corn). , to make (shamanic, in chant) a single consensus,t˙'syoÚlo as in: 'j˙i-nya yapaÚ~ t˙'syoÚlo ghosts.'syuÚrya Ð 'byuÚryaset: . 'j˙i'ker˙\ They all had a single consensus :o'zya:h"ôl;–Gof (see ). on the matter. syuÚ's\î-nya :o“"tf Ao“"tf [KhsyuÚ-nya *s-im + :o"ô n: a type of large evergreen syNep~uÚta *bibyut˙nu~ ~uÚta ‘regain senses’] n: sleep- 'syuÚtree. ing and waking. :o"ô–Gof [Kh *p-sik ± *p-sis :o"ôTof n: 1. the shape of a pear. syuÚ-nya(Mk syu:, Nis sis, Gam hwyi, Ses *hik 'syuÚtya2. a person with small legs and a large < hiu÷, -hik- ‘taught’)] v.bt: to teach an body. cf. to:tyaso.~ Ðset: . Ðadj: apprentice a skill. bahrna rihmnya , pear shaped.p~a:cya:h syuÚ'na'keo\ He taught me how to lay a syuÚtyaso wall. (Obj. ). cf. 'p˙i-nya. Ðvi: T , -nyato learn in an apprentice- t– num.pref: the numeral prefix ship.syuÚ's\î-nya t˙-‘one,’ as in: t˙'chaÚ one day, etc. [Kh *syuh; Him (Tib :o"M–Gof –t loc.case: the superessive case syuÚh-nyasu-ba)] to remove clothing, strip, vt: -t˙marker: ‘on, upon,’ as in: 'khag˙r-t˙ on undress. , completely. the mountain peak. (Affixed to deictic pyaÚh piÚh Ðpass.part: , stripped down. primitives and locative roots to form com- Ð[Alt.root (MksyuÚh's phyu:,\îu Gam phi:÷)] plex adverbial phrases, as in: a-t˙ on here, ;o';\–Gof vi.pat: (of clothing) ro-t˙ on the top, etc.) Ðadj: , the syuhs-nya to come undone, come off. Ðvt: nominalized form of , as in: 'khag˙r-'tao-'tao syuÚh- . 'chiÚ grass of (on) the-t˙ mountain peak. nya :on¬ [Kh (Mk psyulo, Gam syul)] t–Gof [Kh *r-t˙ (Mk rt˙, Nis 'syul n: footprint, track. , to t˙-nyart˙:)] vt: to hammer or pound s.th. 'syult˙ 'ba-nya follow. down. , to stomp one’s foot. (prov) ofriÚhl one—˙ whosiÚd˙ carefullyu'syul mar˙ covers~îÚh'wo his tafkh“ ïÚ~quant: t˙-nya many (of things which evil deeds and acts properly in public 't˙bhave~aÚ multiplied). (lit. ‘stepping in water, his tracks don’t tafltsfj“ [ < 'b~a:ti ‘kind’] show.’) t˙badj:~aÚti'k foolish,—ao one who speaks without ô a lone ghost, not :o" /Øf n: knowing the real issue (lit. ‘one of a 'syuÚrya controlled by witches, which comes back kind’). to haunt. , to be struck t5fô temp.adv: one day, on a with vomiting'syuÚrya and 'lagi-nya sickness because a t˙'chaÚcertain day. Kham Dictionary 317 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ t5Øf]ôlg adv: in a row, lined adv: with propriety. Ðadj: , t˙chyoÚ'niup in a single row (lit. ‘along one edge’). discreet, cautious, self-possessed.o-t˙h˙s˙ 'leo twd quant: many, a large amount tGb/]M tGb/]M ex- t˙d˙hm(of things stockpiled). t˙hnd˙reÚpr.adv: t˙hnd˙reÚ holding back, resisting. var. tw;] quant: a short while. , t˙hnd˙re:. , to stall, linger on t.t. 'li-nya t˙dehs(indeterminate) short while. t˙dehsa, the way, dawdle; (also of an animal being in a short while. cf. chya:k˙, jt˙dehsaka:k˙.~ —˙ led on a rope) to resist. , of one who lingers alongo-t˙hnd˙reÚ the way. t3/Lô adv: quickly, in a moment. 'leo , to cause others t˙g˙hriÚ tu/s adv: on time, promptly. delayo-t˙hnd˙reÚ by idling 'j˙idya-nya on the way. aÚh ot˙hnd˙reÚ 't˙g˙r˙k , to come at the appointed time. 'j˙id˙ n˙maya's\î'kin aÚh 'j˙hri 'bad˙ b˙ var.t. 'hu-nya 't˙g˙r˙p. ge'huduh'khe'ho If you hadn’t caused us tu]+bf quant: a small chunk or such delay, by this time we would have t˙g~eÚda lump (esp. divided lengthwise). kaÚ 'hud˙ gone and come back again. syasoi t˙g~eÚda 'thar tiÚd˙ s~îÚt˙ l~aÚ'k\eo A , idling hereak˙

crow came along, snatched up a lump of andt˙hnd˙reÚ there along hok˙ the t˙hnd˙reÚ way. , fat and carried it into a tree. to pull back, resisting. t.t. 'sehl-nya [Nep ‘control, discipline’] tx tx 'tM/ 'tM/ expr.adv: fine 't˙h˙ plan, method, strategy. n: khwaÚrae 't˙hrripping 't˙hr sound (as of cloth when caught ya't˙h˙ kitao, khwaÚrae ya't˙h˙ kitao Some on a nail). cf. 'd˙hr 'd˙hr. , plan one way, and others plan other ways. to rip with a ripping sound. t.t. cis-nya to ascertain, txs–Gof} vt: t}–Gof vt: to lightly tap edge of t˙h˙k˙i-nya identify, discover (as a trail temporarily 't˙i-nyaknife blade to straighten out knicks, etc. lost from view). Ð . set: cf. 'z˙p-nya. , to beat s.o. pahl-nya Ðpass.part: , identified. up; give s.o. a real'b˙ht-b˙ht thrashing. t˙h˙k˙i's îu\ to reform, up- txn–Gof} vt: t }+ [Kh *t˙n (Nis tan, Mht t˙n)] n: 't˙h˙l˙i-nya grade, improve s.th. 't˙sleepingîÚ~ mat, sitting rug. , cf]–tx n]p [Nep tx t˙h˙ to pin s.o. in wrestling (lit.'t˙ ‘makeîÚ~ 'j˙i-nya a mat (o)-'t˙h˙ leo| ‘discipline’] adj: 1. capable, gifted, tal- of him’). Ðset: . ented. . 2. prudent, Ðset: t}+–Gof [Khk˙rtyap-nya *t˙n (Mht t˙n); Him careful. u-hil hai'wo, to be careful, 't˙*tanîÚ-nya~ (Mag tan-khe ‘stretch’)] vt: to cautious. 't˙h˙s˙ 'li-nya, discreet, cautious, spread a rug or mat for sitting or sleeping. self-possessed.o-t˙h˙s˙ leo| Ðpass.part: , spread out (on the tx dx expr.adv: splendor, floor). 't˙îÚ's~ îu\ t˙h˙pomp. m˙h˙ , to dress with t}M–Gof [ < *tah-t < caus. of magnificence,t.m. 'j˙i's pomp.\î-nya , with t˙ih-nya*tah ‘collapse’] vt: 1. to tear down, pomp, splendor. t˙h˙ m˙h˙s˙ demolish, raze. , suddenly, swift- tx; [Nep tx t˙h˙ ‘discipline’] ly. 2. to dismantle,'wohr collapse a tent. t˙h˙s˙ 318 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Ðpass.part: , demolished. td [Him (Tib lcam)]| n: a beam or t}+M–Goft˙ih's îu\[Kh *s-t˙n (Kot th˙n); t˙mlarge timber which supports the wall t˙Him~îÚh-nya (Tib bstan ‘to show’)] vt: (Obj. above a door lintel. cf. 'b˙hr~e:ma. Ðset: fire or lamp) to shine a light; to light a . fire. cf. kha:-nya.~ 'zihm td–Gof vt: (of a predator) to tnf+} ] [ < *'t˙~î: ‘mat’ + *'lo: ‘mat’] 't˙m-nyahunt; lie in wait. bizar˙ ya't˙m'zyao He’s t˙îÚ'lon:~ a mat larger than a 't˙î:~ but smaller lying in wait for rats. than a 'lo:. td/d [Nep t˙man] expr.adv: tsn adv: equivalent to, as in: aÚh 't˙m˙r˙m(of a field) fully sprouted. cf. 'chelala:. 't˙k˙l't˙k˙l 'male It doesn’t amount to this much. tDAofgL;–Gof vi.pat: (of os˙ih'wo 't˙k˙l 'ta'ke\ It was equivalent to t˙mbyanis-nyacopper) to turn green, tarnish. Ðadj: killing him. . ts/ quant: an arm-load (carried t˙mbyaniso tg–Gof vi.pat: (of dough or 't˙k˙ron the shoulder with one arm thrown 't˙n-nyameal) to become heavy, thick, solid. Ðadj: around). . ts/Lô quant: a small chunk of 't˙no tgg expr.adv: taut. , t˙k˙riÚmeat. t˙n˙n˙to stretch tight. t. 't˙≥g˙i-nya ts–ts [Nep Ê˙k ‘light’] ex- 1. tg–tg expr.adv: tenaciously. 't˙k˙-t˙k˙pr.adv: extremely white and gleaming. 't˙n-t˙n , to hold tenaciously. cf. Ðset: . Ðadj: . tapt.t. t˙p.kyoÚh-nya palo 't˙k˙-t˙k˙o tsfNof prop.n: male inhabitant 2. tg–tg expr.adv: heavy, 't˙kalyaof the village of Taka. , female 't˙n-t˙nthick, solid (of dough). Ðadj: . 't˙kalni inhabitant of the village of Taka. tGt/ (in: 't˙n-t˙no, qv.) ts]ô quant: a small piece, a tiny t˙nt˙r tGtf'm˙nt˙r dGtf t˙nt˙r n: affairs, t˙keÚ chunk. , small, miniature. 't˙ntaconcerns. 'm˙nta 'zihm'kao 't˙nta 'm˙nta noe t˙keÚza ts"O{ô sf tsO" {ô expr.adv: opasl˙ z˙ 'li-zya The affairs of the house- t˙kwiÚreduced ka t˙kwiÚto skin and bones from illness. hold are in his charge. cf. 'l˙ntha. tv]Kt adv: in a single effort, t·–Gof} [Nep tGsfpg' t˙khept˙once and for all. 't˙t˙nkaunu]≥g˙i-nya vt: to stretch, pull, tug. cf. tnk [Nep tna t˙l˙b] n: wage, 'thu:-nya. , taut. , t˙l˙ppay. to set up at˙n˙n˙ tent. Ðpass.part:'pal 't˙≥g˙i-nya, tlNs–Gof [Nep 6Nsg' Ê˙lk˙nu] stretched. 't˙≥g˙i'sîu\ 't˙lki-nyavi.pat: to shine, sparkle. cf. 'zwo≥ 'zwo≥ t· t· expr.adv: faint 'ta-nya. , brightly. Ðvt: 't˙from≥g˙ 't˙hunger.≥g˙ Ðadj: , faint, , to polish,'tilik-tilik shine. t˙lk˙i- weak. 't˙≥g˙ 't˙≥g˙o nya tNgf gfd n: the underworld. tfnf} [Nep t˙ul] n: a suspended 't˙lnacf. 'tanji 'nam 'wanji. ant. 'up˙lna 'nam. 't˙olabalance arm with an adjustable pivot, hav- Kham Dictionary 319 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ing a fixed weight on one end and a pan t/Dr]+ prop.n: name of the on the other; steelyard. cf. 't˙raju. t˙r˙m'carea justeÚ~ south of 'ch˙mtu:~ . tfnf} ufyf“ n: 1. the tying t/k–Gof vt: to pin or clip 't˙olaplace g onaÚtha~ a tumpline (usu. having a lot of t˙r˙p-nyatwo pieces together, to fasten. cf. k˙r˙:- knots). 2. a flower found above timber- nya, k˙r˙p-nya. Ðvi: , to line with a knotted, gnarled appearance. cling, be attached to (as burrst˙r˙p's to î-nya\ clothing). tk–Gof [Kh *t˙p; TB *tup] vt: Ðpass.part: , clipped together, 't˙p-nya1. to beat a drum. Ðset: . 2. to fastened on.t˙r˙p'sîu\ play a musical instrument.poh-nya t/–j/ [Him (Chep tar- ‘blaze , to snap the fingers. g˙i'pa 't˙p-, 't˙r˙-w˙r˙of sun’)] expr.adv: brightly, in full tonya clap the hands. Ðvi: ( see'l˙pta 't˙p-nya). glory. , (of the sun) tkNofs expr.adv:'t˙p's quickly,î-nya\ to shinet.w. in its'gahm full glory.'hu-nya t˙p˙lyaksuddenly. , to arrive quickly. , (of the moon) to shinet.w. syah.woibrightly. tk; t. [Nep kes-nya tk:of t˙p˙sya] nom: 'hu-nya , to blossom completely t˙p˙sasceticism, service to a god, esp in: (oft.w. a 'woi-nyafield of flowers). . , to serve a'deo- god t/fô [ < *'t˙ra:-nya ‘hang out’] taeby living t˙p˙s ast˙p˙s an ascetic. da-nya Ðset: . t˙raÚexpr.adv: drawing out long. , tk tk expr.adv: 'sewa one after to draw one’s breath with longingt. c~îÚ-nya or t˙p˙another. t˙p˙ , to pick up one after craving, in: . another. t.t. tiÚ-nya t/f'sïÚÉô–Gof t˙raÚ vt: cîÚ-nya~ 1. to hang out tkfô quant: one of a pair (as the 't˙raÚ-nyaclothing to dry, spread over a rock. cf. t˙paÚupper or lower half of a grindstone); 'phî:j˙i-nya.~ 2. to spread a mat. one of a set (as one post of a door frame). t/f “ expr.adv: turned right side up. cf. 'jem. 't˙rant.aÚ~ phulup-nya. , to tlK;–Gof vi.pat: to ring (as lie stretched on the ground,'t˙r~aÚ 'j˙i's face\î-nya upward. 't˙p'sa bell).î-nya\ Ðv.recip: , to beat , fallen over backwards. each other. 't˙p'sî-nya\ , with blows. 't˙raÚ-t˙r~ t/fhaÚ~ ¬ [Nep t/h" t˙r˙ju] n: a fine t/– loc.root:patyam above, p˙tim as in: 'zihm 't˙rajubalance used by goldsmiths. cf. 'towla. t˙r-t˙rt˙ above the house. Ðrelator.noun: t/f“ lg Å¬n¬k [ < Kh (with possessive prefixes), as in: o-t˙rt˙ 't˙r't˙r~aÚa:~ ni‘right-side phulup up + phulup-nya ‘upside above him, against him. Ðadj: , down’] expr.adv: tossing and turning the one above. t˙r'tao (as in pain, or restlessness). t/–Gof vi.pat: (of sun) to come t/fôl;–Gof vi.agt: 1. (of a t˙r-nyain full strength, in: . t˙raÚ'sbull)î-nya\ to paw at the earth with forefeet t/}–Gof 'gahmvt: 1. t˙r-nya to drain. cf. when looking for a fight. 2. (of a chicken) t˙r˙i-nyas˙re:-nya.~ 2. to sprinkle (as blood on an to scratch in the dirt looking for food. altar). t/–bf loc: upward, towards a t˙r'da\ 320 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ place above. Ðadj: , older, his two (earlier) wives, he married his higher in rank (lit. ‘the-above-onet˙r'da'≥ao ’). Uncle Adil’s daughter. Ðadj: , tl/–Gof [Nep tg {' t˙rnu] vi.agt: the one above it, the one in additiono-t˙r'tao to 't˙ri-nyato ford a river. , swiftly, without it; that which was against him. trouble. s˙n s˙n t/ t/ expr.adv: from one end to t/Lô n: cricket. t˙rthe t˙r other. , to cut or split, t.t. ciraÚ-nya t˙riÚ t/Lô sf]:ofô] gen.n: flying starting at one end and working to the t˙riÚlocusts, kosyoÚ grasshoppers, and crickets. other. , to slit open from t.t. p˙raÚ-nya Ðtypes of: deÚsyatul~ small edible grass- one end to other. , to rip t.t. ph˙l~aÚ-nya hopper, 'k˙rima type of locust, kodom on the seam from one end to the other. pahtype of large grasshopper, s˙lÉïÚ grass- t/jfnL\ [Nep t/af/ t˙rbar] n: hopper, locust, t˙riÚ cricket. Ðset: 't˙rwalia sword. all living beings. (Seeya's 'sÉï:)—ÉïÚ t;jflgsfj (see 'leoÐ[Alt.roots b˙hri, (Mk k˙z˙~ k˙ri, or cika kosyo, 't˙s˙wani'kao). Gam kirtha basi)] s˙wani'kao t;Lô adv: full to the brim, as in: t/LDs temp.adv: a few years t˙siÚt˙siÚ r˙ike Bring it full! t˙rimk˙ago. , one year long ago. tof/L [Nep tof/ t˙yar] n: ready, Ðadj: t˙rim t˙rim, ≥ of˙ an earlier year. 't˙yariprepared. 't˙yari z˙ ge'lizya We’re in t˙rim'kao, the year before last. Ðset: readiness. t˙rim'kao 'sal . tf– [Kh *ta; Him *ta (Tib tha) TB a~î:hsi tls{–Gof [Nep ts{g' t˙rk˙nu] ta-*ta] v.aff: the prohibitive prefix: ‘don’t,’ 't˙rki-nyavi.pat: 1. (of water) to be shed, turned as in: n˙'da ta'bani Don’t go there! n˙i away. 2. (of an axe) to glance when ta-doyo Don’t do like that! (In second chopping wood. 3. (of a rolling log) to person singular, occurs with in turn off course. Ðvi: (of a person) to the intransitive, andta- in the transitive.-ni turn aside in order to avoid s.o. cf. With second person dual-yo and plural actors 'b˙i'sî-nya.\ Ðvt: , to shed wa- the intransitive is the same as the transi- ter (as of a roof).t˙rk˙i-nya tive.) tl;{–Gof [Nep tl;{g' t˙rsinu] tf–Gof [Kh *s-ta-s (Mk sta, Kot 't˙rsi-nyavi.agt: (of sheep) to stampede, flee in 'ta-nyata, Jang *tas < tai, tah- ‘became’); Him panic. Ðvt: , to make stampede. (Tam ta-, Gur ta-, Chan ta-)] v.sta: 1. t/–t t˙rs˙i-nyaloc: above, as in: 'zihm t˙rt˙ to be (general), as in: 'gaola kaÚh b˙n˙i t˙rt˙above the house. Ðrelator.noun: 'gyoÚh'wo 'ta'zya A shepherd dog is very (with possessive prefix) 1. against-t˙rt˙ s.o. large. 2. to be acceptable. 3. to be a (of an act). n˙-t˙rt˙ ≥ado'wo 'pap˙ the possibility. ao zyu'kin 'sinya b˙ 'ta'zya If sins I committed against you. cf. upurt˙. one eats this he may die. Ðvi.pat: 1. to 2. in addition to, as in: omama adile ozaÚlai become. miÚr˙ b˙ni 'maholya 'ta'ker˙\ The o'jyaÚ'ni ni-t˙rt˙ z˙ r˙i'k\eo In addition to people became a great crowd. 2. to turn Kham Dictionary 321 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ out to be. khe'pa 'ta'ke\ It turned out to be cf–/] tf\ “ n: (Bhj dialect only) a boy. 3. to happen. k˙i o'tao What hap- (o)-rtfemale~aÚ genitals.

pened? 4. to be born, come into being. tfaf“ [Nep tfdf tama] n: copper. 5. to be enough. Ðv.inf: 1. to be 't~aÚba tfa“ n¬ n: copper ore. beneficial. paîÚhlai~ 'tanya 'tazya'tanya It’s bene- 't~aÚbul tfb“ [Nep ta‹]~ n: a bamboo platform ficial to all (lit. ‘to the becoming of all.’) 't~aÚd˙erected off the veranda for washing pots, 2. to become pregnant. 'tanya 'ta'ke She bathing, etc. Ðset: . became pregnant (lit. ‘become bearing. ’) [Nep 'zihm ÊaÎha] far. Ðv.aux: , must, ought to, as in: 'geÚ tfbf 6f9f adv: 'tadaÐ , of a far away place. 'bao 'ta'k'ta'kee\ We ought to go. Ð[Alt.root adj: 'tada'≥ao *ja-s (Mk, Nis middle voice of: *ja-t > tfut [Nep ‘strength’] n: stamina. 'tag˙t j˙i ‘to make ’) and *da-s (Bhj middle voice tf–Gof\ [Kh *s-ta (Nis sta)] vi.pat: of: *da ‘to do’)] tah-nyato collapse, cave in, slide. , sud- 'wohr –tf v.aff: the irrealis marker: ‘not denly. Ðvt: . Ðrelated words: t˙ih-nya -'tayet,’ as in: ma'ba'tae He hasn’t gone yet. om-nyato deteriorate, crumble, rohm-nya

(Occurs only with the negative.) to deteriorate through illness. cf–/] tf\ ô [Kh *r-ta; Him *r-tsa tfMn–tf\ Mn] \ [ < Kh tohl-nya ‘to tahl-tohl (o)-rtaÚ(Tib rtsa, Jir tsa, Thak tsa, Kai tsha); TB bump, collide’] expr.adv: bumped *r-sa ‘sinew, ligament’] n: the intestines. around, knocked about. katat˙z˙ tahl-tohl He entered without tfô–Gof [Kh *tak (Nis tak); TB ma'tad˙ z˙ 'p˙si'k\e bumping into anything. taÚ-nya*ta] vt: 1. to install, fit into place (as a door, etc.). , immediately, as in: tfMl;–Gof [Kh *s-ta (Mk taÚh's\î-nya duhliÚ phwakphwak taÚdyacike Shut him up (lit. sta:si, Nis sta:si)] v.recip: to compete ‘stuff his mouth with ashes ’). 2. (fig) with bow and arrow. to put into prison. jelai ≥ataÚcirizya I will tf;Ø¬M/f] adj: sweet and sour. imprison you (pl). Ðvi: , (of tahscf. Ÿuhr'ta:h-ta:h—o suhr-sŸ uhr'o.Ÿ an insect) to attach itselftaÚ's to a\î-nya person. tfM–tfM expr.adv: sweet. , immediately, in large taÚh-taÚh , sweet. Ðadj: t.t.. numbers.phwak phwak Ðpass.part: , attached, taÚh'woÐ[Alt.root *b-rehk (Mk rhetaÚh-taÚh'w rhewo, Nis—o fit into place. taÚ's\îu, immature rhwyeko, Gam wy˙oh, Ses yohnya)] acting (lit. ‘heart'y~uÚ unstrung mataÚ's’\îu). tfM–tfM , of an evil bent,u'y having~uÚ 'bi- taÚh-taÚh;ØLM/\–;ØLM/ sŸuhr-s \ expr.adv:Ÿuhr sweet and sour. evilpya'da inclinations taÚ's\îu (lit. ‘one whose heart is , to be sweet and sour. installed backwards’). t.t.Ðadj: s.s. 'sŸuhr-nya , sweet and /tf\ ô [Kh *r-ta; Him *r-ta (Tib rta, sour. taÚh-taÚhÐ[Alt.root s *b-rehkŸuhr-sŸuhr'o (Mk rhe rhewo, r'taÚKai Êa, Thak ta)] n: horse (archaic except Nis rhwyeko, Gam wy˙oh, Ses yohnya)] in Hukam and Maikot dialects). cf. 'gohra. tfO{l;–Gof vi.agt: to exercise tai'stheî-nya\ body, or a limb, in order to get well. 322 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ tfs“ [Nep 6fs“ Ê~ak] n: button. the other; button-eyed. Ðset: . p~a:cya:h t~aÚk˙ tfsf lhsf expr.adv: struggling, Ðadj: , small, button-eyed. t~aÚkyaso takatustling. jika , (of a group) to tfn n: the sole of a shoe. tussle, struggle,t.j. 'j˙i's tugî-nya\ back and forth for 'tal tfnf temp.adv: the other day, a few an item. taladays ago. , a few days ago. tfsf/fs ts¬ ?s¬ [Mag , sincetalak˙ a few days ago, for some 'takaraktokorok ‘tukuruksquat’] expr.adv: scattered here tala'kintime now. , quite some time ago and there (as of children with no one to (but within talathe memory≥˙ of the speaker). care for them). , to sit cf. ba:h≥˙, d~o:h≥˙. Ðadj: , the scattered. t.t. cuh's\î-nya one of a few days ago. tala'kÐn: ao— tala'kao— tfls–Gof [Nep tfSg' taknu] , the day before yesterday. chyam 'taki-nyavt: 1. to aim a weapon. 2. to aim at tfln–Gof [Nep 6fNg' Êalnu] vt: reaching a place. ho≥˙ z˙ 'taki'zyao He’s 'tali-nyato patch clothing. Ðpass.part: , aiming for that place. Ðpass.part: mended. Ðrelated words: 'korop-nya'tali'sîu\ , aimed. o'leo'da 'taki'sîu\ aimed'ta- to- close a hole by sewing the edges together, wardski's\îu him. 'mokot˙i-nya to darn, 'r˙s˙i-nya to solder.

tfsLg coord: if, if that be the tflnd [Nep] n: training. 'ta'kincase. oma'bao 'ta'kin If he had not gone... 'talim , to take training. 'talim, , if that be the case. toda-nya give training. 'talim ya-nya 'hoÚ 'ta'kin ci, if that be the case. 'hoÚ tfn slr¬ [Nep talca] n: padlock. ci 'ta'kin tflsda t/ part: a contrastive tal kuci , to lock a padlock. takiparticle t˙r˙ denoting incongruity. 'ol taki t˙r˙ tal kuci tfn jaÚh-nya ;L+ô n: the warp beam of a zyu'zyao, gelai taki t˙r˙ ma'le h˙i talloom. 'sîÚ~ Ðset: . da'sî'zyao\ He himself eats, but he tells tfn'tanaSof¬ [Nep taluki ‘invested us there is nothing. cf. p˙lt˙k˙. 'talukyawith authority’] n: the village council, tfSs tSs¬ expr.adv: gath- a member of the village council. cf. 'gat 'takk˙ering 'tukk˙from everywhere. 'bad˙lr˙ m˙ni 'buhda. um~ïÚzani z˙ 'takk˙ 'tukk˙ ya'jor˙i'keo tfNof [Nep tnf t˙la] n: the story Clouds, too, suddenly gathered from ev- 'talyaof a building. , a house erywhere. with a pitched roof'talya and 'zihmattic (instead of tfs¬ [Nep t˙kuwa] n: the whorl the usual flat roof). Ðset: . 'takuor flywheel on the shaft of a spindle Ðnum.suff: , story. t˙'talya one'zihm sto- (for doubling thread). cf. rihp. ry, neh'talya-'talyatwo stories, etc. tfs/f¬ [Nep Êakuro] n: a pointed tfd n: wheat. Ðset: . 'takurapeak. tam tfd t¬d [ < hata: Kh *tum (Nis tfSof“ [< Nep t~ak˙ ‘button’] n: tamtom-nya tum ‘harvest corn by breaking’)] ex- 't~aÚkyaa person having one eye smaller than pr.adv: completely break. , to lose heart or appetite fort.t. something,kyah-nya Kham Dictionary 323 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ in: . ‘fulfilled’); TB *taôp ‘capable’] vt: (Obj. 'y 1~uÚ. tamtfgf tum [Hin kyah-nya tana] n: loom. ) to be ready to fulfill; be capable 'tana , to weave cloth on a loom. of-nya doing a particular job. 'tap'hu'keo\ He Ð'tanaparts r ïÚh-nyaÉof: b˙leÚza~ shed stick, c˙k˙reh came ready to work. Ðvi: , weavers reed, jasîÚ~ ± rïÚhjaÉ wooden parts to arrive on time for work. tap's\î-nya of a loom, kep loom clamp, liza temple tf“k} tf]+k } expr.adv: daw- stick, p˙riÚ counter shed, 'piti ± 'waÚhka~ 't~aÚp˙idling, 't fooling~oÚp˙i around. backstrap, 'ph˙lya batten stick, r˙hm's~îÚ , to dawdle, idle, fool'taÚp˙i~ around. 'toÚp˙i~ (Usu. 'lished stick, r~eÚh's~îÚ stakes driven into the thenya negative imperative.) ground for aligning the warp threads, tflk–Gof [Nep tfKg' tapnu u-rïÚhÉ ± u-thul woof threads, tal 'sîÚ~ warp 'tapi-nya‘bask’] vi.pat: to become heated. beam, o-'tana warp of a loom. , radiant. Ðvt: , to'yehp heat 2. tfgf n: a line or row of houses. up'yehp (as food). tap˙i-nya 'tana 3. tfgf n: the tying thongs on a tfKSof n: a bowl shaped iron 'tanadrum skin. 'tapkyaeating plate. cf. tathi:. Ðset: . cf–tfgf] n: the warp of a loom. tfk tk [Him (Chep'ja: tyap-ty˙p (o)-'tanacf. o-sya:. tap‘grabbing t˙p ’] expr.adv: tenaciously. tfgLl;–Gof [Nep tfGg' tannu , to hold with tenacity. t.t. tani's‘pull\î-nya’] v.refl: to stretch one’s muscles. kyoÚh-nya tfk¬ [Nep] n: 1. an island. 2. an , stretch tightly as in a yawn. tapuelevated spot or mound in the center of r˙n r˙n tflGh jflGh n: (shamanic) a relatively level area on a mountainside. 'tanjithe underworld. 'wanji 1. tf/ [Nep] n: wire, steel cable, tfG;L+ô n: Tansen, an important 'tarrope. Ðset: . 'tansmarket~îÚ town for Kham-Magars. 2. tf/ n:'c ae:h~ liquid measure equivalent tfGof ln–Gof v.sta: to be 'tarto about one pint. cf. 'rya:. , 'tanyapregnant. 'li-nya cf. 'za: d˙inya 'ta-nya. half a 'tar, about one cup. Ðset:'tar baÚh. goî:~ tfªufM\ n: 1. fishing pole. 2. tf/–Gof} [Nep tg {' t˙rnu ‘ford a tameasuring≥gah rod. tar˙i-nyariver’] vt: to escort or help across a tfj n: anything which exists, has river. 'taocome into being. , all that tf/f prop.n: the village of Tarakot, exists. 'tao b˙hri taraat one time important to Kham-Magar –tfj (see ). salt trade. also: b˙ht˙~î:. , male inhabitant of Tarakot. 'tarali, female -'tao tfjnf–afjnf-t˙ expr.adv: (of inhabitant of Tarakot. 'taralni 'taola-baolaa shaman) going into a frenzy; wild from 1 the influence of spirits. Ðset: . . tf/f [Nep] n: target. 'tara 2 tfk–Gof [Kh *tap; Himpag˙l (Mag . tf/f n: the hamstring of an 'tara 'tap-nyata-khe ‘reach destination,’ Chep tap- animal. cf. 'd˙r 'n˙sa. o-'tara haidya- 324 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , to hamstring an animal. tft/fô–Gof vi.pat: to be nya tf/fk t/k [ < Kh t˙r˙p-nya 'tat˙raÚ-nyathinly woven, thin meshed (as of cheese- tarap‘to clip, t˙r˙p fasten’] expr.adv: attaching cloth, certain bamboo implements, etc.). here and there. , to stitch ant. 'khip-khibo. Ðadj: , thin together quickly ast.t. a temporaryruhp-nya measure. meshed. 'tat˙raÚ'wo , to tether animals on stakes tft“ " “ prop.n: a small, Kham-Magar t.t.all oversur-nya a cattle yard. 't~aÚtvillage~uÚ east of 'khorya. tf/fô tf/f] ô] [ < Kh toro:-nya tfyLô n: an eating plate. cf. tapkya. 'taraÚ‘to refrain toroÚ from eating’] expr.adv: frugal, tathiÚÐset: . sparing, economizing on food. 'zyao-e 'ja: tfpjf [Nep tawa, Tib ta-ba] n: 'taraÚ toroÚ 'tad˙ ge'le Due to our food, 'tauwaa flat griddle. we’ve been forced to economize. 'taraÚ t ] part: a contrastive particle, as in: toroÚ 'j˙id˙ zyao 'ta'k\e We need to eat te'≥aÚ te ≥am'ba As for me, I will not go. sparingly. also: 'tyap-tyap. t]–Gof [Kh *te-s (Ses *tes < te:,

tfl/s [Nep tfl/v tarikh] n: 1. te-nyateh- ‘fallen’); Him *tek (Tib btig-pa, Thak tarikdate, day of the month (according to the te, Tam tai)] vi.pat: to drop, fall. , Western calendar). a'chîm— kata tarik o'tao deadweight. , repeated dripping.bap What is the (Western) date today? 2. , with a bapplop. bap , with a heavy reporting day; a probationary sentence popplop. 'bohp , with a lot for one on bail requiring him to report of noise.'bahrlap ni 'bohrlop, to begin to snow, to the authorities once a month. ch˙ snow lightly.bulup bulup , ( ‘heart’) to I’ve come m˙ina'kao tarikl˙ pulusd˙ ≥a'le lose heart, losesyaÚ courage. seÚ 'y Ð~uÚset: . out on six month’s probation. Ðadj: , fallen, degraded. pa-nya, tf/ kf] n: ford, river crossing. a low,te'w or falleno— caste. te'wo— 'jat 'tar 'po tf/Øf [Mag tarya ‘white spot’] tô] [Kh *tek (Mk te:, Ses tyo÷, Gam 'tarya n: a male bovine with a white mark on 'teÚkyo); Him *tek (Chep tik)] n: a frog. the forehead. , a female cow with a , a type of frog. , 'tari white mark on the forehead. Ðset: . a'pirlya type of'teÚ frog. , a p˙h.yufrog found 'teÚ 'patya Ðadj: , (of a cow) having a white among fallen leaves.s˙laÚ 'teÚ , a large taryaso mark on the forehead. cf. tikaryaso. water frog. yahpal, smoked 'teÚ frog tf/Øf t/]ô expr.adv: ripped, skewered on a'teÚ metal curum rod and hung above taryatorn. t˙reÚ , to rip up, tear in all the fire to dry. t.t. ciÚ-nya directions. tô] –Gof [Kh *tek (Nis te:, -tek-, tf; [Nep] n: playing cards. 'teÚ-nyaSes *tek < tyo÷, -tek- ‘pressed’)] vt: to 'tas , to play cards. 'tas press down on. , (in: r˙ih's î-nya\ tfôl;p (see ) to repress,j˙hm restrain,'y ~uÚ control j˙hm taÚ's\îu ). 'y~uÚ 'bipya'da one'teÚ-nya’s desires. , (w/o taÚ's\îu j˙hm 'teÚ's\î-nya Kham Dictionary 325 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ) to control oneself. Ðpass.part: t]Gt]g lg h]Gh]g ex- 'y~uÚ , pressed down. 'tentenpr.adv: ni constantly 'jenjen troubled with illness 'teÚ'sîu\ cf–t] s] np] adj: (of firewood) (of a whole family, due to insufficient (o)-tek˙long burning. leo| sacrifice). t]lsl;–Gof [Nep 6]Sg' Êeknu] t +] t +] expr.adv: pushing, elbowing. teki'svi.agt:î-nya\ to stand supporting oneself with teÚ~ teÚ~ , to enter in, pushing one’s a staff. cf. jwi:h'sî-nya.\ wayt.t. lwiÚ's forceably.î-nya\ tSof+] n: s.o. or s.th. having a tLô–Gof [Kh *tik (Nis ti:, -tik-, 't~eÚkyasmall frame. Ðset: . Ðadj: tiÚ-nyaKot tyo÷); Him (Chep tyo- ‘pick out’)] , (of a person)p~a:cya:h short and havingt~eÚk- a vt: 1. to pick s.th. up. , in an smallyaso frame, slight build. instant. , one after'thar another. 2. t]n–Gof vt: 1. (of a tadpole) to to steal, t˙p˙pilfer. t˙p˙ 3. to understand, grasp tel-nyashed its tail. 2. (of an infant) to loose an idea. 4. obedient, responsive. his umbilical cord. 3. to drop off what Ðpass.part: , picked up, stolen. one is doing, or to change one’s topic of tLô n: a typetiÚ's\îu of incense root. discussion. Ðvi: , to be set 'tiÚ tL+ôa/ [Nep] n: a type of spice. tel'sî-nya\ aside (as a task). 'achim 'no 'hud˙ ≥a~eÚh tîÚb˙r~ tLMn\–Gof vt: (Obj. ‘the thing r˙hmnya tel'sî'k\ e\ Because he came today tihl-nyaspat at’) to spit at s.th., or s.o. ,

my task of weeding the field has been with a neat squirt. , inpecyak disgust set aside. Ðpass.part: , fallen off, or anger. thyu thyu shed. tel'sîu\ 'tLMn [Kh *p-s-til (Mk stil, Bhj tnfk] tnfk] expr.adv: about 'tihlthul,Ÿ Nis thil~ < -othil, Ses thil, Gam khil); telap telap to come free. , to be shaky, TB *m-ts(y)il] n: saliva, spittle. loose (as of at.t. tooth h˙lk orïÚ-nyaÉ a boulder). tL+ô 'EofM“ prop.n: a Kham-Magar tnf] + ] expr.adv: swinging, dangling. 'tîÚ~ village 'jyaÚh~ north of Ranma. (S.I. Tinja.) teloÚ~ telo:l~ o:,~ telo:~ telo:.~ , var. lts/fM [Nep lt3f| tighra ‘thigh’] to suspend s.th., as fromt. juhnd˙i-nya a peg. tik˙rahn: calf of the leg. , to hang, dangle, swingingt.t. ltsf/Øf [Nep Êikare] n: a like'juhndi-nya a pendulum. 'tikaryamale bovine with a small, white mark

tdf] –t] df] ] adj: (of an old on the forehead. , a female cow 'temo-temo person) spry and active. with a small, white 'tikarimark on the forehead. t]lG;–Gof vi.agt: to hold back Ðset: . Ðadj: , (of a cow) ten's\î-nya out of reluctance. Ðrelated words: having'patya a small, whitetikaryaso mark on the fore- 'khor'sî-nya\ to draw back, attempt to pull head. cf. taryaso. away, t˙hnd˙reÚ 'j˙i-nya to loiter, dawdle. ltn·Øf;–Gof vi.pat: to

t]g t]g expr.adv: (of children til˙become≥gyas-nya tall or spindly (esp. of corn). 'ten ten while playing) to inadvertently enact sex- Ðadj: Ðn: , a person ual intercourse. who istil˙ tall≥gyaso. and lanky'til˙ (esp.≥gya referring to 326 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Brahmans). tLK5Øf“ temp.adv: two days ltnf [Nep Êilo] n: a coin placed in tipchyafter ~aÚtomorrow, three days hence. Ðset: 'tilathe mouth of a corpse. . ltnf u/“ô [Kh *tila gr˙≥ < a'chîm— p–tL/ nom: selfish motives. 'tila(Gam g˙r ~ïÚkila ‘money,’ gr˙≥ ‘cloth’); Nep (u)-tir , to act out of selfish motives.u-tir Êilo ‘coin’] n: a shaman ’s wage in money da-nya p–tL/\xÒO{ dfn]p (see or grain (given in measures of 3, 5, 7, (u)-tirhwiÚ 'maleo). or 9). u-rti 'maleo lt/Lô sf]:ofô] (var. of: ltnLs–ltnLs [ < Kh 't˙lki-nya tiriÚ kosyoÚ, qv.) t˙riÚ 'tilik-tilik ‘to shine, sparkle’] expr.adv: shining, kosyoÚ ltl//LM n: Plumberous Redstart. sparkling. , to shine, spar- tiririhÐgen: . kle. t.t. c˙mki-nya, to shine brightly. 'baza-biza lt? lt? expr.adv: trickling. t.t. 't˙lki-nya p–/\tLô dfn]p adj: 1. tiruvar. tiru turu: turu:. , to come in (u)-rtiÚ 'maleo senseless, irrational, foolish. 2. immoral. a trickle. t.t. 'hu-nya u-tirhwi 'maleo. var. lt;/} [Nep t;f/f' ] tusaro ‘frost’] tLg [Nep-Eng] n: 1. a biscuit tin. 2. 'tis˙r˙in: hail. , to hail. tina measure for ghee equivalent to one lt;/f'tis˙r˙i“ n: Whistling jaÚh-nya Thrush. Ðgen: biscuit tin, or four . . hap Ðset: tis˙raÚ~ . , Spotted goî:~ –tLg loc.case: the delative case Forktail.'baza-biza 'jahlya tis˙r~aÚ -'tinmarker: ‘down from.’ 'zihm-'tin down tL:Sof n: 1. a small bladed knife. from the house. (Affixed to deictic prim- 'tiskya2. a person small in stature. Ðset: itives and locative roots to form complex . Ðadj: , small (of a adverbial phrases, as in: down from a-'tin pknife~a:cya:h blade). tiskyaso here, ru-'tin down from the top, etc.) Ðadj: ltltj} n: any of several species , the nominalized form of , titiw˙iof Lapwings or Plovers. Ðgen: as-'tin'kao in: ru-'tin'kao the one down from-'tin . 'baza- above. biza tô [Kh *t˙k (Luk t˙k)] prop.n: the ltks n: intelligence, aptitude. 'tïÚÉ Kham-Magar village of Taka, approx. tip˙k˙ , intelligent, perceptive, pop. 1300. (S.I. T—akgaon.) , quicku-tip˙k˙ to catch 'leo on. one of the five traditional homelands'tÉïÚ 'nam of 1. a small bladed ltkNSof n: the Kham-Magars. cf. 'nam. , 'tip˙lkya knife. 2. a person small in stature. Ðset: male inhabitant of the village of't˙kalya Taka. . Ðadj: , (of a knife , female inhabitant of the village p~a:cya:h tip˙lkyaso blade) small, narrow. cf. dihb˙lkyaso. of't˙kalni Taka. [ ? < (Nep) *tipo ‘fish ltkf? tô“ – loc.root: aside, on a tangent, to 'tiparutrap’ + (Gam) *ru ‘man’] n: a trap t~ïÚ-one side, as in: tïÚ'da~ to one side, t~ïÚph˙t˙ fisherman. on one side of two, etc., qq.v. Kham Dictionary 327 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ tôbf [Kh (Mk stÉï:)] loc: toward, tfaf] ] [Kh *tu; Him (Kai Êi, Thak 'tïÚ'daÉ in the direction of. pa~îÚh 'zihm 'tÉïÚ'da toboÊih, Khal tu); TB *(g-)tyik] num: 1. 'ba'ker˙ They all went toward the house. one. var. tubu. , one at Ðloc.case: , affixed to deictic prim- a time. tobo tobo'za'ni, one and only. 2. itives to form-'tïÚ'daÉ complex adverbial phrases. a certain,tobo as kain: tobobaÚh≥˙ tobo 'miÚ o'leo a'tïÚ'daÉ toward this direction, ro'tïÚ'daÉ to- Once upon a time there was a certain wards the top, etc. Ðadj: . man. a-'tïÚ'da'É ≥ao the one towards-'t here.ïÚ'da'É ≥ao tfaf] n] –Gof} vt: to hinder or tô“ bf loc: to one side. tobol˙i-nyainterfere with s.o. in his work (esp. by t~ïÚ'da , to end up on the same side.t~ïÚ'da demanding his attention for s.th. else). 'ta-nya , to group together, Ðpass.part: , interfered with. formt~ïÚ'da a 'j˙i'sfaction.\î-nya , tf]rf]ktobol˙i's quant: îu\ a small amount, a to rise up against,-'kin tïÚ'da~ revolt. 'j˙i's î-nya\ Ðadj: 'tocoplittle bit, a touch of s.th. (esp. of things , of the same group, of the which are picked up between the thumb samet~ïÚ'da' lineage.≥ao and forefingers, like grain, flour, etc.). tôlg [Kh (Mk stÉï:)] loc: on one cf–tf] \] n: a replacement. 'tïÚ'niÉ side of a divide, as in: 'zihm 'tïÚ'niÉ on the (o)-toh tf–Gof\] [Kh *s-to (Mk sto, Nis

house side of the divide. Ðloc.case: toh-nyasto); Him *s-to (Thak toh)] vt: to ex- , affixed to deictic primitives to change one thing for another, to trade -'tïÚ'niÉ form complex adverbial phrases, as in: one for the other. (Obj. can be singular a'tïÚ'niÉ on this side (of the ridge), hu'tïÚ'niÉ if the substituted item is marked with

on the other side (of the divide), etc. , as in: chut˙s˙ toh'keo\ He traded it Ðadj: , as in: 'khag˙r with-s˙ another. Otherwise the object is -'tïÚ'ni'kaoÉ hu-'tïÚ'ni'kaoÉ the one around on the other commonly dual.) , to ex-

side of the peak. change new kin names'sain˙ on toh-nya one’s marriage tô“ lg loc: from one side. Ðadj: day. , to give an answer. tïÚ'ni~ . Ð 'yaÚh toh-nya, foolishly, without thought. tïÚ'ni'kao~ tô“ Åt loc: on one side of two. Ðpass.part:phor phor , traded, substituted. t~ïÚph˙t˙Ðadj: . , ex- tfMn] \ [toh's < Kh\îu tohl-nya ‘to bump, tenuativet~ïÚph˙'tao of the numbert~ïÚph˙'tao five 'kwiÚ (used to tohlcollide’] expr.adv: bumped, knocked discuss secretly the price of an item, etc., about. cf. tahl-tohl 'ta-nya. in the presence of Nepali speakers). cf. , knocked here and there.at˙ tohl, ≥aky hot˙aÚr˙~ aphi huphi 'kwi:, khï:~ 'kwi:. tohlat˙ tohl hot˙ tohl 'tad˙ 'gaihr˙ waz˙ 'tad˙ tf+ ] expr.adv: turning of the head 'ler˙ Being knocked here and there my t~oÚ , to turn the head sideways. (Usu.t~oÚ body is full of sores. with'li-nya in an adverbial function, as in: 1. tf]Mn\–Gof vi.pat: 1. to ache, yahm'ni-d˙ toÚ~ 'lid˙ 'cyuÚke Turn your head tohl-nyahurt (esp. of icy water on the teeth, but to look out the door!) also of liquor causing heart burn, in: 328 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ). Ðset: . 2. to s.o. by shouting in anger. (Not necessar- be'y~uÚt˙ offended, tohl-nya as in: 'noehur-nya op~aÚ ≥a'y~uÚt˙ ily to threaten.) cf. tham thum 'j˙i-nya. tohl'ke\ His words offended me. , tf/f] ô] n: goat hair which is twisted deeply offended. 'phala toroÚand stretched. 1. to treat 2. tfMn] –Gof\ [Mag tol-khe ‘blunt- newly twisted goat-hairtoroÚ jaÚh-nya string (by soak- tohl-nyaed’] vi.pat: to bump or collide into s.th. ing in hot water and stretching across cf. johsi-nya. two pins to prevent if from unraveling, 'tfnf] [Nep tfnf] tola] n: the bunching up, or shrinking). 2. to treat a 'tohlaweight of an Indian one rupee silver piece carrying net (z˙î:h~ ) by suspending it with (equivalent to one-hundred lal, or four heavy stone in it. suka. Ðset: . tf/f] ô] –Gof vt: 1. (for a mother) tfkach˙]\l;–Gof v.recip: to exchange toroÚ-nyato chew food for her baby and transfer toh'swith\î-nya each other. cf. a'da— ho'da— 'j˙i'sî-nya.\ it to its mouth. 2. ( ‘throat’) to Ðvi: to change, be replaced. ya'siu'ni restrain one’s eating, grefrain~aÚhti from food ya'siu'ni yatoh'sî'zyao\ They are replaced (lit. ‘throttle one’s throat’). ogaÚhti~ toroÚd˙ as they die. ozaÚralai yae'keo\ She refrained from eat-

tfO] –Gof{ [Him (Chep thot- ing to give to her children. 'toi-nya‘rebound’)] vi.pat: to bounce, rebound, tf/–tf] /] expr.adv: dripping wet. ricochet. cf. coih-nya. , straight off. 'tor-tor , to become wet, drenched. t.t. cyuÚ-nya tfsf] nf] ] { quant: phor a small chunk or , to leak excessively. Ðadj: t.t. 'yuÚ-nya 'tokorlolump of food (esp. tossed to a dog). 1. drenched, soaking wet. 2. (of'tor-toro one’s face or hands) glistening with tfsf] jf] [Nep tokuwa] n: a grease. cirgul 'j˙i'sî-nya.\ 'tokowafixed rate. , to set a cf. fixed rate or 'tokowacontract for'j˙i-nya a job. tf;f] ] adj: cold, icy (of an object to tosothe touch, or of the weather). tfDtf] [Nep t˙m˙uÊe] n: cop- , (same). set: . 'k˙hleÚ~ tomtapersmith. Ð toso a stick'zy~u:h-nya forked on both tfgf] n: the tie strings on a shirt or tf;f] /] n: 'tosor 'tonablouse. ends for spooling string (as part of the process in rope making). cf. 'm˙nd˙i-nya. tfkf] sf] quant: a cluster, huddle. topoka , to huddle together. tf;f] /f] ô– loc.root: directly in tosoraÚ-line, directly across, as in: , topoka tf/f] 'j˙i's n: channel.î-nya\ cf. do:d˙.~ , etc., qq.v. tosoraÚk˙ 'tora , the channel in a dadu:. daduÚye tosoraÚl˙ tf;f] /f] ôs loc: directly across o'tora tf/] rf\ O] –t{ [ -r'coi ‘number of tosoraÚk˙from one another. Ðadj: tor'coit˙times hit’] adv: immediately, in an in- 1. the two directly across fromtosoraÚ'kao'ni each other. stant. 2. the two in line with each other. tf]vf{]k quant: a fright, scare, 'torkhop tf;f] /f] ôn loc: directly in line rebuke. , to frighten tosoraÚl˙ 'torkhop 'j˙i-nya Kham Dictionary 329 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ with each other. adj: , the at a time. Ðpass.part: , whittled, two in line with each other.tosoraÚ'lao'ni adzed. tuh's\îu tftf;–Gof] vi.pat: to lose one’s tlx–Gof¬ [Nep tx' g' ' tuhunu] totas-nyawits, become speechless, confounded. cf. 'tuhi-nyavi.pat: (of livestock ) to miscarry. cf. gar-nya. '˙d˙hk˙l khya-nya. Ðvt: , to tftf] gf] afaf] gf] expr.adv: cause to miscarry, to abort.tuh˙i-nya 'totonacompletely bobona full of holes. t¬Md \ [Kh *s-tum (Mk st~u)] n: a , to become punctured,t.b. perforated 'gw~aÚh- tuhmbamboo fish or frog trap. (Made in the completelynya riddled. shape of a vase, and fitted with a cone tfTof+] n: 1. the corner of a drum. shaped lid with allows the fish to enter, 't~oÚtya2. the channel of a ladle (dadu). Ðadj: but prevents them from getting back out). , (of a drum) elliptical, pear , a place on the river near Taka shaped.t~oÚtyaso cf. syu:tyaso. wheretuhm 'poÚfish traps are commonly set. tfyf] ] quant: one kind, one type. t¬Md\–Gof vi.pat: to stumble, totho , at one place. tuhm-nyastub one’s toe. cf. 'p˙rd˙p-nya. Ðset: tothok˙ t¬–Gof [Kh *tuk; TB *tuk] vi.pat: . pa-nya tu-nyato become poisoned. 't¬M/ expr.adv: alarming, startling. 'tuhr tô" [Kh *tuk; TB *tuk] n: fish , to be alarmed by a frighten- t. 'cheÚ-nya 'tuÚpoison (made of pulverized roots). ing condition. , frighteningly large, fearsome'tuhr 'cheÚ'wo (as a man, bear, tô" –Gof [Kh *tuk (Bhj tuk, Ses etc.). 'tuÚ-nyatuk); Mag thuk-ke ‘spicy’; TB *tuk ‘poison’] v.sta: 1. to be spicy (of food). 2. t¬/LM–Gof vt: to scrape, grate. tuhriÚ-nya to be biting cold (of water to the touch). Ðset: . Ðvi: , to pur-nya tuhriÚ's\î-nya Ðset: . Ðadj: . rub against s.th. (as of an animal scratching its back). Ðpass.part: , grat- 'zy t~u:h-nya“"–Gof [Kh *tu≥'tuÚ'wo (Mht)] vt: to ed, scraped. tuhriÚ's\îu t~uÚ-nyadrive into the ground (as a stake). Ðvi: , to dive, fall headfirst. , tx¬ /f¬ [Nep Êuhuro] n: male 'tuhura tsteeply.~uÚ's\î-nya Ðpass.part: , drivenyuhr into orphan. ground. t~uÚ's\îu tx¬ /L¬ [Nep Êuhuro] n: female 'tuhuri ta¬ ¬ [Kh *tu; Him *ti ± *tu (Kai Êi, orphan. tubuThak Êih, Khal tu); TB *(g-)tyik] num: t¬s¬/Øf n: a small, wooden 1. one. var. tobo. , one 'tukuryajug (smaller than a theka: or 'cab˙lya). at a time. tubu tubu'za'ni, one and only. Ðset: . 2. a certaintubu one. ka tubu tn¬ 'ja: n: cloth from which the ribbons t¬,–Gof [Kh *tuh; TB *tuk ‘cut, 'tulare made in shamanic ceremonies. cf. tuh-nyaknock’] vt: to chip or shape wood with 'kora. an adze. , whittle away, a chip tn¬ sf tn¬ expr.adv: repeatedly, l˙c˙ l˙c˙ tul ka tul 330 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ back and forth. , to go for a long time. tupurla z˙ gepaÚ'ke~ We back and forth watchingt.t. bahl's (as \î-nyawhen sitting talked a long time. and going to check out of a window). t¬k¬?ô quant: a small amount of tnf¬ ] (in: , qv.) tupuruÚliquid, one swig, one squirt. 'tulo tDaL¬ [Nep'phirgul ‘dried 'tulo gourd’] n: a t¬/–Gof vi.pat: to be without 'tumbidrinking bottle or flask. cf. pihrgul. tur-nyafood. t¬D;¬s [Nep tD;'s t˙msuk t¬/L [Nep tf/L] tori] n: mustard. 'tumsuk‘I.O.U.’] n: a bill of servitude arising turi tSof¬ { n: the point of a turban. from a debt; a statement of indebtedness. 'turkyaÐadj: , (of a turban) pointed at t¬k–Gof [Kh *tup; Him (Mag the front.turkyaso cf. gurjyaso. 'tup-nyadathup-ke, Chep tup- ‘beat iron’); TB t?¬ ô t¬?ô expr.adv: small *tup] vt: to hammer, beat out metal. turuÚtrickle. turuÚ var. tiru tiru. , to , to make oneself sus- urinate a small trickle.t.t. jiÚh's\î-nya 'tup's\î nih-nya ceptible to a beating (lit. ‘begging for a t“"l;–Gof vi.pat: to dive, fall beating’). Ðset: . Ðpass.part: t~uÚ'sheadfirst.\î-nya , steeply. , hammeredpoh-nya out. t¬;¬/fyuhr [Nep t;f/f' ] tusaro] n: 1. 'tup's\îu p–t¬kf [Nep Êuppo] n: the tip 'tusurafrost. 2. the milky way. (u)-tupaor peak of something. t¬t}–Gof [Nep 6'6fpg ' ÊuÊaunu , from beginning tooj˙raÚ'kin end (lit. ‘ fromutu- tut˙i-nya‘break’] vt: to bring to an end a certain rootpa'p˙i to tip’). breed of livestock. Ðset: . t“"kf prop.n: a small, Kham-Magar Ð[Kh s˙phya:-nya] s˙phya:-nya t~uÚpavillage lying on both sides of the Uttar tTsf¬ n: rhyme, lines in matching Ganga river just below tutkameter. 't~aÚt~uÚ. t¬kL [Nep 6f]kL Êopi] n: a Nepali t"Oô“ –Gof [Kh *tun (Mht tun, tupi cap. Ðtypes of: khopca woolen, pointed twSes~îÚ-nya tun-); Him *tun (Mag Êun, Chep

cap with ear flaps, 'kanya tupi cap with tyun÷, Tam tun, Tib rtu≥ ‘shorten’); TB ear flaps, woolen skull cap, kaÚhbul~ tupi *twan ‘shrink’] v.sta: to be short (in printed, cotton Nepali cap, 'dahka tupi length). , turn out too short. Ðadj: traditional, black Nepali cap. 'nepali tupi , short.ph˙s also: twî:za.~

t¬lk–Gof vi.pat: 1. to come to tw~îÚwo t"Oô“ éhf [< Kh *tun ‘short’ + *za 'tupi-nyaan end (as of a trail). 2. to come to its tw‘~îÚzadiminuitive’] adj: short. also: twî:'wo.~ logical conclusion (as of a story). Ð vt: , winter (lit. ‘short sky’). , to conclude (as a story); to twîÚza~ Tof'n˙mônf n: a mediator, esp. one consummate.tup˙i-nya 'tyaÚlawho reconciles two parties. t¬k¬nf { adv: a long distance, a tupurla Tofk–Gof vi.pat: to be pointed, long time. , to walk a 'tyap-nya tupurla 'ba-nya sharp. , very pointed. Ðadj: long distance. , to talk zir zir 'tyap tupurla p~aÚ-nya Kham Dictionary 331 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ . y–Gof+} [Kh *th˙n] vt: 1. to 'tyabo Tofk–Tofk expr.adv: forced th˙reach~îÚ-nya (as with an outstretched arm). 2. 'tyap-tyapinto eating sparingly. 'tyap-tyap ge'ta'ke to suffice, as in: 'zyaoye th˙îÚ'na'k~ eo\ The We were forced to eat sparingly. cf. 'tara: food sufficed me (i.e. was sufficient for toro: 'ta-nya. me). , poor, Tofnf +{ tn] f+ { ] expr.adv: hanging wanting.math˙~îÚ'wo mayoÚ'wo tyarlin clusters.aÚ~ terloÚ~ , to bear seed yP} dft“ sg interj: an prolifically. t.t. s˙i-nya th˙ieexclamation maÚt˙~ k˙n˙ of woe. 'nolai th˙ie m~aÚt˙ Tof“ t]+ expr.adv: tugging with k˙n˙ 'lizya Woe to him! tyforce.~aÚ t~eÚ , to split two branches y} y} interj: alas! apart wheret.t. p˙leÚ-nya they fork. th˙i th˙i, woe, alas. th˙ie maÚt˙~ TofTofô lttLô expr.adv: (of k˙n˙ ysg–Gof} vt: 1. to bring 'tyatyaÚwords) 'titiÚ foolish, nonsensical. th˙k˙n˙i-nyato a stop (esp. a hemorrhage or diarrhoea). , to speak nonsense. Ðadj: t.t. p~aÚ- 2. to cause s.o. to break a journey. nya . 'tyatya Ðpass.part: , stopped, clot- 'titiÚ'wo Tofp “ Tofp “ expr.adv: a metallic ted. th˙k˙n˙i'sîu\ tyaringingu~ tyau~ sound. , to ring, yslg–Gof vi.pat: to stop, clang. Ðadj: t.t. thas-nya. tyau~ tyau'w~ o— 'th˙k˙ni-nyaclot (esp. of hemorrhage or diarrhoea). 'luÚ~ a metallictya soundingu~ tyau'w~ stone.o— Ðvi: to break a journey; lay over a few days. TH ysfg [Nep Êhegan] n: a place 'th˙kan yaf“ prop.n: the Kham-Magar of rendezvous. , to set 'th˙kan 'n˙i-nya 'th˙bvillage~aÚ of Thaba≥, in the Rolpa District. a place of rendezvous. , o-'th˙kans˙ 'leo , the river which flows past reserved, modest, sensible. cf. o-'po:k˙ Thaba≥.'th˙b~aÚ b˙ih , male inhabitant of 'leo. the village'th˙ba of Thaba≥.≥gi , yn–Gof [Kh *th˙l] vt: to scold, female inhabitant of the village'th˙ba of ≥Thaba≥.gyani th˙l-nyarebuke, curse. cf. si≥ar-nya. Ðv.refl: yb–Gof} [Nep 7f8f] ÊhaÎo , to deny having done s.th. th˙l'sî-nya\ th˙d˙i-nya‘vertical’] vt: to hold erect. by cursing oneself in an effort to make , to hold the head erect (as≥˙ih of others believe he’s telling the truth. 'noÚ anth˙d˙i-nya infant). ≥ado'wo 'ta'kin buru 'sid˙ 'banya path˙ If I really did that, I’d prefer rather y–Gof} [Kh *that (Bhj that, Seram 'lizya to just die. th˙i-nyath˙t-, Ses th˙i÷); Him (Chan thasa-); TB *ta-s] vt: to hear, listen, give attention yn–Gof} [Nep yNofpg' th˙l˙i-nya to. , loud and clear. , th˙lyaunu] vt: to wear s.o. out, cause loudkyap and continuous. kyap kyap, fatigue. Ðpass.part: , tired out. th˙l˙i'sîu\ to listen attentively. dihd˙ th˙i-nya, sym- yln–Gof [Nep yNg ' th˙lnu ‘ill’] pathetic (lit. ‘listeningth˙inya heart’). 'y~uÚ 'th˙li-nya 332 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ vi.pat: 1. to become tired, fatigued. , shaken out. , exhausted. 2. to become ill. 'pu- 'th˙r˙i'sîu\ yô/}–Gof [Nep 7x¥ofpg' hm ygf]ô–Gof vt: to sift flour in a th˙Úr˙i-nyaÊh˙h˙ryaunu] vt: to prove, establish, th˙noÚ-nyasifter (c˙'na:h). , to shake, discern, reckon, consider as, determine, quiver. 'h˙n˙-h˙n˙, slightly (as of the decide upon, attribute. body whilezy ~oÚshaking zy~oÚ a sifter, or of a sha- , to be pleased'y ~uÚ'laowith, reckonmitao man when under the influence of his asth˙Úr˙i-nya being in accordance to one’s will, de- spirits). Ðvi: , to shake, sire. Ðpass.part: , determined, quiver (as ofth˙noÚ's the earth\î-nya to quake). proven. th˙Úr˙i'sîu\ Ðpass.part: , shaken, sifted. y/–y/ [Nep ‘trembling’] ex- Ðrelated words:th˙noÚ's el-nya\îuto separate coarse 'th˙r-th˙rpr.adv: shaking, trembling. from fine by shaking in a winnowing , to tremble. th.th. 'guÚ- tray, (< Nep, same), cyap- nya y:Sof n: a curved steel used 'chink˙i-nya nya to winnow grain by flapping up and 'th˙skyawith flint in making a fire. cf. 'uhluni. down in a winnowing tray, 'mo-nya to yf–Gof vt: 1. to send news. 2. winnow by pouring in a breeze. tha-nyato send for something or someone by yg yg expr.adv: solidly, sending word. th˙ndug-in. th˙n , to stop dead, yfô [Kh *tha-s (Ses thai); (Tib cha with irresistibleth.th. ˙d˙i-nyaforce. thaÚ‘news’); TB *ta-s ‘hear’] n: news, mes- yks expr.adv: completely still. sage, letter. , to receive th˙p˙k , to sit still. news, intelligence.thaÚ d˙i-nya , to th. 'cuh's\î-nya th. soco~î- , to set s.th. down solidly. send news. thaÚ 'p˙r~îÚ-nya nya yKsf [Mag thap ‘ladder’] n: a yf–Gof“ vt: 1. to hold out (as a 'th˙pka stone stairway leading from the cattle 'thhand)~aÚ-nya in order to receive. , self- yard below up to the living level of a assertively, without reservation.'gyŸos 2. to house. cf. 'ch˙m, 'gohptya. Ðset: . go to collect (as a debt). 3. to set a 'zihm yk sf yk expr.adv: snare (in: ). 4. to set up th˙padded ka one th˙p after another. , a business 'cor~eÚh shop 'th (~aÚ-nyain: ). to add one after another. th.th. caÚ-nya Ðpass.part: , set'p˙s˙l (of a'th snare).aÚ-nya~ y/ expr.adv: suddenly. yfbf“ 'th[Nep~aÚ's Êh˙nÎa\îu ‘cold’] n: ice. th˙r , to stand suddenly (fromth. 'th~aÚda , to freeze, turn to ice. cy~aÚh's\î-nya sitting). , to jump across 'th~aÚda yfO 'ta-nyanf+{ [Nep] n: sixth son. Ðset: th. gahp-nya quickly, in a single leap. 'thaîÚla~ . y/ [Nep] n: a tribal sub-division, 'jetha yfOj{ n: distress, anguish. 'th˙r clan. 'thai'wo , to be in great distress,doÚh y/–Gof} [Nep y/y/fpg' anguish'thai'wo of 'ta-nya soul. 'th˙r˙i-nya th˙rth˙raunu] vt: to shake out the re- yfsgfM [Nep tha≥no] n: rag, mains. cf. thar th˙r 'j˙i-nya. Ðpass.part: thak˙nah Kham Dictionary 333 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ a piece of old clothing. yfgf [Nep 7fgf Êhana] n: a police , ragged and shabbythak˙nah (of clothing). 'bu- thanapost. rumo var. thak˙nah 'burum 'burumo. cf–yfgf] n: the stem of rhizomic yfvgf n: a hiding spot where (o)-'thanaplants (as potatoes, turnips, etc.). 'thakh˙na pursued game takes refuge. yfknf [Nep thaplo] n: the yfng [Nep thalni] n: the begin- 'thap˙lacrown of the head. 'thal˙n ning, basis, foundation. 'noÚ 'd˙hni o'tao yfknLô n: female, black headed 'thal˙n te 'behdaÚ'ni z˙ The basis from 'thap˙liÚsheep with a white strip on the crown.

which he became rich was through sheep. Ðset: . yfnf n: a flat earthen roof. 'patya yfkNof n: male, black headed thala thala , a house of flat-roof construction. 'thap˙lyasheep with a white strip on the crown. 'zihm Ðset: . Ðset: . 'zihm yfln–Gof [Nep yfNg' thalnu] 'patya yfkNof l/M;Ln–'tLM 'thali-nya vt: to begin, establish, initiate, set in 'thap˙lyan: White rihsilt Capped—îh River Chat. Ðgen: motion. Ðpass.part: , begun. . 'thali'sîu\ yfd n: a memorial spot, historical 'baza-biza yfk/Øfô y¬k¬/Lô ex- 'tham site (usu. marked by a stone cairn which 'thap˙ryapr.adv: exhausted, thupuri completely worn out. serves as a boundary marker between yfôkf [Kh *thakpa; Him *thakpa two village jurisdictions). thaÚ'pa(Tib thag-pa)] n: flat shaped, wool rope yfd–Gof vt: to bear, endure. or strap, used for tying on a goat-pack tham-nya o'doÚhwalya~ mathamduh'keo\ He couldn’t ('lad˙n). Ðset: . endure his anger. yf/ expr.adv:'ce:h~ instantly, suddenly. yfld–Gof vt: to claim, mark 'thar , to snatch up in an instant. 'thami-nyafor ownership. Ðpass.part: , th. tiÚ-nya yf/ ] interj: an exclamatory word claimed. 'thami'sîu\ tharesomewhat equivalent to: ‘wait, just a sec- yfDSof y¬lDs [Nep ond.’ 'thamkyathumko] 'thumkin: hilly, slightly broken coun- yf/L [Nep] n: a barren woman or try. 'tharianimal. [Nep ‘silence’] yfd y¬d yf/ y/ expr.adv: a shaking. tham thum expr.adv: silenced, stopped, confined. thar th˙r , to shake out the re- 1. silenced ( by being esp. mains.thar th˙r cf. 'th˙r˙i-nya.'j˙i-nya shownt.t. khya-nya to be wrong). cf. 'torkhop 'j˙i-nya. yf;–Gof [Kh *thas; Him (Mag 2. to be confined because of illness, blind- thas-nyaartos- ‘make loud sound,’ Chan thasa- ness, etc. 3. (of a shaman) to be brought ‘hear’); TB *ta-s] v.sta: to be heard, to the end of his practice because his audible. , with a dull thud (as of spirits no longer come when summoned. a gunshot).dwah ≥ , loud, piercing yfg [Nep] n: an altar, shrine. kyap kyap 'than 334 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , with a great roaring (as of y+ ] expr.adv: blow nose. , 'syoÚh-syoÚhrushing water). Ðadj: 1. famous, 'thto~eÚ blow nose. n˙nahp 'th~eÚ 'th'lid˙eÚ~ 'li-nyakhyake having renown, in: thas'—o . 2. Blow your nose! capable of hearing, in:u'min thas'—o. ant. , wiping snot hereak˙ and'th ~eÚthere ni hok˙(esp. or'na mathas'o.— or'na thas'o— on'th ~eÚthe walls and posts in a house). yfl;–Gof“ v.refl: 1. to put cf–/] y\ +] n: leg (esp. the legs of 'thoneself~aÚ's\î-nya in a position to receive, make (o)-r'tha frog eÚ~ or grasshopper, but also of animals oneself available (as for a job, etc). , and men). cf. kh~ï:. self-assertive, forward. 2. to confront,'gŸos ,o-r'th to make~eÚ greatphyaÚ'wa haste oppose, assume a fighting attitude. onphyaÚ'wa a long 'j˙i'strip (î-nya\lit. ‘to nearly snap one’s yft“ [Nep Êhat~ ‘fashion’] n: pattern, hoppers’). thstyle,~aÚt˙ design. cf. majak˙. , ysf] [Nep Êheko] n: a wooden having good style, a nice pattern.-th ~aÚt˙ 'leo thekajug (smaller than 'm˙h˙n). cf. 'tukurya. , to get the basic design complet-o-th~aÚt˙ Ðset: . 'hu-nya ed (as when weaving a basket, etc.); get 'ja: ysfg] [Nep Êhekan] n: plan, a good start. Ðadv: , at ease. thekanstrategy. , at ease, in thhigh~aÚt˙s˙ style. y]Sof ;ØLM/ \ n: a type of o-th~aÚt˙s˙, to live in leisure, luxury,th~aÚt˙s˙ high 'thekyalarge, soursŸuhr citrus fruit. style.'li-nya yn–y] nf] ] [Nep th˙lth˙l ‘shak- [Nep] field ( yft/f] n: in:n˙that˙ro 'thel-theloing’] adj: obese, flabby. that˙ro'baÚjo~ 'tao, n˙'poÚ ritoÚ 'tao May your fields cf–y] g] ] n: sediment, settlings. be fallow, and your place uninhabited.) (o)-thene , (of sediment) to set- yflt“ prop.n: the saddle west of tle.o-thene cuh'sî-nya\ , (of sediment) to 'th~aÚti N˙rsing where the trail to Hukam crosses settle.o-thene er'sî-nya\ over from Taka. –yk] num.clsf: a drip, drop. yfp“ jf“M n: Red Panda. -'thep tha~u w~aÚh yk–Gof] vi.pat: to drip. Ðgen: . Ð[Alt.root (Mk sa≥˙îza)]~ 'thep-nya 'n˙m 'la: 'ga: , (of rain) to sprinkle. y] interj: an exclamation meaning: 'thep-nya, of the nose, to run. nahp the‘give it to me.’ ant. ha:.~ 'thep-nya cf–/] y\ ;] n: tightness of weave. ô to be thick in y] –Gof v.sta: (o)-rthescf. 'khip-khibo. , to make 'theÚ-nya consistency (as of soup, but also of fog). the weave of aorthes blanket jaÚh-nya tight. Ðadj: . , tightly woven. , orthestightly 'theÚ'wo y–Gof+] [Kh *r-then (Nis rthen)] woven.'bao orthes, loosely 'leo woven. thvt:~eÚ-nya to kick s.th. , ylt] orthes[Nep /Lltlylt 'maleo ritithiti] n: cus- into the air; with involuntary'ph˙rcya jerks 'ph˙rcya (as of 'thetitom, practice, tradition. cf. 'c˙l˙n. a dying person). Ðpass.part: , yLô n: (mostly in southern dialects) kicked. th~eÚ's\îu 'thiÚoil. cf. mahs Kham Dictionary 335 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ yLô–Gof vt: to massage or rub a established, steadfast, decided, con- 'thiÚ-nyaperson with oil. oky~aÚt˙ mahs 'thiÚ'k\eo firmed, proven. Ðadj: , estab- He rubbed his body with oil. , lished, verified, true. Ð[Alt.root'thïÚriuÉ (Mk rih≥ to smear with all colors. gyahmpÐpass.part:~eÚ rih≥o, Gam thi≥ thi≥)]. Ðvt: . , massaged, rubbed with oil. –yf] num.clsf: kind, type.th˙Úr˙i-nya , 'thiÚ's\îu lylb nf n: midday. cf. ˙hd˙m˙r -thoone kind. , two kinds. totho 'thidi'la:. 'la yf]ô [Nepnehtho thok] n: descendants. yLs [Nep 7Ls Êhik] expr.adv: thoÚn˙thoÚr˙ your descendants. 'thikcorrect, right. , to set things , of the same lineage. tubu, a right, get even 'thikwith someone. 'j˙i-nya commonthoÚ'lao ancestor, progenitor.ya-thoÚ Ðrelated , to get everything ready,'thik-thak pre- words: 's˙nthan offspring, descendants, pared.'j˙i-nya kh˙l˙k lineage, common descent, 'sakha

lyªnLM¬ n: a small basket for distant forefather, 'sakha purkha distant thikeeping≥ulih kitchen utensils, etc. Ðset: . forefathers, 'sakha 's˙îÚthan~ ancestors and descendants, 'pitt˙r ancestors or ancestor lyl/ (in: be:h, spirits, tïÚ'da'~ ≥ao of the same lineage. thiriqv.) s˙raÚ riri, 'syargwa thiri nearly. kozai. yL/f] { [Nep thiro] adj: sturdy, yfsf] O] { adv: cf. thokoi 'thirroinflexible. yfsf] –Gof] n: 1. a club or thokonyahmallet for driving stakes. 2. chicken lylt (var. of: , qv.) drumstick. 'thiti yô [Kh *th˙k'theti (Luk th˙g)] adv:

'thvertically,ÉïÚ upright , steep. yfn–Gof] vi.pat: (in: 'thol-nya 'thold˙ , to set'th upïÚÉ cy vertically.aÚh's~ îu\ ) to return in vain. 'hu-nya, (intensive). ≥asya th- 'thïÚÉ 'j˙i-nya, to stand upright. cf. cya:h's~ î-nya.\ 'thÉïÚ omsya 'li-nya , stopping here yfd–Gof] [Kh *r-thom (Mk 'thom-nya ak˙and there'thÉïÚ chattingni hok˙ instead 'thÉïÚ of working. rthom); Him (Chep tyom)] vt: to combine several into one (as two flocks or sheep yô“ –Gof [Kh *th˙≥; TB *tan ‘dry’] into one). Ðset: . Ðvi: thvi.pat:~ïÚ-nya 1. to dry, wilt, wither. , to converge,b˙re:-nya merge (as two'th- , shrivelled, parched. 'curup- om'srivers).\î-nya curup , by curling at the edges.'cyak˙rap 2. to , to joinjijyu one bajyuras˙’s ancestors 'thom's (in death).\î'na- becomecikurup desiccated esp. by tuberculosis. Ðnyapass.part: , combined, con- Ðrelated words: saÚ-nya to dry up (as of verged. 'thom's\îu a spring), to evaporate away, s˙r-nya to dry (as of wet clothing). yfD:of] (see ). thomsya 1 'thol-nya y“ô b“ô expr.adv: upright, at . yfGbf] /f] ] n: fire tongs in the 'thondoro thattention.~ïÚ d~ïÚ , to stand shape of a V“ .” upright, at attention.th.d. cy~aÚh's\î-nya 2. yf]Gbf]/f] nom: dry up. 'thondoro yôl/–Gof [Nep 7xl/g ' Êh˙h˙rnu , for a mother’s milk 'thondoro 'ta-nya 'th‘beïÚri-nyaÉ proven’] vi.pat: to become settled, to dry up while still nursing. 336 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ yf/–Gof] vt: to block, obstruct, extremities (as a leper). Ðset: . 'thor-nyaimpede. 'gahm ta'thor'cyo Don’t block 2. a tree with all the limbs brokenp~a:cya:h off. the sun! Ðvi: , to shield Ðadj: , stumped, stubby. cf. one’s face to avoid'thor's beingî-nya\ seen. cf. 't˙rki- mundulyaso.th~uÚdyaso nya. Ðpass.part: , obstructed. 1. yls–Gof¬ [Nep 7f]Sg' Êhoknu] yf;f] [Nep'thor's Êhoso]îu\ n: 1. a large 'thuki-nyavt: 1. to drive a peg or nail. , 'thosasplinter. cf. 'zu:. 2. a bamboo strip used with a sounding blow. 2. to set athwak prison for stringing fish or chunks of meat. sentence. Ðpass.part: , fixed, 'thuki's\îu yf;] ] interj: an exclamation roughly settled (of a sentence). s~oÚh 'm˙ina thoseequivalent to: ‘excuse me, sorry.’ 'thuki'sîu\ sentenced to three months. 2 yfTof] n: s.o. without teeth. no . y¬ls–Gof vt: to castrate a 'thuki-nya 'thotyabelaÚk˙ ph˙ri ho 'thotya n˙r bahadur oleo bull. cf. 's˙wari-nya. Ðpass.part: 'thuni, ˙s˙i le At that time toothless Nar Ba- , castrated. ki's\îu hadur was the sub-inspector. Ðadj: p–yn¬ [Kh *r-tul (Mk rthul, , toothless. thot- (u)-thulNis rthul, Kot tulni)] n: the woof threads yaso y–Gof¬ [Kh *s-tu (Mk stu, Nis of a loom. also: u-rÉï:h. , thul dahgaÚ thu-nyastu); Him (Chep tuk- ‘pour,’ Khal tho)] the shuttle string. , the shuttle thul's~îÚ vt: (Obj. contents) to dump from a basket. stick. Ðset: . 'tana cf. 'zal-nya. , by turning straight yn–b¬ n¬ expr.adv: sleeplessness, upside down. uhup , of liquids. 'thul-dulinsomnia. , ( 'thul-dul 'j˙i-nya 'miÚr˙ 1. ysyoÚh"ô–Gof [Kh *th˙k (Mk ‘eyes’) to cause sleeplessness, insomnia. 'thuÚ-nyathï:)]É vt: 1. to erect a tent. 2. to sting a –yd¬ [Kh *thum; Him (Chep tom bow. ± , tightly, -thum‘knot,’ Tib btum-pa)] num.clsf: a knot. taut. 'reÚh-r~ eÚh~ rih≥ rih≥ 1. y¬d–Gof vt: to tie a knot. 2. yô" –Gof vt: to cause someone thum-nyaÐset: . 'thuÚ-nyato start on s.th. ( ). Ðvi: , po:-nya 2. yd–Gof¬ vi.pat: (of a group) to commence, get-t˙ started on'thuÚ's something\î-nya thum-nyato be privately united, in seclusion from ( ). outsiders. Ðadj: 1. (of a place for setting -nyat˙ yô" bf–Gof (o“)" vt: to a trap) funnel shaped, having no escape 'thuÚfeel da-nya concern ('y ~uÚ) or worry about. (Obj. routes. 2. (of a camping spot) well pro- marked by .) cf. 'khotoro: 'ta-nya. tected, well-provided for with basic ne- -leo'da , to exercise love, cessities, secretive, secluded. 'thuÚconcern, 'j˙i-nya or strong ('y ~uÚ)interest in. 3. yd–Gof¬ vt: to gain control ybf"“ [Nep Êh~u‹o] n: a large thum-nyaover the spirits of a novice shaman by 'thpiece~uÚda of firewood which can be split no locking them up in a scared gourd ('thum- further because of knots, etc. cf. 'mu:da.~ bu) until his public initiation day. (Usu. ybØf"“ n: 1. a person with stumped (malefactive), as in: 'th~uÚdya thumdya-nya Kham Dictionary 337 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ o'doÚhwaÚr˙~ thumdiÚ'ker˙\ They locked up y;¬ expr.adv: bend without breaking; his spirits.) thusbow, flex. , to double over yDa¬ ¬ [Nep tumbo ‘dried gourd’] when attemptingthus to'ta-nya break in two. ≥akeÚhk˙ 'thumbun: a sacred gourd in which a novice thus waz˙ take When breaking it, it only shaman’s spirits are incarcerated until he doubled over. has learned to control them. y"ôl;–Gof vi.agt: to stampede. , to incarcerate a novice 'thumbushaman’s 'thuÚ's\î-nya , to stampede with a great 'j˙i-nyaspirits in a sacred gourd (in a special rush.wuÚh wuÚh ceremony by the community of sha- y“"l;–Gof vi.pat: to have sev- mans). Ðset: . theral~uÚ's \î-nyaurgent jobs running concurrently. 'ja:hk˙ri~ ja:r˙ yDsf¬ [Nep thumko] n: a hill, yt¬ gf¬ [Nep thutunu] n: snout 'thumka a minor peak (usu. rounded). 'thutunaof an animal, beak of a bird, lips of a yg¬ –Gof} [caus of Nep y'Gg' person. Ð[Alt.root *p-si (Mk psi)] thun˙i-nya thunnu ‘lock up’] vt: 1. to detain, confine, yTof¬ [Nep ÊhuÊo ‘hornless’] n: put in prison. , to confine, block 'thutyaanything with stumped extremities. p~ïÚ completely. 2. ( ‘breath’) to hold , an elbow length blouse 'sÉïÚ breath. Ðpass.part: , jailed, or'thutya shirt. 'khyoÚant. 'baholya. Ðadj: , thun˙i's\îu locked up. having stumped extremities (asthutyaso of a leper, ylg–Gof¬ [Nep y'Gg ' thunnu] or a tree whose tip has died and fallen 'thuni-nyavi.pat: to be cut off, to be stopped. off). cf. mundulyaso, thu:dyaso.~ 'sÉïÚ , to have breathing spasms Yjfs expr.adv: a sounding blow. 'thuni-nya (lit. ‘breath to be cut off’). thwak , to drive a peg or nail yGsf¬ n: a piece of. nehthunka withth. 'thuki-nya a sounding blow. thunka 'ta'ke\ It broke in two. Yofk expr.adv: a swift, striking

y¬Gsf y¬Gsf expr.adv: thyapsound. , to chop with a thunkainto separate thunka pieces. , swift blow.th. 'p˙l-nya th.th. keÚh-nya to break into separate pieces. Yof/ bØf/ expr.adv: landing th.th. , to break cleanly. thyaron feet. dyar , to land on kyah-nya y¬lGs–Gof vi.pat: to break. feet withoutth.d. bending cy~aÚh's the\î-nya knees. 'thunki-nya 'thunkiya, s˙mars˙ n˙inya It may break, Yo¬ Yo¬ expr.adv: in disgust.

set it down carefully. thyu thyu , to spit in disgust or anger. p–yk¬ n¬ (see ). th.th. tihl-nya (u)-thupul yg¬ –Gof{¬ vt: uthupulto cause s.th. to U thurnu-nyavibrate, rattle. , (esp. 1 . pm expr.adv: the sound of howling of an axe handle)thurnudya-nya to cause one’s hand to uÚjackals. , to howl, as in: a≥˙ uÚ buzz from vibration. Ðvi: ni ho≥˙ uÚuÚ 'li'zyar˙ 'li-nya They’re howling here , to vibrate, shake, rattle. thurnu's\î- and there. nya 338 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 2. pm [Kh *w˙ (Luk w˙k, Nis uw˙, , to tame. 'uÚGam wo, Kot wo); Mag wak; TB *pwak] ug˙n˙i-nya pul/p adj: submissive, docile, n: domestic pig. , pork. 'ug˙riuamenable, obedient. Ðtypes of: 'doborsya 'uÚyearling sya'k˙riÚ pig, 'gedya 1. puf/}–Gof [Nep p3fg'{ boar pig, 'buhni sow pig. Ðgen: ugar˙i-nyaugharnu ‘open’] vt: 1. ( ) to restore . '˙g˙i- a field back to production~ eÚhby sacrificing b˙g˙i pa}–Gof [Nep pafpg' ubaunu an 'ultya baza. cf. cuh's\î-nya. 2. ( ub˙i-nya‘fill’] vt: (Obj. ) to sell s.th. partially ‘womb’) to restore a woman too- destroyed in ano-eÚh attempt to compensate childbearing.kokha for part of the loss. 2. puf/}–Gof vt: to train to pla–Gof vi.pat: to be compen- ugar˙i-nyabe docile, obedient, amenable. 'ubi-nyasated for the loss of s.th. oeÚhl˙ k˙id˙ p“lu–Gof [Nep pª\g' u≥nu] vi.pat: jey~aÚ'kin k˙saÚ tubu 'khur ma'ubi If you '~uÚgi-nyato become drowsy. , of eat (some of the meat) at cost, the price head to drop forward. juhtu juhtu , of one hoof may possibly be compensated head to fall with force. pha pha omd˙ for. p“m1f n: one who is always drowsy. pAh}–Gof [Nep pAhfpg' '~uÚgya pEofln n: summer. cf. 'u:hdyali.~ ubj˙i-nyaubjaunu ‘produce’] to cultivate land. vt: 'uhbyali 'p“MbØfln n: winter. cf. 'uhbyali. to have come plAh–Gof vi.pat: '~uÚhdyali pufp“M prop.n: a Kham-Magar 'ubji-nya into being (esp. of its own accord, as a uhgavillage~uÚ in the north of Rukum District, god, etc.) Ðadj: , come into being. approx. pop. 1250. (S.I. Hukam.) 'ubjiu pbf·Øf [Nep uda≥g˙ ‘open’] , the river which runs betweenuhga~o 'uda≥gya n: empty expanse. Ðadj: , Hukamb˙ih and Maikot. , male in- uda≥gyaso 1. empty, vacant, void (as an uninhabited habitant of the village'uhga of Hukam.o'li~ house). 2. open (without pillars, etc). , female inhabitant of the'uh- vil- pbf/Øf [Nep pwf/f ] udharo galageo'lya'ni~ of Hukam. udarya ‘credit’] n: on credit, to be paid later. p,n¬gL [Mag olani] n: a straight cf. hati. 'uhlunisteel used with flint in making fire. cf. pbLd [Nep udyam] nom: effort, 'th˙skya. 'udim endeavour. , to make an px¬k expr.adv: upside down. 'udim da-nya effort to do something well. cf. 'dahma, uhup , to dump by turning straightu. 'dyauhna, 'jor. upsidethu-nya down. pb¬Gt¬ n: a kid or lamb still phfn}–Gof [Nep ujilyaunu ‘pol- 'uduntu unweaned (under one year). Ðset: ujal˙i-nyaish’] vt: to rid metal of its tarnish; to . polish, burnish. (A copper pot by burning 'behda: pulg–Gof vi.pat: to become in fire inside a casing of mud; silver and 'ug˙ni-nyatame (esp. of a wild animal). Ðvt: gold by soaking in rhubarb acid). Kham Dictionary 339 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Ðpass.part: , polished, purified. , backwards, contrary to normal. ph¬/ [Nep]ujal˙i's n:îu\ accusation, law-suit. cf.ultyaso 'bipya. ujurcf. nalis. , to make accusa- poss.pron: third person singular tion, file aujur law-suit. da-nya 'umiÚpossessive pronoun: ‘his, hers, its.’ psfnf [Nep psfnf] ukalo] n: pd“Mhflgé adv: suddenly, in- 'ukalauphill, an uphill grade, acclivity. ant. 'ura- umstantly.~ïÚhzani la. pd¬nf]lg adv: not in the slightest psf;}–Gof [Nep psf:g' umuloniway, never. umuloni z˙ gema'r~ïÚh'wo ukas˙i-nyaukasnu ‘eject, set free’] vt: (of shamans) 'isor The God we can never see. umul- to retrieve a missing soul ('satu) from oniz˙ ma'tae He’s hopeless (when it the underworld. comes to learning). plv bf–Gof vt: to stir up pkNgf gfd n: (shamanic) 'ukhia fight, da-nya rouse s.o. to anger. var. 'ukhi-ukhi 'up˙lnathe overworld 'nam (above this world). ant da-nya. Ðset: . 't˙lna 'nam. plNnm˙c˙i-nya lulNn [Nep ulli-gilli] pkNgf kv [Nep p˙kh˙ 'ullinom: 'gilli derision, ridicule. 'up˙lna‘time’] 'p˙kh˙ n: an early hour before the cock , to deride, mock, ridicule.'ulli cf.'gilli 'h˙s˙i- da- crows. nya.nya pk k/wfg [Nep kwfg| ] n: plNk–Gof [Nep clNkg' ˙lpinu] up˙a village p˙rdahn official second in charge to a 'ulpi-nyavi.pat: to disappear, phase out of exist- p˙nc˙ p˙rdahn. ence. cf. olop 'ta-nya. pkfO { [Nep pkfo upay˙] n: route, pNt}–Gof [Nep pN6f] ulÊo upaia way out. , to look for ult˙i-nya‘opposite’] vt: to make opposite, back- a way of escape.upai khim-nya wards. Ðpass.part: , set back- pkfl;–Gof [Nep pkaf; a:g' wards. ult˙i'sîu\ 'upasi-nyaup˙bas b˙snu] vi.agt: to fast for religious pNtf kfNtf [ < Nep ulÊo purposes. ulta‘backwards palta ’] expr.adv: confused. pk¬/–sfj [Nep ˙p˙r ‘other’] plNt–Gof [Nep pN6f] ulÊo upur'kaoadj: the rest, the remainder (usu. in: 'ulti-nya‘opposite’] vi.pat: to become backwards, ). opposite. Ðvt: , to make op- upur'k —ao–pk b˙hri¬t{ [Nep up˙r ‘over’] adv: posite, backwards.ult˙i-nya -upurt˙against, in opposition to. ≥a-upurt˙ ris pNTof afhfé n: a chicken do'keo\ He was angry against me. 'ultyawhose baza feathers lie forward, contrary to pÅf/–Gof} [Nep] vt: to normal, used in certain sacrifices. cf. 'uphar˙i-nyaexpand, enlarge, extend the borders of. ugar˙i-nya. , to enlarge a grain pNTof [Nep ulÊo] n: something bin.'d˙h˙ra Ðpass.part: 'uphar˙i-nya , expanded, 'ultyawhich is backwards. ant. 'sultya. Ðadj: enlarged. uphar˙i's\îu 340 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ p/fnf [Nep cf/fnf] ] oralo] n: down- ply–Gof [Nep p7\g ' uÊhnu ‘rise’] 'uralahill, a downhill grade, declivity. ant. 'uka- 'uthi-nyavi.pat: to be procured, raised, brought la. together (as of needed funds, man power, pSjL+ô/ ofn]p adj: of etc). Ðvi: to rise to a task or challenge. 'urkwbeesîÚr˙~ who ya'leo have produced much honey. Ðvt: , to raise up, bring togeth- ant. 'kut˙. er. uth˙i-nya , to consecrate, set uth˙id˙ 'n˙i-nya p?ô expr.adv: moving, animated. aside for a specific task or use. 'uruÚ , to be animate, alive, capable py¬k¬n [Nep uth˙l-put˙l] ex- of'uruÚ moving. li-nya (Usu. redup. as in: 'uruÚ 'uruÚ uthupulpr.adv: restless, afflicted by a guilty con- 'li-zya It’s moving; it’s alive.) science. , lifeless, inert. 'uruÚz˙ ma'le pl:s–Gof [Nep pS;g' uks˙nu Ü 'uski-nya‘relieved from duty’] vi.pat: 1. to be JØLôl;–Gof [Kh *wisi] vi.agt: set free (as from prison) by completing ŸuÚsi-nyato argue, dispute with s.o. (Asc. ). the sentence. 2. to slip out of a hold in -s˙ wrestling. 3. (in: , or W ) to pin anu. mad˙i-nyaopponent down sou. jMg\–Gof vt: to twist two thatmaya-nya he is unable to get up; hence, to w˙hn-nyastrands of thread together. cf. 'kh˙l-nya. overcome in debate. 4. (with negative) Ðset: . Ðpass.part: , to be inevitable, inescapable. Ðvt: twisted'kil-nya together. w˙hn's\îu , to get free. usk˙i- j/ (in: , qv.) nya pt/ [Nep pQ/ utt˙r] n: north. w˙r˙ jf adv: 't˙r˙-w˙r˙ only, as in: ≥ahj~uÚr˙ wa 'ut˙r ptl/–Gof [Nep pqg' utr˙nu wa'li-zyar˙ There are only minnows. , 'ut˙ri-nya‘delivered’] vi.pat: to come to an end. (same, the preferred form). waz˙ , (of one’s time of 1 o-palaÚpower) to'ut˙ri-nya come to an end, be fulfilled, . –jf adv.suff: approximately, -'wa completed. about, as in: aÚh'wa about this much, jaÚ'wa~ for an (indefinite) while. ptf/}–Gof [Nep ptfg{' utarnu 2. 1. as much as. utar˙i-nya‘deliver from’] vt: to repay an obliga- –jf v.aff: uduh'wa -'wa He did as much as he was tionÐ (esp. to parents by sending b˙hri do'keo\

their 'bahrsoul on a proper send-off to the able. 2. (with reduplication) about to. It was about to break. other-world after death). Ðpass.part: paÚ'wa paÚ'wa 'ta'ke\ 3 , repaid. . –jf v.aff: 1. (in transitive verbs) -'wathe future tense marker in third person utar˙i's îu\ plTs–Gof [Nep] vi.pat: to singular, as in: 'j˙i'wa He will make it. 'utki-nyacome into being. Ðvt: , to bring 2. into being (as a shamanutk˙i-nya to his disciple). (in interrogative mood with transitive verbs) the past tense marker in third per- pTof;f] lg a¬Tof;f] utyasoadj: full ni ofbutyaso anxiety, distress, perplexity. Kham Dictionary 341 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ son singular, as in: ma'j˙i'wa Did he make s~oÚh'laÚ waÚhk˙ in a time equal to about it? three days. Ðadj: , about equal jf–Gof [Kh *r-wa (Mk rwa); to. t˙'rupiya waÚh'kaowaÚh'kaoequal to about a 'wa-nyaHim (Chep wa-); TB *r-wa] v.evt: to rupee. rain, in: . 'jfMsf“ n: the backstrap on a , 'n˙mwith such'wa-nya force as'˙nd˙h to block ni 'wloom.~aÚhka cf. 'piti. Ðset: . vision.'dund˙h , for a while, then jfMs\ 'tanalg Kofs expr.adv: stop. parap p˙r˙p, to rain evenly ev- wahkvomiting. ni pyak , to vomit erywhere,rihpd˙'wa-nya universally. , with forcefully. w.p. woih-nya 'sem-sem a fine mist. Ðvt: to make it rain; perform jfMª \ jfMª\ expr.adv: echoing a rain-making ceremony. wahsound.≥ wah ≥ , to echo (as in a jfô interj: the call of a shepherd to cave). w.w. 'pas-nya waÚ his sheep. 1. jfMÅf“ ] [Kh *wa:hpo~ < *wa:h~ jfô–Gof [Kh *wa; TB *ba] v.sta: w~‘aÚhphowaist’ + *po: ‘to tie’ (Mk wahpu,~ Gam waÚ-nyato be thin (esp. of boards or shingles). w~ahpo)] n: a girdle or cummerbund cf. khyar-nya. Ðadj: . worn around the waist. Ð[Alt.root (Gam jfô prop.n: a Kham-MagarwaÚ'w—o village dhoro ‘turban’)] 'waÚin Rolpa District. (S.I. Uwa). , 2. jfMÅf“ ] n: a turban. Ð[Alt.root male inhabitant of the village of'walya Uwa. w~(GamaÚhpho dhoro ‘turban’)] , female inhabitant of the village jf“M?; n: backbone, spine. of'walyani Uwa. w~aÚhruhs jf;M [Nep cfifwL} ˙ush˙dhi] n: jfbf“ n: scrotum; male genitals. wahs˙Ú1. medicine. 2. additives or spices for 'w~aÚda Ðcf. o-r'kal, zuhri:. food. , spices and related jfM adv: about equal to, as in: u'juÚ~ entities.wahs˙Ú bis˙Ú waÚh waÚh-waÚh an amount about equal to his jfONof{ ljnLô expr.adv: shriv-

portion. cf. wa:hk˙. wailyaelled. wiliÚ , (of a flower) to jfM–Gof“ vi.pat: to be full, satiated wilt, shrivelw.w. up.'lisi-nya w~aÚh-nya (from eating). , just right. , –jfs adv.suff: at about, as in: 'ceÚ dÉïÚ dÉïÚ so as to be unable to eat more. -'wak˙aÚh'wak˙ at about this distance (or time). 'jfM“ [Kh *hwa≥ (Gam wah≥, Bhj , (in narratives) a temporal 'whw~aÚha:);~ Him (Kai ha≥); TB *hwa≥ ‘encir- markernaÚh'wak˙ meaning: ‘at about that time.’ cle’] n: 1. the waist, lower back. 'w~aÚhr˙ Ðadj: , the nominalized form of phyaÚ'wa phyaÚwa 'sas-nya to laugh till -'wa'kao. one’s sides nearly burst. Ðset: . -'wak˙ jfn–Gof [Kh *r-wal (Mk rwal); u-r'jï:~ 2. a point about midway on a vessel. wal-nyaHim (Chep walh- ‘stir’); TB *wal ‘circu- o'waÚhk˙'p˙i~ s˙byalke Fill it up halfway! lar’] vt: 1. to stir meat or vegetable

jfMs adv: about equal to, as in: ('cip) in a paddling motion. Ðset: waÚhk˙ 'k~a:- 342 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ . 2. to strip the guts ('da:'j~ î:~ ) from Ðpass.part: , sown. nyaan animal. 3. (fig) to rake in money, as jf “ jfwas's“ expr.adv:\îu cry of a buffalo. in: b˙n˙i wal'o p˙îÚ'zyao~ He’s really try- w~aÚ w~aÚ , (of a buffalo) to moo, ing to rake it in. , scoop towards low.w.w. kih-nya gar gor oneself with two hands (as grain). jf–jf“ “ expr.adv: steadily issuing. jfn ls jfn expr.adv: long, 'w~aÚ-w~aÚ , to steam with a steady walendless. ki wal , endlessly long issuew.w. orbaphi-nya flow. w.w. 'paÚ'wo (of a trail). jfhé adv: only. jfNjfn (in: waz˙ jLô lg Å"Oô{ expr.adv: walwal duhliÚ walwal, m˙sïÚ~ , qv.) 'wiÚworrying, ni 'phwiÚ fretting, anxious. walwal jfNof prop.n: male inhabitant of jL+ô–jL+ô expr.adv: (of fire or 'walya the village of Uwa. , female 'wwind)~îÚ-w~îÚ with a roaring, whistling sound. 'walyani inhabitant of the village of Uwa. , to burn with roaring, jfg–Gof vt: 1. (of a godÐnot leapingw.w. c ~aÚh-nyaflames. 'wan-nya usu. explicit) to accept a sacrificial animal 'jf]Md sf 'jf]Md ex- as an offer of reconciliation. (The head 'wohmpr.adv: ka to 'wohmwallop, beat with a loud whack- of the animal is sprinkled with 'rihsï:É , ing sound. after which, if the animal shakes its head 1. 'jfM/] expr.adv: suddenly. the god is said to .) 2. to accept 'wan-nya 'wohr , to collapse suddenly. w. a peace offering (of a man who is angry). tah-nya 2. 'jfM/] [Mag dor] deictic.prim: , jflGh (in: qv.) 'wohrright, right side. Ðn: right side. 'wanji 'tanji 'wanji jfGhfé (in: and , on the right hand side (lit.'wohr ‘to wanza rwihza wanza , qq.v.) the'k˙r'da right wing’). , towards 'm~eÚma wanza jfk–Gof vt: to dip water. cf. the right side. 'wohr 'tïÚ'daÉ 'wap-nya 'g˙p-nya. 'jfM/–bf] loc: to the right. Ðadj: –jfk} v.aff: 1. as much as. 'wohr'd\a . -'wa'p˙i n˙'guhrduh-'wa'p˙i l~aÚke Take as much 'wohr'd '\a'jf≥M/–s] \ao loc: at the right. Ðadj:

as you can carry. 2. (with negative) 'wohrk˙ . until, as in: ≥ama'hu-'wa'p˙i kîÚ'nake~ Wait 'wohr'kao jf]M;\–Gof vi.pat: 1. to squirt for me until I arrive! , Ðadj: wohs-nyaout sideways, spurt at the seams (as when the nominalized form of -'wa'p˙i'kao. squeezed). 2. (of a musket) to backfire. -'wa'p˙i jf; n: a flower, blossom. 3. (of the tip of a corn tassel) to go to was jf;–Gof [Kh *was (Kot wai); seed before the husk has developed. Ðvt: was-nyaMag was-ke ‘spread out’] vt: to sow , to cause to squirt out, spurt seed. , unevenly, large (assowoih-nya when squeezed). phwak phwak amounts in one spot. , sound jfO] –Gof{ [Kh *wot (Bhj wot, syahr syahr of grain striking ground. , 'woi-nyaNis wøt); Him (Mag wat-ke); TB *bwat] evenly, through spread'z˙hr-z˙hr fingers. Kham Dictionary 343 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ vi.pat: 1. to blossom. , com- j¬Mk\ sf j¬Mk\ expr.adv: pletely blossomed (of a field't˙r˙-w˙r˙ of flowers). wuhpplopping, ka wuhp thudding (of many, one after , in profusion (of a whole field). another). , to jump one 2.'phululuÚ (of hair) to gray. after anotherw.w. from 'zoÚ-nya a cliff (esp. of sheep). cf–jf] O] { n: a flower bud, blossom. 'jM/–j¬ M/¬ \ [TB *bwar ‘burn’; (o)-'woi , needed rest (lit. ‘blossom 'wuhr-wuhrNep hur-hur] expr.adv: (of fire) blazing, ofnindrae sleepiness 'woi’). flaring up. , to burn with jfO] –Gof+{ [Kh *on (Mk ~u, Gam a blaze. w.w. c~aÚh-nya wowo≥,~îÚ-nya Mht wa≥); Him *on (Mag wa≥-ke j"M j"M expr.adv: with great ‘ambush,’ Sun ~oy ‘pen up’)] vt: to wuÚhrushing. wuÚh , to stampede prevent, hold up, thwart. cf. ˙d˙i-nya. with a greatw.w. rush. 'thuÚ's\î-nya , to hinder, prevent from working. pÐpass.part:~ïÚ , prevented, hin- Y dered. wo~îÚ's\îu of– irreg.v: the form of the verb ‘to

jfO] M{ [Kh *wohs (Nis wohs)] n: ya-give’ in future with third person indirect woihvomit. object, as in: ≥araya I’ll give it to them. jfO] M–Gof{ [Kh *woh-t < caus. cf. -yo. woih-nyaof wohs ‘to spurt out’ (Bhj woht, Gam –of v.aff: 1. the future tense marker wo‰h÷); Him (Chep ÷ok ‘vomit’)] vi.agt: -ya(except in third singular transitive), as to vomit. , with force. in: 'baya He will go. 2. the past tense , burpwahk up a nilittle pyak (as a baby). marker (in interrogative mood), as in: colŸ colŸ jfO] Mj{ adj: broad, open, yawning ma'baya Did he go? woih'w(as of —oa valley, the sleeve of a garment, of–Gof [Kh *ya; Him (Mag ya- etc). ant. 'cu:'wo. ya-nyakhe)] v.bt: to give. also: e, i, ~î:, y~a:. jf]O{l;–Gof vi.agt: to rush Ðv.aux: , the benefactive aux- woi's\î-nya forward against others in order to obtain, iliary. var.-d˙ ya-nya . 'j˙i-dya-nya to to strive, contend. (Loc. ). sya'k˙riÚt˙ make for someone.-dya-nya , to al- -t˙ b˙n˙i woi's\î'zyar˙ They’re contending low. 'bao e'keo\ He allowed-'wo ya-nya him to go. against each other for meat. 1. of– poss.pref: the third person jf]O{+l;–Gof [Mag wa≥-ke ‘am- 'ya-plural possessive prefix: ‘their,’ as in: wo~îÚ's\î-nya bush’] vi.agt: to lie in wait, waylay, 'ya-'zihm their house. , theirs. ambush. cf. 'gihri-nya. 2 . of– v.aff: 1. 'yamiÚthe third person jfO] –jf{ O] { expr.adv: (of words) 'ya-plural object prefix: ‘them,’ as in: 'ya- 'woi-woi spread about, promulgated. poh'keo He beat them. (Occurs in this jfn–Gof] [Kh *wol] vi.agt: to form only in the narrative paradigm and 'wol-nyareturn; go back without reaching destina- with third singular agent.) cf. 'yara-, 'ra-. tion. cf. 'gol'sî-nya,\ 'thol-nya. 2. the third person plural subject prefix: 344 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ‘they,’ as in: 'ya-poh'wo They beat him. his mouth’). , to talk back (Occurs only in the nominalized form of (lit. ‘do mouth'yaÚh’). cf. da-nya 'p˙crya:~ p˙rcya:~ 'li- the verb.) nya. , words without actions ofô pers.pron: they (in narrative (lit. ‘only'yaÚh mouth waz˙’). , articulate yaÚfocus), as in: yaÚ b˙ 'ba'k\er˙ They (our (lit. ‘a fast mouth’o'yaÚh). gil'o , heroes) also went. Ðrefl.pron: them- of one with obscene speech;o'yaÚh of kyah'wo one who selves, as in: yaÚ 'rïÚh's~ î'k\ er˙\ They saw spits anywhere. (lit. ‘broken mouth’). themselves. , they themselves. , argumentative. , theyyaÚz˙ of their own accord. o'yaÚh , ofleo evil speech (lit. ‘bad moutho'yaÚh’). ÐyaÚ'nirecip.pron: z˙ , they to one another. macao , to stop a rumor (lit. ‘kill Ðposs.pron: yaÚ yaÚ , theirs. mouth'yaÚh s˙ih-nya’). , (of several) 'yaÚh s˙ih'sî-nya\ ofô– deictic.prim:yaÚ 'yamiÚ in the area up, as to get to the bottom of a rumor by all 'yaÚ-in: 'yaÚ'da\ upcountry, 'yaÚl˙\ in the area involved getting together and hashing it up at, 'yaÚ≥ ˙\ in the area up around, 'yaÚt˙\ out. , to give answer. 'yaÚh toh-nya 'yaÚh in the area at the top, etc., qq.v. , answer quickly or foolishlyphor phor w/o toh-nya thought. of–“ irreg.v: 1. form of the verb ‘to , to quote a text from'yaÚht˙ memory. c˙hr˙i- ( y~aÚ-give’ where the indirect object is first lit. ‘nyaoffer it on the mouth’). person singular. 2. form of the verb ‘to , to speak within the'yaÚht˙ bounds cuh's of an-î-\ give’ in remote future where the indirect othernya ’s will, be guided in speech (lit. ‘sit object is second person singular. cah'nad˙— on the mouth’). , ≥ayaÚ~ I’ll get it for you sometime. to make light of someone'yaÚht˙ ’'juhndi-nyas orders (lit. ofôbf [Tib ya ‘up’] loc: upwards, ‘hang on his mouth’). , 'yaÚ'dupcountry.a\ , to be pros- to speak openly, no longer'yaÚht˙ hide p~aÚ-nya one’s perous. Ðloc.case:'yaÚ'da\ 'ta-nya , affixed to thoughts. , deictic primitives to form-'yaÚ'd complexa\ adver- suave, smootho'yaÚht˙ talking. 'r˙g˙-r˙g˙3. (fig) appetite. 'leo bial phrases. a'yaÚ'd— a\ up to this area, , to have a relish for food. ro'yaÚ'd— a\ in the area up at the top, etc.) 'yaÚh ≥˙m-nya , to cause to relish Ðadj: , the one upcountry. 'yaÚh s˙≥˙mdya-nya 'yaÚ'da'≥ao food, give an appetite to (as of cattle ofbf]Hofjé adj: so-called, named. when given salt). , yado'zyao 'seroÚ yado'zyao naÚkhar the village called to cause to lose appetite'yaÚh by s˙ihdya-nyaalways giving

Sera. the same diet. 4. profit, earning, proceeds. 'ofM [Kh *ya:h] n: 1. mouth. o'yaÚht˙ aÚh 'hu'ke\ This much profit came 'yaÚh , to have a morning of it. , to make profit 'yaÚh bitali-nya snack, breakfast. , or gain.o'yaÚh'tao hai-nya (of a dog) to open itsjahl mouth jahl threateningly, ph˙i-nya –'ofM num.clsf: a mouthful. bare its teeth. 2. (fig) speech. -'yaÚh 'yaÚh 'ofsf [ < *'ya:h ‘mouth’ + *ka , to wait for orders (lit. ‘watch 'yahka 'cyuÚ-nya ‘word’; TB *ka] n: 1. a pledge, promise, Kham Dictionary 345 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ covenant. , to remember, few day’s use. Ðset: . hold in remembrance.'yahka da-nya , ofôs loc: in the'zyao area up at, as in: to make or establish a covenant.'yahka 'n˙i-nya 'yaÚk'zihm\˙ 'yaÚk\˙ in the area at the house. , dependable, not forgetful.o'yahka Ðset: Ðloc.case: , affixed to deictic prim- 'leo . 2. a token, which is accepted, itives to form-'yaÚk complex\˙ adverbial phrases, 's˙mji-nyademands fealty (usu. worn about the neck as in: a'yaÚk— ˙\ up in this area, ro'yaÚk— ˙\ in on a necklace). Ðtypes of: baca an agree- the area up at the top, etc.

ment between two parties to cooperate ofôn loc: in the area up at, as in: or co-exist (usu. between shamans and 'yaÚl'zihm˙\ 'yaÚl˙\ in the area up at the house. spirits), 'kirya a solemn promise or oath, Ðloc.case: , affixed to deictic prim-

'b˙hk˙l a vow to a god guaranteeing a itives to form-'yaÚl complex˙\ adverbial phrases,

sacrifice, purkhi-nya to make such a bow, as in: a'yaÚl— ˙\ up in this area, ro'yaÚl— ˙\ in

'k˙b˙l a contract for the price of an item, the area at the top, etc. 'bahka a contract regarding a time period, ofdfvf/ prop.n: the Kham- oath of allegiance. k˙s˙m yamakharMagar village of Yamakhar in north-

ofMn\–Gof vi.agt: to be gracious eastern Rukum District, on the route be- yahl-nya toward, bless by showing favor. (Loc. tween Dhorpatan and Dolpo. (S.I. Ya- ). ≥aleo'da 'isor yahld˙ ≥a'behdaÚr˙ makhar.) -leo'da God showed me favor and b˙n˙i baÚ'ker˙\ poss.pron: third person plural pos- my sheep greatly increased. 'yamiÚsessive pronoun: ‘theirs.’ , to be gracious of heart.'y ~uÚÐrelated yahl- ofg–Gof vt: 1. to dip or strain words:nya 'yuÚ~ g˙raÚ-nya~ to be kind or gen- 'yan-nyafish from the water. 2. (of a shaman) to erous to, ˙sik˙ ya-nya to pronounce a retrieve a soul from the underworld. Ðset: blessing. . 3. (of a flood) to cast up [Kh *yahm; Him *s-glam ofMd\ debriskÉï:h-nya on the shore. Ðpass.part: , yahm (Mag galam)] n: door, entrance. Ðset: strained from water. 'yan's\îu . ofôª loc: in the area up around. 'zihm [Kh *p-s-yap (Mk byahp, ofMk\ 'yaÚ'zihm≥\˙ 'yaÚ≥\˙ in the area up around the yahpGam yah, Kot hyap)] flying squirrel. n: house. Ðloc.case: , affixed to de- cf. nyahn. Ðgen: . ictic primitives to form-'yaÚ complex≥\˙ adverbial 'baza-biza ofMk\–Gof vi.pat: ( ‘foot’) phrases. a'yaÚ— ≥˙\ around in this area, yahp-nya kh~ïÚ to go habitually to a place. ≥a'leok˙ 'hu- ro'yaÚ— ≥˙\ in the area around the top, etc. nya ukh~ïÚ yahp'k\e He habitually comes oflkl;–Gof vi.pat: to be to my place. 'yapi'sunafraid,î-nya\ used to a situation, comfortable. ô a large water ofkfMn\ t] n: of/f– v.aff: the third person plural yahpalfrog. 'teÚ 'te:. cf. 'yara-object prefix: ‘them,’ as in: 'yara-poh'ker˙ ofMyg [Kh (Gam y~ate÷)] n: They beat them. (Occurs in this form yaÚhth˙n grain taken from reserves for the next only in the narrative paradigm with third 346 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ plural agent.) cf. 'ya-, 'ra-. radiant with heat. , burning of;–Gof vi.pat: (of snow) to hot (esp. of a fever).y.y. rah-nya , 'yas-nyamelt so that patches of ground become radiant with heat (as of y.y.a stove). 'tapi-nya Ðadj: visible. , radiant with heat. 'yehp 'yehbo ofôt loc: in the area at the top. o]n–Gof [Kh (Nis hel, Gam yel] 'yaÚt˙\ , in the prime of life (lit. yel-nyavt: ( ‘grain’ or ‘meal’) to 'yaÚt˙‘come 'hto~uÚ'wo the top’). 'yaÚt˙ 'h~uÚ'wor˙ jer'sa separategedaÚ coarse and finem˙n˙m meal by shaking tas˙ih'cyo You who are young, don’t in a winnowing tray. cao b˙hri yeld˙ spare any strength! Ðloc.case: , 'n˙i'keo,\ macao b˙hri yeld˙ khya'keo\ Sift- affixed to deictic primitives to form-'yaÚt com-˙\ ing out the good he kept it, and sifting plex adverbial phrases. a'yaÚt— ˙\ up on this out the bad he threw it away. area, ro'yaÚt— ˙\ on the area at the top, etc. o]n efM–Gof n: a shamanic 'o]Mn–Gof [Kh *glet (Mk yehl, yelceremony baÚh-nya whose chief symbol or motif 'yehl-nyaBhj k˙let)] vi.pat: to remain, be left is spilling grain on the floor from a win- over. cf. 'r˙hi-nya. Ðadj: , remain- nowing tray. Ðset: . ing, left over, extra. 'yehl'o o]lN;–Gofk Éï:h-nya [Kh *b-yel (Mk yel'sywil,î-nya\ Nis wyel)] to work com- 1 'o]Mg [Kh *ehn (Mk ehn, Bhj v.recip: 'yehnhen, Gam y~e:h); Him (Chep wan÷)] n: munally (with each participant mutually work, deeds. , to do work, helping the others). perform deeds.'yehn da-nya , o]d [Kh *yem; TB *glam (Mag to work as a farmer'yehn danya(as opposed 'j˙i'sî-nya\ to a 'yemlam, Chep lyam, Thak kyahm)] n: road, herdsman). , to fall trail, path, way. , right on behind in a particular'yehn bor'sjob. \î-nya , the road. yem˙i 'yemyem˙i 'bani 'yemFollow right for work to come to a standstill.'yehn mas˙riÚ on the road , fork in the , of one who finishes hiso-'yehn work road. (Has ceremonial'yem 'kapcya significance.) befores˙ri'u others. , to have , to watch for s.o.’s ar- work pile up (a'yehn number thuÚ's~ ofî-nya\ jobs running rival.'yem 'cyuÚ-nyan˙ma'hu'wa'p˙i n˙'yem 'cyuÚd˙ concurrently). Ðrelated word: 'kam busi- ≥a'n˙i I'll watch for your arrival till you ness. come. , to progress, cut off miles.'yem 'kyal-nya 2 'o]Mg coord: a coordinate marker ak˙ lid˙ kata otarizyao, 'yem 'yehndenoting alternation, as in: 'bao 'yehn kyal'kin ci 'taya What good in sitting here? 'h~u:wo 'yehn z˙ 'dozyao ‘He alternates Cutting the trail will get us there. between coming and going.’ , to break a trail through snow'yem paÚ-nya o]Mk\–Gof vi.agt: to play, skip or brush. , to make a way, 'yem 'j˙i-nya yehp-nyaaround, gambol, frolic (of kids, lambs, make possible. , to drive 'yeml˙ jaÚh-nya and children) . animals on the trail. , (fig) ‘to be without defence,paÚnya~ justification'yem 'male’ 'o]Mk 'o]Mk expr.adv: hot, 'yehp 'yehp (lit. ‘no speaking road’). Kham Dictionary 347 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ o]g–Gof [Kh *p-yen (Mk wy~e, of]ô–Gof ('/LM) [Kh *b-yat 'yen-nyaNis wyen, Gam wy~e)] vt: to shave, 'yoÚ-nya(Nis wyat)] ('riÚh) vt: ( ‘in field’) to shear, cut close (of hair, wool, fields, irrigate, flood a fieldeÚh-l˙~ with water. etc.). , in swift, smooth 'of]M [Kh *yweh (Mk wye:h, Kot motions.s˙p˙k Ðpass.part: s˙p˙k , sheared. 'yoÚhyo:)] n: turnip. 'yen'sîu\ 'yen's\îu 's˙n shorn wool. o"ô–Gof [Kh *wyi (Mk wyi, Bhj

o]k [Kh *yep; Him *gyap (Jir gyap, 'yuÚ-nyawyiu, Nis wyi, Gam wyi, Ses *yi < yiu 'yepSh gyáp, Tib rgyab)] n: the upper ‘leaky’); Him (Gur yu); TB *y˙w] vi.pat: back. Ðset: . to leak. (Obj. can be water, as in: a'ni o]/–Gofu-r'j vt:ï:~ 1. to separate coarse riÚh 'yuÚ'zya Water is leaking from here, yer-nyafrom fine flour in a winnowing tray. 2. or the leaking object or vessel, as in: to purify water by allowing sediment to ≥a'zihm 'yuÚ'zya My house leaks.) settle and pouring off the clean water , from many holes. , fromc˙r into another vessel. manycyap holes (roof, pot, etc.).s˙r syap , o]/\l;–Gof vi.pat: to settle (of through a single hole with steady 'tor-torstream. yer'ssediment).î-nya\ . Ðvi: to , to leak, spill. , to tarry, delay,o-thene go reluctantly yer's\î-nya (esp. of one leakyur yurlike a sieve. 'z˙hr-z˙hr who lingers back while others go for- o“" [Kh *s-yi≥ (Mk y~u, Bhj y~î, Nis ward). 'yy~uÚ~î, Mht yu≥, Ses yih≥); Him *s-≥ying oLMd\ prop.n: a Kham-Magar village (Mag gin, Chep hlu≥, Tib snyi≥, Sh yihmnorth of Yamakhar. (S.I. Him.) ≥yi≥q); TB *s-ni≥] n: 1. the physical of–] irreg.v: form of the verb ‘to heart. 2. the epigastric area. 3. the center yo-give’ in immediate future where the indi- of a plant where new shoots are produced. rect object is third person. cf. -ya 2. 4. the seat of the emotions; mind, will, resolve, desire. , stub- of]ô–Gof [Kh *y˙k (Nis yeko, born, obstinate. ˙kh˙tyaso 'y, pure~uÚ mo- yoÚ-nyaSes y˙oko)] vi.pat: to be fulfilled (as tive, clear conscience.ch˙îÚ'wo~ 'yuÚ~ , the of time), to be sufficient, come up to the desire to do. danya, a collective 'y~uÚ or required amount. Ðadj: , wealthy, unanimous will,tubu resolve. 'y~uÚ , resolve, having plenty. yoÚ'w—o , singleness of mind (lit. tu'y‘one~uÚ heart’). poor, in want, lackingmath˙ (lit.~îÚ'w ‘insufficient—o mayoÚ'w’—o). , hesitancy, lack of decision (lit. of]ô–Gof [Kh *p-yet (Mk wye, neh'y‘two hearts~uÚ ’). 'yoÚ-nyaNis wyet, Gam wye, Bhj ywet, Ghs hye,

Seram yŸot-); Mag yos-ke ‘trade’; TB o“" cf“rf kf“rf 'y~uÚ ~aÚca p~aÚca 'ta-nyato be perplexed, bewil- *ywar ‘buy, sell’] vt: to sell. tf–Gof vi.pat: dered. , sell all one’s holdings. Ðpass.part:pyaÚh piÚh , sold. soÚh~ 'rupiyal˙ 'yoÚ'sîu\ sold o“" an];–Gof vi.pat: to 'y~uÚ b˙les-nya for'yoÚ's three\îu rupees. become corrupted in morals, desires. adj: 348 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ . , o“" 3/–Gof vi.pat: to be u-'yto hanker~uÚ b˙les'o to go elsewhere.'y~uÚ t~ïÚ'da 'b˙leÚ-nya 'ygrieved~uÚ g˙hr-nya (lit. ‘the heart to weep’). p–o“" aLKofbf p–o“" u/f“j adj: gener- (u)-'ytfôl;p~uÚ 'bipya'da adj: wicked, taÚ's having\îu evil tenden- (u)-'yous,~uÚ gracious, g˙r~aÚ'w kind—o (lit. ‘having a healthy cies. (lit. ‘a heart installed backwards’). heart’). cf. yahl-nya. o "“ ef;f] ef;f] p–o“" lu;f] adj: stubborn, 'ytf–Gof~uÚ bohs'a vi.pat: bohs'a to be'ta-nya overcome by grief, (u)-'yobstinate,~uÚ gis' unyielding,—o froward (lit. ‘hav- extremely sad. (lit. ‘heart about to be ing a heavy heart’). uprooted’). p–o“" '3ØfMj] adj: p–o "“ afdf] ] adj: obliging, (u)-'yundismayed,~uÚ 'gyoÚh'wo fearless, brave (lit. ‘having (u)-'ycompliant,~uÚ bom' acquiescent—o (lit. ‘having a light a big heart’). heart’). o"M [Kh *s-p-yu (Mk byuh, Nis o“" e¬/f e¬/f yuÚhwyih, Seram yuhk); Him (Chep yuk, Tib 'ytf–Gof~uÚ buhr'a vi.pat: buhr'a to be'ta-nya elated, exuberant spre'u, C.Tib pe'u); TB *m-yuk] n: mon- (lit. ‘heart about to fly’). key. , the rhesus monkey. p–o“" lrp adj: of one who 'gyahm'o, the yuÚh langur monkey. Ðgen: (u)-'ydeliberatelyuÚ~ 'ciu does wrong (lit. ‘a rotten pal'o yuÚh. , a fictitious heart’). monkey'sya: 'ba: in KhamyuÚh 'cyaoryanarratives; s.o. with o“" rf]–Gof vi.pat: to be gaunt, hollow cheeks. , 'yangry~uÚ co-nya (lit. ‘the heart to boil’). monkey spirit (one of a shamanyuÚh 'd’~oÚhwaÚs famil- , to be full of anger. Ðset: 'kh˙s-. iars). Ðset: . 'zya:h u-yuÚh 'cal kh˙s o "“ 5fk–Gof vt: to'risi-nya examine , hypocritical (of a thief who mag˙raÚ'wo~ 'yoneuÚ~ 'chap-nya’s heart, analyze one’s motives (lit. puts on a facade of good). Ð[Alt.root ‘touch the heart’). *s-p-ya (Gam hwyá, Ses hya ‘langur , (same). 'y~uÚ 'chap-chap da- monkey’)] nya o "“ 5/–Gof] vi.pat: to have o“" 'y~uÚ hai's\î'wa hai's\î'wa 'ta-nya 'yepigastricuÚ~ 'cher-nya pain (described as cold). xfO{l;jf xfO{l;jf tf–Gof vi.pat: to be elated, exuberant (lit. ‘the heart about to o“" bf–Gof vt: to have the come out’). cf. 'yu:~ buhr'a buhr'a 'ta-nya. 'ydesire~uÚ da-nya or will to do s.th. (lit. ‘to do heart’). ' a mountain with o“" w¬Ss h}–Gof vt: o“"Mr¬ln n: 'yuÚhculi~ 'yto~uÚ beduhkk˙ unhindered 'j˙i-nya by scruples, uninhibit- perennial snow cover. ed, without hesitation. n˙≥ahk˙ jo zyao 'o“"Mbf [Nep lxp“b hiud˙]~ n: winter, 'y~uÚhda jaÚhd˙ yaîÚdi~ b˙ n˙'yuÚ~ duhkk˙ 'j˙id˙ zyuyo snow season. cf. 'u:hdyali.~ Whatever food they place before you eat 'o“"Mvf/ n: a transparent crystal. it without being inhibited by scruples. 'y~uÚhkhar o "“ xfnf] “ bfj adj: peaceful, p˙rmesore leoda ≥a'y~uÚ b˙n˙i z˙ duhkk˙ 'yrestful~uÚ hol~aÚ (of dao words, place, etc.). m˙ni take My inclination towards God o "“ xfnf] “ tf–Gof vi.pat: was without hesitation. 'yto~uÚ behol at~aÚ peace, 'ta-nya comforted, content, satis- Kham Dictionary 349 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ fied. , unoffended by s.th. repul- o¬M/\ expr.adv: headlong, head-first. siveu-'y uÚ~ (of jam'o a person). , repul- yuhr , to dive headlong. sive, offensive (of 'ysomeuÚ~ majam'o thing). u-'y~uÚ y. t~uÚ's\î-nya 'oM/¬ 'o¬M/ expr.adv: pointed, , offended by s.th. repulsive (of majam'o 'yuhrpiled 'yuhr up, cone shaped (flour, mountain, a person). etc.). Ðadj: . o“" 'e]+mM–Gof vi.pat: to be 'y~uÚ 'j~eÚh-nya o"Mtfln'yuhr [Kh 'yuhr'o (Mk by~utali)] n: encouraged (lit. ‘heart to be raised’). yuÚhtalimaple tree. o“" lµgf lµgf 'y~uÚ 'jihna 'jihna 'ta-nya o“" x¬k–Gof vi.pat: 1. to tf–Gof vi.pat: to despair, lose hope. 'ytrust,~uÚ 'hup-nya have confidence in. (Obj. marked p–o "“ e¤of;f] adj: capable by , , or , as in: hoÚye okyaÚt˙~ (u)-'yof beinguÚ~ jyahs' reasonedo— with (lit. ‘having a u'yuÚ~-lai 'hup'k'leo'dae\ He had-t˙ confidence in him. soft heart’). 2. to have one ’s hopes fulfilled, no cause o“" s}–Gof vt: to begrudge for anxiety. ≥azaÚr˙ pa~îÚh dad˙ zyanya 'ysomething,~uÚ k˙i-nya be reluctant to give (lit. ‘the 'tad˙ 'ler˙, ≥a's\îdi b˙ ≥a'y~uÚ 'hup'k\e All heart to bite’). my children are old enough to feed them- o“" sftf df“Mlt selves, even if I die I have no anxiety. 'ytf–Gof~uÚ kata vi.pat: m~aÚhti to 'ta-nya be troubled, confused, Ðadj: , trustworthy, instilling disturbed, vexed. kata m~aÚhti m˙ni ˙iz˙ confidence.'y~uÚ 'hubo gematae We were completely uncon- o“" x¬/–Gof vi.pat: 1. to cerned. var. 'yu:~ k˙i ma:hti~ 'j˙i-nya. 'yhave~uÚ hur-nya epigastric pain. 2. to be grieved. o“" s]MbØf–Gof v.bt: to o“" x¬/–x¬/ bf–Gof 'ycause~uÚ keÚhdya-nya someone to lose his desire or zeal 'yvt:~uÚ hur-hurto envy. cf.da-nya 'mi: pilam 'j˙i-nya. for something; to stumble, offend s.o. o "“ µd–µd (lit. ‘to break his heart’). , (in- 'yhuÚ~ }bØf–Gof 'j˙hm-j˙hm v.bt: 'j˙idya-nya to anger someone. Ðset: tensified). tam tum . o“" sf]nf sf]nf 'risi-nya o“" µd t]ô–Gof vt: to 'ytf–Gof~uÚ kola vi.pat: kola to'ta-nya become angry, irritated, 'yrestrain~uÚ j˙hm one 'teÚ-nya’s desires. vexed. cf. jisk˙i-nya. Ðset: . 'risi-nya o“" h}–Gof vt: to have love o "“ Sof–Gof\ vi.pat: to lose 'yor~uÚ concern'j˙i-nya for s.o. 'yinterest~uÚ kyah-nya or zeal in something, to be of- o“" µfM–Gof vt: to show fended. , to lose tam tum kyah-nya 'yinterest,~uÚ jaÚh-nya give attention to. (lit. ‘put the heart or appetite for something, in: 'y~uÚ heart to’). . tam tum kyah-nya o“" hfd–Gof [Mag jam-co o "“ v/ô tf–Gof vi.pat: 'yuÚ~ 'kh˙rïÚÉ 'ta-nya 'y‘~uÚfriendly, jam-nya’ Tib dzems-pa ‘regard’] vi.pat: to feel affectionate, passionate toward s.o. to be unoffended by s.th. repulsive. Ðadj: (Obj. marked by , as in: n˙leo'da -leo'da , unoffensive (of some thing). ≥a'y~uÚ 'kh˙rÉïÚ 'ta-zya I feel affectionate 'yuÚ~ jam'o towards you.) cf. kh˙t˙r ï:.É 350 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ p–o“" vfj adj: incapable selfish, grasping (lit. ‘an unhealthy (u)-'yof being~uÚ 'khao reasoned with (lit. ‘having a heart’). hard heart’). o "“ dfxk–Gof¬ vi.pat: to o "“ vftf] /f] ]ô tf–Gof 'ylack~uÚ ma'hup-nya confidence or faith, to have reason 'yvi.pat:~uÚ 'khotoroÚ to feel 'ta-nya concern for, be anxious for anxiety. about. (Obj. marked by .) o "“ dfhfdf] adj: repulsive, , to actively-leo'da think'y of~uÚ 'yoffensive.uÚ~ majam'o— someone,'khotoroÚ show'j˙i-nya concern. p–o“" dfn]p adj: timid, concern, anxiety, feeling of distress about (u)-'yfaint-hearted~uÚ 'maleo (lit. ‘without heart’). s.o’s well being. o "“ dfgw} –Gof¬ vt: to o“" VofbØf–Gof v.bt: 'ybe~uÚ ma'n˙iduh-nyaunable to resist temptation (lit. ‘unable 'y(of~uÚ khyadya-nyafood) to cause one to vomit (lit. ‘to to restrain the heart’). throw out the heart’). p–o“" dftfôl;p adj: o“"n vfld–Gof vt: to (u)-'y(of one~uÚ mataÚ's’s rational\îu powers) not fully de- 'ythinkuÚl˙~ 'khami-nya over, ponder. veloped, immature. o“"n g}–Gof vt: to hold p–o“" dfjf“Mj adj: 'ygrudge,~uÚl˙ 'n˙i-nya refuse to forget a wrong. (u)-'yunsatisfied,~uÚ maw wanting~aÚh'w—o more. o“"n ;Ln–Gof vt: to hold o "“ g–Gof} vt: to be content 'ys.th.~uÚl˙ sil-nyaagainst someone (lit. ‘string up in 'ywithuÚ~ 'n˙i-nya a given amount. soÚh~ 'rupiyat˙ u'yuÚ~ the heart’). 'n˙i'keo He was satisfied to accept three onfO"“ { Vof]ô–Gof vt: to rupees. Ðv.bt: , to give 'yprick~uÚlai khyoÚ-nyaone’s conscience. (lit. ‘to pierce enough to s.o. for'y~uÚ the 'n˙idya-nya price to be accept- the heart’). able. p–o“"nfj ldtfj adj: o "“ gf–Gof vt: to pity, love, (u)-'ypleasing,~uÚ'lao accordingmitao to one’s hopes or 'yfeel~uÚ 'na-nya compassion (lit. ‘the heart to become expectations. (lit. ‘like that in the heart’). ill’). Ðadj: , the object of p–o“" dfAofnf] adj: one’s compassion.u-'y~uÚ 'ge 'nao 'isore u-'yuÚ~ 'naor˙ (u)-'yunsatisfied,~uÚ ma'byalo wanting more (lit. ‘having ge'li'zya We are the objects of God’s an unfilled heart’). compassion. Ðn: , pitiable, 'y~uÚ 'naoza o“" dfrfj bf–Gof vt: arousing sympathy. var. 'yu:~ 'nao. 'yto~uÚ bemacao sad, dejectedda-nya (lit. ‘the heart to do o“"lg x“"j bad’). 'yel/~uÚ'ni bf–Gof 'h~uÚ'wo vt: tob˙hri act with da-nya licentiousness, p–o“" dfb}l;p adj: without restraint. (u)-'yaloof,~uÚ cool;mad˙i's not \îueasily moved to compas- olg"“ saft¬ +} x–Gof¬ sion (lit. ‘having a heart which is not 'yvi.pat:uÚ'ni~ kubat˙ to be îÚ~wicked, 'hu-nya evil. found’). p–olg"“ dfxj"“ adj: p–o“" dfu/f“j adj: (u)-'yof one~uÚ'ni without ma'h ~uÚ'woinitiative, doing nothing (u)-'y~uÚ mag˙r~aÚ'w—o of his own volition. Kham Dictionary 351 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ p–o "“ k/Lôj adj: mature o"ôl;–Gof [Kh *b-yi (Mk ywih, (u)-'y(of auÚ~ child). p˙riÚ'wo— yuÚ'sNis\î-nya wyisi, Gam wyisi)] vi.pat: to fart, o "“ kfôjf kfôjf pass gas. , with a loud tooting 'yhuÚ~ }–Gof paÚ'wa vi.pat: paÚ'wa ( Usu. 'j˙i-nya in: ) sound. k~eÚh k~eÚh to cry with a broken heart.'j˙id˙ g˙hr-nya o“" ;Ln l;nf] adj: (of a o“" Åls{–Gof vi.pat: to 'ycliff)~uÚ 'sil frighteningly sil'—o high (lit. ‘heart string- 'yhave~uÚ 'ph˙rki-nya a change of heart. ing’). , to repent, change one'y~uÚ’s ph˙rk˙i-heart or o“" ;Ld–Gof vi.pat: to feel mindnya (lit. ‘turn the heart around’). 'ythe~uÚ sim-nya satisfaction of being avenged, or of o“" Å/ Å/ being treated justly (lit. ‘the heart to be 'y:of~uÚ –Gof\ ph˙r vi.pat:ph˙r syah-nya of heart to race after scooped up’). heavy exercise. o "“ ;x¬ /¬ bØf–Gof\ v.bt: o/¬ o/¬ expr.adv: leaking, spilling 'yto~uÚ suhurdya-nyagrieve someone (lit. ‘cause hurt to yur(as yur of grain from a sack). , heart’). to leak, spill. y.y. 'yuÚ-nya o“" :ofôlg adv: voluntarily, o¬;–Gof vi.pat: (of a trap) to 'yof~uÚ syaÚ'nione’s own will (lit. ‘from the heart yus-nyamiss, fail to catch. meat’). 1. of one u-'y~uÚ syaÚ'ni 'h~uÚ'wo o "“ ;'3ØfMb] bf–Gof who takes the initiative without having 'yvt:uÚ~ s˙'gyoÚhd˙ to act with da-nya courage, self-confidence. to be told. 2. (of words) fabricated, speculative. , of o "“ ;tfj} adj: beloved, cher- one who takesu-'y~uÚ no syaÚ'ni initiative. ma'h~uÚ'wo 'yished,uÚ~ 's˙i'tao a close friend (lit. ‘fruit of the heart’). ≥a'yuÚ~ 's˙i'tao ≥an˙îÚ~ my beloved o“" :ofôt ef]j adj: 'y~uÚ syaÚt˙ boh'w—o friend. born through the will of another (esp. of a shaman to his master). (Usu. in: n˙'k˙l o "“ ;'e]+mMbØf–Gof v.bt: syaÚt˙ ≥aboh'wo, n˙'y~uÚ syaÚt˙ ≥aboh'wo 'ytouÚ~ s˙'jencourageeÚhdya-nya~ someone. (lit. ‘raise his I was born on the meat of your kidney, heart’). I was born on the meat of your heart.) o“" ;;Ld–Gof vt: to take (receptive 'yrevenge~uÚ s˙sim-nya (lit. ‘scoop up the heart’). cf. o "“ tf–Gof vi.pat: 'y~uÚ 'ta-nya khis pher˙i-nya. form of ). 'y uÚ~ 'j˙i-nya to be dismayed, o“" ;t]–Gof vt: to act with o "“ t–Gof] vi.pat: 'yuÚfull~ te-nya of apprehension ( ‘of the heart to 'ydismay,~uÚ s˙te-nya apprehension. (lit. ‘to drop the lit. heart’). , (intensified). drop’). , (intensified). syaÚ seÚ ô ô syaÚ seÚ o“" ;f'] tfMNbØf–Gof] o“" t“ bf an] –Gof 'y~uÚ t to~ïÚ'da hanker 'b˙leÚ-nya to go elsewhere. 'yv.bt:~uÚ s˙tohldya-nya 1. (of liquor) to cause the stomach vt: to ache. cf. 'y~u: tohl-nya. 2. to cause o "“ t“ôbf tf–Gof vi.pat: 'y~uÚ t~ïÚ'da 'ta-nya s.o. to be offended (lit. ‘of the heart to to cultivate wrong interests. ache’). o“" tf]Mn\–Gof vi.pat: 1. to 'yhave~uÚ tohl-nya a stomach-ache (from bad liquor). 352 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 2. to be offended (lit. ‘of the heart to lahpdyaÚ'keo~ His words searched out my ache’). , (intensified). innermost motives. 'phala p–o“" t¬a¬ h/fM–Gofé v.sta: (of fabric) to (u)-'ykf]ôs~uÚ dfn tubup] adj:'poÚk˙ undecided, 'maleo fluctuating, z˙hraÚ-nyabe loosely woven. Ðadj: , unstable (lit. ‘heart not in one place’). loosely woven. z˙hraraÚ'wo— o“" y"ô h}–Gof vt: to h/fé M–“ h/fé M“ expr.adv: 'yexercise~uÚ 'thuÚ love,'j˙i-nya concern, strong interest in z˙hrstreaked.~aÚ z˙hr ~aÚ , to dawn with (lit. ‘to stretch the heart’). streaks in thez.z. sky. 's~ïÚ-nya , to feel concern for. 'y~uÚ 'thuÚ h/é ]M [Kh *b-s-res (Nis rwyes < da-nya o“" jf“M–Gof vi.pat: to be z˙hreÚ-ores, Mk z˙b˙re, Gam z˙hre÷; *s-rat 'ysatisfied,~uÚ w~aÚh-nya content. ‘play’; Him (Mag reÊ, Sun rit) ‘laugh’; o“" jfô–jfô bf–Gof TB *rya-t ‘laugh’] n: toy, plaything. 'yvt:~uÚ 'waÚ-waÚ to feel regretda-nya or discomfort when 'hM/–é hM/é \ [ < Kh 'z˙hr ‘bamboo someone throws something away which 'z˙hr-z˙hrsieve’] expr.adv: leaking. , could have been used. to sow evenly, through spreadz.z. was-nya fingers. o“" ofMn\–Gof vi.agt: to , to leak like a sieve. 'yshow~uÚ yahl-nya favor to, be gracious to. z.z. 'yuÚ-nyahé }M n: a rough mat (made of a oP"“ ;Grf dfof–Gof z˙ihmixture of o'b˙la:~ and o'sya:) used in 'yuÚye~v.bt: s˙nca to be maya-nyaurged by one’s conscience to building temporary shelters. do s.th., to be afflicted by an evil con- 'hé }+M [Kh *b-z˙hn (Mk bz˙~î, Bhj science. 'z˙zohn,îÚh~ Nis jwøhn < -oj˙hn)] n: a carrying p–o "“ hLDé hfé adj: cowardly, net. (u)-'yfearful,uÚ~ zimza craven (lit. ‘small heart’). hné n: a spear, sharp pointed stick. z˙l hnfé –Gof“ v.sta: to be light, Z 'z˙lilluminated.aÚ-nya~ Ðvi.pat: , (of buk buhk hué } n: light, luminance, radiance. dawn) just light enough to see. Ðadj: 'z˙g˙iÐadj: , radiant. . 'z˙laÚ'wo~ 'z˙g˙i'wo hué } du } expr.adv: glorious, hdé [Kh *r-z˙m (Mk rz˙m, Nis z˙m 'z˙g˙imajestic, 'm˙g˙i marvelous. Ðadj: rj˙m); Him *zam (Tib zama, Jir sama, . 'z˙g˙i Sh s˙ma)] n: food provisions (esp. for a temporary camp away from home). 'm˙g˙i'wo 1. 'hM/é [Kh *b-z˙hr (Mk bz˙r, Ðset: . 'z˙hrGam z˙hr)] n: a bamboo sieve for strain- 'zyao ing beer malt. hd–Gofé vt: 1. to hold someone z˙m-nyaby wrapping both arms around the waist. 2. 'hM/é expr.adv: poke around, , (intensified). set: . 'z˙hrsearch. , to poke around Ð 2.myaÚh to encircle meÚ an object with thelap-nya hands inside a smallz. lahp-nya opening in an attempt to so as to measure the girth, test firmness, find s.th. op~aÚye ≥a'y~uÚr˙ ≥a'k˙lr˙ 'z˙hr etc. doÚh z˙mo 'ta'ke\ difficult to hold in Kham Dictionary 353 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ one’s hands (large). Ð v.re- east’] expr.adv: streaked. cip: 1. to form a chain byz˙m's wrappingî-nya\ arms , (of sunrise) to streak thez.z. sky pulus- with around the waist of the person in front. dawn.nya Ðadj: , (of the sky at 2. to wrestle, or be locked together in dawn) streaked.'zahr-zahro fight. cf. 'kh˙p'sî-nya.\ hfvé ¬/ n: the fetlock of a horse hké n: sharp sticks or prongs put in za'khuror goat. 'z˙pthe ground to pierce the feet of intruders. hfn–Gofé vt: 1. to pour into a hk–Gofé [Kh *r-z˙p (Mk rz˙p, 'zal-nyacontainer (esp. dry goods). 2. (fig) to 'z˙p-nyaNis rj˙p, Gam z˙÷)] vt: 1. to sharpen put into prison. Ðpass.part: , iman instrument by tapping out the nicks prisoned. 'zal'sîu\ and then smoothing with a file. 2. to hfé ôdf n: a mother and her child. sharpen in a forge. Ðpass.part: , 'zaÚma\ hf/fk–é hfé /f] k] expr.adv: com- 'z˙p'sîu\ forged. zarappletely zorop penetrating. , to h/é \s}–Gof vt: to fry with enter all the way (asz.z. of 'p˙si-nya a leg falling z˙rk˙i-nyasizzling, deep-fry, sear. through ice up to the crotch; or of the hlsé {–Gof vi.pat: to make a penis penetrating to its root). 'z˙rki-nyaloud hissing or sizzling sound (esp. of a hfl;–Gofé [Kh *r-za (Mk rjasi, heavy downpour, or when frying food za'sNisî-nya\ rja, Kot za)] v.refl: to wash one’s in hot grease). Ðvt: , to fry, hair. (Obj. is ‘head’). cf. hur'sî-nya.\ z˙rk˙i-nya deep-fry, sizzle, sear. hf;Lké ≥ ˙ih [ < *za ‘child’ + *'s\îp hfé ô [Kh *za; Mag ja; TB *za] n: za's‘sheathîp\ ’] n: to womb. cf. kokha. zaÚ child, offspring. , son (lit. hé + ] [Kh *b-zin (Mk bzi, Mht z~e, Gam khe'pa zaÚ ‘man-child’). , daughter (lit. zeÚ~ zî,~ Kot zî)]~ n: honey bee. Ðgen: 'meÚma~ zaÚ ‘woman-child’). , to bear a . 'mulza child. zaÚ d˙i-nya, to become buhsuna: hé ]+M [Kh *b-zi≥ (Mk bzeh,~ Nis g˙ji≥, pregnant.zaÚ d˙inya 'ta-nya , to make il- z~eÚhGam «zih≥, Mht zih≥)] n: a type of licitly pregnant.zaÚ su'guhr-nya , of a bamboo which grows between about woman who has diedo-'zadahnt˙ in childbirth. 'siu eight and ten thousand feet in altitude , of a woman whose childo-zaÚ (used for weaving). , split hasg˙rb˙l˙ died 'siuin the womb. or forked pieces of bambooz~eÚh 'kharo seen by a hfé ô afa¬ n: a father and son. shaman in trance, considered an inauspi- 'zaÚ babu cf–] hfwfGté l;p adj: cious omen. (o)-'zadahnt˙of a woman who 'siu has died in childbirth. (shamanic,z~eÚh'pa in chant) 'kharo, same. z~eÚh'ma Ðset: hfMn–Gofé vi.pat: (of water) to 'kharo. zahl-nyadrip from the roof in a spot somewhere c˙hl hé nf] M–Gof+] [Mag selo-khe ‘slide below the actual leak; to percolate. zehldown~oÚ-nya’] vi.pat: to slide down a slope. 'hfM/–é hfM/é \ [TB *sar ‘rise, , without coming to a stop. 'zahr-zahr selolo 354 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 'hé ]g}{M lg '3gM{} ex- bihthahouse wall, b~ïÚ byre or stable under 'zehrn˙ipr.adv: ni whining, 'g˙hrn˙i fussing. house, 'buÚdi~ area of house between door , (of a child) 'zehrn˙ito fuss and ni and fire pit, 'bw ~îÚh.yar exposed mountain whine.'g˙hrn˙i 'li-nya slope on back wall of house, 'hé O] M–+{ hé ]O{+M expr.adv: the 'bw~~îÚh.yar'la—o 'l~uÚ buttress stone, coÚka~

'zesoundîÚh-ze~ ofîÚh~ bells on a horse’s collar. shelves and racks, 'ch˙m log ladder, 'duhri

, (of bells) to ring. z.z. ridge pole of a pitched roof, duÚhsaonya~ door stop, g˙l ceiling loft, 'gohptya wood- thas-nya hé ]Ghfé n: small yeti. Ð[Alt.root en stairway, area of house between zenza(Mk rmipho)] guhr fire pit and back wall, jahla door, 'jyahl lh–Gofé vi.pat: to become dim or window, 'k˙r˙≥gya rafters of a pitched zi-nyadull. 'n˙m 'wae s˙~îÚ kata, soroÚr˙ zid˙ roof, 'k˙t˙r ceiling boards, 'kahda a wood- 'ler˙ Is it going to rain, or what? the en bar attached to pins or hanging from stars are dim. , having dull ceiling which functions like a clothes eyes. u'miÚr˙ 'ziu rack, o-konya inside corner of house, é é lhu/f lhu/f expr.adv: kh˙laÚ walled-in courtyard, 'khor cattle zig˙ra( zig˙ra ‘eye’) sleepy; drooping. of yard in front of house, 'm˙inya kh aÚba~ 'miÚ , to watch through halfz.z. chief pillar, 'm˙ira porch, veranda, closedbahl's \î-nyaeyelids. muhthaÚ hearth, 'nam floor, o-'pa outside 'hLMdé [Kh *zihm (Mk jihm, Gam corner, 'pata 's~îÚ threshhold, 'poÚda out- 'zihm zyuh≥); Him (Mag im ± yum, Chep kim, side room on porch behind grainbin Tib gzim ‘house-honorific’); TB *kyim] (where outside firepit is situated), 'ph˙lya n: 1. a house or building. , roof shingles, slates, o-pha≥ door lintel, 'talya 'zihm a house with a pitched roof. , phoÚgyar~ eave stones on flat-roof houses, thala 'zihm a house of flat-roof construction. ph~oÚgyar teÚ counterbalance on eave 'luÚye~ , a house with a slate roof. stones, 'rahu dividing wall made of wood- 'zihm 'sîÚye~ , a house with a wooden shingle en planks, s˙raÚ white earth used in flat 'zihm roof. , domestic. , roof construction, 's~ïÚgardoor or window 'zihm'lao 'zihm'laor˙ those of a single household. 2. the floor frame, 'talya story of a house, 'taÚd˙~ bam- of the main room (as opposed to the boo platform off veranda for washing, veranda floor). cf. 'm˙ira. Ðparts of a 'th˙pka stone stairway to main entrance house: '˙rg˙la wooden bar for locking of house, thala packed-earth roof, yahm

door, 'aÚtho~ partition or wall, 'b˙hj˙lawin- door. dow with shutter, joists support- 'b˙hr~eÚ 'hLdé ;Lô [Kh (Mk zihmsis)] ing ceiling planks, 'b˙hreÚma~ beams sup- 'zihmn: house siÚ sweepings. porting ceiling joists, ba'gul— hole in house lhnfé ô n: birch tree, birch bark. cf. wall for brooding chickens, bahr rack zilaÚrila:. above fire pit, bihrkuÚ~ window hole, hLd–Gofé [Kh *zim; TB (DEW) zim-nya*zim (Tib zim-bu ‘fine,’ Rawang dzi≥, Kham Dictionary 355 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Chinese sim-)] v.sta: to be small. Ðadj: 'hfé M/–] hfé M/] \ expr.adv: staring , small. Ðvi.pat: to shrink. var. 'zohr-zohrwithout blinking. cf. 'zohrtotor. zim'ozimza. , to look without blinking. z.z. hLDé hfé [Kh *zim ‘small’ + *za 'cyuÚ-nya , to watch staring straightz.z. zimza‘diminuitive’] adj: small, diminuitive. ahead.bahl's\î-nya hLk–Gofé [Kh *b-zip (Mk bzip)] hfé O] +{ sf hfé O] + { expr.adv: raining 'zip-nyavt: (Agt. ) to line a frame with birch zowithoutîÚ~ ka zo îÚ~ let-up. , to bark in making-e a rainshield. zilaÚye rain without letupzo for~î ka a longzo~î 'j˙i-nyaperiod. choporah 'zip'keo\ He lined the frame with hfé n–Gof] vi.pat: to be protruding birchbark. 'zol-nya(as of a tooth, or one rafter longer than hLlK;–Gofé vi.pat: to be covered others). cf. lep'sî-nya.\ ant. rahl-nya. zip'sby î-nya\ biting insects. z~eÚr˙ oky~aÚ b˙hri hé '–Gof [Kh *b-zu (Mk bzu)] vt: zip'sîker˙\ His body was stung all over zu-nyato process s.th. by kneading or working by bees. , enter in hordes it (as a wool blanket with the feet, or (as into a hive,s˙g˙p etc). s˙g˙p tobacco in the palm of the hand). hL/é n: a highland bamboo which , knead intensely till fine. Ðpass.part:m˙n 'zirgrows above ten thousand feet altitude. m˙n , (of a blanket) processed into a Ðset: . zu'smatted\îu felt material. c˙hl lhté t¬ "ô expr.adv: speechless (esp. hé "ô [Kh *b-zu (Mk bzu); Him *b-tsu zitutuÚfrom extreme sadness, but also as a con- zuÚ(Thak putsu, Dimasa busu, Mag dzu, stant state). Ðadj: . Chep tsyu); TB *tsow] n: thorn. , hfé ]ô–Gof [KhzitutuÚ'w *zok—o (Nis johk); any thorny bush or tree ('cî:t˙ru,~ dohw˙zuÚ'sî:,~~îÚ 'zoÚ-nyaHim (Chep jyok, Khal jhu)] vi.agt: to 'g˙≥garu, kahrju:~ , etc). jump, to jump from s.th., to jump up hé “ " n: boil, carbuncle. and down. cf. gahp-nya. z~uÚ hé '/LM [ < *bazuhri: ‘egg’] n: testicle. , with sudden bounds.pud˙rup zuhriÚcf. 'wa:da.~ pud˙rup khoi , (of turbulent water) bounding. hé '/LM–Gof [Kh *r-zut (Bhj juht, khoi 'hfé M/] n: fire, flame (restricted to zuhriÚ-nyaSes *hrut < hrui÷, hrut- ‘layed’); Mag 'zohrthe forge). ≥akhorcyo 'zohrl˙ t˙khep rhu-ke] vi.agt: (of a chicken) to lay jaÚhdyaÚsa~ Treat my knife by putting it eggs.

once in the flame. hé l/' hé 'l/ expr.adv: moving the 'hfé M/] tf\ tf] /] expr.adv: to stare zurieyes. zuri , to watch, moving 'zohrtotorunblinkingly with a blank expression. only thez.z. bahl's eyes (asî-nya\ of a baby; or of a cf. 'zohr-zohr. , to watch person lying wrapped in a blanket ob- without blinking.z. bahl's\î-nya serving movement around him). hfé /] TofM;–Gof\ vi.pat: of hé ';} [ < *zu: ‘thorn’ + *'s˙i ‘berry’] zohrtyas-nyathe whites of the eyes to roll upward (as zu's˙in: a type of blackberry. , in a faint). 'molo zu's˙i 356 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ having dark wood. , having cf. k˙i-nya. , greedily. white wood. palo zu's˙i ,karlap-kurlup excessively. 2. to consume hé "ô;L+ô n: any thorny bush or tree s.th.ph˙s˙ (as ph˙s˙ a fire). 3. to blister (as an ill zuÚ's('cî:t˙ru,~ ~îÚ dohw˙î:,~ 'g˙≥garu, kahrju:~ , etc). fitting shoe). 4. to cause frostbite or 1. hé "ô-hé "ô expr.adv: having a snow blindess, in: . 5. 'pome zya-nya 'zuÚ-zuÚgood complexion (after recovery from to rust, wear away, corrode. 6. to take an illness). , to put excessive money. , to exact zyadya-nya on a good countenance'zuÚ-zuÚ 'j˙i's (in \î-nyaan attempt to excessive money from someone. 2 hide one’s feelings). Ðadj: , . Hof–Gofé v.sta: (of a place) to coming out of illness. 'zuÚ-zuÚ'wo zya-nyabe frequented by leopards, mosquitoes, 2. hé ô" -hé "ô expr.adv: continuous etc. al˙ 'laÚ zyazya Leopards frequent this

'zuÚ-zuÚfire. , ( ‘fire’) to place. keep a'zuÚ-zuÚ small fire'j˙i-nya burning'meÚh (when fire is 'HofMé [Kh *b-zyah (Mk bzyah, unavailable for kindling a new one). 'zyaÚhNis zwyah < ozyah)] n: evil spirits; HØLné HØLné expr.adv: smooth, one who controls evil spirits, witch. zŸulclean-skinned zŸul (as of a potato). cf. kosol n: an evil spirit which 'bayo 'zyaÚh kosol'o.— Ðadj: . throws its victims to an unnatural death. , (same as above). types HØL/é HØL/é zulŸ z [Magul'Ÿ o— jir ‘iron poker’] Ð of:s˙raÚ alu 'zyaÚh≥ 'b˙raÚ~ malu≥ 'b˙raÚ~ spirits of ner- 'zurŸexpr.adv: 'zurŸ sharp pointed (of a needle or vous disorders, pati 'woi'tao laduÚ 'sïÚ'taoÉ metal pick). Ðadj: . var. 'zuro.Ÿ 'b˙r~aÚ, puwa 'woi'tao bah≥go 'woi'tao Hjf/é Hjf/é 'zurŸ expr.adv: 'zuroŸ quickly, 'b˙raÚ~ spirits of drug plants, 'b˙raÚ~ sha- zwarwith zwar a large flow. , to milk man’s tertiary spirits, 'bayo 'zyaÚh ± s˙raÚ an animal with a largez.z. piÚ-nyaflow; to extract 'zyaÚh spirit of unnatural death, buht˙ a large amounts of beer from the hulls by ghost or demon, 'd˙îÚtya~ 'danuwa devils squeezing in the palms with a scrubbing and demons, 'daÚ~ 'doÚhwaÚ~ serpent spirit, motion. 'd~oÚhwaÚ shaman’s familiar spirits, 'g˙l é é (of fire) Hjf“ Hjf“ expr.adv: 'd~oÚhwaÚ wild boar spirit, gel shaman’s zwburning~aÚ zw~aÚ steadily. , to burn tutelary spirit, gohna'meÚ~ witch, evil spir- with a small, steadyz.z. flame.c~aÚh-nya it, 'goya gupi type of spirit, jem spirit of , to be seen from afar, burningz.z. steadi-r˙~îÚh- death, 'laÚ 'd~oÚhwaÚ leopard spirit, lama ly.nya 'd~oÚhwaÚ shaman’s Tibetan spirit, 'lata Hjfé ª] Hjfé ª] expr.adv: spar- 'd~oÚhwaÚ shaman’s deaf-mute spirit, 'zwo≥ 'zwo≥ kling, shiny (as of a star, or of a scrubbed m˙san spirit of the dead controlled by pot). Ðadj: . witches, 'nim 'd~oÚhwaÚ bear spirit, 'pÉïÚ 1 'zwo≥ 'zwo≥o . Hof–Gofé [Kh *zya; Him (Mag wilderness spirit responsible for sudden zya-nyajya-, Chep je÷-, Chan ca-); TB *dza] vt: death, 'saithan devils and demons, 1. to eat (only bread or cooked meal). 'syuÚrya a lone ghost, not controlled by witches, which comes back to haunt, yuÚh Kham Dictionary 357 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 'd~oÚhwaÚ monkey spirit, 'zyaÚhmoÚ~ evil ≥a'ba'zya'kao ≥asy~aÚ'w—o 'poÚ the place I spirits, gods, godlings, zyahphiÚ 'doÚhwaÚ~ slept while I was going. bead eating spirit. HofDé hLdé expr.adv: entirely, of 'Hofafgé n: an evil spell cast zyamzimthe full body. , to sink 'zyah'banby a witch or evil spirit. entirely (either inz.z. water, 'g˙di-nya or in debt). 'HofMné n: threadworm. cf. 'p˙rgil. , to be used entirely (of clothz.z. 'ba-nya 'zyahl 'HofMné \ 'HofMné \ expr.adv: when making a garment). 'kwaÚr˙ zyahl(of dogs) zyahl barking fiercely. , . ‘The cloth was okyaÚt˙~ zyamzim 'ba'ke\ to bark. , to barkz.z. fiercely. da-nya used up entirely on his body (in making a garment).’ z.z. HofMdé buh-nya–Gof\ vi.pat: (of green zyahm-nyawood) to be made sufficiently hot beside Hofgé HofMgé \ expr.adv: loosely zyan zyahn the fire to burn. woven. Ðadj: . zyan zyahn'—o 'HofMdfé + ] [ < *'zya:h ‘spirit’ + Hofjé n: food, foodstuff. Ðrelated 'zyao 'zyaÚhm*mo:~ ‘vulture~oÚ ’] gen.n: evil spirits, gods, words: bisa food supplements, 'kaÚ~

and godlings. Ðset: . cooked meal or rice, 'pakho pre-cooked trail food, grain taken from re- HofMgf–é 'd'zya:h]+ [ < *'zya:h ‘spirit’ yaÚhth˙n serves for next few day’s use, z˙m food zyahnam+ *nam~eÚ~e: ‘sister’] n: a witch. cf. provisions, rations while away from gohname:.~ home. HofÅLMé [ < *'zya:h ‘spirit’ + é chestnut; Horse Chest- zyahphiÚ*phi: ‘unstring’] n: one of a shaman’s Hofvf{ n: zyarkha familiar spirits which causes him to nut. snatch the red beads from a woman’s Hof;é n: 1. a feast. , a rice zyas zyas'k~aÚ necklace and eat them. Ðset: . meal. 2. a formula used in curses, as in: 'HofMNofé 'zya:h{ª lg 'haÚye~ zyas feast for a cliff, meÚh-ye zyas feast for the fire, 'laÚye zyas feast for a 'zyahrlya'hLMnLé {ª ≥ expr.adv: ni 'zihrli the≥ sound of heavy leopard, riÚh-ye zyas feast for the river clanging. gekhïÚ'tao~ nelaras˙ te 'zyahrlya≥ raÚh-ye zyas occasion to feast on a funer- ni 'zihrli≥ gepuluske With the chains on ary goat, etc. , a ceremonial our feet we emerged with the sound of fight between 'chopmen andzyas women at the heavy clanging. cf. chyarlya≥ ni chirli≥. 'ra:khya~ festival. HofMNofé { hLnLé ô{ expr.adv: zyahrlyaindistinctly, zirliÚ dimly. , to be Hof;–Gofé v.sta: to be correct, zyas-nyaproper, fitting. , to grow, seen indistinctly.z.z. Ðr˙adj:îÚh-nya~ or'sa zyas-nya , indistinct, unclear. zyahrlya mature in strength. Ðadj: . , of one who is giftedzyas'o— inpa many~îÚhl—˙ zirliÚ'w o— -Hofsé v.aff: when, while. areas.zyas'o— -'zyak˙o'ba'zyak˙ while he was going. Ðadj:

, the nominalized form of Hof;–Gofé vt: to feed, give to 'zyas-nya -'zya'kao ‘of the time when, while’ as-'zy- in: eat, entertain with food. Ðpass.part: ak˙ 358 Kham Dictionary ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ , feasted. 'Hoé M–Gof"“ [Kh *zihm (Mk 'zyas's îu\ Hof:sfé “ n: (see ). 'zyjy~uÚh-nya~uh, Gam zyuh≥, Kot, zihmu); Him zyas'k ~aÚ Hofl:té n: a glutton,zyas one who eats (Mag ju≥-khe, Chep jhyu≥- ‘cold,’ Thak zyastianything without ceremonial scruples. sim, Rau dzu≥, Khal dzhu≥ ‘wind’)] Ðset: . v.sta: (of weather) to be cold. Ðv.evt: 'luhbi Hofttfé ô expr.adv: unkempt, . Ðvt.evt: 'n˙m 'zy~uÚh-nya 'n˙m 'zyat˙taÚuntidy, scraggly. Ðadj: . , to cause to turn cold (as froms˙'zy ~uÚh-nya swirling clouds, etc.). Ðadj: Hofé ]ô n: a leather sandal'zyat˙taÚ'wo or moccasin , cold. , winter 'zyoÚfor wearing in snow. , the 'zy(lit.~uÚh'wo ‘cold season'zy’).uÚh'wo~ Ðrelated saha words: sole of a moccasin. cf. 'tal.zyoÚ 'b~aÚ 'cher'o cold against the body, toso icy to Hofé + ] Hofé + ] expr.adv: slightly trem- the touch, 'tuÚ'wo biting cold (of water), zybling.oÚ~ zyoÚ~ , to tremble slightly. c˙ppiso bitterly cold (of the weather), z.z. 'guÚ-nya, to shake slightly (as of sir sir˙i'wo cold, brisk, nippy. Ð[Alt.root thez.z. bodyth˙noÚ-nya while shaking a sifter, or of a *gim (Ses *gim < ihmo ‘cold body’); shaman when under the influence of his TB *kyam ‘snow’] spirits). Hoé Mn¬ –Gof\ [Kh zyuhl; Him Hoé –¬ irreg.v: a form of the verb zyuhl-nya(Tib 'dzual-ba)] vi.pat: to slide down a zyu-zya-nya to eat. slope. , suddenly, feet first; Hoé "ô n: (becoming archaic) brother with forcekhy (as~oÚ gyof~oÚ a log straight down a 'zyuÚ (elder or younger). slope). Hoé ¬u¬b¬d expr.adv: suddenly zyugudumsubmerged in water (as when stepping off an underwater shelf). , to sink suddenly. z. 'g˙di-nya English Index to Kham Entries

acquittal 'phasila A across gya:h'da,~ tosora:k˙ khyan˙i-nya, 'ras-nya abandon adage 'ahati ˙d˙hk˙lcyaso abandoned Adam’s apple 'ritha phu: abdomen adamant ek ch˙tkyaso, ek ohoryaso, k˙rro 'g˙h˙k, sip˙ ability add ca:-nya duh-nya able add layer kh˙p˙l˙i-nya 'sehd˙n, zenza abominable snowman add to jor˙i-nya 'tuhi-nya, '˙d˙hk˙l khya-nya abort add up dum-nya, yo:-nya -'wa, wa:h'kao, wa:h-wa:h about addict 'buhgi -rih, 'so: about to addicted, become ≥˙hm-nya -gahrik˙,— -sora:k˙, -t˙rt˙ above additional 'ag˙l, 'ag˙lya 'l˙sk˙r abreast address, to 'p˙j˙i-nya bida absence adept 'pakho, u-hil hai'wo pi-nya absorb adhere c˙-nya, 'j˙m-nya 'dohl pogol, d˙hm'sîu,\ 'leo 'ma- abundant adhesive o-r'kes\ leo, sosto administer c˙l˙i-nya 'gal abuse admonish h˙pk˙i-nya, si≥ar-nya, s˙mj˙i- accent 'bahsi, l˙bas nya, th˙l-nya 'sum-nya, 'yu:~ 'n˙i-nya accept adolescent b˙hr'za'k\ ao\ 'wan-nya accept offering adopt 'rupi-nya 'juhki-nya accidently, do adorn b˙n˙i'sî-nya,\ j˙hl˙i-nya, si≥ar˙i'sî-\ acclimatized 'p˙ci-nya nya, patala putulu 'j˙i-nya da-nya accomplish adorned j˙hk˙ m˙k˙o, k˙k˙ m˙k˙o, pata- accounted for dum-nya la putulu'wo, t˙h˙ m˙h˙'o 'dup-nya, 'khiri-nya, 'syo:- accumulate adult-like 'sehr ka 'sehr nya adulterated 'k˙ptya nalis da-nya, ujur da-nya, ≥˙iht—˙ accuse adultery 'jari ja:h-nya adulterer 'jarikya badi accuser advantage 'piwa 'bani 'p˙ri-nya, 'yapi'sî-nya\ accustomed to advice 'gomosta, 's˙lla hur-nya, sil-nya, tohl-nya ache advocate 'duhrya 'gwi: 's˙i acorn adze 'buchula 'ist˙ 'kutumb˙, 'ist˙, acquaintance adze, to tuh-nya 'kya:'da'≥ao,~ n˙î,~ s˙res'siu affairs 'l˙ntha, 't˙nta 'm˙nta d˙i-nya, k˙m˙i-nya acquire affectionate 'm˙n 'lagi-nya, 'm˙ya 'lagi- 360 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ nya, 'yu:~ 'kh˙rï:É 'ta-nya, 'yu:~ da-nya, 'yu:~ alight 'co:-nya~ kh˙t˙rï:É 'ta-nya align 'c~a:ci-nya, g˙pi-nya, s˙kh˙i-nya, afflict j˙ra:l˙ 'p˙si-nya, khiri 'p˙si-nya s˙rahl-nya afflicted 'dukhi alignment, out of kyarbalyas-nya after chî:'ni~~ alive jîdo,~ u-'sï:É 'leo, 'uru: 'li-nya after that hu'kîn,— n˙'kîn— all b˙hri, j˙mma, opo:s˙z˙, paîh~ after while chya:'wak˙,\ ja:'w~ ak˙\ all around a'nî— hu'nî,— aphi huphi after-life 'ph˙ri'kao 'juni all at once t˙khept˙ afterbirth bikh˙, 'sal almost j˙p, kozai, thokor afternoon, become 'n˙m 'd˙hlki-nya, 'n˙m alms bihksya pher-nya alone obat˙≥˙, sumtutum, ˙ch˙t˙≥˙ again 'ph˙ri alongside o-lapl˙ against -'kin tï:'da,~ -sora:t˙, -t˙rt˙, -upurt˙, aloof che'sî-nya,\ u-'yu:~ mad˙i'sîu\ ≥˙iht˙— alpine 'bukhi age 'juk also b˙, m˙ni, pahrlo, palo age, to 'ju:cas-nya, sehrjas-nya, ser-nya altar 'than aggress hat˙ ja:h-nya, h˙p ja:h-nya, h˙p alter 'phar-nya nas-nya, 'kh˙p-nya alternately s˙ki, s˙ki t˙r˙ agitate 'h˙rl˙i-nya, jag˙i-nya, jisk˙i-nya, altitude sickness 'bukhi 'lagi-nya m˙c˙i-nya, 'ukhi da-nya, 'y~u: kola kola aluminum silp˙t 'j˙i-nya always ek˙mnya, ek˙tar, h˙rmesa agree b˙~îh-nya, 'cit˙ 'buji-nya, 'khi-nya, amaranth bithu, 'gyahmo narca, 'lakutya 'wan-nya narca, 'l˙tya narca, narca agreeable 'b˙ni-nya amazed b˙kk˙ 'ta-nya, '˙c˙mbi-nya, agreement 'baca, 'bahka, 'b˙hk˙l, 'b˙hr, '˙c˙mb˙ 'ta-nya 'cit˙, 'kirya, 'k˙b˙l, 'yahka amazing '˙c˙mb˙'lao, ˙n˙waryaso ahead ≥aht˙ amble 'l˙rya≥ l˙rya≥ 'ba-nya aid 'gaih 'goi 'j˙i-nya, 'g˙i-nya, 's˙g˙i-nya, ambush 'giri-nya, woî's~ î-nya\ 's˙mari-nya, yel'sî-nya\ ambush for game 'b˙thanya aim 'taki-nya amenable 'khiu, 'mwi:liu, 'ug˙riu aim to reach a place m˙rm˙i-nya amnesty car, 'par air 'hawa amount dï:~ airplane 'cilgadi, 'jahc amphitheater 'gihm 'gihmo 'ba:~ alarming 'tuhr 'che:'wo amulet 'j˙nt˙r alas th˙i th˙i, th˙ie ma:t˙~ k˙n˙ analogy misal alcoholic spirits m˙d˙ ancestor jijyu bajyu, 'pitt˙r, 'sakha alert kh˙b˙rdar, 'na: gy~a:h 'j˙i-nya, 'na: 's˙îthan,~ 'sakha purkha, 'sakha sya:~ syo:~ 'j˙i-nya ancestor tree 'ra:kuli~ alien, live as khasid˙ 'li-nya and sohno: English Index 361 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ angel 'cak˙rya appeal ˙pil angry catata:wo, 'jahso, ris co-nya, 'risi- appear r˙îh-nya,~ 's˙r˙îsi-nya~ nya, 'yu:~ 'j˙hm-j˙hm 'ta-nya, 'yu:~ co-nya, appear and disappear 'jahlak 'j˙hl˙k 'yu:~ kola kola 'ta-nya, '≥˙i-nya appearance 'nasya, 'n˙war anguish do:h 'thai'wo appendage 'k˙r animal 'j˙i 'j˙ntu, 'j˙ntu, kah'za baza, 'la: appetite 'ya:h ≥˙m-nya 'ga:, 'p˙su, sya:, 'sya: 'ba:, '˙g˙i-b˙g˙i apple syao animate 'uru: apply 'lagi's\î-nya, 'lagi-nya, l˙g˙i-nya, animate, be 'ara: 'uru: li-nya, 'uru: li-nya 'l˙i-nya animosity hela appoint 'cha:ti-nya,~ 'cuni-nya, kh˙t˙i-nya ankle 'ph˙rl˙p appraise 'ja:ci-nya,~ 'muli-nya ankle bone guli ga:tha~ appreciate 'gun 'mani-nya anklets 'new˙r apprehensive 'yu:~ te-nya annihilate 'kh˙d˙m 'j˙i-nya, 'li:-li: khya- apprentice sŸus nya, mas˙i-nya, 'min s˙m˙ih-nya, sotory- apprenticeship siklai an khya-nya, s˙phya:nya approach kes'hu-nya,— kes-nya announce s˙ki-nya approval 's˙rya annoyance 'kola-kola approve b˙îh-nya~ annoying cya: 'siu, 'nal kyah'wo approximately -'a,\ -'wa, wa:h-wa:h annually 'sal˙'kao apricot cirluh, koralih another chut˙, ˙rka April-May b˙isag˙ answer 'gaih gwi:, 'gaih, 'j˙wap, 'otora apron 'cya≥ga, gahg˙ra:, 'pa≥ga answer, to 'ka:-nya, 'p˙j˙i-nya aptitude 'g˙h˙k, sip˙, tip˙k˙, u-hil ant 'm˙hjîka,~ 'purjumti arbitrate 'bicari-nya, 'chyani-nya, phal- antagonist 'j˙g˙rya nya, th˙:r˙i-nya antelope, goral 's˙hr arduous 'n˙mt˙ ni 'g˙ra:t˙~ antler 'rï:h,~ sya'rï:h~ area 'ji:'da, kh˙nd˙ anus caku:,~ 'kiku:~ argue usi-nya,Ÿ gah'sî-nya,\ kh˙rle:'sî-nya\ anxious 'ati-nya, o-sogot˙ 'li-nya, utyaso argumentative o'ya:h leo ni butyaso 'ta-nya, 'wi: ni 'phwi: 'ta-nya, arithmetic g˙net 'yu:~ 'khotoro: 'ta-nya, 'yu:~ a:ca~ pa:ca~ 'ta- arm 'kwi:, 'k˙r, 'lam nya armlength 'lam anyone kohba, suwa armload 't˙k˙r anything katar˙, kohba armpit 'kokha, 'la: ku:,~ o-rla: anywhere kanra'da around here a'nî— hu'nî,— a'ya:'l— ˙,\ aphi huphi apart ˙ch˙t˙-, ˙hl˙:g˙ arouse jag˙i-nya, m˙c˙i-nya apathetic gwi:ri-nya, sisim da-nya, arrange cham chum 'j˙i-nya, choi-nya, u-'p˙gil 'giso khyap khep 'j˙i-nya, mil˙i-nya, suchum- apparel 'p˙ihr˙n nya, s˙kh˙i-nya 362 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ arrange strings for loom re:h-nya~ n˙î~ 'me:~ arrangement 'b˙ndob˙st˙ assume position 'min'sî-nya\ arrest warrant myat asthma, have kudup'sî-nya\ arrive 'hu-nya, kes-nya astonished b˙kk˙ 'ta-nya, gar-nya, lotas- arrogant 'sï:-nyaÉ nya, totas-nya, '˙c˙mbi-nya arrow shaft mwi:h astonishment b˙kk˙, '˙c˙mb˙ arrowhead kotholyah, la: astrologer 'j˙îsi~ artery 'jihtup at -k˙ arthritis 'charya, 'ra:g˙n~ attach c˙'sî-nya,\ ta:'sî-nya,\ t˙r˙p'sî-nya\ articulate mohonyalo, o'ya:h gil'o attach directly phwak artificial 'k˙iph˙ti, n˙k˙li attach here and there tarap t˙r˙p as soon as paîna,~~ p˙ti attached phak phak, phwak, tarap t˙r˙p as though ma:hti~ attack bohro:'s\î-nya, h˙p ja:h-nya, h˙p ascaris worm phu:'lao— 'p˙rgil nas-nya, 'kh˙p-nya ascend chî:'s~~ î-nya,\ guhm-nya, pulus-nya attempt 'dahma, 'dyaohna, 'jor, 'udim, ascertain pahl-nya, th˙:r˙i-nya, t˙h˙k˙i- '˙t˙k˙l nya attention, at thï:~ dï:~ asceticism 'b˙hk˙t, t˙p˙s attention, give dih-nya, sya:~ syo:~ 'j˙i-nya, asexual 'si≥aru 'yu:~ ja:h-nya ashes duhli:, du:hs˙,~ m˙sï:~ attentive sya:~ syo:~ asinine 'ge:h~ syaso attic g˙l ask 'p˙j˙i-nya, 'sudih-nya attorney ukil ask for 'm˙≥g˙i-nya, nih-nya attractive o'job˙n 'leo, o'soba 'leo, rups- ask for a wife ph˙k˙i-nya yaso, ≥war ≥war'o askance d˙hsar'ni, kuhr'ni attribute 'g˙ni-nya, th˙:r˙i-nya asphalt ˙l˙k˙tar audible thas-nya assault bohro:'s\î-nya, h˙p nas-nya, August-September 'b˙hdow 'kh˙p-nya aunt 'kanchi, mahgo, mwîjyu,~ phubu assemble 'dup'sî-nya,\ 'dup-nya, 'gara guru authority 'h˙k, 'kwi:, 'lekha 'j˙i-nya available, be d˙i'sî-nya\ assembly 'k˙c˙ri avalanche p˙ihra assertive 'gŸos avenge khis pher˙i-nya, 'yu:~ s˙sim-nya assess 'ja:ci-nya,~ 'muli-nya average 'mamuli, o-'dan'kao, o-rgya:h'tao~ asset 'kacha-kachi, kach˙ awaken socoi-nya assist 'gai 'goi 'j˙i-nya, 'g˙i-nya, m˙d˙t award baji ya-nya, 's˙g˙i-nya, 's˙mari-nya, s˙par˙i- aware s˙î's~ î-nya,\ s˙înya~ 'ta-nya nya, yel'sî-nya\ away from -'kin, o-≥ah'kin associate with kh˙dep 'li-nya awesome 'che 'che ≥˙m'sîu\ associates 'ist˙ 'kutumb˙, 'ky~a:'da'≥aor˙, awkwardly gad˙ryas ni guduris, English Index 363 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ l˙nd˙rke:, syagarap sigurup bamboo torch 'ba:h~ axe 'rowa banana 'g˙hri axle, millstone bihya bane 'doch˙ bang against 'juhji-nya B bangle 'cura, ran cura baby baohza bank 'b˙îk~ baby cereal leto banquet b˙tyar baby-sitter 'd˙hr˙la bar '˙rg˙la bachelor 'jya: mada'tao barb 'z˙p back 'gir, u-r'jï:,~ 'wa:h,~ 'yep bare na≥go, na≥gya, ˙hb˙r˙≥g˙o— backbone wa:hruhs~ bare teeth jahl-jahl ph˙i-nya backstrap 'piti, 'wa:hka~ bare the body kor-nya back and forth rew˙i rew˙i, tul ka tul barging in 'ju:hpi-j~ u:hpi~ back up 'cyar-nya bark bokolah, zila: backfire nehsor 'ta-nya, wohs-nya bark, to buh-nya, zyahl zyahl da-nya backing 'jor barking deer 'dahrya, 'munduli, 'r˙t˙wa backwards 'bipya, ultyaso barley cika: bad 'kuthik, 'macahiu, macao barley beards o-'ka:h~ bad habits 'kubani 'bani barn yard 'khor bad luck mahn barren da:thya,~ 'kana, 'thari bad tasting 'hu:-nya, 'pï:-nyaÉ base of u-khï:k˙,~ u-khï:l˙~ badly behaved '˙l˙china basis 'thal˙n bag 'hwi:, 'johla, khal˙'hwi:, pihrgul bask 'gahm mw~î's\î-nya, 'me:h mw~î's\î- bail 'd˙hroti nya bait 'ca:ro, 'sinu basket be:h, behza, ben, 'bum, ciru≥gah, bake 'hip-nya cya:, dabiben, du:h, jaben, juhrnu, ko- balance 'towla, 't˙raju dom, 'korka,\ pe:h, 'phu≥ga, 'piru≥ga, 'pos balanced 'chojopt˙ juhrnu, 'ra≥gya, 'sim˙li, thi≥ulih, ≥ahben bald 'khulkya, khulkyaso basketful -du:h, -rbe:h bald, become 'khulki-nya bastard 'nam˙rya ball 'd˙rla, 'lumba, 'pena, 'phe: bat (mammal) naktakoce:h~ ball, make 'd˙rl˙i-nya bat (club) mu≥uri ballad 'chya:turi,~ 'juhmuri, kheti bathe hur'sî-nya,\ hur-nya balloon 'pu:ci,~ syapu:ci~ baton 'p˙ih bamboo 'bahta, 'b˙l~a:, c˙hl, 'doborsya, batten stick 'ph˙lya 'gu:dya,~ 'kahthya, 'pa:p˙lya,~ 'su:, 'zir, ze:h~ batter, to b˙jari-nya, 'b˙r˙bat 'j˙i-nya, bamboo load 'che:~ chutti 'j˙i-nya bamboo shoots kh˙rg˙i battle juj˙ bamboo strip 'thosa bazaar b˙jar 364 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ be 'li-nya, 'ta-nya beg nih-nya, nihd˙ '≥a'sî-nya\ bead p˙tya:, 'seka beget j˙rm˙i-nya beak 'thutuna beggar nihri'zyao,— nihzyao— beam 'b˙hre:,~ 'b˙hre:ma,~ kahpuri:, t˙m begin 'thali-nya, 'thu:'sî-nya\ beaming maya 'muyu begin, cause to 'thu:-nya bean b˙htï:,É 'k˙rila, sosta beginning j˙ra:, siristi, suru, 'thal˙n, u- bean pods papta mulu bear 'nim beginning of month lagda bear child za: d˙i-nya begrudge 'yu:~ k˙i-nya bear cost 'bihuri-nya, 'guhr'sî-nya,\ 'phari- beguile ch˙k˙i-nya, ch˙l˙i-nya, juhk˙i- nya nya, lad˙i's\î-nya, ph˙s˙≥g˙i-nya, r˙l˙k bear fruit s˙i-nya 'j˙i-nya bear with 's˙hi-nya, tham-nya behaved, well 'khiu, 'l˙chin'lao, 'ug˙riu beard 'dahri, 'khata behead ch˙d˙i-nya, 'jyo:-nya bearded khatyaso, o-'khata 'leo behind u-chî~ u-chî,~ u-chî'ni~ Bearded Vulture 'hadya gidd˙ belch '˙: ni 'phu: beast 'p˙su believe p˙ti-nya, 'yu:~ 'hup-nya beat 'b˙hryap 'j˙i-nya, 'c˙tk˙i-nya, 'guhsa bell 'behr, j˙≥'g˙, 'kh˙r˙≥ga, 'k˙hle:~ ja:h-nya, 'guhs˙i-nya, 'ka:-nya, patyam bell sound 'zeîh-ze~ îh~ p˙tim 'j˙i-nya, poh-nya, 'tup-nya, 't˙p- belligerent 'dwi:hrya, m˙k˙lyaso nya, 'wohm ka 'wohm 'j˙i-nya bellow t˙ra:'sî-nya\ beater, churn 'm˙ndaoni bellows khal˙ beautiful 'kiri miriu, o'job˙n 'leo, o'soba belly phu: 'leo, ≥war ≥war'o belongings 'd˙hn 's˙mp˙ti, 'ja:ya, logo beautify j˙hl˙i-nya, patala putulu 'j˙i-nya l˙sk˙r, 's˙mp˙ti because h˙dae beloved 'yu:~ 's˙i'tao become 'ta-nya below me'nî,— mek˙, mel˙, me≥˙, u-du:hl~ ˙— becoming, be 's˙hi-nya belt 'piti, 'wa:hka,~ wa:hpho~ bed down kh˙rk˙i-nya, 'sep-nya belt buckle 'k˙ri: bedbug 'pen bend balya b˙le 'j˙i-nya, guri:-nya, bee 'gohs, ze:~ 's˙ba:gyas-nya,~ thus 'j˙i-nya beef har sya'k˙ri:, 'sina beneath u-du:hl~ ˙— beer chokorah, j~a:d˙ m~a:d˙, 'lisÉï:, m˙d˙ benefit of 'ju:'ni~ chokorah, nahk˙î,~ 'pos, sejo bent 'kutiti:, 'kya≥˙rya:-ke≥˙re:, ga≥˙lya beeswax 'pata gu≥˙li, ga:tya~ ni gu:ti,~ narya ni gorya befall 'lagi-nya bent, to become ba≥gyas-nya, 'giri-nya, before ba:h≥—˙, d~o:h≥˙, o-≥ahl˙, ≥ah'da, 'go:htyas-nya,~ kumulyas-nya, 'l˙pki-nya ≥ahk˙ bereaved 'sugi-nya beforehand o-≥ah'ni, ≥ah'da'kin berry 'c~ît˙ru, 'd~o: kak˙lih, johmpa 's˙i, English Index 365 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 'jompors˙i, kah.e'k—î ba'k—î sŸuhr, kahrzu, bitch kah'ma kak˙rih syur bak˙rih syur, kimu:, bite d˙îh-nya,~ gyahp-nya, k˙i-nya k˙lpas˙i, rihkoralîh,— 's˙i, zu's˙i bitter 'ka-nya, 'kao beside gya:h,~ o-chyo:k˙, o-lapk˙ bitter herb 'kutuki, 'ro:ka~ betray 'dohka ya-nya, 'jal da-nya black kalyaso, 'molo better path˙ Black Drongo 'cehbya between -kharl˙, ma:j˙l˙~ black magic 'ban beware 'jogoi'sî-nya,\ s˙î's~ îd˙\ 'li-nya black neck kharkiso, kharkyaso bewildered har 'mani-nya, 'yu:~ kata ma:hti~ black out 'jo:walahus,~ 'mi: jyah-nya 'ta-nya, 'yu:~ a:ca~ pa:ca~ 'ta-nya Black-capped Sibia nirg˙ti bicker gah'sî-nya\ blackberry rihkoralîh,— zu's˙i bier 'da:di~ blacken, to 'kalya-k˙leh 'j˙i-nya, somol- big b˙hlkatyaso, do≥ga 'dolo, 'dwa≥ nya 'dwa≥o, 'dwo≥ 'dwo≥o, gehppa, blacksmith 'ho:t˙rya,~ lanza m˙hrza, m˙hr, girga:dyaso,~ gohldo:gyaso,~ 'gyo:h'wo m˙hrme:~ big toe g˙i'pa blacksmith fee 'g˙ltha 'mutha, 'jiwa:~ bile 'ka: bladder 'pu:ci,~ syapu:ci~ bile sac o-'ka: blade o-'dahr bill of servitude 'tumsuk blank expression 'zohrtotor bin 'bum, 'dohkora, 'd˙hnsar, 'd˙h˙ra blank stare '≥wa:-nya~ bind kam˙lya kom˙le 'j˙i-nya, ki-nya, blanket becao, 'c˙k˙tya, kwasim, ka:hbul,~ po:-nya 'pakho, pherwa birch rila:, zila: blanketed lam lum, sisi lamlum bird 'bahb˙n 'tikya, baza, 'baza-biza, blazing 'd˙p-d˙p, h~o: h~o:, 'wuhr-wuhr, 'bih≥˙rya, 'b˙ihra surli, 'cehbya, cerk~e: 'wî-w~ î,~ zwa:~ zwa:~ 'bahlya:, 'cherpatya, cha:cur,~ 'cicî~ kutya, bleed 'ji:h 'hu-nya cilbatih, 'cu: baza, c˙rereh, dan c˙ri, 'gu- blemish kh˙t˙, 'koropcya, 'patya hskira, 'jahlya tis˙ra:,~ ka:, 'kh˙galya re:, blend b˙re:-nya, 'kh˙b˙r˙i-nya, mok˙le:- kurpilah, kusku, kyar, 'ky~a: ky~o:, lam nya, 'thom-nya batih, 'l~a:pucya, 'malowa, mw~îza baza, bless 'daino 'ta-nya, ˙sik˙ ya-nya, yahl-nya 'mo:j˙r,~ 'nac˙nya baza, nirg˙ti, rihsiltîh,— blessing 'b˙r, 'daino, ˙sik˙ 'rowa batih, rï:hci~ 'piciu, siltih, 'thap˙lya blind 'kana, mudukyaso, u-'mi: rihsiltîh,— tiririh, tis˙ra:,~ titiw˙i mar˙îh'wo,~ u-'mi: pa:'wo bird droppings ba'kî:— blinding '˙nd˙h ni 'dund˙h, '˙nd˙h ni birdshot 'ch˙r˙wa 'mund˙h, '˙nd˙h p˙tyol˙ birth j˙rm˙n blink 'mi: j˙mk˙i-nya birth-pangs, have g˙hrli-nya blinking cik˙lahm cik˙lahm, cim˙rkyaso, birthright jethak˙, kanchak˙ cim˙ru cim˙ru, pilam pilam biscuit tin tin bliss sukh˙ 366 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ blister o-phora, 'ph˙la boil, to co-nya, lohm-nya, phî-nya,~ socoi- blistered b˙≥ga b˙≥g˙, photo≥ga pho- nya, sohm-nya to≥ga, ph˙s˙ ph˙s˙ boiling 'b˙hk 'b˙hk block se:h 'j˙i-nya, swi:-nya, 'thor-nya boisterous 'rao~ ni 'jyaoh,~ 'sï:s~ ï:~ ni 'bï:b~ ï:~ blockage se:h bond 'd˙hroti blood 'ji:h bond friend m˙'ry~a:h, p˙'ry~a:h, 'ry~a:h, blood, clotted khun 'rya:hm~ e:~ blood vessel 'jihtup bond relationship, make jiw˙i-nya bloodied 'jihgyahm, 'morgyahm bone 'pa:sula,~ ruhs, 'syaruhs Blood Pheasant r˙l˙wa bonnet khopca blossom o-'woi, was booby trap 'jï:j˙r~ blossom, to 'mom-nya, 'woi-nya book kitap, postoko blossoming 'phululu:, 't˙r˙-w˙r˙ boot lahm, 'zyo: blotched chyab˙rya chib˙ri:'wo, phurup border 'sa:di~ phurubo border stone 'sa:d˙~ blouse 'baholya 'khyo:, 'khyo:, 'p~o:thya bore 'l˙p-nya 'khyo: bored dikk˙ 'ta-nya, 'yu:~ bya:h-nya~ blow 'jahri-nya, mwi:h-nya, 'phwi:-nya boredom dikk˙ blow horn s˙ki-nya born, be boh-nya, 'j˙rmi-nya, 'sirji-nya, blow nose 'se:h~ 'j˙i-nya, 'the:~ 'j˙i-nya 'ta-nya blow, wind b˙tas da-nya, 'n˙m mur-nya borrow los-nya blow (hit) ch˙tyak, 'c˙rkaoni, 'guhsa, bother 'b˙re:-nya, gohrle:-nya, g˙hc˙i- l˙ph˙raoni, patyam p˙tim, thwak, thyap nya, kuco ki kuco, pehr˙i-nya blowing rai ni dwi:h bottle 'botol, 'tumbi blown up 'ba:-ba:, 'bohp-bop, 'bor-bor, boulder 'juhr, 'p˙h˙r phapha phuphu, 's˙n˙ 'r˙n˙ bounce coih-nya, 'toi-nya blue 'pî'wo,~ 'pî-nya~ bounce back phor Blue Sheep nah.wor bouncing khoi khoi, 'phir-phir, phor blunt 'buhtu-butu, buhtunyaso, buhtyaso phor, pud˙rup pud˙rup blush 'gyahm 'gyahm zu: zu:, g˙g˙tï:,É jip boundary 'sa:di,~ 'tham blushed g˙g˙tï:'wo,É 'gyahm 'gyahm zu: boundary marker 'sa:d˙~ zu:'wo, jip 'tao bounding kam˙lya kom˙le, khoi khoi, boar 'gedya, 'g˙l pud˙rup pud˙rup board 'k˙t˙r, 'ph˙lya bouquet choi'sîu\ was boast 'ag˙lya pa:-nya,~ 's˙gyo:'sîd˙\ pa:-nya~ bow 'duhni, gulyalih, li: boaster 'baisya, 'ph˙dawlya bow string jojo:, phata: boat 'do≥ga, kisti bow down phulup'sî-nya\ body jyu:, 'kya:,~ o-poryap bow of obeisance do:h boil, on body bazu:,~ zu:~ bowl 'cip˙i, 'd˙pka, khuri:, 'p˙i English Index 367 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ bowl shaped 'dihm-dim'o, 'gihm 'gihmo bribe, to guhs ya-nya, s˙lep-nya box bak˙s, 'suhndus brick îth˙~ boy 'buca, chorya, 'dahpa bride 'byaholi boys and girls 'luh'za 'ba:za~ bride price 'cha≥˙ra:, sahi brace ˙d˙i-nya bridegroom 'byaholya bracelet b˙hltha, 'cura, ran cura bridesmaid 'mu:dyalni~ brag 'ag˙lya pa:-nya,~ 's˙gyo:'sîd˙\ pa:-nya~ bridge 'ch˙m, 'ch˙mtu:,~ 'jehlo≥ga 'pul, 'pul, braggart 'baisya, 'ph˙dawlya rihma'chumt— u:~ Brahman 'bahb˙n bright 'jihli 'mili, 'p˙la:~ braid da:'pa~ l˙ta, p˙ri: brightly cili 'mili, 'jihli 'mili, 'tilik-tilik, braid, to p˙ri:-nya 't˙r˙-w˙r˙, 'zwo≥ 'zwo≥, 'z˙g˙i'wo brain 'gudi brilliantly cili 'mili branch 'dala, 'ha≥ga, 'khar, 'k˙r bring r˙i-nya branch out 'rami-nya bring down j˙hr˙i-nya brand 'dahmi-nya bring together 'jor˙n brass 'ka:sa,~ pit˙l brisk sir sir˙i-nya brave u-'yu:~ 'gyo:h'wo bristles 'g˙j˙r bread b˙hres, 'ma:da~ b˙hres brittle 'khoro break ce:h-nya, 'cirki-nya, kap˙lyas-nya, broad 'dohroro'wo, 'gwa:-gwa:wo, gwal ke:h-nya, kyah-nya, pa:-nya, phya:-nya, gwalo, 'la: 'la:'wo, 'pa:'wo, 'ra:'wo,~ 'sya: 'thunki-nya sya: pa:'wo, woih'wo break completely tam tum broadly 'dohroro break ground e:h~ 'chu-nya brogue 'bahsi, l˙bas break journey 'th˙k˙ni-nya, th˙k˙n˙i- broken 'kyahnya ni 'chanya, pharal phurul, nya thunka thunka break promise 'budi-nya, ˙s˙t˙ da-nya broken down lak˙rya l˙k˙re breakfast, eat 'ya:h bitali-nya bronze 'ka:sa~ breast 'chati, 'nwî~ bronze worker 'k˙syaru breath 'pohon, 'sï:,É 'sï:zaÉ brood, to pum-nya, supum-nya breathe 'sï:É dohor˙i-nya brooding place ba'gul,— rï:hrya~ breathe, unable to kudup's\î-nya, 'sÉï: broom p˙si:, 'syap˙ra: 'guhmi-nya, 'sï:É 'thuni-nya broom grass b˙rjem breathless 'h˙sko b˙la:,~ 'se:-s~ e:~ 'pho:-ph~ o:~ broth chidul, 'cip, kholyani, ma:do~ breed 'bali 'lagi-nya, 'b˙tyali-nya, go:h- brother baih, dajyu, 'zyu: nya, 'pas-nya, '≥a-nya brother-in-law behna, deor, 'jithu, breeding stock 'duhr 'jowaî,~ m˙s, sadu, 'sala breeze 'hawa Brown Dipper rihsiltîh— breezy 'ph˙i-phwi:, 'ph˙~î-ph˙~î, 'ph~o:- brown stripe surkyaso pho:,~ 'sa:-s~ a:~ ni 'pho:-ph~ o:,~ 'sa:-s~ a:~ brownish dwi:hryaso 368 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ bruised b˙jari'sîu\ burial grain 'sa:b˙l~ brush johpora:, 'p˙th˙rkya burial ground 'khad˙r 'po: brush against chwas burl 'jokhari brush hair ph˙re:-nya,~ 's˙i-nya burlap 'b˙hlki, b˙rla bubbling bulup bulup, 'b˙hk 'b˙hk burn 'c˙rki-nya, c˙r˙:-nya, ca:h-nya,~ ehr- bucket baltin nya, gah-nya, 'hip-nya, 'la-nya, muh-nya, buckle (belt) 'k˙ri: me:h| da-nya, s˙gah-nya buckshot 'ch˙r˙wa burning bil bil, c˙r c˙r, 'hip-hip, 'j˙hm buckwheat phap˙r 'j˙hm, 'r˙hm 'r˙hm, 'yehp 'yehp, 'zu:-zu: bud o-'woi burp colŸ colŸ 'ta-nya, '˙: ni 'phu: 'ta-nya bud, to 'mom-nya, 'p˙li-nya, se:-nya burr 'kuru: budding k˙rere: burrow lwi:'si-nya, lwi:-nya buffalo 'b˙îhsa,~ 'pada, 'padi, 'ra≥ga burrowing in te:~ te:~ bug rwi:h burst cohtoro:-nya, 'phu-nya, 'ph˙tki-nya bug eaten rwi:h-nya bursting cohtoro:, nirphus, ph˙tyahk bugs rwihza wanza bury gad˙i-nya, ral-nya build 'j˙i-nya, j˙mk˙i-nya, path˙ par˙i- bush g˙khya, johpora:, p˙hrï:,~ 'p˙th˙rkya nya, s˙par˙i-nya bushel seme: building 'zihm business 'b˙ntin, 'kam, 'yehn Bulbul kurpilah business, do 'khel˙isi-nya, 'yehn da-nya bulging b~o:kocyaso, 'c~o:cya 'leo, butcher 'p˙l-nya, s˙ih-nya co:cyaso,~ donyaso butchered animal 'mar bull b˙h˙r, 'sa:da~ butt duhp-nya, duhs-nya, r˙p'sî-nya\ bullet guli butterfly kolapih, kosyo: kolapih bullfrog ba≥or buttermilk 'm˙hi bulrush 'da:k˙lya~ buttocks o-rme:hs~ î,~ 'p˙gil bumblebee 'jyo:h, kana bo:hk˙ra~ button ta:k˙~ bump into tohl-nya button-eyed ta:kyaso~ bump, to sotohl-nya, tohl-nya buttress stone 'bwîh.yar~ bumped tahl-tohl, tohl buy bis˙i-nya, lï:h-nya~ bunch up bokorom-nya, j~e:hgol-nya, by -'ni khumc˙i-nya by chance k˙sa:rak˙ bundle poka, 'a:tha~ by what means katat˙ bundle, to 'd˙rl˙i-nya, 'lumb˙i-nya, byre bï:~ pokoi-nya bundled lam lum, pakya ni puki C burden 'bahri:, gur cable 'tar burdened 'khi-nya cackle 'k˙ra:-nya burial cairn m˙th˙ cadence 'khutu English Index 369 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ cafe hot˙l care for 'cyu:-nya, 'dahni-nya, 'jogoi-nya, cairn 'j˙lakhi, m˙th˙ 'khor da-nya, path˙s˙ 'n˙i-nya, 's˙mari- calamity 'kanuhl 'banuhl, 'lat˙-pat˙, nuhl, nya nuhlpa nuhlma careful, to be 'jogoi'sî-nya\ calculate 'hisap da-nya carefully 's˙mars˙, ˙hl˙:g˙za caldron 'k˙r˙i careless binu 'bahrcya, 'ch˙nd˙ 'd˙h≥g˙, calendar 'pat˙ro 'kh˙nd˙, o-'d˙h≥g˙ 'maleo, o-'sor 'maleo, calf bacha, bachi 'suhm ki 'suhm, ≥˙t˙t˙m calf of leg o-r'dï:h,~ tik˙rah carelessly 'suhm ki 'suhm call khul-nya, kih-nya, 'laku 'laku 'j˙i-nya carp 'po:kha~ '≥a:h callous o-phora, photo≥ga photo≥ga, carrion kh˙r˙l, o-'khogop, 'sinu 'ph˙la carrion eaters ka: gidd˙, ka≥gah 'mo:~ calm 'cim da'o, 'hÉï:'wo, hol~a:, 'ran 'chan, carry 'b˙i-nya, chî-nya,~ 'cyapi-nya, 'guhr- s˙nc˙ nya, kap-nya camp 'bas 'po:, 'bas carrying pole 'sa≥gi campaign 'l˙ri-nya carve 'khupi-nya campus kempos case o-maphu canal do:d˙,~ 'kul˙ cash payment hati cancel 'kiri-nya, 'kyal-nya, 'par da-nya cast about phulup cancellation 'par cast away khya-nya, 'l˙pd˙i-nya, cancer, skin k˙nthab˙r˙n swîk˙i-nya~ candle b˙tti, mom b˙tti cast down p˙chari-nya canine tooth kah.hyu— cast lots 'gola canoe 'do≥ga cast shadow 'chya-nya cap 'dahka tupi, 'kanya tupi, khopca, cast up 'yan-nya ka:hbul~ tupi, 'nepali tupi, tupi caste 'jat cap, explosive 'kyap casting away 'hi: 'hi:, hi: hi:, hya: hi: capable dip'o, o-'t˙h˙ 'leo, o-t˙h˙ 'leo, castrate 's˙wari-nya, 'thuki-nya 'tap-nya, u-hil hai'wo castrated goat 'kh˙si capital city rac dahni castrating clamp kep capricious 'gyal gil cat biraluh, manu capsule guli cataract 'ch˙rka captive 'b˙ndi cataract, eye phorloso capture kyo:h-nya, n˙î-nya~ catch 'ka:-nya, kyo:h-nya, par˙i-nya, caravan 'b˙kh˙r, 'b˙than, 'a:tha~ s˙g˙i-nya carcass o-'khogop, 'sinu, 'sya'ko≥'go catch fish 'kya:-nya card wool khoî-nya~ caterpillar jusulyah rwi:h cards 'tas catfish 'je:hp˙lya~ manu care 'khor, sogo, 's˙mar cattle yard 'khor 370 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ caught, be 'p˙ri-nya charm, to 'mohon ja:h-nya, mohon˙i-nya caught, get g˙i-nya, k˙rtyap-nya, charming 'mohonyalo, o-'mohon 'leo kyo:h'sî-nya\ chase 'cahari-nya, 'd˙p˙i-nya, khep˙i-nya, cause 'p˙rî-nya~ so'do:h-nya~ cause evil 'ch˙li-nya chastisement 'cetaoni cautious 'jogoi's\î-nya, 'khor da-nya, chat 'gusti da-nya o-'t˙h˙ 'leo, o-t˙h˙s˙ 'leo cheap o-e:h 'bomo, 'soh≥go cave ku:,~ 'pup cheek 'gala, o-rco: cave in tah-nya cheerful cala culuo cavernous 'dwa≥ 'dwa≥o, 'dwo≥ 'dwo≥o cheese 'ganya cease 'cim da-nya, 'th˙k˙ni-nya cheese cloth 'kora cedar 'mici cherished 'yu:~ 's˙i'tao cement sim˙t chest, body 'chati census j˙n sï:khya~ chest, storage 'muhdus center ma:j˙l˙,~ o-kharl˙ chestnut zyarkha center of plant u-gu'bah Chetri chetri centipede 'sa≥ula chew cekap cekap 'j˙i-nya, nyahm-nya, central khar'lao, ma:j˙'lao~ toro:-nya ceremony, perform kï:h-nyaÉ chew cud 'ogar˙i-nya certain 'khas, p˙kka chewy 'cen 'cen, k˙t˙lï:~ m˙t˙lï:~ certain one 'ph˙lana, tobo chick 'bahlya 'pothi, bap˙r~a:h, 'c˙rlyani, chaff o-kha≥˙rah, 'pul 'pho:~ chain, iron 'sa:g˙l~ chicken bapho, 'basyak˙ri:, baza chair 'kurci chicken cage ciru≥gah chalk kh˙ri chicken, ceremonial 'ultya baza challenger 'j˙g˙rya chicken feed 'ca:ro champion 'b˙ldya, 'j˙hrga, 'j~e:hsya, chicken yard ba'khor 'm˙nd˙li, 'sa:da~ chief 'p˙rdahn chance 'mowka child baohza, za: change pher˙i-nya, 'p˙lti-nya, toh-nya child delivery 'mas, 'sutkyalni change mind 'yu:~ ph˙rk˙i-nya child who brings bad luck 'nuhlya change, money 'phutk˙r childless 'pa:pa: lum lum change subject 'p˙nt˙r˙i-nya children calor˙, 'luh'za 'ba:za,~ 'luh'zar˙ channel b˙g˙r, 'tora children of two sisters nï:g˙r~ chant kheti chilli khora:s˙n character 'bani, o-ge: chilly 'cher-nya charcoal 'gol, rï:É chin 'dahri charcoal kiln 'm˙skhada: China cin charge 'jimba, pas chip b˙≥ga b˙≥g˙ 'j˙i-nya, kap˙lyas-nya, English Index 371 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ l˙c˙ l˙c˙ 'j˙i-nya, pho:-nya, phos-nya, clan kh˙l˙k, 'p˙ryal, tho:, 'th˙r tuh-nya clan, wife’s 'khe:, 'pa: chipped l˙c˙ l˙c˙ clanging 'chyarlya≥ ni 'chirli≥, gohld~o: Chir Pheasant k˙iya~ gohld~o:, k˙chya≥ ni k˙chi≥, tya~o tya~o, chirp cya:cy~ a:~ cîc~ î~ 'li-nya 'zyahrlya≥ ni 'zihrli≥ chisel kh˙ra:, 'nikan clap 'l˙pta 't˙p-nya chisel, to 'khuli-nya clap of thunder 'catya≥ ni 'c˙ti≥ choice huna'ni, ho:na'ni,~ o-maha:,~ r˙s clapper of a bell o-'ral choke bihl-nya, 'kha:-nya, kudup-nya clarify ghee kh˙:r˙i-nya choked up pï:É pï:É clashing 'kap˙ryak-k˙p˙rik choking kik kik, 'sï:kil~ ni 'dï:kil~ clattering gohrla:~ gohrla:~ chomping cekap cekap, karap-kurup claustrophobic sasap ni susubo, 'sï:É 'sup choose 'cha:ti-nya,~ 'cuni-nya, kh˙t˙i-nya, subo 'ruji-nya clavicle ba'g˙— chop c˙hm-nya, 'p˙l-nya claw cita:-nya, 'jyam-nya, 'n˙≥˙ra, pur-nya chopping block cw~î clawful -rjyam Chukar Quail 'cyakura clay m˙tel, s˙ra: chunk tokorlo, t˙ge:da,~ t˙k˙ri: clean cap cab'o, ch˙~î'w—o, c˙k˙ c˙k˙o, chunks 'kap˙la-kap˙la, kutu kutu, phirka kalya-k˙le:'wo, 'sya: si:'wo phirka, thunka thunka clean skinned 'kosol 'kosolo, zulŸ zul'oŸ chunky 'kap˙la-kap˙la clean, to 'jil˙i-nya, pehr-nya, pyahr pehr churlish juhpuryaso, kurkuryaso 'j˙i-nya, sap 'j˙i-nya, sil-nya, s˙ch˙î-nya,~ churn ro:h 'sya: si: 'j˙i-nya, 'syap-sip 'j˙i-nya churn dasher 'm˙ndaoni clean field 'jil˙i-nya churn, to ro:h-nya cleaned out 'syap-sip churnful -ro:h cleaning intestines pyahr pehr churning gu:hr gu:hr cleanse 'cokhoi-nya, kaji'sî-nya,\ s˙chan- cigarette holder 'kulpi nya, s˙ch˙î-nya~ cinder mehr˙i clear ch˙rl˙≥g˙, ch˙≥g˙ n˙≥g˙, c˙k˙ c˙k˙, circular 'guhmiu, guri:'s\îu, 'gurig~a:, dyahpp˙, pharya:~ phere:~ 'gwa:hgilo,~ khwargilo clear, to ch˙î-nya,~ 'n˙m 'bel-nya citizen nag˙rik clear a debt 'ch˙tk˙i-nya citrus sŸuhr clear brush phw~î-nya citrus fruit 'thekya suhrŸ clear off ch˙≥g˙ n˙≥g˙, c˙k˙ c˙k˙, city 's˙h˙r pharya:~ phere:~ claim, to 'thami-nya clear stones 'syas-nya clamor haha ni hoho, ho: ka ho: clearing 'lahya clamor, to make 'g˙hnki-nya cleave c˙hm-nya clamp kep cleft of buttocks (r-)me:hs~ î~ 372 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ clench teeth 'ha: s˙j˙m-nya collapse 'd˙hli-nya, 'kurup-nya, 'l˙ndi- clever 'batho, 'c˙lak nya, 'p˙lti-nya, tah-nya, te-nya, t˙ih-nya cliff cha≥ga cha≥gi, 'ha:~ collar bone ba'g˙— climb guhm-nya, pulus-nya collateral 'b˙nd˙ki cling t˙r˙p'sî-nya\ collect 'dup-nya, 'khiri-nya, sim-nya, clinging cere cere, tap t˙p, 't˙n-t˙n 'syo:-nya clip together t˙r˙p-nya collect debt j˙hr˙i-nya, 'tha:-nya~ clitoris 'bahlya college kempos clock 'g˙hri collide johsi-nya, 'juhji-nya, tohl-nya clod 'd˙rla color 'rogon, r˙≥g˙ close, to g˙l-nya, kh˙dep 'j˙i-nya, ruhp-nya color, to r˙≥g˙i-nya clot 'th˙k˙ni-nya colorful cili 'miliu, gyahmpe:,~ jili 'miliu cloth 'kwa, 'rumal colostrum bihkuti clothe jas-nya, kwaih-nya comb ph˙re:,~ 's˙i clothing 'b˙h≥gora, 'kwa, posak, 'p˙ihr˙n, comb hair ph˙re:-nya,~ 's˙i-nya sur comb of chicken o-r'j˙hm cloud bad˙l combative m˙k˙lyaso cloudy g˙re:-nya combine b˙re:-nya, 'kh˙b˙r˙i-nya, club 'kho:ta,~ mu≥uri, thokonyah mok˙le:-nya, 'thom-nya cluck, hen 'k˙ra:-nya come 'hu-nya, ra-nya cluster johmpa, poka, topoka come into being 'sirji-nya, 'ubji-nya, 'utki- clustered 'johmpa 'jompa, tyarla:~ terlo:~ nya clutch 'jyam-nya come out pulus-nya cluttered 'b˙hristiu, pul'o come to naught cuyap 'ta-nya, c˙k˙r˙k coagulate 'gï:-nya,É 'j˙mi-nya 'ta-nya coal 'buhbura, mehr˙i, ï:gar~ come to pass 'juri-nya coarse 'dohdya, d˙g˙la d˙g˙la, 'ga≥˙la, come true jor-nya kh˙s˙raso come undone sŸuhs-nya coat ph˙tu: comely rupsyaso, ≥war ≥war'o cock 'bahlya, bap˙ra:h,~ o-p˙ra:h~ comfortable 'yapi'sî-nya\ cock-crow -'k˙ra:,~ 'kona, 'konya comforted 'yu:~ hola:~ 'ta-nya coin 'dam, 'tila command 'k˙j˙i-nya, ˙r˙i-nya coin necklace 'seka commence 'thu:'sî-nya\ coitus, engage in ne:h-nya commerce 'bepar cold 'chero, c˙ppiso, 'k˙hle:~ tos'o,— 'sikh˙r, common khar'tao sir sir˙i'wo, toso, 'tu:'wo, 'zyu:h'wo~ commonplace 'mamuli, o-'dan'kao, o- cold climate 'sikh˙r rgya:h'tao,~ ˙iz˙'kao— cold weather 'zyu:h-nya~ community labor force beth˙, 'jahra, m˙n cold, influenza 'ruhga compact 'd˙hrlep English Index 373 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ companion n˙î~ confiscate 'dahri-nya company, military 'p˙lt˙n confounded lotas-nya, totas-nya compare 'da:ji-nya,~ sogoî-nya~ confront 'gosŸ 'j˙i'sî-nya,\ 'tha:'s~ î-nya\ compartment kh˙nd˙ confused, be u-'sîli\ syap 'maleo, 'yu:~ kata compass point cowka ma:hti~ 'ta-nya compassionate 'yu:~ 'na-nya confusion 'g˙rb˙r, ulta palta, ˙l-m˙l, a:ca~ compel 'g˙hl˙i-nya, g˙l-nya, 'k˙r 'l˙i-nya, pa:ca~ s˙k˙s khya-nya, '˙kh˙tya 'l˙i-nya conifer, type of 'syu: compensate 'ubi-nya, ub˙i-nya conscience, bad uthupul 'ta-nya, 'y~u:e compete baji-nya, 'da:ji's~ î-nya,\ khis-nya, s˙nca maya-nya, 'yu:lai~ khyo:-nya ta:h'sî-nya\ consecrate 'm˙nch˙i-nya, uth˙id˙ 'n˙i-nya competence u-hil consensus thumo, t˙'syo:lo competent dip'o, 'khyano, 'pakho, s˙înya~ conserve 'jiptara da-nya, 'pharo da-nya g˙ra:nya,~ u-hil hai'wo consider th˙:r˙i-nya complain 'g˙n 'g˙n 'li-nya, g˙n g˙n˙i-nya, consider as nothing kata m~a:hti kih-nya, 'ruhm ruhm˙i-nya ma≥˙m'sî-nya,\ ma≥˙m'sî-nya\ complaining kuhr-kuryaso conspire buddi k˙l˙i-nya complete, to 'khem-nya, nibj˙i-nya, consummate tup˙i-nya purth˙s˙ da-nya, s˙yo:-nya, syo:-nya, container ben, dabiben, 'd˙ba, jaben, tup˙i-nya, ut˙r˙i-nya thi≥ulih, u-'sîp\ completely cata: c˙tï:,É 'chelala:, 'c˙b˙n˙i, contemporary s˙wani'kao dyahpp˙, 'h˙l˙ h˙l˙, 'khat khut contempt, feel 'g˙ji-nya, hela 'rï:h-nya~ compliant u-'yu:~ bom'o contemptuous 'helari compost gurra, 'm˙l,| s˙la: content, be o-ka:h 'ce:≥˙, 'y~u: 'n˙i-nya, compress chwi:-nya 'yu:~ hola:~ 'ta-nya, 'yu:~ wa:h-nya~ conceal gop˙i-nya, 'k˙p-nya contentment 'sontoko, 'suntuki concerned, be sogo da-nya, 'yu:~ 'khotoro: contest juj˙ 'ta-nya, 'yu:~ 'thu: da-nya contract 'bahka, 'k˙b˙l concerns 'l˙ntha, 't˙nta 'm˙nta contribution syo: conclude syo:-nya, tup˙i-nya control 'd˙i-nya, 'kabu 'j˙i-nya condensation from fog 'kohoe u'jihs control oneself 'yu:~ j˙hm 'te-nya condone b˙îh-nya~ control spirits thum-nya cone 'co:yar~ convene 'gomosta da-nya cone shaped yuhr yuhr'o converge 'thom'sî-nya\ confidence, have duhkk˙ 'ta-nya, 'y~u: convey sar˙i-nya, s˙b˙i-nya 'hup-nya convince 'g˙hl˙i-nya, mohon˙i-nya, confine p~ï: 'j˙i-nya, tham thum 'j˙i-nya, 's˙b˙îh-nya~ thun˙i-nya convincing 'mohonyalo, o-'mohon 'leo confirm jordya-nya, th˙:r˙i-nya convulsions ma:th˙~ d˙l˙wa 374 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ cook 'ka:~ 'j˙i-nya, phî-nya,~ s˙'mîh-nya~ counsel 'gomosta, 's˙lla cooked 'mîh-nya,~ g˙j˙ g˙j˙ 'ta-nya, ph˙g˙ count 'g˙not ph˙g˙ 'ta-nya count, to 'g˙ni-nya, 'ja:ci-nya~ cookery 'bahan counter shed u-p˙ri: cooking water 'ka:khoi,~ rihm˙i counterbalance evil suruhl-nya cool khes'o, 'sohmo country 'des, kh˙nd˙ cool (breezy) 'ph˙i-phwi:, 'ph˙~î-ph˙~î, couple 'jor˙n, 'juri 'pho:-ph~ o:,~ 'sa:-s~ a:~ courageous 'hupdahri, u-'yu:~ 'gyo:h'wo cooperate jaran joron court 'k˙c˙ri copious d˙hm'sîu\ courtyard kh˙la: copper 'ta:ba,~ 'ta:bul~ cousin baih, behna, 'b˙îni,~ nana, nï:g˙r~ coppersmith tomta cousin, children of two sisters nï:g˙r~ copy 'n˙k˙l cousin, female 'bahnji, 'b˙îni,~ marum, coral 'do:, 'mugi nana, 'sali cord 'ce:h,~ 'k˙s˙ri, 'p˙tar, 'riju cousin, male baih, behna, dajyu, 'jithu, corduroy k˙t˙rais 'jowaî,~ 'sala corn b˙hk˙m, 'gohga, 'g˙hrd˙nya covenant 'yahka corn husk 'phosorya, 'porya cover o-k˙: corn, poor 'p˙rk˙la cover, to chai-nya, kwaih-nya, 'k˙-nya, corn stalk khosorah, 'khu:pi,~ lohsya 'k˙p-nya, luhm-nya, 'muri-nya, ral-nya corn tassel 'co:gor,~ 'dahn covered chapak ch˙p˙k, kap 'kup, 'kap corner kana kuni:, kona:, o-'pa, o-konya kubo, kwaih's\îu, lam lum, 'silim 'dim, cornmeal, burnt khoigah sisi lamlum corpse 'bul, 'mohro covet boro:-nya, buhrŸus-nya, korl˙~î da- corral, to kh˙rk˙i-nya nya, k˙rg˙l-nya, loboih-nya, lob˙h da- correct 'sipya, 'sultya, sultyaso, 'thik nya, 'mi: pilam 'j˙i-nya correct, to suhdar˙i-nya cow 'du:hli, har correct, to be zyas-nya cow dung fuel 'culsa corroborate jordya-nya, pa:~ jor-nya cowherd har 'gaola corrode kh˙i-nya, ph˙s˙ ph˙s˙ 'ta-nya, cowardly 'chepowa, u-'yu:~ zimza pîjyas-nya,~ sîwali-nya,~ t˙mbyanis-nya cowrie shell 'kowda corrupt, to 'b˙le:-nya crab 'g˙≥gada cost o-e:h crab apple 'g˙≥garu, na:h~ costly 'k˙skiu, 'm˙≥go, 'm˙≥goh, o-e:h crack 'c˙rki-nya, pho:-nya, phos-nya, 'giso, o-e:h 'leo re:'sî-nya\ cotton 'jin, 'k˙pas, 'ph˙rasi cracked 'kahryap-k˙hrip, 'k˙rip-k˙rip, Coucal 'kok˙lya b˙≥g˙ b˙≥g˙, gahryap-g˙rip cough 'khasi-nya, ko:~ ka ko:~ 'li-nya cracked grain 'j˙hh˙ra council 'gat 'buhda, 'k˙c˙ri crackle carap ni curup, caryap c˙rip, English Index 375 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ cohtoro:, c˙r c˙ryaso, ph˙tyahk cross over kati-nya, pher-nya crackle, to cohtoro:-nya cross pass kati-nya cradle cya: cross-legged dehs˙re:te, 'purguti, p˙hle:te crafty 'batho, bath˙î,~ 'c˙lak, o-bath˙î~ 'leo crossroad 'em 'kapcya crag 'khag˙r crotch gahkham cram chwi:-nya crouch, to 'pem-nya, 'pum-nya cramp gem-nya crouching 'peme-peme crash 'bahrlap ni 'bohrlop, 'dahda≥ ni 'du- crow kak˙ra:~ ko:~ 'li-nya, 'ko-nya hdu≥, 'gahda: 'guhdu:, 'gahda≥ ni 'go- crowing 'kona hdo≥, 'gahd˙ra≥ ni 'guhd˙ru≥, 'gahram crow, bird ka:, 'ka: gidd˙, ka≥gah 'mo:~ 'gohrom, 'guhdu: Crow-Pheasant 'kok˙lya crate bak˙s crowd 'gwîhco,~ 'maholya crave 'sï:É t˙ra: cî-nya~ crowd, to bokorom'sî-nya,\ chwi:'sî-nya\ craw bo:hcya~ crowded 'dihmb˙, 'kala:-mulu: crawl 'gol-nya, g˙s˙re:'sî-nya,\ 'kh˙r-kh˙r crown of head 'thap˙la 'ba-nya crude dihb˙lkyaso crawling 'kh˙r-kh˙r cruelty 'pap˙ crazed bicit˙ crumble b˙ih-nya, om-nya crazy 'bu:hliu, 'dasa ni 'bisa, 'taola-baola crumble from rot phete phete creak k˙re:~ crumbling 'horara:, phete phete create 'j˙i-nya, sirj˙i-nya crumple carap ni curup, kacya: ni kuci: creation p˙ida, siristi crunching karap-kurup, kuturu kuturu credit udarya crunchy kuturu kuturu creel ≥ahben crush cil-nya, kocya:-nya, k˙dem-nya creep 'gol-nya cry g˙hr-nya, kih-nya creeping 'peme-peme crystal 'yu:hkhar~ cremate muh-nya cubit 'gu:,~ 'gu:th~ u:~ cricket t˙ri:, t˙ri: kosyo: Cuckoo kusku criminal ˙p˙radih cucumber kak˙lah Crimson Horned Pheasant 'je: baza cuff 'k˙t˙ot˙ crinkle 'kurup'sî-nya\ culprit ˙p˙radih cripple 'du:da,~ 'kho:cya,~ 'kisya cultivate ubj˙i-nya crippled gya:hsyaso,~ kho:cyaso~ cummerbund 'p˙tuka, wa:hpho~ crisp kuturu kuturu cup 'pyala criticize itao hitao h˙i da-nya cup the hands 'corŸ 'j˙i-nya crooked, to be ba≥gyas-nya, 'ch~o:-nya, curd 'd˙hi: go:thyas-nya,~ kyaolyas-nya curdle ph˙res-nya crop, chicken bo:hcya~ cure s˙g˙ra:-nya~ crops 'bali, 'r˙bi, ˙n cure firewood s˙kh˙rï:-nya~ 376 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ curiosity 'l˙h˙r daring 'hupdahri curious, to be 'l˙h˙r 'lagi-nya dark 'cupp˙, kalyaso, cum 'cumo curl ph˙rle:'sî-nya,\ rul'sî-nya,\ rul-nya dark with clouds g˙re:-nya ('n˙m) curling balya b˙le darken jyah-nya ('n˙m) current 'b˙hl Dark Kite 'kapcya'ga currently 'ajyagal darkness k˙l˙m curry 'cip darn 'mokot˙i-nya curse 'ban, 'bohgon, 'ch˙l ch˙t˙r, 'gal, s˙rap darnel 'khu: curse, to dwi:-nya, th˙l-nya date g˙te, tarik custom c˙lti, 'c˙l˙n, 'theti daughter 'me:ma,~ 'ma:~ cut 'ch˙tk˙i-nya, cira:-nya, 'c˙n˙i-nya, daughter (eldest) 'jithi c˙p-nya, 'kho:l˙i-nya, 'k˙ri:-nya, daughter, second 'ma:jili~ 'k˙t˙re:-nya, 'kyal-nya, 'p˙l-nya, p˙ra:- daughter, third 'saîli,~ 'sa:jili~ nya, 'thuni-nya daughter (youngest) 'kanchi cut short ph˙s daughter-in-law 'bahari: cute col col'o dawdling 'ta:p˙i~ 'to:p˙i~ cylindrical sulumbyaso dawn 'buhk-buk, 'sï:-nya~ ('n˙m) cymbal 'chelam day 'cha:, 'la:, chyam, 'din day after tomorrow m˙chya, nihmchya:~ D day of week 'bar damage 'noksan dazzle eyes ji:h-nya damage, to 'b˙le:-nya dead 'siu damaged, to become b˙les-nya deadfall 'jihb˙la, 'p˙lyato damai 'du:hli, 'd˙ohlyani deaf 'b˙ihra damnation 'nas deaf-mute 'lata, 'lati damp 'ciso, 'cher-nya dear b˙ra:si damp (of crisp things) 'siti-nya death 'kal damp (of salt) 'jihs-nya death spirits jem dance 'jahm˙rya cala, cala, dik˙rya debris o-kha≥˙rah dance, to syah-nya debt 'bahr, 'tumsuk, rin dancer 'jowlyani, 'nac˙nya debt (outstanding) kach˙ dandruff guhrul decapitate 'jyo:-nya, ch˙d˙i-nya danger 'chyas decay b˙ih-nya, ci-nya, na:h-nya,~ pu-nya dangerous 'chyaso deceit 'ch˙l, 'dohka dangle 'juhndi-nya deceive ch˙k˙i-nya, duht˙i-nya, juhk˙i- dangling 'ben 'ben, 'ph˙nd˙ 'ph˙nd˙, nya barum ni 'burum, telo:~ deception la:p˙~ co:hp˙~ Danphe 'rï:h~ December-January pus dare 'a:ti-nya~ decide chyan bin, phal-nya English Index 377 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ decision 'phasila descendants bat˙ni'kao,— 's˙nthan, tho: decrease 'g˙hti-nya deserted 'syam sim, syo:be:,~ olop decree 'hukum, 'kahnun design 'dahca, tha:t˙~ deep p˙tall˙, cep cep desire 'khusi, m˙n, 'yu:~ da-nya, cas da-nya, deep-fry z˙rk˙i-nya p˙î-nya~ defeat har˙i-nya despair 'jihna 'jihna, 'yu:~ 'jihna 'jihna 'ta- defeated, be 'hari-nya, 'mah-nya nya, 'yu:~ te-nya, 'h˙res zya-nya, har 'mani- defecate eh-nya nya defendant p˙rti despise so-nya defer '˙nk˙ni-nya destiny 'k˙mai defile 'chu-nya destitute 'bil˙h˙r, 'buhtu≥gya, nirga:t˙~ defiled (food or water) 'chu'sî-nya\ destroy 'b˙rï:,É 'kh˙d˙m defilement juht˙:, go:da~ destroyed 'masi-nya degenerate h˙iya 'g˙ti destruction 'nas deity 'b˙rm˙, 'b˙r˙ha:, 'deota, 'm˙i, 'm˙nd˙li detach 'kyu:-nya~ dejected 'yu:~ macao da-nya detain thun˙i-nya delay yer'sî-nya\ deteriorate om-nya, rohm-nya, 'cyacya delayed 'dihlo, 'kubila, 'kha-nya cici 'ta-nya delicious '≥˙m-nya determine th˙:r˙i-nya delight s˙re:-nya~ detonate ph˙tk˙i-nya delighted 're:-nya~ detriment 'kh˙ti deliver 'jogoi-nya, 'p˙le:-nya, 'su:pi-nya~ development bikas delouse hair k˙rem-nya devil 'd˙îtya~ 'danuwa, 'saithan delude ch˙l˙i-nya, juhk˙i-nya devotee 'cak˙rya demand kh˙rle:-nya devotion 'b˙hk˙t, 'cak˙r demolish 'b˙htya b˙≥g˙, 'b˙rï:,É t˙ih-nya devout 'b˙hkt˙ demon 'zya:hm~o:, 'zya:h, buht˙, dew si't˙ gohna'me:,~ rachyas dew-lap o-dol dense 'ci:'wo, ru:h-nya~ diagonally gya:h-,~ gya:h~ dent 'kurci-nya diamond 'hira dented kacya: ni kuci:, laptap loptop diarrhoea 'cher˙i-nya deny th˙l-nya dice 'gola deposit '˙d˙na, b˙ina die 'si-nya, jipti-nya depression 'dihm-dim, gihm-nya die in childbirth o-'zadahnt˙ 'siu depth u-r'jî,~ u-rgihm diet toro:-nya deputy 'kariya 'bahk difference kh˙i deranged ba:b˙l~ 'bu:hliu, 'bu:li-nya different chut˙, ˙rka derision 'ulli 'gilli difficult ˙kh˙tyaso descend 'j˙hri-nya difficult to follow 'dahrya 'duhri 378 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ difficulty do:h, aph˙t, dukh˙, 'ke≥˙re:- discover pahl-nya, t˙h˙k˙i-nya ke≥˙re: discreet o-'t˙h˙ 'leo dig 'her'sî-nya,\ goh-nya discuss chyan bin, pa:'s~ î-nya\ dig foundation 'khali-nya discussion 'j˙lph˙l dig in dirt (chickens) phurbu:-nya disdainful 'helari, 'g˙ji-nya digest h˙j˙m, p˙c˙i-nya disease 'betha digested 'p˙ci-nya disgrace bi:jyat diligence k˙lï:~ disgruntled k˙rg˙l-nya dilute s˙ciri-nya disgust, with thyu thyu dim zi-nya disheartened 'yu:~ te-nya, har 'mani-nya dimension go~î dishonest 'b˙iman diminish g˙ht˙i-nya dishonesty la:p˙~ co:hp˙~ diminutive k˙t˙rsyaso, zimza dishonor bi:jyat dimly zyahrlya zirli: disintegrate cuyap dip 'g˙p-nya, choi-nya disk (metal) 'bel dip water 'wap-nya dismantle t˙ih-nya direct route 'chedo dismayed 'yu:~ te-nya, har 'mani-nya, cya≥ directly 'ekasi, ek 's˙bdya ci≥ 'ta-nya directly ahead somohor disoriented u-'sîli\ syap 'maleo dirt 'g˙m, ri:h disperse 'ra:-nya, cit˙ra:~ put˙ra:~ 'ta-nya dirty dwi:hryaso, 'd˙hl-d˙hl, kahn-kahn, displeased kata ma:hti~ ('yu:)~ 'cherp˙t˙ 'j˙i'sî-nya\ disposition 'do:hwalya~ dirty a house supul-nya dispute gah'sî-nya,\ usi-nyaŸ dirty, become gal-nya dispute (legal) j˙g˙ra disabled gya:hsyaso,~ ˙d˙hpil, ˙d˙hs˙r disquiet 'khotoro: disappear 'mah-nya, 'ulpi-nya dissatisfied chocho lala disappearing hwa:,~ olop disseminate 's˙rali-nya disassemble sya:-nya~ dissipate pharya:~ phere:~ disaster 'kanuhl 'banuhl, 'lat˙-pat˙, nuhl, dissolve bil˙i-nya, s˙bil˙i-nya nuhlpa nuhlma, nuhl-nya dissolving 'h˙rl˙k, 'hugurup disc jun distaff 'ba:tha~ discern th˙:r˙i-nya distinguish jor-nya, chut˙i-nya disciple sŸus distinguished 'm˙himano discipline 'cetaoni, 'm˙:l˙i-nya distressed do:h 'thai'wo, 'm˙la:~ zip, utyaso discomfort 'm˙la:~ zip ni butyaso discontinued ˙d˙hk˙lcyaso distribute ba:hdya-nya discord kh˙i district 'jilla, kh˙nd˙ discourage 'h˙res zya-nya disturbance kh˙ila ni b˙ila discouraged, be 'yu:~ s˙te-nya disturbed 'y~u: kata m~a:hti 'ta-nya, har English Index 379 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 'mani-nya dress 'do:ra, be: ditch 'b˙lkhada dress, to jasi-nya, jas-nya dive gyu:h-nya,~ tu:'s~ î-nya\ dress a stone cohl-nya divert water kyah-nya dried 'cyak˙rap cikurup, curup-curup, divide 'ge:d˙i-nya,~ ba:h-nya, phat˙i-nya c˙k˙r˙k divining stick 's˙r dried root on necklace 'kuc˙r division -ba:h, 'bila, 'kacha drill 'l˙p-nya do da-nya drink o-nya docile 'ug˙riu, lataso, latiso drink ceremonial liquor nam'sî-nya\ doctor dakd˙r drip -'thep, 'thep-nya, zahl-nya dog guhkhi:, ka:h, kah'ma, kah'za, 'baosya~ dripping 'r˙lka 'r˙lka, 'tor-tor, p˙r˙p dog (male) da≥ga, ka≥gah p˙r˙p doll 'putuli drive away 'd˙p˙i-nya, khep˙i-nya dominion rac drive into ground tu:-nya~ donkey 'g˙d˙ha: drive nail 'thuki-nya door jahla, yahm drizzling burum ka burum, parap p˙r˙p door stop '˙rg˙la, du:hsaonya~ drone 'g˙hnki-nya double 'kh˙p˙li-nya, 'kh˙p˙l˙i-nya, do- drool ralyaso, o-'ral bor˙i-nya droop 'l˙pki-nya dough k˙ne: drooping lakutyaso, 'b˙hle:tewo dove 'kwi:t˙m drooping eyelid cim˙ryaso down me-, mek˙ drop te-nya, s˙te-nya down from n˙'tîn— drop task tel-nya downhill 'urala drop of liquid -'thep downward me'da— drops 'r˙lka 'r˙lka down payment b˙ina dropping bahlap-bulup, bap, pop dowry 'daijo drowse 'u:gi-nya~ drag 'sehl-nya, 't˙≥g˙i-nya drowsiness 'mi:r˙ dragging 'rege-mege: drowsy 'u:gya,~ zig˙ra zig˙ra, 'juhtu-juhtu dragon ˙ji≥g˙r drum dah≥ori, d˙m˙ya, du:di~ drain s˙re:-nya,~ t˙r˙i-nya drum beat daoh~ daoh~ draw cî-nya~ drum call 'khutu draw water 'g˙p-nya drum (for dancing) ma:d˙l~ draw out t˙ra: drum handle 'h˙taso draw back khor'sî-nya,\ ten'sî-nya\ drum hoop 're:hgor~ draw back foreskin pil-nya drum (shaman) 're:h~ dream mï:,~ mï:-nya~ drumstick g˙ja: dregs nîhgar~ drumbeating contest 'kh˙nd˙ drenched 'tor-tor, pyaku pyaku drumstick, chicken thokonyah 380 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ drunk mï:h-nya~ earnest dih-nya dry sa:-nya, s˙r-nya, thï:-nya~ earnings 'phaida dry up 'thondoro earring 'sun dry rice kaona earring (boy’s) 'kuthila duck bukulah earth 'g˙m, 'nam duck, to gohm 'li-nya earthquake 'b˙îh~ 'calu dull buhtyaso, 'buhtu-butuwo, phyas˙lya ease 'm˙jak˙, sukh˙ phis˙liwo, ziu easily 's˙j˙s˙, 'pasa poso dull witted gohldo:gyaso,~ mas˙bdalo easy 's˙jilo dumb lalah loloh'wo— easy task 'swado dumbfounded lotas-nya east 'purb˙ dump thu-nya eat 'kh˙rne:-nya, gi:h-nya, ham-nya, k˙i- dumpling dihkula, 'syal'na nya, zya-nya dung 'ki: eat meat d˙îh-nya~ dung (fuel) 'culsa eat sparingly 'tyap-tyap 'j˙i-nya dung maggot 'ki: rwi:h eave stones pho:gyar~ durable 'gohrlo 'gohrlo'wo eccentric 'dasa ni 'bisa dusk 'rihm'da, 'rihmk˙ echo 'pas-nya dust duhlo echoing wah≥ wah≥ dwarf ba:d˙bir~ eclipse 'g˙hr˙n dwarfish bo:kocyaso~ economize 'tara: toro: dye r˙≥g˙i-nya economy 'jiptara dying phor 'phor edema 'j˙l dynamite bom edge o-'dahr, chyo: edify 't˙h˙l˙i-nya, s˙par˙i-nya E education lekha 'p˙hrai eagle 'ga:, kapcya'ga— effort 'dahma, 'dyaohna, 'jor, 'udim ear 'na:, o-r'na egg bazuhri: ear hole 'na: ku:~ egg (sterile) o-'jolŸ ear of grain bala, hata: egg-white o-'ral ear (upper) 'na: syo: eight ath˙ earwax nahgu elastic d˙ren d˙ren earlier achya, ≥ahk˙, ahjya, ≥ah'da'kin, elasticity o-r'kes\ ≥ah'da, ≥ah≥˙ elated 'y~u: buhr'a buhr'a 'ta-nya, 'y~u: early g˙hg˙, o-po:ni hai'sî'wa\ hai'sî'wa\ 'ta-nya early crops '˙gao elbow 'gu:~ early morning 'up˙lna 'p˙kh˙ elbowing te:~ te:~ earn pak˙i-nya elbows extended khagap khagap earn a living ≥a'sî-nya\ elder 'gat 'buhda, 'sehr, b˙hlad˙mi English Index 381 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ elder brother dajyu enormous girga:dyaso,~ g˙j˙nyaso elder brother’s wife marum ensnare par˙i-nya, ph˙s˙≥g˙i-nya eldest son 'jetha entanglement 'l˙ntha elect 'cuni-nya, kh˙t˙i-nya enter 'p˙si-nya election cunao enter, cause to p˙sal˙i-nya electricity 'bijuli: entertain a child 's˙b˙îh-nya,~ s˙re:h-nya elephant hati entertain with food 'zyas-nya elevate s˙'je:h-nya~ enthused c˙h˙ c˙h˙ elliptical donyas-nya enthusiasm 'ja:g˙r~ elliptical (drum) to:tyaso~ entice lad˙i'sî-nya\ else 'ki t˙r˙ entirely opo:s˙z˙, 'j˙m-nya embarrassment laj˙, s˙rm˙ entrails o-'da:~ 'jî~ embellish j˙hl˙i-nya entrance yahm ember 'buhbura envy goi'sî-nya,\ 'yu:~ hur-hur da-nya embrace 'k˙r'sî-nya,\ lap'sî-nya,\ 'k˙r-nya, epic ballad duhr lap-nya epidemic 'betha, 'sotorya emerge pulus-nya, 'uski-nya, bop'sî-nya,\ epigastric area 'yu:~ 'p˙le:-nya epigastric pain 'yu:~ 'cher-nya employed as 'j˙i'sî-nya\ epilepsy 'bak˙rapul, 'bapulya, bapul, employment 'ja:gir~ c˙rip˙î,~ pul empty 'khali, 'uda≥gyaso, rito:, 'syap-sip, epilepsy, to suffer pul-nya 'dahs-nya epileptic pulyaso en masse 'chelala:, 'syo:lo equal 's˙m˙-s˙m˙, b˙rab˙r, phororo'wo, enclose 'bari-nya 'jora encourage 'yu:~ s˙'je:hdya-nya~ equal height ch˙î~ j˙î~ encouraged, be 'yu:~ 'je:h-nya~ equipment ja:r˙, 's˙rjam end 'khem-nya, 'tupi-nya, du:'s~ î-nya\ equity 'nya:~ end, come to 'ut˙ri-nya equivalent to 't˙k˙l end of month 'nîg˙lda~ era 'juk endeavour 'udim erase 'kyal-nya, kati-nya, met˙i-nya endless 'pa:'wo, 'gwa:-gwa:, wal ki wal erect 'thu:-nya endowment 'b˙rdan erect (penis) cya:h-nya~ endure 'nu:-nya,~ 's˙hi-nya, kati-nya, tham- err 'juhki-nya, 'bir˙i-nya nya erupting 'kh˙s-kh˙s enemy 'surtur escape 'puhr-nya engrave 'khupi-nya escort sar˙i-nya, s˙kes-nya, tar˙i-nya enlarge 'gyo:h-nya, 'capi-nya, 'phar-nya, establish 'thali-nya, th˙:r˙i-nya 'uphar˙i-nya, s˙'gyo:h-nya esteem j˙s enliven 'j˙pi-nya esteemed 'j˙silo 382 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ estimate 'ja:ci-nya,~ 'muli-nya existing 'tao eternal '˙j˙mb˙ri exogamous relative 'mansinya Eurasian Kestrel 'bo:d˙i~ exorcise 'jahri-nya evaluate 'muli-nya, guni-nya expand 'capi-nya, 'uphar˙i-nya even b˙rab˙r, phororo'wo, b˙, ch˙~î j˙~î, expansive do≥ga 'dolo, 'dwa≥ 'dwa≥ j˙p j˙p, rihp-nya expectations, meeting u-'yu:'lao~ mitao even (also) m˙ni expel 'p˙le:-nya evening 'rihm'da, 'rihmk˙, 'ryahmya 'rihmi expense 'kh˙rc˙ event g˙ht˙na: expensive 'm˙≥goh evergreen tree guhmil expensive, make m˙h≥g˙i-nya everyone paîh~ experience dar'sî-nya\ everything paîh~ experienced 'pakho, s˙înya~ everywhere purbun expire pehl-nya, s˙pehl-nya evidence 'k˙r explain p˙las-nya evil 'macahiu, 'macha:'wo,~ u-'yu:~ 'bipya'da explode 'ph˙tki-nya, ph˙tk˙i-nya ta:'s\îu, macao, 'kubani, kubat˙~î, 'y~u:'ni expose ijyat, 'khuli-nya, kor-nya kubat˙î~ 'hu:-nya~ exposed ch˙rl˙≥g˙ evil interests 'yu:~ tï:'da~ 'ta-nya extend 'rami-nya evil omen skull 'k˙pt˙ extend borders 'uphar˙i-nya evil spell 'doch˙, 'd˙sa, 'kanuhl 'banuhl, exterminate sotoryan 'zyah'ban, cha:, cho:, rihco gahco external 'pakha evil spirit 'zya:hm~o:, 'zya:h, buht˙, extinct, become 'mol-nya, phya:-nya gohna'me:~ extinct, make tut˙i-nya exactly 'c˙b˙n˙i, 'd˙rust˙, b˙hni extinguish s˙ih-nya examine motives 'yu:~ 'chap-nya extinguish (fire) jipti-nya excel 'j˙mki-nya, g˙hnk˙i-nya extra 'ag˙lya, 'ag˙l except 'bahek, 'khali extract hai-nya, kola:-nya, phal-nya excessively ph˙s˙ ph˙s˙ extract beer pi:-nya exchange a'da— ho'da,— toh'sî-nya,\ toh-nya exuberant 'yu:~ buhr'a buhr'a 'ta-nya, 'yu:~ excited c˙h˙ c˙h˙ hai'sî'wa\ hai'sî'wa\ 'ta-nya excitement lap˙ra lup˙ru eye 'mi: exclamation h˙tt˙ri:, i bab˙i, kata 'g˙hri eye disease bak˙nah ~ ba'k˙na: excrement u-'kï:É eye irritation k˙rg˙l-nya excuse 'beso, nyu:~ eye socket 'mi:ku:~ exercise tai'sî-nya\ eyeball 'mi: 'l˙≥ exert strength 'k˙si-nya eyebrow 'mi:guhm| exhausted 'puhm, 'thap˙rya thupuri eyelash 'mi:sya\ exhort ˙rth˙i-nya, ˙r˙i-nya eyelid 'mi: 'ph˙rl˙p, 'ph˙rl˙p existence 'jiw˙n eyetooth kah.hyu— English Index 383 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ fastened t˙r˙p-nya F fastidious o-bari 'ba:ti~ 'leo fabricate s˙s˙i-nya fat 'k~a:diu, 'phirgulo, o-soi, syasoi, m˙t˙ face '≥a:h m˙t˙, pa:thyas-nya,~ soi-nya face down khogoro fat rumped pak˙tyaso face off baji-nya fat-cheeked pucyaso face upward '≥˙la: fate 'k˙mai fail 'hari-nya father apa, babu failure 'phisko father and son 'za: babu faint 'j~o:walahus, 'murcha, 't˙≥g˙ 't˙≥g˙, father of daughter-in-law s˙mdi phyas phis father’s elder brother pahgo fair skinned gora father’s younger brother kaka fair-skinned, to be 'poro:-nya father-in-law bage:h fairness s˙t˙ fatigue, cause th˙l˙i-nya faith 'hup-nya ('yu:),~ 'yu:~ 'hup-nya fatigued 'pati-nya, 'th˙li-nya faith, exercise suhup-nya ('yu:)~ fatten sosoi-nya faithfulness s˙t˙ fault 'g˙lti fake 'n˙k˙l favor, show 'yu:~ yahl-nya falcon ba'j˙— fear o-chyace:, 'che:-nya fall 'd˙hli-nya, 'g˙li-nya, 'l˙ndi-nya, 'p˙lti- fearful u-'yu:~ zimza, 'chepowa nya, pa-nya, te-nya fearless u-'yu:~ 'gyo:h'wo fall asleep ≥˙hl-nya fearsome 'tuhr fall forward om-nya feast b˙tyar, zyas, 'zyas-nya fall headfirst tu:'s~ î-nya\ feather ba'k˙r— fall to a particular lot 'p˙ri-nya feature s˙res fallen sya: se: February-March phagun fallow 'ba:jo~ feces 'ki: falsehood 'duht˙, chul˙î~ fee 'bahra, 'b˙naolo, 'j~u:hki, 'phis, doro:, fame j˙s sirma familiar spirits 'do:hwa:~ feed 'zyas-nya family 'jahan, 'p˙ryal feed grass 'g˙s˙i-nya famine '˙nikal feed meat s˙k˙i-nya fan 'ph˙rap feel ≥˙m'sî-nya,\ dar'sî-nya\ far 'tada feel out ch˙mch˙m˙i-nya far sounding 'kyu:'wo~ feet first khyo:~ gyo:~ fart yu:'sî-nya,\ 'ke:h-k~ e:h~ female o-'ma fascination 'l˙h˙r female genitals o-rta:~ fashion 'p˙ihr˙n fence 'bar fast gil-nya, 'upasi-nya ferment 'chip-nya, sos-nya 384 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ fermented grain 'pos fingernail sen ~ sin fermenting agent ladu: fingernails and bits of dry skin 'sya: fern 'ri≥guli, dik˙ra~ 'kwa: fern (non-edible) puhmirta:— fingerprint 'c˙kk˙r ferret nowla 'musa finicky o-bari 'ba:ti~ 'leo fertilize a field 'm˙:l˙i-nya, 'm˙il˙i-nya finish 'khem-nya, 'tupi-nya fertilizer 'm˙l| finished 'khat khut fervence jos Fir tree 'juhla fester 'mîh-nya,~ s˙nis-nya fire 'zohr, me:h,| ph˙tk˙i-nya festival 'jat˙ra, 'ra:kya,~ d˙s˙î,~ p˙rb˙ fire black m˙sï:~ fetch cah'na-nya,— cih'hu-nya— fire fan 'ph˙rap fetlock za'khur fire pit muhtha: feverish 'yehp 'yehp, rah-rah 'phor-phor fire rack bahr few 'gota 'cara firebrand mihsw~î few days ago tala firefly 'ba:koi~ fiber dahga:, puwa firewood 'selo≥ga, sî~ fiddle 'sar˙≥gi firm c˙p˙k fidgety cosŸ ni kurup firm fitting pis-nya field 'ba:,~ 'ihj˙r, 'khorya, that˙ro, e:h~ first u-'sï:k˙t˙,É hat˙ fierce juhs-nyaŸ first day of month 's˙≥rat˙ fierceness 'do:hwa:~ first fruits 'ka:'s~ ï:,É u-'sï:É fight 'kh˙p'sî-nya,\ 'kh˙p-nya firstfruits festival puli hai-nya figurine 'b˙iragi firstfruits of hunt sya'sï:É file (metal) ret˙: fish '≥a:h, r˙ih'sî-nya\ fill 'byal-nya, b˙hr˙i-nya fish bones o-'ka:h~ fill cracks (in ceiling) 'sipi-nya fish loop kharju:~ filter 'yan-nya, cher˙i-nya fish trap 'g˙hrwa, tuhm filth ri:h fisherman (trap) 'tiparu filthy cï:-nya,~ kahn-kahn fishing pole ta≥gah finally 'b˙ll˙ fishing stick 'kya: Finch 'b˙ihra surli fishnet 'jal, kundyaolo| find d˙i-nya, pahl-nya fist mutka fine jurimana, kh˙rat˙n, d˙nd˙i-nya fistful -mutha:, 'ke:h-ke:h fine flour phani fit g˙pi-nya, ta:-nya fine grained 'n˙p 'n˙p fit in mis-nya fine textured 'm˙sino fit into sw~îh-nya fine thread 'ma:tya~ fitful buhrlum finger a≥ula fitting o-'dans˙'kao— finger (little) kanchya≥uli five pa:c,~ r≥a: English Index 385 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ five days after tomorrow dohlchya:~ flooded 's˙m˙ 'g˙m˙ fix b˙n˙i-nya floor 'nam fixed rate 'tokowa flopping 'ph˙lî~ ph˙lî,~ pharlap phurlup flabby 'thel-thelo flour o-rn˙p, k˙ne:, m˙n˙m, phani flag 'alim flour (coarse) bati: flaky skin k˙t˙la flourish 'phabi-nya, 'ph˙ili-nya flame 'mulka, 'zohr flow 'b˙gi-nya flaming 'd˙p-d˙p, 'wî-w~ î,~ ho:~ ho:,~ zwa:~ flower 'm~a:jirya, 'nara 'sugun, 'towla zwa:~ ga:tha,~ ca:, gï:d˙,~ pat˙:, was flank of animal 'lacha flower bud u-kultumi flare up j˙him˙k, 'wuhr-wuhr flowing heavily zwar zwar flash milak, 'pha:~ flowing steadily khwar khwar flashing 'jihmik 'jihmik, 'myalyak ni fluff wool 'duhni-nya 'milik fluffy bohrlaso, phororo'wo, 'gwa:-gwa: flashing by 'phyo:~ fluid 'j˙l flask 'tumbi flushed nilyaso, 'gyahm 'gyahm zu: zu:, flat 'p˙le:-nya, khyar-nya, khyar khyar g˙g˙tï:É flat roof thala flute 'ba:suli:~ ~ ba:sulih~ flatten s˙p˙le:-nya fly buhr-nya flatter phul˙i-nya, r˙l˙k fly (biting) 'mulza flaw kh˙t˙ fly (insect) p˙s˙m flea syar 'pusum, 'pusum flying squirrel yahp flee hai'sî-nya,\ 'bigi-nya, 'do:h-nya,~ 't˙rsi- flywheel 'taku, rihp nya foal 'b˙chera flee, make sozo:-nya foam phwi:, 'g˙jya flesh o-sya: fodder lohsya flex thus foe 'surtur flexible 'lala lulu'wo fog 'dwîhni,~ 'koho flickering dihp˙la:~ dihp˙la:,~ pilam fold 'dobor flimsy l˙d˙ b˙d˙ fold in garment goîh,~ kumla fling 'l˙pd˙i-nya, 'hi: 'hi:, h˙p˙s˙, hya: hi: fold over 'p˙t˙i-nya, dobor˙i-nya flint 'du:hga~ foliage 'dala, 'syaola flip over phulup-nya, phalya:~ ph˙lî~ folk tale 'sast˙r, b˙îsyaoli,~ g˙hrti flirt kuser ni masehr, 'b˙re:-nya follow 'mani-nya flit 'chup, 'cop food 'ka:,~ 'zyao, bisa float chî's~ î-nya\ food provisions z˙m flock 'b˙gal, 'khuti food reserves ya:hth˙n flocking together syar syar foodstuff 'zyao flood khololo:, 'b˙hl foolish 'pag˙l, u-rti 'maleo, binu 'bahrcya, 386 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 'ba:katya,~ t˙ba:ti'k~ ao,— ˙d˙hm, 'tyatya 'titi l˙kh˙r l˙kh˙r foot u-khï:'da,~ u-khï:k˙,~ u-khï:l˙,~ khï:~ free 'khula, hala:~ holo:,~ da:h-nya, rahn'sî-\ football 'phurpal nya, 'ras-nya footprint 'syul free, become 'uski-nya, 'puhr-nya forage 'la-nya free from fear 'hï:-nyaÉ forbid da'o— maya-nya free of worry 'hup-nya ('yu:)~ force 'k˙r, g˙l-nya freedom phursul forceful o-r'coi 'leo freely ˙iz˙ forcefully 'cois˙, 'j˙b˙r jyasti freeze 'gï:-nya,É 'ga:-nya~ ford 'tar 'po frenzied 'taola-baola ford river 't˙ri-nya, tar˙i-nya frequent same route dohoi'sî-nya\ forefather 'pitt˙r, 'sakha frequented by animals zya-nya forehead 'ca:di~ fresh alo, u-'sï:É foreign language chya≥˙la≥ ni cho≥olo≥Ÿ Friday sukr˙bar foreigner 'p˙rdesi friend 'ist˙, 'kya:'da'≥ao,~ 'rya:h,~ n˙îza,~ n˙î~ forest 'j˙≥g˙l, 'jya:h~ frighten s˙che:-nya, 'torkhop forge ar˙î,~ 'z˙p-nya frightening 'che 'che ≥˙m's\îu, 'y~u: 'sil forget me:h-nya~ sil'o, sil 'silo ('yu:),~ hap hap forgiveness maphi frizzled cyat˙rya cit˙ri fork o-'khar, 'khar-nya, kapcyas-nya frog 'pirlya 'te:, 'te:, yahpal 'te: fork of legs o-'ga:h frolic yehp-nya formation p˙ida from -'ni formerly ba:hk˙,— ba:h≥˙— from now on akini forsake 'ras-nya front of ≥ahk˙ fortress g˙r frost 'mojo:,~ 'tusura fortunate 'bahgimanya froth phwi:, 'g˙jya fortune 'bahgi frugal 'jiptara, 'pharo, 'tara: toro: forward ≥ahk˙'s˙i, 'hyu: fruit 's˙i foul 'macahiu, r˙ddi fry 'z˙rki-nya foundation 'thal˙n, g˙'j˙ fry in oil 'b˙tari-nya, 'kh˙r-nya fountain 'dahra, rihmul frying pan ju:h~ 'khuri: four (b)zi, 'car fulcrum 'k˙r gep four-footed beasts 'j˙i 'j˙ntu, 'j˙ntu fulfil s˙yo:-nya fowl baza fulfilled jor-nya, yo:-nya fracture nehpham˙la:— fulfilled, be 'juri-nya frail l˙d˙ b˙d˙ full t˙si:, b˙tde, dÉï: dÉï:, sw~îh masw~îh, frame 'kya:,~ 'sï:gar~ wa:h-nya~ fraud 'dohka, la:p˙~ co:hp˙~ full moon 'punni frayed barum ni 'burum, burum ka burum, fully j˙mma English Index 387 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ fund kos generation 'pusta, 'piri funeral 'gohto, 'm˙lam, mwi:h generous u-'yu:~ g˙ra:'wo,~ go:'wo, 'ba:hsya fur 'muhl genesis p˙ida furrow 'gohrsya, o-'dahr, o-sya: genitals o-b˙ra:~ furry bohrlaso, 'bohrla 'bohrla genitals (female) o-rta:~ further hok˙'s˙i— genitals, male 'wa:da~ fussing 'zehrn˙i ni 'g˙hrn˙i, cyao~ ni myao~ gentle 'matho futilely ˙hna:k˙l˙— genuine saco, sakk˙, s˙k˙li future chî'ni~ germinate 'mom-nya ghee 'buht˙n, gyu:h G ghost 'syu:rya, buht˙ G-string k˙nd˙nih gift 'b˙rdan, 'b˙r, 'cina gain k˙m˙i-nya gift (engagement) puch˙ gall 'ka: gift of remembrance s˙res gallon pathi, -opora:| gigantic girga:dyaso,~ g˙j˙nyaso gallon, two -simi giggling khiti khiti gamble r˙ih'sî-nya\ gill (fish) o-r'na gambling 'juwa gird po:-nya game 'khel, 'k˙rti, 'ny~a:, baza kot, kyat girdle wa:hpho~ kit, lo:h.e lo:h, sa:~ girl 'dahme:,~ 'luh'za, 'buci game animals 'sya: 'ba: girth phed˙ game bird (female) o-m˙ra:h~ give the, ya-nya game bird (male) o-p˙ra:h~ give assistants ceremonial wine dur- gapped hak˙lyaso ing a ceremony s˙nam-nya garden 'b˙g˙ica, bari: give birth j˙rm˙i-nya, sirj˙i-nya garlic 'jimbu, b˙linoh, ga:, no:h give in mak˙rg˙l-nya garment 'kwa, posak give lodging bas˙i-nya gasp chiri-nya, 'h˙p˙k 'h˙p˙k give no leisure mas˙da:h-nya gasping 'h˙sko, 'gap 'gap, 'hik 'hik, 'hu- gizzard 'b˙le: gurup, 'p˙yem 'p˙yem, 'se:-s~ e:~ 'pho:-ph~ o:~ glade 'ba:,~ 'lahya gate with sliding bars 'sa:bila~ glance off (axe) 't˙rki-nya gather, to 'dup'sî-nya,\ 'dup-nya, sim-nya gland bigi, cirgul gathered gajarak g˙j˙r˙k, gar gor, 'sya: glans penis 'kh˙r˙ntya syo: glasses c˙sma gathering 'takk˙ 'tukk˙ gleaming 't˙k˙-t˙k˙ gaunt septyaso, cya: cya:, huli huli, cya:- glimmering dihp˙la:~ dihp˙la:~ nya glistening with grease 'tor-tor geese (wild) 'murpu gloomy cum 'cum gems 'hira 'muti glorious 'z˙g˙i 'm˙g˙i 388 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ gloriously 't˙r˙-w˙r˙ grandmother bujyu glove 'kwi: luhm grape 'jompors˙i glutton zyasti grasp 'jyam-nya gnarl 'jokhari grasping 'cuppi, u-'y~u: mag˙r~a:'wo, gnat 'mulza buhsuna:, 'mulza, buhsuna: hampa tih gnaw 'kh˙rne:-nya, kh˙le:-nya~ grass 'bwîh,~ 'chi:, gurra go 'ba-nya grasshopper t˙ri: kosyo:, d~e:syatul, ko- go and return 'gol'sî-nya\ dom pah, s˙lï:É go back ph˙rk˙i-nya grate tuhri:-nya go habitually dohoi'sî-nya,\ yahp-nya grave 'khad˙r goat 'bak˙ra, 'boka, 'cya≥˙ra, ra:h gravel 'cojorya, cham˙ra God 'buhgan 'buhgwan, 'naran, 'isor gray du:hsyaso~ god 'b˙rm˙, 'b˙r˙ha:, deo 'dahm, d˙i 'deota, gray headed do:hwalyaso~ 'deota, 'm˙nd˙li graze 'la-nya, 'l˙i-nya goiter o-rga:da,~ ga:dya~ grazing land 'c˙r˙n gold 'sun greasy khen-nya, 'r˙p 'r˙p, khen khen Golden Eagle 'd˙mphyani great 'm˙himano, gehppa goldsmith sunar great grandfather jijyu good ca-nya, 'g˙hnki-nya great grandmother 'jijyuni good fortune 'daino great great grandmother kyapjyu good will 'd˙hrm˙ great-granddaughter 'p˙natini goods logo l˙sk˙r, mal, s˙man great-grandson 'p˙nati gory 'jihgyahm, 'morgyahm greedily karlap-kurlup gossip 'gusti, b˙lasukula greedy o-'hapsya 'gyo:h'wo, 'korlya, 'lu- gourd 'cha:y~ a:,~ 'k˙rtya, 'thumbu, 'tumbi bih, hampa tih, korl˙~î, lob˙h, nicc˙, government s˙rkar 'lubih-nya, loboih-nya governor 'hakim, ˙nc˙ladis green kaco, 'pî-nya~ grab 'jyam-nya, 'kohre: green (of corn kernels) pîjis-nya~ grab pot with rag nap'sî-nya\ green, turn t˙mbyanis-nya grabbing taka jika greens 'ca'≥˙îh,~ 'gahb˙ gracious, be 'yu:~ yahl-nya, u-'yu:~ g˙ra:'wo~ greens (dried) curum grain 'g˙hrd˙nya, geda:, g˙rï:,~ ya:hth˙n greens (edible) '≥˙îh~ grain bin 'bum, 'dohkora, 'd˙hnsar, greeting jule: jule:, 'n˙m˙ste, s˙lam 'd˙h˙ra, phumulih griddle (iron) 'taowa grain (boiled and dried) o-'pen grief hai hai grain cooked in milk 'pha:do~ grief, cause 'yu:~ suhurdya-nya grandchild (female) natini grieved 'y~u: bohs'a bohs'a 'ta-nya, 'y~u: grandchild (male) nati g˙hr-nya, 'yu:~ hur-nya grandfather bajyu grieving 'd˙s-d˙s English Index 389 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ grind c˙hre:-nya, he:-nya, rum-nya gunpowder 'daru grinding goryeî~ goryeî~ gunny sack 'b˙hlki, b˙rla grindstone o-'ma, ra:th˙i~ gurgling 'keka-keka groan k˙re:,~ g˙h˙ni-nya gush khololo: groggy mï:h-nya~ gushing 'hol, 'khol 'khol, cho:~ cho:~ groggy, make s˙mï:h-nya~ gusting rai ni dwi:h groping 'cham 'cham, 'khoyam ka 'khoyam guts o-'da:~ 'jî,~ syarta: group 'b˙gal grow 'baphi-nya, 'gyo:h-nya H grow closed suluhm-nya habit 'bani, (n˙)-k˙hm grow old (female) 'ju:cas-nya hack brush phw~î-nya grow old (male) sehrjas-nya hacking sound ko:~ ka ko:~ grow worse hel'sî-nya\ haggard cya:-nya, cya: cya:, huli huli growl '≥˙r-≥˙r hail 'tis˙r˙i grub 'kabu m˙la:, 'kabu rwi:h hair 'cem, 'muhl grudge, hold 'yu:l˙~ 'n˙i-nya, 'yu:l˙~ sil-nya hair brush ph˙re:~ gruel chidul, hum, ma:do~ hair bun 'khompa grumble 'ruhm ruhm˙i-nya, g˙n g˙n˙i- hair lock l˙ta nya, 'g˙n 'g˙n hair parting s˙r guarantee '˙d˙na hair style 'julpi, 'kulpi guard 'cu:ki, 'palya, 'sip˙î,~ 'cyu:-nya, guh- hairy 'sw~î 'sw~î'wo, jusulyah nya half ahda, nehp˙ra:, -pham˙la guardianship 'jimba, 'picha, pas half way ˙d˙hm˙r guest 'pahuna halve 'ge:d˙i-nya~ guilt 'g˙lti hammer g˙hn˙:, ph˙la:, thokonyah, 'tup- guilty conscience uthupul nya, t˙-nya guilty looking 'm˙ski-nya, jip hammer (musket) 'gora, 'k˙l guilty party k˙sur hammock 'jehlo≥ga guilty, show oneself p˙r'sî-nya\ hamstring 'd˙r 'n˙sa, 'n˙sa, 'tara, phi:-nya gully 'g˙ihra hand 'kwi:, jya:h gulp 'karla ni 'kurlu hand signs 'san gulping 'keka-keka hand span ba'gap— gum o-cop hand-span -rjya:h gums 'k˙t˙ot˙, 'nihl handful -'cŸor, 'ke:h-ke:h, kharap ni gun 'b˙nduk khorop gun barrel nali hands and feet khï:~ 'kwi: gun (toy) 'p˙th˙rkala hand over 'su:pi-nya~ gunsight 'doka handle 'kwi:, u-'hu:, khuti:, c˙l˙i-nya gunsight (front) 'masa handsome 'kiri miri'u— 390 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ hang 'juhndi-nya, juhnd˙i-nya head of village ward s˙desya hang out to dry 't˙ra:-nya head over heels carkha≥ga ni corkho≥go hanging 'kh˙g˙p, cere cere, cere mere head scarf ≥˙ihpo haply k˙sa:rak˙ headdress ba'k˙r— happen 'ta-nya, 'lagi-nya, 'p˙ri-nya headless 'mu:dya~ happen, make lag˙i-nya headlong yuhr happiness 'khusi, re:t˙~ head official of village p˙nc˙ p˙rdahn happy 're:-nya,~ 'yu:~ hola:~ 'ta-nya headman 'mukhya, 'p˙rdahn, jimwal harass khiri 'p˙si-nya heal g˙ra:-nya,~ s˙g˙ra:-nya~ hard 'khoro, ˙kh˙tyaso, 'kata-k˙tÉï:, kha- heal (of wound) luhm-nya nya, kogoryas-nya heal over ruhl-nya hardship aph˙t, dukh˙ healed kalya-k˙le: harlot 'pat˙rni healthy sohjo'kao,— cala culu, pa:thyas-nya,~ harm 'kh˙ti, 'b˙le:-nya soi-nya, s˙p˙ri:-nya harmonize kh˙i-nya, s˙kh˙i-nya heap 'co:-nya,~ bor-nya, d˙hm-nya harrow 'm˙i hear th˙i-nya harsh 'khoro heard thas-nya harvest 'yen-nya, kya:-nya, sim-nya heard, make s˙thas-nya harvest corn ke:h-nya hearsay 'b˙yen harvest firstfruits puli hai-nya heart 'yu:~ harvest payment 'g˙ltha 'mutha, 'jiwa:~ heart beat 'buhtu-butu hashish '˙t˙r heart wood 'gab˙ hastily o-po:ni, p˙tt˙ cur, p˙ttyol˙, sund˙ heartburn bil bil mund˙ hearth muhtha: hate so-nya heat 'gahm, 'g˙hmka, sumwî-nya~ hateful eyes kwi:ryaso heat firewood zyahm-nya hatred hela heat up 'tapi-nya haughty 'sï:-nya,É 's˙rï:~ s˙rï:,~ h˙s˙k heaven 'sorgo hawk 'kwi:, ba'j˙— heavy 'd˙rbilo, cî'w~ o,— dihb˙lkyaso, 'd˙hr- hay 'chi: lep, gis-nya hay fever s˙rdi heavy (of dough) 't˙n-t˙n haze 'dwi:hro heedless ≥˙t˙t˙m hazy suh-nya ('n˙m) heel kurkuca he 'ho:, 'ol,| no:| heifer 'kohrla head syar≥˙ih, ≥˙ih height o-rje:h~ head band 'n˙hm hell 'n˙rg˙ head first yuhr help m˙d˙t, 'gai 'goi, yel'sî-nya,\ 'g˙i-nya, head hanging gugutu: 's˙g˙i-nya, s˙par˙i-nya head of grain bala hem o-'pari English Index 391 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ hem in 'gihri-nya history b˙îsyaoli~ Hemlock 'j˙hm hit -r'coi, nas-nya, 'guhs˙i-nya, s˙nas-nya hemp bah≥go hives 'dahda 'dahda, 'rola 'rola, phep˙na hen ba'ma— phep˙na herald 'k˙twalya hobble 'chan, 'chani-nya, 'g˙ba:-nya herbs '≥˙îh~ hockey 'buhrkaonya herd 'khuti, cho-nya hockey ball purkaoni herdsman 'gaola hockey club 'buhrkaona here a-, a'da,— a'ya:l— ˙,\ ak˙, al˙, at˙, a≥˙ hold kyo:h-nya hermitage 'gupha hold back khor'sî-nya,\ ten'sî-nya\ hesitate '˙nk˙ni-nya, neh'yu:~ hold breath thun˙i-nya hex 'd˙sa, cha: hold erect th˙d˙i-nya hey oi hold out hand to receive 'tha:-nya~ hiccup bad˙li, 'h˙p˙k 'h˙p˙k, bihl-nya hold up wo~î-nya hide mo:h's~ î-nya,\ gop˙i-nya, mo:h-nya~ holding back t˙hnd˙re: t˙hnd˙re: hidden 'par por hole ku:~ high koi'wo,— phur phur, 'je:h-nya~ hole, make 'gwa:h-nya~ high pitched 'kyu:'wo~ holes, full of kh˙rle-kh˙rle, 'totona bo- higher rok˙'s˙i bona higher in rank t˙r'da'≥ao hollow 'kola:'sîu\ highlands 'go:~ hollow out kola:-nya hill 'thumka Holly Oak 'gwi: hill nettle puwa holy man jugi hillside behralyaso hone hul-nya hilly paipai ni 'poipoi, pokyaso, 'thamkya honest 'lato, 'sohjo, lataso, latiso, sidah 'thumki, 'poipoi honesty s˙t˙ Himalayan mountain 'yu:hculi~ honey rap Himalayan Musk Deer 'k˙sturi honey comb u-'kut˙, 'pata Himalayan Spruce bu:h~ honey combed kh˙rle-kh˙rle Himalayan Tahr 'bï:~ honor 'manki, 'man, ijyat, j˙s Himalayas 'hihmal honorable 'm˙himano himself 'ol| hood (rain) guhm hind cuts u-ci, cu:ti~ hoof 'khur hinder tobol˙i-nya, woî-nya~ hook 'kothya, 'a:kusya~ Hindu 'hihndu hoop of drum 're:hgor,~ o-'gor hip 'gahchum Hoopoe 'rowa batih hip joint khuti: hope 'as, 'asa hired hand 'bahorya hope fulfilled 'yu:~ 'hup-nya hiss 'k˙ra:-nya hopefully k˙sa: 392 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ hopping 'phutp˙ti, phutu: hundred -s˙i hordes 'kh˙s-kh˙s, b˙g˙ b˙g˙, s˙g˙p s˙g˙p hunger k˙re:, 'k˙re:-nya horizontally gya:h~ gya:h~ hunt 'ehera, r˙ih'sî-nya,\ 't˙m-nya horn 'rï:h,~ sya'rï:h~ hunter 'b˙thanya horn (instrument) 's˙h˙n˙, bo:hk˙r~ hurl 'l˙pd˙i-nya, 'milk˙i-nya horse 'gohra, r'ta: hurricane a:dih~ horsefly da:s˙~ hurry g˙hl'sî-nya\ hot c˙rkaso, 'hip 'hip, 'hipik 'hipik, 'yehp hurt hur-nya, tohl-nya 'yehp, rah-rah 'phor-phor, rah-nya, hurtle 'toi-nya, coih-nya, 'socoih-nya 'g˙mki-nya husband 're: hot and tired 'phor-phor husband and wife 'jya:ri hot, to be raphi-nya husband of father’s sister bobo hour 'g˙hnta husband’s elder brother behna hour glass 'pala husband’s elder sister piser house 'zihm husband’s mother phubu house (inner) guhr husband’s younger brother deor, m˙s House Swift cilbatih husband’s younger sister 'koî'za~ housefly p˙s˙m husk 'phosorya, 'porya, pho:-nya household 'kurya hyena pîlyatar~ how k˙i 'j˙id˙, k˙dae, kata'ni, k˙i hypocrisy k˙pt˙î~ how big khaldyalu, khaldyu hypocrite 'k˙iph˙ti, 'k˙pti how many kha:'wa, kha: hypocritical 'macha:'wo~ how much kha:'kao, kha: hysterical bicit˙ however 'khali howl 'gyu:-nya~ I howling u: I '≥a:,| ≥a- huddle topoka ice 'tha:da~ huddled gugutu: icy 'k˙hle:~ tos'o,— toso hug 'k˙r-nya, lap-nya identify pahl-nya, t˙h˙k˙i-nya huge girga:dyaso,~ g˙j˙nyaso, sumulyaso idling 'ta:p˙i~ 'to:p˙i~ hull 'pul idol '˙≥gya hull (walnut) o-cehm if so huki hum (insects) 'g˙hnki-nya if that be 'ta'kin human 'munukhya, mî:| ignite s˙lk˙i-nya, t˙îh-nya~ humble ma'g˙ni'sîu\ ill 'rugi, birami, 'puhm, 'khi-nya, 'na-nya, humor 's˙b˙îh-nya,~ ph˙k˙i-nya gwi:ri-nya, go:h-nya hump on cattle u-r'guh ill fortune 'ch˙l ch˙t˙r hunch-backed kumulyas-nya ill tempered kuhr-kuryaso hunched 'go:htyaso~ ill-fitting kus˙ jal˙'o— English Index 393 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ illness 'joro inarticulate khaba 'khobo illness (chronic) ≥˙re:~ ≥˙re:~ inaudible 'kalam-kulum illuminate 'z˙la:-nya~ incantation 'm˙nt˙r illuminated 'p˙la:~ incapacitated ˙d˙hpil, ˙d˙hs˙r illustration misal incarnate 'min'sî-nya\ image 'surup, '˙≥gya incense 'duhp˙, 'ti: imitation 'n˙k˙l incest 'pat˙k immature 'balko, u-'y~u: mata:'s\îu, ma- incite 'm˙ci-nya, 'ukhi da-nya, jisk˙i-nya ta:'sîu\ ('yu:)~ incline behralyaso immediately behar, h˙t˙pt˙, tor'coit˙, inclined 'kï:-k~ ï:,~ 'kï:~ khyo:to include in 'capi-nya immoral u-rti 'maleo inclusion 'g˙not immortal '˙j˙mb˙ri incompetent 'maph˙reso impatient 'ati-nya inconvenience 'g˙hc˙, g˙hc˙i-nya, pe- impede 'thor-nya hr˙i-nya Impeyan Pheasant 'rï:h~ increase 'b˙hdi-nya, 'ph˙ili-nya, ba:-nya implement 'ja:ya, 'h˙tyar, 'ja: incubate eggs supum-nya important gehppa, 'jururi, kacabul indecisive neh'yu:~ impound 'dahri-nya indented lep'sî-nya\ impoverished nirga:t˙~ India 'des, bahr˙t impregnate su'guhr-nya indifferent o-rgya:ht˙,~ sisim impregnate (a dog) s˙pas-nya indigestion bil bil imprison 'zal-nya, ta:-nya, thun˙i-nya indistinctly zyahrlya zirli: imprisonment k˙it indistinguishable borol-nya improve 't˙h˙l˙i-nya, s˙par˙i-nya indolent 'mi:si improvement bikas industry k˙lï:~ impure 'macha:'wo~ inebriate s˙mï:h-nya~ impurity juht˙: inept 'maph˙reso, khaba 'khobo in -l˙ inert 'ara: 'uru: ma'li-nya in a moment t˙g˙hri: inexpensive 'so≥goh in a row t˙chyo:'ni infant baohza in addition to -t˙rt˙ infect 'bisi-nya, s˙nis-nya in charge inferior 'k˙mti in front -≥aht˙, ≥aht˙ infiltrate 'saki 't˙r˙ 'j˙i'sî-nya,\ 'sa:-nya~ in front of -≥ahk˙ inflate 'b˙hdi-nya, phul˙i-nya, sogoi-nya in line tosora:l˙ inflated 'bor-bor in there n˙l˙ inflexible 'thirro, khya≥gy~a: 'khe≥g~e:, inanimate 'ara: 'uru: ma'li-nya kogoryas-nya inappropriate b˙ht˙ b˙t˙ influenza 'ruhga 394 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ inform p˙î-nya~ interfere tobol˙i-nya inhabitant 'li'zyao intermingle 'kh˙b˙r˙i-nya, b˙re:-nya, inheritance 'b˙t˙ha: mok˙le:-nya initiate 'thali-nya intermittent rain syasyarya sisiri initiative, without u-'yu:'ni~ ma'hu:'wo~ interpretation 'parchya injection siyu, 'khupi-nya interpreter 'domasya injured 'g˙ihtya, ˙d˙hs˙r interrogate khole:-nya injustice '˙d˙hrm˙, ˙s˙t˙ intestines o-rta:, syarta: ink m˙si intimidating hap hap inn b˙hti intoxicated mï:h-nya~ innards syarta: intoxicated with wealth 'm˙h˙ki-nya innards of pumpkin o-la:h intrigue 'ch˙l, 'jal, 'jal innumerable 'leo 'maleo, ma'g˙niduhnya, introduce s˙d˙i-nya 'jotoro, ˙j˙ih inundate jyal-nya insane ba:b˙l~ 'bu:hliu, 'bu:li-nya invest 'khel˙isi-nya insect kosyo: kolapih, rwi:h invitation 'nimto insects rwihza wanza invoke 'chu-nya insects (biting) 'mulza buhsuna: involvement 'l˙ntha insert lwi:-nya, p˙sal˙i-nya iron ga:h~ 'lu:,~ jï:h~ inside u-jîl˙~ iron bar 'khinti inside out 'bipya iron pan 'dodor insignificant p˙ihkya iron plate 'tapkya insipid 'chem-nya, 'chem 'chem irrational u-'yu:~ mata:'sîu,\ u-rti 'maleo insist kh˙rle:-nya irrigate 'yo:-nya ('ri:h) insistent u-'dipi, u-'dyu:di irritated 'yu:~ kola kola 'ta-nya insolent 'sï:-nya,É 's˙rï:~ s˙rï:~ irritation 'kola-kola insomnia 'thul-dul island rihkhar, tapu inspect pohrol-nya isolated kana kuni: install ta:-nya it 'ho:, no:| instantly umï:hzani,~ 'phwa:,~ 'thar itch co:, 'so-nya, co:-nya insult ijyat itchy cyacyal cicil integrity paha intelligence 'g˙h˙k, tip˙k˙ J intelligible 'bujalo, 'buji'sî-nya\ jab kot˙i-nya intensely p˙t˙ p˙t˙ jackal 'syal interbreed b˙re:-nya jagged 'bahrja-'burju, 'buhrju-'burju, karja:~ interest 'ja:g˙r,~ 'l˙h˙r, 'yu:~ 'thu: 'j˙i-nya 'm˙rjï:~ interest on money byaj˙ jail 'jel, kara 'gahr interest, show 'yu:~ ja:h-nya jam g˙i-nya, g˙r-nya English Index 395 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ January-February mahg˙ kerosene m˙titel jar 'om'khora, gadu, gahg˙ri:, g˙îhti~ kettle kitili jaw 'ba:g˙l,~ 'gar kettle drum d˙m˙ya jaw protruding 'ba≥˙lya key sa:ca~ jawbone 'khap kick the:-nya~ jean 'jin kickball 'phurpal jerking motion mala mulu kid 'carja:tya,~ 'jotya, 'khila, 'pura, kholb˙ jerky buhtura:, curum kid (female) p˙thya≥˙ri jest lï:h-nyaÉ kid (unweaned) 'uduntu jewelry 'g˙h˙n˙ kidney 'k˙l jingle (bell) 'ch˙nki-nya kill s˙ih-nya join 'jor˙n, 'juri-nya, ga:s˙i-nya,~ jor˙i-nya kilt kac˙b˙ndi joint 'akh˙la, ga:tha~ kin relationship 'sain˙ joint, out of r˙lk˙i-nya kind u-'yu:~ g˙ra:'wo,~ go:'wo joke lï:h-nyaÉ kindness d˙ya journey to underworld 'dahwa kind (type) o-'ba:ti'l~ ao,— 'jat, 'kisim, wala, joy re:t˙~ -tho joyful 're:-nya~ king 'raja, s˙rkar judge 'nya:dis,~ 'chyani-nya, phal-nya King Vulture guhrul gidd˙ jug 'cab˙lya, 'm˙h˙n, 'm˙ttiya, 'ma:th˙,~ 'pu- kingdom rac kac, rajya ch˙i, cu:thi~ kinsman 'behra, 'kya:'da'≥ao~ jug (wooden) 'tukurya, gahr, theka kiss 'maî~ July-August saw˙n knead 'muchi-nya, zu-nya, m˙n m˙n jumbled 'g˙rb˙r knee 'gu:da~ jump 'zo:-nya, gahp-nya knee-cap phurbu jump astride gyahp gehp kneel, make su'pum-nya jumping to feet po:la~ knife khorcyo, khur'ja June-July ˙sar knife edged dahryaso jungle 'j˙≥g˙l, 'jya:h~ knife (pruning) khur'pa juniper 'duhpi knife (shearing) khur'pi jurisdiction 'lekha knock 'koto-koto just 'd˙hrmi knock into sotohl-nya justice 'nya:,~ s˙t˙ knock-kneed 'kyasya-kisi knocked about tohl K knocked around tahl-tohl Kalij Pheasant 'b˙n 'bahlya: knocked down 'rali-guli keen cha-nya knot 'akh˙la, cirgul, ga:tha,~ -thum, ga:tha~ keep 'n˙i-nya, s˙yari-nya ga:tha,~ cirgul-nya kernel geda: knot on tumpline 'towla ga:tha~ 396 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ knotted 'g˙nth˙n 'm˙nth˙n yaso know s˙î-nya,~ s˙res-nya large necked g˙hrd˙nyaso knowledgable s˙înya~ lash 'korra, ri:h-nya knowledge 'gyan last long 'nu:-nya~ Koklas Pheasant jya:ka~ last year ahrtani kukri khorcyo late 'dihlo, 'kubila, 'kha-nya late crops 'p˙chao L late, make s˙kha-nya laborer 'bahorya later chya:'k\în, chya:k˙, ch~î'da, ch~î'ni, lace n˙:~ chîk˙,~ chî≥˙,~ ja:k˙~ lacking 'k˙mti later today p˙te ladder 'ch˙m laugh 'sas-nya ladle 'kyo:h, dadu:, 'g˙p-nya, 'kyo:-nya, laughter s˙i 'wap-nya, choi-nya Laughing Thrush 'kh˙galya re: lake d˙h˙ law 'kahnun lama spirit lama 'do:hwa:~ law court 'ad˙l˙t lamb 'carja:tya,~ 'jotya, 'khila, 'pura law suit j˙g˙ra, mudda lamb (female) pathi lawyer okil ~ ukil lamb (male) patha lay egg zuhri:-nya lamb (unweaned) 'uduntu lay on stomach s˙g˙lï:-nya~ lame 'kisya lay wall rihm-nya lame, be kho:cyas-nya~ layer -p˙t˙r, 'kh˙p˙li-nya, 'kh˙p˙l˙i-nya lamp b˙tti layer upon layer th˙p ka th˙p lamp stand 'dyu 'balnya layered p˙t˙ryaso, 'khap khap, 'pam land 'jimi 'j˙ga, 'j˙ga 'pam, 'p˙lyap-p˙lyap, p˙t˙r p˙t˙r landslide p˙ihra lazy 'mi:si, '˙ls˙î~ land on feet thyar dyar lead s˙b˙i-nya lane 'goha, 'gora:ta,~ doha lead sheep 'lohmba language 'kham leaf 'khya: lanky 'kh˙ralya leaf cup 'dohna lantern laltin leaf (dry) s˙la: lap go~îh leaf plate 'p˙t˙ri Lapwing titiw˙i leaf (sacred) pati lard 'buht˙n, o-soi, syasoi league 'b˙hr large 'g˙rjiu, b˙hlkatyaso, do≥ga 'dolo, leak 'yu:-nya, c˙r cyap gehppa, girg~a:dyaso, gohld~o:gyaso, leaking 'z˙hr-z˙hr, s˙r syap, yur yur hahldyalu, ahldyalu, ahldyu, nahldyalu, lean 'kh˙ralya, 'phy~a: 'phy~a:, phulup, 'dwa≥ 'dwa≥, 'gyo:h-nya 'd˙hlki-nya, 'g˙hrki-nya, g˙hrk˙i-nya large eared 'na: 'cho:'wo,~ lahpiso, lahp- leaning 'kï:-k~ ï:,~ 'kï:~ English Index 397 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ lean-to chap˙ra lethargy deh≥g˙i leap 'zo:-nya letter (alphabet) h˙r˙p leaping khoi khoi, phutu: letter (news) tha: learn s˙î-nya,~ 'p˙hri-nya, 'p˙i'sî-nya\ level d˙msilyaso, gya:h~ gya:h,~ 'johr-jŸ ohr,Ÿ learning 'gyan phyo:~ byo:,~ johr-nya,Ÿ rï:h-nya,É rihp-nya leash strings o-ne:h liar 'baisya, 'chulya, 'paji, ph˙t˙ha leather sya'lo liberated rahn'sî-nya\ leather bag khal˙'hwi:, pihrgul licentious 'b˙chya, 'y~u:'ni 'h~u:'wo b˙hri leather ball pop da-nya leather belt 'piti lick lep-nya leather liner 'behl lid o-k˙: leave bida, 'ras-nya, khyan˙i-nya lie 'duht˙, chul˙î,~ duht˙i-nya, s˙s˙i-nya leave behind 'b˙hre: lie down gya:h's~ î-nya\ leave nest 'bo:-nya~ lie in wait 't˙m-nya leave over s˙'yehl-nya lie on stomach 'g˙lï:-nya~ lecher kuser ni masehr, kerge:h life 'jiw˙n, 'juni, 'pohon, 'sï:,É jyu:, jyu:ni~ leech p˙ti: lifeless uru: male leech stick 'khi: lift chî-nya~ lees nîhgar~ light (color) 'poro:-nya left over 'sela light (luminance) 'z˙g˙i left over, be 'yehl-nya light (weight) bom-nya left side 'dab˙rya light ka:sa, phembata left-over 'basi lighten sobom-nya leg o-r'the:,~ khï:~ lightly bom bom legs spread gaht˙ra:~ light fire s˙lk˙i-nya, t˙îh-nya~ leisure phursul lightning 'bijuli:, 'cirko, b˙ja≥go, milak, leisure, having da:h-nya 'milki-nya lemon sŸuhr like syaso, mitao, ma:hti,~ cas da-nya lend loi-nya like that nitao, hitao, h˙i length o-rkhyo: like this itao, ˙i length of string 'm˙nd˙n limb 'dala, 'k˙r lengthen s˙khyo:-nya limp 'l˙lyatoro:, kho:cya-nya~ leopard 'la:, cya:ku~ 'la: limp (lax) 'lala lulu'wo, l˙d˙ b˙d˙ leopard prints la'pa khuri, la'ma khuri limping kho:cya~ kho:cya,~ pehsyal pehsyal leopard-eagle 'la: 'ga: line up rahl-nya, 'ca:ci-nya,~ s˙rahl-nya leper 'kuhri:, bokoroh lined up t˙chyo:'ni, tosora:l˙ leprous b˙les-nya line with birch bark 'zip-nya lessen 'g˙hti-nya, g˙ht˙i-nya line with cloth 's˙p-nya lest mani lineage bat˙ni'kao,— kh˙l˙k, tho: 398 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ linger khor'sî-nya\ long burning o-tek˙ 'leo lining on pack sya:b˙i~ long distance 'tada, tupurla lintel o-pha≥ look at bahl'sî-nya,\ 'cyu:-nya lip 'thutuna loom 'tana lip of jug o-'chata, o-'gor loom parts jasî,~ rï:hjaÉ liquor chokorah loom, set up re:h-nya~ listen th˙i-nya loom sticks re:hs~ î~ lithe 'phya:~ 'phya:~ loop sarya little bit 'gota 'cara, chya: chya:, ja:,~ tupu- loose 'jŸohl-jŸohl, cara: c˙rÉï:, hol~o: jehl~o:, ru:, t˙ke: h˙lï:É h˙lï:,É pho:gal~ little finger kanchya≥uli loose, become 'j˙h˙ni-nya, h˙lkï:-nya,É live 'li-nya, 'ba:ci-nya,~ 'jyu:-nya~ jehlo:-nya,~ johl-nyaŸ lively 's˙h˙silya loosen s˙jehlo:-nya~ liver se:h~ loosely woven z˙hra:-nya, zyan zyahn livestock 'l˙i l˙chimi, '˙g˙i-b˙g˙i lop branches 'lo:-nya, cahl-nya lizard chep˙ra:, je:hp˙lyat~ îh— lord bidata, sayep load -'bahri, gur lose so≥oi-nya, s˙m˙ih-nya load (bamboo) -r'che:~ lose collateral 'p˙ci-nya load an animal k˙s-nya lose heart 'yu:~ s˙te-nya load gun b˙hr˙i-nya lose hope 'yu:~ 'jihna 'jihna 'ta-nya locale -'leo'da, -'leo'ni, -leok˙, -leo≥˙ lose interest 'yu:~ kyah-nya locate pahl-nya, sojor-nya lose one’s way ≥oi-nya lock tal kuci lose patience o-'nal kyah-nya lock up thun˙i-nya lose temper '≥˙i-nya locust t˙ri: kosyo:, 'k˙rima, s˙lï:É loser 'harya, kah'je:hsya~ lodge 'bas, astikyu bastikyu loss 'noksan lodge the night 'basi-nya lost, become 'mah-nya, ≥oi-nya loft g˙l loud kyap-kyap lofty 'n˙m swît˙~ 'bao, phur phur louse syar 'pusum, syar log 'dohdora, 'mu:da,~ 'thu:da~ louse comb k˙rem loin cloth 'c˙rna, duhti: louse egg syanj˙rih loin-cloth string k˙nd˙nih louse (newly hatched) syarlam loiter c˙k˙r˙k love 'm˙ya, m˙n, 'thu: da-nya ('y~u:), 'y~u: lonely 'syam sim, sumtutum, s˙~î sw~î, 'j˙i-nya, 'yu:~ 'na-nya, 'yu:~ 'thu: 'j˙i-nya syo:be:~ lovely 'kiri miri'u— long 'khyo:-nya, 'ben 'ben, 'doih, 'rege- low dehm-nya, gihm-nya mege:, wal ki wal low country nahm long ago ba:hk˙,— ba:h≥˙,— do:h≥˙,~ kh˙r≥˙ lower me'nî,— mek˙'s˙i,| s˙te-nya m˙r≥˙, kh˙rk˙ m˙rk˙, t˙rimk˙ lower side meph˙t˙ English Index 399 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ lowing (cattle) wa:~ wa:~ man (male human) khe'pa luck 'bahgi man, old sero lucky 'bahgimanya manage 'dahni-nya, c˙l˙i-nya lukewarm 'nol 'nolo mange lut˙ luminance 'z˙g˙i manger 'g˙s˙i-nya lump 'd˙rla, 'pena, ga:do,~ tokorlo, t˙ge:da~ manipulate lad˙i'sî-nya\ lump of food 'korlo mansion 'm˙h˙l lumpy 'karga 'korgo mantra 'm˙nt˙r lunch '˙rni many 'jotoro, 'kuhdu:, 'mokor, 't˙b~a:, lung 'pho:sa bya:h, t˙d˙hm, 'khath˙-khath˙ lush lop lop map n˙ksa luxury 'm˙jak˙, tha:t˙~ maple tree yu:htali march syah-nya M March-April 'c˙it˙ mad ba:b˙l~ 'bu:hliu, bicit˙, bo:l˙i-nya mare kah'ma made poor dwi:-nya marigold 'bompha Magar 'm˙g˙rant˙, m˙g˙r mark 'chapa Magar woman m˙g˙rni mark for ownership 'thami-nya maggot m˙la: market b˙jar maggot infested rwi:h-nya marketable becao, 'biki-nya magic 'cet˙k marmot 'musur 'le:dya~ magician jaduwala marriage 'bihya: magistrate 'nya:dis~ marrow u-su: magnify s˙'gyo:h-nya marry r˙i'sî-nya,\ 'res-nya Magpie 'la:pucya~ marsh sem maid susarya marten 'm˙lcapya maiden 'dahme:,~ 'luh'za marvelous 'z˙g˙i 'm˙g˙i maimed 'du:da~ mash 'l˙sk˙i-nya maintain m˙rm˙t, 's˙mari-nya mask 'kh˙pp˙r maintenance 's˙mar mason 'buhli maize 'gohga massacre 'bil˙h˙r majestic 'z˙g˙i 'm˙g˙i massage 'm˙:l˙i-nya, 'm˙rd˙n 'l˙i-nya, make 'j˙i-nya 'thi:-nya malaria gahm 'joro massive sumulyaso male o-'pa master 'gurba, 'g˙hrp˙ti, 'khoyan, o-r'ge mallet ph˙la:, thokonyah master a skill pas mammals 'j˙i 'j˙ntu, 'la: 'ga:, '˙g˙i-b˙g˙i, masturbate chol-nya 'j˙ntu mat 'lo:, 't˙î,~ c˙t˙i, t˙î'lo~ man mî:| mat (rough) z˙ih 400 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ match 'jora, kh˙i-nya, s˙kh˙i-nya, s˙rahl- melt (snow) 'yas-nya nya memorial spot 'tham match (phosphorous) 'para memory cet˙ mate guhm'sî-nya,\ 'b˙tyali-nya, 'pas-nya, menacing '≥˙s-t˙r-t˙r guhm-nya, re:h-nya~ mend 'korop-nya, 'r˙s˙i-nya, 'tali-nya, mate (chickens) go:h-nya b˙n˙i-nya matted 'cyaibwi: menopause beth˙, ruhm-nya mature 'chip-nya menstrual rag 's˙p mature (child) u-'yu:~ p˙ri:'wo menstruate 'jihs-nya maul 'b˙r˙bat merchandise mal, s˙man mauled chutti merchant 'bepari, 'p˙s˙lya May-June jeth˙ merciful go:'wo meadow 'ba:~ mercy car, d˙ya meal 'ka:~ merit pak˙i-nya meal (flour) m˙n˙m message 'sor, tha: meal-cakes b˙hres messy 'cherp˙t˙ 'j˙i's\î-nya, pul-nya, mean '˙rnya:,~ 'cacap ni 'cocop 'zyat˙ta:, l˙t˙ l˙t˙ meaning 'lekha, 'manya, 's˙i, m˙t˙l˙p, metal ore daw˙n ˙rth˙ metal worker kami measles 'dad˙ra method 't˙h˙ measure bak˙s, g˙ra~olya, hap, manu, midday ˙hd˙m˙r 'la:, 'thidi 'la man˙bah, tin, -khoi, 'gu:-nya,~ 'jya:h-nya, middle aged '˙hd˙ b˙îsya~ goî-nya~ midge buhsuna: measure volume 'pho:-nya midget ba:d˙bir~ measurement go~î midnight ˙hd˙m˙r ri: meat o-sya:, sya'k˙ri: midway ˙d˙hm˙r, 'wa:h~ meat (dried) buhtura: midwife 'su:dyalni~ mediator 'tya:la military enlistment 'b˙hrti medicinal herb 'm˙≥˙ra 'm˙l, 'ro:ka~ milk 'nwî,~ ch˙lya, har'nwî~ medicinal root 'buhlkya, 'buhtulya, 'ku- milk an animal pi:-nya tuki, 'nirbusi, 'somoya, 's˙t˙wa, kah.yo:, milk to drop in udder ge:h-nya l˙gd˙rya milky way 'tusura medicine wahs˙: mill g˙htï:,É ra:th˙i~ meditation 'dyahn millet ra:d˙i~ meet d˙i'sî-nya,\ 'dup'sî-nya,\ d˙i-nya mine (belonging to me) '≥ami: meet, make s˙d˙i-nya mine (mineral) kh˙î~ melody 'git˙ miner 'kh˙nyal melt bil˙i-nya, sa:-nya, s˙bil˙i-nya, 'hor- mineral (type of) kahpa 'lu:~ gop, 'h˙rl˙k miniature t˙ke: English Index 401 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ minister 'm˙nt˙ri monkey yu:h minister to 's˙mari-nya monotony dikk˙ Minivet c˙rereh monsoon 'b˙rkha minnow ≥ahju:~ month 'mas, 'm˙ina, -sya:h mirror 'd˙hrp˙n month (end of) 'nîg˙lda~ miscarry '˙d˙hk˙l, 'tuhi-nya monument 'j˙lakhi miserly 'khara, kucuryas'o— moo kwa:~ ki kwa:~ misfit kata ni katao mooing (cattle) wa:~ wa:~ misfortune 'kh˙ti, 'k˙i m˙i, 'lat˙-pat˙, aph˙t moon 'aosi,~ 'punni, jun, syahwoi mishap 'k˙i m˙i moon phase ra:gil~ mislead ch˙k˙i-nya moon, waning syahci: miss opportunity 'cuki-nya moon, waxing syahp˙ri: miss target 'bir˙i-nya mope around gwi:ri-nya miss (trap) yus-nya more j˙hn, kos˙i, ˙j˙ih missile 'ban, ˙gine 'ban morning 'ch˙kalnya, 'rihjani mist 'koho, 'sem-sem morning star 'sonpa mistake 'g˙lti morose gwi:ri-nya, 'b˙hle:te mistake, make 'juhki-nya, 'bir˙i-nya mortar 'gara mistrust 's˙≥ka mortar (for pulverizing) 'chum misuse 'kher mortgage dik mite p˙r˙≥ kah mosquito 'g˙≥˙ra mitten 'kwi: luhm moss lihu, pas mix 'g˙jyari-nya, 'kh˙b˙r˙i-nya, 'thom- mostly ja:kos˙ih,~ 'khas nya, b˙re:-nya, mok˙le:-nya moth kosyo: kolapih, kolapih mixed up 'g˙rb˙r mother -ama, ama mob bohro:'sî-nya\ mother and child 'za:ma\ moccasin 'zyo: mother and young 'b˙chyali mock 'gill˙i-nya, 'h˙s˙i-nya, 'sit˙i-nya mother’s elder brother bage:h moisture in soil 'ji:h mother’s elder sister mahgo molar 'ba:g˙l,~ 'gar mother’s younger brother mama mold na:h-nya~ mother plant -ama moldy mos-nya, para: poro: mother-in-law mwîjyu,~ phubu molt 'khulki-nya mound 'co:yar,~ tapu moment so: g˙rik˙, -des mount guhm-nya momentarily t˙dehsa mountain 'go:,~ 'p˙rb˙t Monday sombar mountain peak 'khag˙r money 'dam, 'rupiya, 'tila, p˙isa Mountain Thrush cha:cur~ money lender 'sahu mourn lï:'s~ î-nya\ mongoose nowla 'musa mouse biza 402 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ mouth 'ya:h nail khil, sen ~ sin mouthful -'ya:h nail (steel) ka:to~ move 'c˙li-nya, 's˙ri-nya, can's\î-nya, naked na≥go, na≥gya, ˙hb˙r˙≥g˙o— sar˙i-nya name 'min move aside 'b˙i'sî-nya\ name giving ceremony 'nowarni move forward 'kh˙ram-kh˙ram nap ≥˙hl moving 'uru: narrow 'sa≥oro, juhm'o,— sirkyaso, 'cu:-nya moving eyes zuri zuri nasal mucus nahp mown 'li:-li: navel 'pu:ht˙li~ much 'kuhdu:, bya:h neanderthal juhpuryaso mucus 'cip˙la, nahp near 'n˙jik˙k˙ mud 'gara, hila: near hit sÉï: sÉï: mud a floor seh-nya nearly j˙p, kozai, thokoi mud and grass dohl neat cham chum muddy kuhl-kul'o, 'b˙hle 'b˙hle necessarily kacabul mulberry kimu: necessity 'kha:co~ multi-colored 'gyahmpe:~ neck 'g˙rd˙hn, de:h~ multiply ba:-nya neck band khag˙: multiply (chickens) sya:-nya necklace 'mala multitude 'gwîhco,~ 'maholya need 'cahit mumble b˙j˙ b˙j˙ needed 'cahi-nya mumbling 'ruhm 'ruhm needle 'g˙p, khap mumps 'ha:dya,~ 'piwa negative ta- murder 'jyanmara neglectful o-rgya:ht˙~ murky cum 'cum, kap 'kup neither na: mushroom 'barjom 'm~o:, 'm~o:, bazuhri: Nepali currency nihru: 'mo:~ Nepali language 'kh˙sant˙ music 'gaja 'baja nephew 'bahnj˙, 'b˙hrca musk o-'bena nest u-'sîp,\ bakonyah ~ ba'konya:, 'sip-nya mustache 'mï:h~ nested 'syap-sip mustard turi net, carrying 'z˙îh~ mutter b˙j˙ b˙j˙ net (fish) 'jal, kundyaolo| muzzle 'm˙h˙la nettle ≥˙îhti~ my ≥a- nettle pod b˙hltha mystery r˙h˙sya new sahro mythical stories b˙îsyaoli,~ duhr, kheti news 'sor, b˙lasukula, dukh˙na sukh˙na, tha: N next n˙'kîn— nagging u-'dipi next year ph˙rni English Index 403 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ nick kap˙lyas-nya numb 'ga:-nya,~ latas-nya, rih-nya nicked 'ba≥˙li-nya number 'n˙mb˙r nickname pa:cya:h~ numerous 'khath˙-khath˙ niece 'bahnji, 'b˙hd˙i, 'b˙hrci nurse 'd˙hr˙la, susarya niece’s husband nati nurse a child sunwî-nya,~ s˙woi-nya niggardly 'khara nursing 'nwî'lao~ night ri:, rat, jyah-nya ('n˙m) nut o-chol night blind mundukyaso nutty lyahm-nya nightmare, have cem-nya nutty flavor muhr-nya, muhr-muhr nine now nipple of breast 'nw~îs|˙i O no ïhÉ ï,~ ˙h˙ o'clock b˙je no good 'kuthik oak 'gwi:, 'misî~ noble 'm˙himano oath 'baca, 'bahka, 'b˙hk˙l, 'kirya, 'k˙s˙m, nod 'ph˙nd˙i-nya, 'juhtu-juhtu 'sya'jih, 'sya: ma:s˙,~ 'yahka, s˙rap nod the head 'u:gi-nya~ oath formula ma:s˙~ nodding ≥˙htyao~ ≥˙htyao,~ ≥˙t˙ ≥˙t˙ oats kohle: noise -'cal obedient 'l˙chin'lao, 'ug˙riu noisy 'rao~ ni 'jyaoh,~ 'syap-syap, cohr-cohr obese 'phurih'zyao, 'thel-thelo, m˙t˙ m˙t˙ noisy, be 'jyaoh-nya~ obey b˙îh-nya,~ 'khi-nya none 'male oblation of parched grain and beer nonsensical 'tyatya 'titi chyo:nam normal ˙iz˙ obligation kacabul, 'bahr, 'k˙r north 'ut˙r obliging u-'yu:~ bom'o north side of hill jim˙r obscene phuri nose s˙ni: observe bahl'sî-nya,\ 'mani-nya nose jewel 'bulakhi, 'phuli obstinate u-'yu:~ gis'o nose-bridge (low) re:tyaso~ obstruct 'thor-nya, swi:-nya, woî-nya~ not ma:hk˙— obstruction se:h not at all jatz˙, p˙t˙k z˙, umuloni obtain d˙i-nya notch 'khur occasion pala nothing kata z˙ occupational castes lanza m˙hrza notice 'rï:h-nya~ October-November kati: notwithstanding b˙hnya odds and ends syaodi ni byaodi novel ˙n˙waryaso, ˙n˙kh˙ odor u-'s\î: November-December mï:sir~ off course 'b˙n'da now ab˙, ahkh˙ offend 'y~u: ke:hdya-nya, 'y~u: s˙tohldya- nowadays 'ajyagal nya nude na≥go, na≥gya, ˙hb˙r˙≥g˙o— offended 'c˙tki-nya, 'y~u: tohl-nya, 'y~u: 404 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ kyah-nya, 'b˙hle:te, 'phala only waz˙, wa offensive 'yu:~ majam'o ooze 'g˙jya offer c˙hr˙i-nya open 'uda≥gyaso, do≥ga 'dolo, woih'wo, offering 'behti, 'p˙rsat, c˙i 'c˙r˙≥gi, p˙hla: 'dwa≥ 'dwa≥, 'gwal 'gwal, ph˙i-nya office '˙dda open for business 'khuli-nya officer ˙phis˙r open mouth 'ga: ka 'ga: official 'k˙r˙mcari, 'm˙nt˙ri operate c˙l˙i-nya official (village) up˙ p˙rdahn opponent 'j˙g˙rya offspring 'pho:,~ za: opportunity 'mowka oil 'thi:, mahs oppose 'tha:'s~ î-nya\ oil press kolo opposite 'ulti-nya oily cirgul 'j˙i'sî-nya,\ khen-nya, 'r˙p 'r˙p, opposite, make ult˙i-nya khen khen opposition kh˙i ointment m˙l˙m opposition, in -upurt˙ old 'kutiti: opposition (in court) badi, bip˙chya old, grow ser-nya or '˙th˙ba, s˙î,~ 'ki t˙r˙, 'ki old, grow (male) sehrjas-nya or else '˙th˙ba old man sero orange (fruit) 'suntula old (object) 'pura:do~ orchard 'b˙g˙ica older t˙r'da'≥ao order 'hukum, 'rol omission 'phisko order, to give 'k˙j˙i-nya, ˙rth˙i-nya, ˙r˙i- on -t˙ nya on the lookout lalap ni 'lulub'o order, to make 'm˙≥g˙i-nya on the other hand p˙lt˙k˙ ordered chum-nya on there n˙t˙ orderly cham chum on time 't˙g˙r˙k ordinary 'mamuli, o-'dan'kao on top rok˙, rol˙, rot˙, ro≥˙ ornament cemna:h one tobo, tubu, t˙- ornaments 'g˙h˙n˙ one after another t˙p˙ t˙p˙ ornery '˙rnya:,~ 'cacap ni 'cocop one at a time khop˙lyak khop˙lyak orphan (female) 'tuhuri one day t˙'cha: orphan (male) 'tuhura one end to other t˙r t˙r other ˙ru, ˙rko one of a pair t˙pa: other day tala one persuasion chum-nya other side hoph˙t˙, hu'ni, hu't—Éï:'da, one side kothor, tï:'da~ huphi huphi one side of two tï:ph˙t˙~ otherwise mani, 'ki t˙r˙ one way ek 'ohor otter 'rihs˙r˙m one year t˙rimk˙ ouch achu, achyo, aco onion b˙linoh, ga: ours 'gemi: English Index 405 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ours (dual) 'ginmi: pack 'lad˙n, 'a:tha~ oust 'd˙p˙i-nya, 'p˙le:-nya packed 'dihmb˙ out la:h'da~ packed to capacity sw~îh masw~îh out of breath chiri-nya packet poka out of joint 'r˙lki-nya paddle dabi: out of kilter je:hgol-nya~ padlock tal kuci out of line lep'sî-nya\ pain 'h˙tya out of season, be syo:-nya pain, have hur-nya out of sight 'ph˙yem 'ph˙yem pain (in joints) sil-nya out of the way dab˙ryaso, ˙g˙hc˙l˙ paint 'rogon, r˙≥g˙i-nya outside la:h-,~ la:h'da,~ la:hk˙,~ 'pakha pair 'juri, 'jem, -'jor outdistance 'b˙hre: pair of oxen 'gohr outsider 'p˙rdesi palace 'd˙rbar, 'm˙h˙l outward 'pakha palate 'nehl outwit ch˙l˙i-nya palm of hand 'kwi:ba:,~ 'l˙pta over ot˙rt˙ palsy mal˙≥ over filled dï:-nya~ panda thao~ wa:h~ over-cooked ph˙g˙ ph˙g˙ paper kag˙t over-eat ph˙s˙ ph˙s˙ paper bush 'b˙r˙wa overbearing 'se:-s~ e:~ 'burum-burum parable 'ahati, 'sast˙r, g˙hrti, ˙rth˙ overcome har˙i-nya parallel, be rahl-nya overflow jyal-nya paralytic 'kisya overhang 'pup parcel poka overhanging juhpuryaso parch ≥oh-nya overhead o-sora:k˙ parched kh˙rï:-nya~ overlay 'muri-nya parched buckwheat chyo:ba overload ph˙s˙ ph˙s˙ parched grain 'he:, ka:tul~ overloaded 'sisi 'mama parchment kag˙t overlook b˙le:-nya~ parka guhm overtake b˙le:-nya,~ d˙i-nya, gihr-nya part -p˙ra: overworld 'up˙lna 'nam part ways ba:h'sî-nya\ owl buhmlu'ga:— particular 'ph˙lana owner o-r'ge partition 'bar, 'kahthya, 'rahu, 'a:tho~ ox 'ge:h~ party (political) pati: ox (first mytholigical) 'c˙nd˙rkhya pass pas da-nya, b˙le:-nya,~ gihr-nya pass ball 'lo:-nya P pass from sight pher-nya pace back and forth rew˙i rew˙i pass midnight 'g˙hrki-nya, g˙hrk˙i-nya pacify 's˙b˙îh-nya,~ ph˙k˙i-nya pass out 'murcha ta-nya 406 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ pass (mountain) 'cheda perceive ≥˙m'sî-nya,\ dar'sî-nya\ passion 'kh˙t˙rï:É perceptive 'batho, tip˙k˙ passionate 'yu:~ 'kh˙rï:É 'ta-nya perch 'co:-nya,~ cuh'sî-nya,\ rya:-nya pasture 'c˙r˙n percolate zahl-nya pat on back s˙pem-nya, phep phep perforate 'gwa:h-nya~ patch 'korop-nya, 'r˙s˙i-nya, 'tali-nya perform da-nya patch fence k˙rap-nya perfume '˙t˙r patched curyaso period 's˙m˙i, pala patience o-rcya perk up ears sya:~ syo:~ patient munduru permeate 's˙rali-nya pattern 'dahca, tha:t˙~ permit 'purji pauper 'kï:gali~ perplexed a:ca~ pa:ca,~ 'yu:~ a:ca~ pa:ca~ 'ta-nya pause sol persecute khiri 'p˙si-nya paw the earth t˙ra:'sî-nya\ persist kh˙rle:-nya pay t˙l˙p, 'buj˙i-nya, 'pho:-nya person j˙na peace hola:,~ s˙nc˙, 'ran 'chan personality o-ge: peace, at 'yu:~ hola:~ 'ta-nya persuade 'g˙hl˙i-nya, mohon˙i-nya peaceful 'yu:~ hola:~ dao, 'hï:-nyaÉ persuasive 'mohonyalo peach cirluh, koralih pester gohrle:-nya, kucu ki kucu Peafowl 'mo:j˙r~ pestering pirlip ka pirlip peak 'takura, 'thumka, u-tupa pestle 'pilu:~ peanut 'b˙d˙m pet kah'za baza pear shaped syu:tyaso petition 'binti pear shaped (drum) to:tyaso~ phase out of existence 'ulpi-nya pearl 'muti pheasant re:h peck at gohs'o,— 'cyap-nya photograph khici-nya peddle wares dul˙i-nya piccolo 'muruli peel o-lkohta:, car ni c˙r, c˙r, kos-nya, pick at gohrle:-nya, kot˙i-nya, phurbu:- phos-nya, ko:-nya, kor-nya, pho:-nya nya peel husks pi:h-nya pick axe kodalih peeling bokolah pick (tool) 'juhl pellet guli picking action 'jyahp-jyahp, cyap cyap pellet bow gulyalih pick (choose) 'ruji-nya, bek˙t˙i-nya pellet (clay) 'm˙ti≥˙ra pick clean 'k˙l˙i-nya penalty jurimana pick (pluck) 'ki-nya penetrate 'p˙si-nya, chiri-nya pick up chî-nya,~ cop-nya, kap-nya, ti:-nya penetrating zarap zorop piece of thunka penis o-r'kal, katu pieces kutu-kutu, phirka phirka, thunka pepper khora:s˙n, m˙ric thunka English Index 407 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ pierce chiri-nya, goih-nya, khyo:-nya placenta bikh˙ pierced holo:~ do:~ plague 'doch˙, 'd˙sa, 'h~o:t˙rya, 'kanuhl piercing kyap-kyap 'banuhl, 'sotorya, nuhl, rihco gahco, nu- piercing pain c˙s˙k hlpa nuhlma piety 'd˙hrm˙ plague, to occur nuhl-nya, go:h-nya pig 'doborsya, 'u: plain 'doih pigeon p˙riwa plains ma:l˙~ 'm˙des pika 'musur 'le:dya~ plan 'b˙ndob˙st˙, 't˙h˙, buddi, thekan pile in a heap 'co:-nya,~ d˙hm-nya plank 'k˙t˙r, 'ph˙lya pile up bor-nya plant 'birwa, 'dokoya:, 'mu:hdya~ ti:, 'niwa, piled 'khap khap, 'yuhr 'yuhr rekoî,~ 'rupi-nya, khop-nya piled high cere mere plaster 'lisi-nya, seh-nya pillar kha:ba~ plastic (hard) 'syaruhs ~ syaruhs pillar (chief) 'm˙inya kha:ba~ plate 'bachilap, 'tapkya, tathi: pillow 'gum platform (bamboo) 'ta:d˙~ pimple bazu:,~ mwi:h play r˙ih'sî-nya,\ yehp-nya pin 'g˙p, khap, khip play instrument 't˙p-nya pin (wooden) 'nakira play radio s˙pa:-nya~ pin closed k˙r˙p-nya, t˙r˙p-nya playmate n˙îza~ pin down k˙dem-nya plaything z˙hre: pincers cyu:ta,~ kap'ci pleasant 'b˙ni-nya pinch cil-nya, k˙rtyap-nya, k˙t˙k-k˙t˙k pleasant job 'swado pine cone da:s˙i~ please jero: pine pitch 'da:ci~ pleasing u-'yu:'lao~ mitao pine tree da:~ pledge 'b˙hk˙l, '˙d˙na, 'yahka, b˙ina, pinna 'na: syo: purkhi-nya pint 'rya:, 'tar Pleiades cecemeh pious 'b˙hkt˙ plentiful sosto, 'dohl pogol pipe nali pliable jyahs'o,— 'mwi:li-nya pipe, musical 'muruli plop 'bahrlap ni 'bohrlop, 'bohp, bahlap- pipe, smoking 'sulpa bulup, pop pipe pouch 'juhli plopping wuhp ka wuhp pit 'b˙lkhada, 'khad˙r plot 'pata, buddi pitch 'da:ci~ Plover titiw˙i pitch pine lohs˙i plow 'gohr, 'ki:-nya pitch tent 'thu:-nya plow bar 'da:di~ pity 'na-nya, 'yu:~ 'na-nya plow hitch 'nara pivot 'khur plow tip kotholah place 'po: pluck 'cha:-nya,~ 'ki-nya, ci:-nya, cop-nya, 408 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ kumb˙i-nya, kya:-nya ponder 'khami-nya, 'y~u:l˙ 'khami-nya, plug up swi:-nya guni-nya plugged pï:~ poof 'pha:~ Plumberous Redstart tiririh poor g˙rip, 'buhtu≥gya, 'dukhi, 'phyap-nya plume-like l˙tyaso poor health macao plump 'k~a:diu, 'phirgulo, p˙thanyaso, poor in health 'rugi po:cyaso,~ pa:thyas-nya~ pop 'ph˙tki-nya, cohtoro:-nya, g˙hryas- plunder luti-nya nya, cohr-cohr plundered lat lut pop out of place gur'sî-nya\ plunge 'cikulum, pa-nya popping 'k˙rip-k˙rip, ph˙tyahk, p˙to: pock marked 'bahrja-'burju, 'buhrju-'bur- ki p˙to: ju popping sound p˙tyak pocket 'khesa, khulti popcorn 'he:, o-'lohwa point at 'cho:~ populace j˙nta point in a game baji population 'mulk˙, j˙n sï:khya~ pointed cyar cyar'o,— 'yuhr 'yuhr, 'zurŸ 'zur,Ÿ porcupine 'sinu 'tyap-nya portion -ba:h, 'ju:,~ -pham˙la, -p˙ra: pointed (turban) turkyaso portion of kill syaba:h poison 'tu:, sutu-nya possess (spirit) 'c˙ri-nya poison weed 'n~îh possessions 'ja:ya, logo l˙sk˙r poisoned, become tu-nya possibly k˙itarak˙ poke gohrle:-nya, goih-nya, khyo:-nya, post 'kho:ta,~ 'm˙inya kha:ba,~ kha:ba~ kot˙i-nya, 'z˙hr, col col post office hulak poker 'cyar pot 'honda, 'ja:, 'koporah, 'k˙r˙i, 'ku:hdya,~ pole 'd~a:di, 'ligura, 'suwa, kundyaol|o, 'm˙tyu:li, 'r˙sya, b˙dalih, khoi ta≥gah pot (wooden) sî'p˙i~ pole, carrying 'sa≥gi potato 'b˙htan'je\ pole (firewood) 'selo≥ga potholes ka:k~ a:~ ku:k~ u:~ police 'sip˙î,~ pulis, ˙s˙i potter 'kumalya police post thana pouch 'basa, 'khesa police station 'cu:ki pounce on 'chupi-nya polio 'simya pound 'tup-nya, poh-nya, t˙-nya polish 't˙lki-nya, s˙ch˙î-nya~ pour thu-nya polish metal ujal˙i-nya pour back over lip of a pot d˙p'sî-nya,\ polite subas 'leo s˙d˙p-nya pollen u-'kut˙ pour into container 'zal-nya pollution ri:h pour into mouth 'cha:-nya pomp t˙h˙ m˙h˙ pout 'b˙rki-nya, b˙hlthyas-nya pond d˙h˙ poverty cham chum English Index 409 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ powder duhlo priest 'pujari powder lock 'cuci prime o-'job˙n, b˙îs˙,~ r˙s power s˙kti prime of life 'ya:t˙ 'hu:'wo~ practice 'c˙l˙n, 'theti, c˙lti princess 'rani praiseworthy 'd˙hnya'kao principal 'p˙rdahn pray 'po:khari-nya,~ p˙rb˙khyan principle on loan sau~ praying mantis kh˙≥˙ralu m˙≥˙ralu print 'chapi-nya preach s˙th˙i-nya prison 'jel, kara 'gahr precarious 'chojop prisoner 'b˙ndi precedent (n˙)-k˙hm, b˙hk˙m privately ˙hl˙:g˙za preceding -≥ahl˙ prize 'inam, baji precipice 'ha:,~ cha≥ga cha≥gi probation tarik precipitous 'hihl 'hihlo probe kot˙i-nya predominately ja:kos˙ih~ proceeds napha preferable path˙ proclaim s˙th˙i-nya preference 'khusi prod z˙l pregnant 'tanya 'li-nya produce ˙n, 'p˙le:-nya, hai-nya, j˙rm˙i- preoccupied 'kh˙rï:É nya, ubj˙i-nya preparation 'b˙ndob˙st˙, 'sama profane r˙ddi prepare b˙n˙i-nya proficient 'khyano, 'pakho prepare oneself ja:h'sî-nya\ profit 'phaida, o-go:, napha prepared 't˙yari profusion 'phululu: prerogative 'piwa prohibit 'bari-nya preserve sa:ci-nya~ proliferate 'phîj˙i-nya~ press 'te:-nya, chwi:-nya, cyar-nya prolific 'ha≥ga 'ma≥ga, 'bohrla 'bohrla, pressed in chwi:'sî-nya\ jahndya ni juhndi, tyarla:~ terlo:~ pressing in 'kala:-mulu: promise 'kirya, 'yahka pressure ˙kh˙tyaso, s˙k˙s, g˙l-nya promptly 't˙g˙r˙k pretend 'j˙i'sî-nya\ promulgate sortho:-nya, 'woi-woi pretense 'beso prone khogoro, phalap phulup pretentious behavior b˙hk˙m prongs 'z˙p pretext nyu:~ prop up teki'sî-nya\ pretty rupsyaso propel 'socoih-nya prevent da'o— maya-nya, woî-nya,~ ˙d˙i-nya propeller 'phirki previously achya, ahjya proper zyas-nya price o-e:h, bauh property 'ja:ya, 'jimi 'j˙ga, 'j˙ga, logo prick c˙:, col col, khyo:-nya l˙sk˙r prickling 'j˙hm 'j˙hm prophesy p˙î's~ î-nya\ prickle 'b˙rï:-nya,É rih-nya propriety, with t˙h˙s˙ 410 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ prosper 'baphi-nya, 'phabi-nya, goi-nya, punch 'guhsa ki-nya puncture 'gwa:h-nya,~ s˙'gwa:h-nya~ prosperity sukh˙ punish s˙dar-nya prosperous 'ya:'da\ punishment s˙ja prostitute 'pat˙rni pup kah'za protect 'dahni-nya, 'jogoi-nya, 'k˙p-nya purchase bis˙i-nya, lï:h-nya~ protected hugup, thum-nya purchase back nikh˙n˙i-nya protection 'jimba, 'picha, pas pure 'cokho, ch˙î-nya~ protrude 'cho:-nya~ purify 'cokhoi-nya, s˙chan-nya, s˙ch˙~î- protruding c~o:cyaso, p˙t˙ryaso, 'zol- nya nya purify ghee 'khï:ri-nyaÉ proud 'sï:-nya,É 'go-nya, 's˙rï:~ s˙rï:,~ h˙s˙k purify metal ujal˙i-nya proudly, act 's˙gyo:'sî-nya\ purify water yer-nya prove '˙t˙k˙li-nya, th˙:r˙i-nya purse syak˙l proven 'thï:ri-nyaÉ pursue 'cahari-nya, khep˙i-nya proverb 'ahati, ˙rth˙ pus u-su:, s˙nis provide jor˙i-nya push 'hut˙i-nya, s˙pa-nya provoke 'ukhi da-nya, jisk˙i-nya push in cyo: cyo: ja:h-nya prudence 'sama push inward gargar ni gurgur prudent o-'t˙h˙ 'leo pushing te:~ te:~ prune 'lo:-nya, cahl-nya put 'n˙i-nya, ja:h-nya pruned lukutya lukutya put away kep-nya, mo:h-nya,~ suchum- pry 'g˙hlï:-nya,É 'k˙lï:-nyaÉ nya pry bar hold 'k˙r put into cage 'khor-nya pubic area 'muhr put to bed 'sep-nya pubic bone 'muhr 'ca:di~ puzzle 'binza bin pubic hair 'muhs python 'da:~ pudendum 'muhr puffed-up ba: ba: Q puffy phapha phuphu quail 'jyo:~ baza pull 'sehl-nya, 't˙≥g˙i-nya, bo:h-nya quail’s topknot cupi pull apart khoî-nya,~ 'olya≥ ni 'polya≥ qualified 'pakho, dip-nya pull back khor'sî-nya,\ ten'sî-nya\ quarry kh˙î~ pull loose bohs-nya quartz 'cahrya 'lu:~ pull out khulk˙i-nya queen 'rani pulled in 'syap-sip quench s˙ih-nya pulverize rum-nya, kocya-kocya quern ra:th˙i~ pump bellows 'phwi:-nya quick gil-nya pumpkin 'k˙buli quick-witted 'khyano English Index 411 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ quickly 'ca:do,~ t˙g˙hri:, 'jahp-jup, 'j˙hp rapid phir 'phir 'j˙hp, 'swî-sw~ î,~ ch˙n˙ ch˙n˙, jwahtt˙ rapid growth 'h˙r 'h˙r quiet 'syam sim, s˙~î sw~î rapid steps khururu khururu quill ba'k˙r— raspberry k˙lpas˙i quilt bohkota: raspy (voice) ro:-nya quit 'cim, '˙di-nya, 'ras-nya rat biza quite c˙i, s˙rba rat trap 'k˙th˙i 'birala quiver 'h˙n˙-h˙n˙, 'gu:-nya, 'h˙rli-nya rate bauh quiver (arrows) 'r˙î~ rate (fixed) 'tokowa rather buru, dekha R rattle thurnu-nya rabid 'bu:li-nya rattling 'kh˙rl˙k 'kh˙rl˙k, gahrly~a:- race 'gwîki-nya,~ 'khwîki-nya,~ 'swîki-nya~ g˙hrle:,~ k˙rlyak k˙rlyak, 'gohrlo 'gohrlo, rack bahr, co:ka~ gohrla:~ gohrla:~ rack (clothes) 'kahda ravine 'g˙ihra rack for drying meat la:~ raw kaco radiance 'z˙g˙i raw (sore) c˙p-nya radiant with light cili 'mili raze t˙ih-nya radiate heat 'g˙mki-nya, raphi-nya razor ispat radiant 'yehp 'yehp reach kes-nya, th˙î-nya~ radish (dried) 'gund˙ri read 'p˙hri-nya, 'bol˙i-nya rafters 'k˙r˙≥gya reader of Hindu scripture 'sast˙ri rag 'rumal, thak˙nah readiness, be in 'g˙j˙ri-nya ragged 'cherla-cherla, 'd˙hja 'd˙hja, cita ready kh˙b˙rdar, 't˙yari, 'tap-nya pata, l˙kh˙r l˙kh˙r real saco, sakk˙, s˙k˙li rain 'wa-nya ('n˙m) rear chît˙,~ 'hurk˙i-nya, '≥a-nya rain shield choporoh reason nyu:~ rain, to cease sem-nya ('n˙m) reason with s˙mj˙i-nya rain without letup zoî~ ka zoî~ reasonable u-'yu:~ jyahs'o rainbow 'rihgao~ rebound 'toi-nya, coih-nya raise (elevate) s˙'je:h-nya~ rebuke h˙pk˙i-nya, ro:h-nya, si≥ar-nya, raise (rear) 'hurk˙i-nya, '≥a-nya th˙l-nya, 'torkhop raise up 'uthi-nya recall 's˙mji-nya, cet˙i-nya raise voice s˙thas-nya receive 'sum-nya, d˙i-nya, r˙i-nya rake in wal-nya recently ba:h, b˙hrza, b˙hr ram 'sa:da,~ duhs-nya receptacle u-'s\îp ramrod 'g˙j˙ reckless o-'sor 'maleo ransack ro:h'sî-nya\ recklessly 'suhm ki 'suhm ransom re:h-nya~ reckon 'g˙ni-nya, th˙:r˙i-nya 412 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ reckon in mok˙le:-nya relationship 'sain˙, 's˙ryo recognize s˙res-nya relative 'ky~a:'da'≥ao, 'nal natha, kh˙l˙k, recoil lagis-nya tho: reconcile mil˙i-nya, s˙kh˙i-nya relative (exogamous) 'mansinya record 's˙hr-nya, khici-nya relatives 'maiti, 'r˙hla recover g˙ra:-nya~ release 'ras-nya recovery from illness 'zu:-zu: relief hola:~ rectify 't˙h˙l˙i-nya, suhdar˙i-nya religion 'd˙hrm˙ rectum cakutul religious 'b˙hkt˙, 'd˙hrmi red 'gyahm-nya, 'gyahm 'gyahm religious duty 'd˙hrm˙ red and white ribbons 'jumuli 'd˙hja, religious observance 'puja 'tul reluctance deh≥g˙i red cloth on belt d˙mastul reluctant khor'sî-nya\ red eyes ka:syaso,~ pit˙lyaso reluctant to give 'yu:~ k˙i-nya red faced g˙g˙tï:É remain 'r˙hi-nya, 'yehl-nya red headed goryas'o— remainder upur'kao, 'sela Red Billed Chough 'kya:~ kyo:~ remedial 'j˙silo Red Junglefowl lwîcya~ remember 's˙mji-nya, cet˙i-nya Red Panda thao~ wa:h~ remind s˙mj˙i-nya reddish gyahm˙riso, gyahm˙ryaso remote dab˙ryaso, ˙g˙hc˙l˙, kana khopca, redeem re:h-nya,~ nikh˙n˙i-nya kana kuni:, kona: reduce s˙zim-nya remove hai-nya, kola:-nya, lahp-nya, phal- reed 'da:k˙lya~ nya, syu:h-nya reflection o-sa:~ remove from fire 'phi:-nya reform 't˙h˙l˙i-nya, suhdar˙i-nya remove hull chol-nya refrain from punishing 'ba:khi~ 'n˙i-nya rend cis-nya, 'ph˙r˙i-nya, ci:-nya refreshed g˙rï:-nya,~ ka:sa rendezvous 'th˙kan refuge (game) 'thakh˙na renown j˙s refugee, live as khasi-nya rent 'kiraya regardless b˙ repair b˙n˙i-nya regiment 'p˙lt˙n repay 'buj˙i-nya, utar˙i-nya region kh˙nd˙ repeat 'd˙rs˙i-nya, dohor˙i-nya regret goi'sî-nya,\ 'yu:~ 'wa:-wa: da-nya repeatedly -g˙hri, pirlip ka pirlip regurgitate toro:-nya repent 'yu:~ 'ph˙rki-nya, ph˙rk˙i-nya reincarnate 'c˙ri-nya, bo:h-nya repetition p˙rb˙khyan reiterate dohor˙i-nya replaced, be toh'sî-nya\ reject bi:h-nya, 'rel-nya replacement o-loi, o-toh, kac rejoin s˙j˙m-nya reply 'gaih, 'j˙wap, 'otora relation dud˙ report nalis English Index 413 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ reprisal 'b˙d˙la reunite sudum-nya repulsive 'yu:~ majam'o, ma≥˙m'sîu\ reveal s˙r˙îh-nya,~ s˙t˙î-nya~ reputation 'min, pa:cya:h~ revenge, take 'yu:~ s˙sim-nya, pher˙i-nya, request 'binti s˙sim-nya ('yu:)~ required 'cahi-nya revive 'jagi-nya, 'jugi-nya, j˙n-nya, jag˙i- rescue 'jogoi-nya nya resemble borol-nya revolve 'guhmi-nya resentment kh˙i reward 'inam reserve s˙yari-nya rhesus monkey 'gyahmo yu:h residue 'kh˙li, 'pena, khï:g˙r~ rhododendron 'mab˙la:,~ so≥ora: resign oneself khya'sînya\ rhododendron (white) 'khu:~ resilient 'nel 'nel rhubarb 'bachigum, 'guhl chigum, chigum resin o-cop, sî'~ cï:~ rhyme tutka resist khor'sî-nya,\ ten'sî-nya\ rhythm cala resisting t˙hnd˙re: t˙hnd˙re: rib 'k˙r˙≥g˙, r˙hm resonant 're:h-r~ e:h,~ khoto:~ khoto:~ ribbon 'd˙hja resonate (of a drum) 're:h-nya~ ribbons 'tul respect 'manki, 'man rice 'chal, cinu, m˙la: response 'otora rice paddy 'dahn responsibility 'jimba, 'picha, pas rich 'd˙hni rest sol, nah'sî-nya\ rich man 'sahu rest, make s˙rn˙i-nya riches 'd˙hn, 's˙mp˙ti, logo l˙sk˙r rest stand 'n˙i ricochet 'toi-nya restful 'yu:~ hola:~ dao riddle 'binza bin restless cosŸ ni kurup, buhrlum, uthupul riddled with holes 'totona bobona restore 't˙h˙l˙i-nya, ugar˙i-nya ride a horse 'cep-nya restrain desires 'yu:~ j˙hm 'te:-nya ridge 'duhri, 'da:da~ restraint, without 'y~u:'ni 'h~u:'wo b˙hri ridicule 'ulli 'gilli, 'b˙re:-nya, 'gill˙i-nya, da-nya 'h˙s˙i-nya, 'sit˙i-nya retain 'n˙i-nya right 'thik retreat from rain kham'sî-nya\ right (authority) 'h˙k retribution 'b˙d˙la right (correct) 'sipya retrieve soul ukas˙i-nya, 'yan-nya right (direction) 'wohr return 'wol-nya, 'ph˙rki-nya, s˙wol-nya, right side up 't˙ra:~ phor right-side-out sultyaso return a ball 'ka:-nya righteous 'sohjo return in vain 'thol-nya rigid 'khag˙ra: khÉïgÉïrÉï:, khya≥gy~a: return obligation utar˙i-nya 'khe≥ge:~ return of illness kh˙nj˙-m˙nj˙ ring 'ch˙nki-nya, 't˙p'sî-nya\ 414 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ringing gohld~o: gohld~o:, 'chyarlya≥ ni rodent biza 'chirli≥, tyao~ tyao~ roll 'golo:-nya,~ sogolo:-nya~ ring (for finger) 'kwi:cî\ roll eyes upward zohrtyas-nya ring (nose) 'bulakhi, 'phuli roll over p˙lt˙i'sî-nya,\ 'p˙lti-nya ring on churn dasher 'golta roll up 'd˙rl˙i-nya, rul-nya ringworm 'dahdya rolled up lam lum rinse khole:-nya, cyap˙la cip˙lu, khalya rolling guli guli, kalambya kolombe khole rolling boil 'kh˙l-kh˙l riot kh˙ila ni b˙ila rolling (of terrain) paipai ni 'poipoi rip cis-nya, ph˙la:-nya,~ ph˙re:-nya,~ poros- rolling (terrain) 'poipoi nya, ci:-nya, koi-nya, poro:-nya roof a house 'k˙p-nya, chai-nya rip apart cita:-nya roof, flat thala ripped tarya t˙re: room kunti ripping 'd˙hr 'd˙hr room (outside) 'po:da ripping sound 't˙hr 't˙hr roost rï:hrya,~ rya:-nya ripen 'chip-nya, 'j˙l-nya, 'mîh-nya,~ patyas- rooster 'bahlya nya, s˙'mîh-nya~ roosting place rï:hrya~ ripe g˙j˙ g˙j˙ root 'phu:ti,~ o-re:,~ j˙ra:, s˙rgil rise 'so-nya, cya:h's~ î-nya,\ 'b˙hdi-nya rope 'ce:h,~ 'k˙s˙ri, 'p˙tar, 'tar rise from dead j˙n-nya rope (large bamboo) 'riju rise quickly pa:hlya~ po:hle~ rose dohw˙~î risk 'chyas Rosefinch mwîza~ baza river b˙ih, khola: rot b˙ih-nya, ci-nya, n~a:h-nya, pu-nya, river bank b˙ihchyo: 'cyacya cici river crossing 'tar 'po rotate 'guhmi-nya, guhm˙i-nya road 'goha, 'gora:ta,~ 'yem rotation -guhmar, b˙hn road (motorable) s˙r˙k rotten gola gola road tax 'j˙gat rough 'karga 'korgo, karja:~ 'm˙rjï:,~ ka:k~ a:~ roam 'dulirih-nya ku:k~ u:~ roaring sound 'syo:h-syo:h, 'w~î-w~î round dihkulyaso, khwargilo, lum lum roast 'hip-nya, ≥oh-nya round and round ph˙n ph˙n roasted flour muhr m˙n˙m roundish lumurkyaso roasted meat 'hipsya round trip 'ohor 'dohor rob 'ku-nya, luti-nya rouse socoi-nya robber 'cor, 'c˙ndal, da:ka~ rouse to anger 'ukhi da-nya Rock Bunting 'cu: baza route upai rocking 'h˙rlyau~ 'h˙rlyau~ rove in herd 'barîh-nya\ rocky da:hd˙~ row of houses 'tana rod 'ligura, ta≥gah rub g˙s˙re:'sî-nya,\ 'guti:-nya, 'thi:-nya English Index 415 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ rubber l˙b˙r salamander nyurtih rude 'sï:s~ ï:~ ni 'bï:b~ ï:~ saliva 'tihl rug 't˙î,~ ka:hbul~ salt sapi: rugged karja:~ 'm˙rjï:~ salt and pepper 'chop ruin 'b˙le:-nya, 'b˙rï:É saltpeter 'g˙nd˙k ruined b˙les-nya salty c˙rkaso, catata: rule rac kac, kac, rac same age s˙wani'kao ruler 'hakim sand 'baluwa rummage ro:h'sî-nya,\ 'olya≥ ni 'polya≥ sandal 'zyo: rumor 'b˙yen Sanskrit s˙m˙skirti rumors, make 'r˙nd˙-b˙nd˙ sap o-cop rump 'p˙gil, cak˙ sass 'p˙rcya:-p˙rcy~ a:~ run 'd~o:h-nya, 'gw~îki-nya, 'khw~îki-nya, satiate hunger wa:h-nya~ 'zo:-nya satiated 'ce: runner of a vine 'r˙hla satisfaction 'sontoko rupture nirphus satisfied 'yu:~ hola:~ 'ta-nya, 'yu:~ wa:h-nya,~ rush after woi'sî-nya\ b˙tde rushed 'lala lulu Saturday sonibar rushing wu:h wu:h save s˙yari-nya rust kh˙i, kh˙i-nya savior 'd˙hrmi rustling sound 'khas˙rya khos˙re, 'sore- savor o-r≥˙m sore savory lyahm-nya rusty-brown kh˙iryaso saw k˙runti, c˙hm-nya rut 'b˙tyali-nya sawing motion sehte: ka sehte: rye sima:~ say da-nya, h˙i da-nya, h˙i 'li-nya, h˙i 'ta'ke\ di S scab kh˙terah sackcloth b˙rla scabies 'dahdya, lut˙ sacred water 'rihsï:É scald lohm-nya, sohm-nya sacrifice 'puja, c˙hr˙i-nya scalding lahm-lohm sacrificial sheep 'b˙l, 'jusya scales (skin) k˙t˙la sad 'sugi-nya, 'y~u: bohs'a bohs'a 'ta-nya, scales (weighing) 'towla, 't˙raju bya:h-nya~ ('yu:),~ 'yu:~ macao da-nya scapegoat 'b˙l kï:h,É 'b˙l saddle of mountain 'k˙hndya scar kh˙t˙ sadness 'g˙h˙ scarred koropcyaso, patyaso safety pin khip scarecrow 'bachilap sag jehlo:-nya,~ johl-nyaŸ scarf 'rumal, khup sagging 'johl-jŸ ohl,Ÿ holo:~ jehlo:~ scatter 'b˙htya b˙≥g˙, 'r˙nd˙-b˙nd˙, cit˙ra:~ sake of 'ju:'ni~ put˙ra:,~ hi: hi: 416 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ scatter leaves cet˙ra:-nya second daughter 'ma:jili~ scattered 'takarak tukuruk, khap 'khop, second son 'maîla,~ 'ma:jila~ sya:~ sya:~ secret r˙h˙sya scavenger 'katha secretary 'b˙hidar, s˙cip scent u-'s\î: secretly ˙hl˙:g˙za schizophrenic '≥wa:-nya~ section kh˙nd˙ school eskul security 'b˙nd˙ki, '˙d˙na school master mast˙r sediment o-thene scold gohs'o,— si≥ar-nya, th˙l-nya see 'rï:h-nya~ scoop -'sehp˙ryap, sim-nya seed 'duhr, 's˙i scorch gah-nya, k˙ram-nya seed corn jo:thya~ scorching 'hip 'hip seed for animating divining stick s˙t˙ score (twenty) bis, -'kuri byu: scorn so-nya seedcase 'kuru: scornful 'helari seedlings 'pho:~ scorpion 'bichi seek 'sap-nya, khim-nya scourge 'korra, 'syakora seer 'j˙îsi~ scraggly 'zyat˙ta:, cya: cya: seize n˙î-nya,~ 'b˙ram-nya, 'chupi-nya scrape pi:h-nya, tuhri:-nya seizing everything parya p˙re: scrape up 'par pur select 'cha:ti-nya,~ 'ruji-nya, kh˙t˙i-nya scratch 'b˙ram-nya, cet˙ra:-nya, pur-nya self 'kya:~ scratch in dirt t˙ra:'sî-nya\ self sacrificing 'kyal'sî-nya\ scratching khore khore self-important 'sehte 'teh scream kih-nya, cir cir selfish 'cuppi, u-'yu:~ mag˙ra:'wo,~ hampa scribble 'garya 'guri tih, nicc˙ scribe 'b˙hidar selfish motive u-tir scrotum 'wa:da~ selfishly karlap-kurlup scrub sil-nya sell 'biki-nya, 'yo:-nya scrutinizing lalap ni 'lulub'o send 'p˙rî-nya~ sea serpent ˙ji≥g˙r send word tha-nya seal 'chapa, 'chapi-nya senior 'sehr seance kï:h-nyaÉ sense 's˙i, cet˙, m˙t˙l˙p, ≥˙m's\î-nya, sear 'z˙rki-nya, 'dahmi-nya, z˙rk˙i-nya dar'sî-nya\ searingly 's˙r senseless u-rti 'maleo search 'sap-nya, ch˙mch˙m˙i-nya, khim- sentence to prison 'thuki-nya nya, pohrol-nya, 'b˙îh~ 'b˙îh,~ 'z˙hr sentinal 'palya searching s˙r sap sentry 'bahlnya season 's˙m˙i, saha separate ba:h'sî-nya,\ chuti-nya, 'chink˙i- secluded thum-nya nya, ba:h-nya, bek˙t˙i-nya, chut˙i-nya, English Index 417 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ lahp-nya, phat˙i-nya, yer-nya zyo:~ separate coarse flour yel-nya shaking off pata: p˙tï:É separate out 'rel-nya shaky 'h˙li-nya, 'j˙h˙ni-nya, h˙lkÉï:-nya, September-October ˙soj˙ h˙lï:É h˙lï:É serow (game animal) rya: shale rel serpent 'da:,~ 'guhl, 'rihgul shallow 'serara: servant 'ba:da,~ nokor shallow soil o-rc˙m, papara pupuru service 'cak˙r, 'sewa shaman 'ja:hk˙ri,~ 'r˙ma set 'jem shaman assistant 'celme:~ set down 'n˙i-nya shaman ceremony yel ba:h-nya, cham- set (of hen) pum-nya nya, c˙l-nya, goro:-nya,~ g˙l-nya set (of sun) nup-nya ('n˙m) shaman, female juhma set on fire 'khï:-nya~ shaman, first pur˙nc˙n set price 'k˙b˙li-nya shaman pole 'suwa set snare 'tha:-nya~ shaman’s braid da:'pa~ l˙ta settle in g˙pi-nya shaman’s costume seral settle (of food) h˙j˙m shaman’s equipment 's˙rd˙m, seral settle (of sediment) yer'sî-nya\ shaman’s instruments 'ja:hk˙ri~ ja:r˙ settled 'thï:ri-nyaÉ shaman’s patient munduru settlings o-thene shaman’s payment g˙rï:,~ 'tila g˙rï:~ seven 'sat shame laj˙ sever 'ch˙tk˙i-nya, 'jyo:-nya, ch˙d˙i-nya shard 'kh˙pta sew 'korop-nya, 'mokot˙i-nya share -ba:h, 'bila, 'ju:,~ 'kacha, syaser, syasil sew shut ruhp-nya share out ba:hdya-nya, 'boro:'sî-nya\ sexual intercourse ne:h-nya sharecrop '˙dihya inadvertently (of children) 'ten ten shared khar'tao 'j˙i-nya sharp dahryaso, cha-nya, 'tyap-nya shabby 'cherla-cherla sharp pointed 'zurŸ 'zurŸ shade 'ch˙ya:,~ jim˙r sharp words catata: shadow o-sa:,~ 'chya-nya sharpen hul-nya shadowy juhm'o— sharpen in forge 'z˙p-nya shaft bihya shatter pa:-nya, 'chili≥ga 'chili≥ga shaft of arrow mwi:h shattered cyakap cikup shaft of spindle 's˙r shave 'yen-nya shake 'gu:-nya, 'h˙rli-nya, 'h˙rl˙i-nya, she 'ho:, no:| 'ph˙nd˙i-nya, 'ph˙r˙i-nya, th˙no:-nya sheaf 'bohrla, 'ra:pola,~ 'a:tha~ shake off 'cha:-nya~ sheaf of grain 'pola shake out 'th˙r˙i-nya, jahr-jur, thar th˙r shear 'yen-nya shaking 'th˙r-th˙r, gohrla:~ gohrla:,~ zyo:~ sheath u-'sîp,\ luhm 418 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ shed chap˙ra, goth˙ shoulder 'po:~ shed stick b˙le:za,~ r˙hm'sî~ shoulder strap 'kh˙k˙nd˙ shed tail tel-nya shout kih-nya, haha ni hoho, ho: ka ho: shed water 't˙rki-nya shove 'hut˙i-nya, cyo: cyo: ja:h-nya sheep 'behda:, 'dohralya, 'nah.worya, shovel belca 'thap˙li, 'thap˙lya, lu: show 'ram, 'p˙i-nya, s˙t˙î-nya~ sheep fold 'kh˙rk˙ show favor 'yu:~ yahl-nya sheep, Tibetan cya:hlu~ shredded 'bwi:h 'bwi:h, 'd˙hja 'd˙hja, cita sheep-liver fluke 'hadya cita, cita pata, d˙hra ph˙ra, 'jihna 'jihna sheet 'pata shrew 'chucund˙ri shelf co:ka~ shriek cir cir, cirl˙ ni birl˙ shell o-maphu shrill 'cirgalti: shelter 'gupha, chap˙ra, goth˙, bas˙i-nya shrine 'than sheltered hugup shrink 'khumci-nya, zim-nya, khumc˙i- sheltered from wind 'mohp 'mohp nya, s˙zim-nya shepherd 'gaola:, r'ge: shrivel 'kurup-nya shepherd dog guhkhi: shriveled 'kogoroto:'wo, 'cyak˙rap ciku- shepherd’s crook 'kya: rup, curup-curup, karap-kurup, wailya shield 'dahl wili, 'cyaorya cyuri shim 'k˙r kep, o-r'pep, o-rkep shrub 'p˙th˙rkya, johpora:, pha: shin 'n˙ltha, 'pa:sula~ shrunk 'kogoroto:'wo shine t˙r-nya, 't˙r˙-w˙r˙ 'ta-nya, 'c˙mki- shut g˙l-nya, ruhp-nya nya, 't˙lki-nya, t˙r-nya shy laj˙ shine light kha:-nya,~ t˙îh-nya~ shyness s˙rm˙ shingle 'ph˙lya sick birami shining 'jihlik 'jihlik, 'tilik-tilik, 'zwo≥ sickle 'ra:kasi,~ khur'pa, ra:gil~ 'zwo≥ sickly 'rugi shinny up pole sipisi-nya sickness 'joro shirt 'baholya 'khyo:, 'cu: 'b˙ndi, 'khyo:, side -ph˙t˙, o-rla: 'k˙mes, 'po:thya~ 'khyo: side by side khyap khep shocked cya≥ ci≥ sidle up to g˙s˙re:'sî-nya\ shoe 'pola sieve 'chan, 'k˙pp˙r 'chan, 'z˙hr shoot 'ap-nya sift 'chink˙i-nya, th˙no:-nya shoots (plant) -kap sift through 'chap-rap shop 'dokan, 'p˙s˙l sifter ca:, c˙'na:h— shopkeeper 'dokanyani, 'p˙s˙lya, banya sigh hambol, ham short lumurkyaso, twîza,~ twî-nya~ sign s˙res short while t˙dehsa, -des sign language 'san shorten sutw~î-nya signature d˙sk˙t, s˙hi: English Index 419 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ significance 'lekha skin o-lkohta:, o-maphu, sya'lo silenced cam cum, tham thum skin (snake) u-li:h silty kuhl-kul'o, 'b˙hle 'b˙hle skins hanging from costume cherla silver 'ca:di~ skin, to kos-nya, ko:-nya silver coin 'kh˙puwa, 'p˙t˙rya, k˙mp˙ni skinny septyaso, 'kh˙ralya, khap 'khop, silversmith sunar t˙kwi ka t˙kwi sin 'pap˙ skinny legs nakiryaso sinew -r'sa, syarsa skip yehp-nya sing 'g˙i-nya skipping phutu: singe 'hip-nya skirt be:, kac˙b˙ndi single file 'le:le: ni 'goro:gor~ o:~ skull 'kh˙pp˙r, 'k˙pt˙ single-mindedly suru suru skull (base of) 'kharim sink 'biji-nya, 'g˙di-nya sky 'n˙m sinking entirely zyamzim slack 'johl-jŸ ohl,Ÿ holo:~ jehlo:~ sinner 'papi, '˙d˙hrmi slacken jehlo:-nya,~ johl-nya,Ÿ sojohl-nyaŸ sip hum-nya slag cya:ku,~ kit˙: sir sayep slam shut gahrla gohrlo sister (older) nana slant 'kyar-nya, kyarbalyas-nya sister (younger) 'b˙îni,~ name:~ slant eyes 'mi: sili sister’s daughter 'bahnji slap 'c˙tkaoni, l˙ph˙raoni, 'b˙hryap, sister’s husband (younger sister) l˙p˙ryap l˙p˙ryap, 'c˙tk˙i-nya, 'l˙ph˙r˙i- 'jowaî~ nya, 'l˙pt˙i-nya, ph˙rep-nya sister’s son 'bahnj˙ slave 'ba:dani,~ 'ba:da,~ 'n˙l, k˙maro sisters nana 'b˙îni~ slave woman 'n˙lme:~ sister-in-law 'koî'za,~ 'sali, marum, piser sleek 'phirgulo, pa:thyas-nya~ sister-in-law’s husband sadu sleep nindrae 'woi, ≥˙hl, sy~a:-nya, '~u:gi- sit cuh'sî-nya\ nya, ≥˙hl-nya, 'sep-nya sit, make socoî-nya~ sleep walk mo:hros-nya sit on haunches chom jom sleeping and waking syu:ta~ byu:ta~ six 'ch˙ sleeping place 'gul sixth son 'thaîla~ sleeplessness 'thul-dul sizzle 'z˙rki-nya, z˙rk˙i-nya, cohr-cohr sleepy 'mi:r˙ 'hu-nya skeleton 'ka≥˙ra:~ sleepiness zig˙ra zig˙ra sketch n˙ksa sleet 'bihkutya skill 'g˙h˙k, u-hil, sip˙ slice 'c˙n˙i-nya, 'k˙ri:-nya, 'kyal-nya, skilled 'pakho b˙la:-nya,~ p˙ra:-nya skillet ju:h~ 'khuri: slide 'sul-nya,Ÿ selolo skillful 'sipalo, j˙mk˙i-nya slide down slope zehlo:-nya,~ zyuhl-nya skillfully made 'j˙mki-nya slide poles s˙jehlo:-nya~ 420 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ sliding the feet sid˙ru sid˙ru small, be zim-nya slightly built cyahk˙tyaso, te:kyaso~ small blade tiskyaso slightly uphill 'johr-jŸ ohrŸ small bladed tip˙lkyaso slime o-'ral, lihu small eye deryaso slimy 'les 'les, 'rel 'rel small grained cim˙ryaso sling 'milk˙i-nya small pieces c˙t˙ c˙t˙ sling shot gulyalih small repute ma'g˙ni'sîu\ slip 'sul-nya,Ÿ zyuhl-nya, khyo:~ gyo:~ small size chyaldyalu, chyaldyu slip away (mountainside) re:'sî-nya\ small (walnut) 'piciu slip from under ph˙rgep smash pa:-nya, kocya:-nya, rum-nya, slip into position pihl-nya 'chili≥ga 'chili≥ga slip loose 'r˙lki-nya, phis-nya, surki-nya smear 'guti:-nya, 'thi:-nya slip out r˙lk˙i-nya smell u-'sî:,\ '≥˙r-nya, s˙≥˙r-nya slipping away phyalta philtu smiling 'musu-musu, maya 'muyu slipping loose phyass˙ smithy 'dokan, ar˙î~ slippery 'rel 'rel smoke mihkwi, 'ku-nya slipshod o-'d˙h≥g˙ 'maleo smoke, make sukwi:-nya slit cira:-nya, p˙ra:-nya smoke out muh-nya slivered ciwa ciwa smoked meat curum slobbery ralyaso smoking pipe 'sulpa slope behralyaso, 'dihm-dimya smooth rï:h-nya,É 'r˙g˙-r˙g˙ slosh hila:, ch˙lak ch˙lak, 'ch˙lk˙i-nya, smooth skinned 'kosol 'kosol'o, zŸul 'g˙jyari-nya zulŸ slow 'matho snack '˙rni slow in speech lalah loloh'wo— snag koi-nya slow-paced 'sehbe: 'sehbe: snail 'ja:d˙~ bok˙nyah slow-witted lohloto:'wo snake 'da:,~ 'guhl, 'rihgul slowly chumo chumo snake skeleton garland 'da:~ ruhs slumber ≥˙hl, sy~a:-nya, '~u:gi-nya, ≥˙hl- snake skin ka:julih~ nya snap kyah-nya, phya:-nya, 'kahryap- slurp -'sehp˙ryap, hum-nya k˙hrip, pharal phurul slurping 'sarap 'surup, 'sihpurup, snap in two ke:h-nya syarlyap ka syarlyap snapping 'p˙t˙ras puturus, karyap k˙rip, sly bath˙î~ pata: p˙tï:É small chyalyalu, chyalyu, cyahk˙tyaso, snapping sound 'k˙hryap k˙t˙rsyaso, te:kyaso,~ zimza snare 'ce:h,~ 'mala, ba'ce:h,~ kuhm, ph˙li≥kah small amount chya: chya:, chya:'w\a, snarled 'cyaibwi:, 'g˙nth˙n 'm˙nth˙n ja:,~ tocop, tupuru:, t˙ke: snatch n˙î-nya,~ 'kohre: small area c˙k˙tyaso snatch at 'jyam-nya English Index 421 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ sneeze 'p˙ra:~ chî,~ achyo:,~ chis-nya son (eldest) 'jetha sniff 'mo-nya, s˙≥˙r-nya son, fifth 'raîla~ sniff breeze 'pho:-ph~ o:~ son, fourth 'kaîla~ sniffing si: si: son (second) 'maîla,~ 'ma:jila~ snore '≥ora:-nya son, sixth 'thaîla~ snoring se:kore~ se:kore~ son, third 'saîla,~ 'sa:jila~ snorting 'se:-s~ e:~ 'burum-burum son (youngest) 'kancha snot nahp song 'chya:turi,~ 'git˙, 'jahm˙rya, 'juhmuri, snout 'thutuna 'l˙skya, pha:k˙~ snow 'pom soot du:hs˙~ snow bird 'pom baza soot colored du:hsyaso~ Snow Cock 'rï:hkh~ u:~ sorcerer 'dahmi Snow Partridge cilao:,~ k˙rlî~ sore 'gaih, kh˙terah, 'cyalya 'cili, 'kyasya- Snow Pigeon 'malowa kisi, 'koge-koge soak cyu:-nya, chim-nya ~ 'chim-nya sorrows and joys dukh˙na sukh˙na soaked 'phete: 'phete: sorry those soapstone kh˙ri sort o-'ba:ti'l~ ao,— 'kisim, wala, bek˙t˙i-nya, sobbing 'd˙hr 'd˙hr, kawa:~ ni ziwa:,~ kwa:~ chut˙i-nya ki kwa:~ soul 'hï:s˙~ 'purus, 'purus, 'satu, o-'aili 'paili social ties 's˙ryo sound o-rga:, -'cal soft jyahs'o,— gola gola, 'mwi:li-nya sound of bells 'zeîh-ze~ îh~ soil 'g˙m, g˙m'sya— sound of flute pheriri: soil (thin) o-'dahd˙r soup chidul, hum, ma:do~ soil clothing gal-nya, s˙gal-nya soup stock o-'na:h sold out 'biji-nya sour 'sur-nya,Ÿ kharis-nya, ph˙res-nya, cy- solder 'r˙s˙i-nya acyar cicur,Ÿ cyakap cikup soldier 'sip˙î~ source -mulu sole of foot khï:'b~ a:~ source of river u-'s\îr sole of shoe 'tal south 'd˙khin solid 'd˙rbilo, cî'w~ o,— pis-nya souvenir 'cina, s˙res solidify 'gï:-nya,É 'j˙mi-nya sow pig 'buhni some khwa: sow seed was-nya someone suwa soya bean b˙htï:É someplace katara≥˙ spade belca something katar˙ spare 'ba:khi~ 'n˙i-nya sometimes k˙itak˙, k˙itarak˙ sparing 'jiptara somewhat ja:~ sparingly 'tara: toro: somewhere kanra'da, kanra'ni sparingly (eat) 'tyap-tyap son 'ba:, 'babuza spark c˙r c˙ryaso, 'jihl˙≥ga, ph˙li≥gah 422 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ sparkle 'c˙mki-nya, 't˙lki-nya 'd~o:hwa:, 'm˙san, 'nim 'd~o:hwa:, 'sÉï:, sparkling 'jihlik 'jihlik, 'tilik-tilik, 'zwo≥ 'zya:h, o-'aili 'paili, alu≥ 'b˙ra:,~ gel, s˙ra: 'zwo≥ 'zya:h sparrow 'bih≥˙rya spirit (familiar) zyahphi: sparse 'b˙hra:-nya, cyat˙rya cit˙ri spirit of underworld 'sepa sero:~ spasm, have gem-nya spirit (wilderness) 'pï:É spastic syardap ni sirdup spit tihl-nya spatula p˙hne: spit up colŸ colŸ speak pa:-nya~ spittle 'tihl speak kindly 'gwar-nya splash 'cikulum, cyap˙la cip˙lu, 'ch˙lk˙i- spear z˙l nya, 'ch˙mk˙i-nya, jyahl-nya, phurup- speck 'mi:sya,\ sîkah~ nya speckled 'chop chobo, jahliso, jahlyaso splash of water 'ch˙lka spectacles c˙sma splatter p˙lep-nya, p˙hlyap speculate o-rga:ht˙~ pa:-nya~ splattered color chyab˙rya chib˙ri:, phu- speechless gar-nya, lotas-nya, totas-nya, rup phurup zitutu: spleen phis spell 'ch˙l ch˙t˙r, 'doch˙, 'd˙sa, 'kanuhl splendor t˙h˙ m˙h˙ 'banuhl, 'mohon, 'zyah'ban, cha:, cho:, splinter 's˙l, 'thosa, nehpham˙la:,— sîkah~ rihco gahco split nehpham—˙la:, nehp˙ra:, nirphus, spend kh˙rc˙i-nya chuti-nya, 'c˙rki-nya, p˙les-nya, sehs- sperm 'dur nya, b˙la:-nya,~ cira:-nya, p˙le:-nya spherical lum lum split bamboo pholo:-nya spices 'chop, m˙s˙la, tîb˙r,~ wahs˙: split wood seh-nya spicy 'tu:-nya spoil ci-nya, 'cyacya cici spider m˙k˙rah, syaju≥gu baju≥gu spoil someone s˙≥˙hm-nya spiked cyar cyar'o,— 'yuhr 'yuhr, 'zurŸ 'zurŸ spoiled by indulgence ≥˙hm-nya spikenard 'buhlkya, 'somoya spoken matter pa:,~ ro: spill boh-nya spokesman 'ma:ji,~ 'tya:la spilling ch˙lak ch˙lak, 'hol, yur yur spongy 'nel 'nel spilling sound syo:h spool 'm˙nd˙i-nya spin 'ch˙nki-nya, 'phirki-nya, b˙hn spooling stick 'tosor spin wool 'kh˙l-nya spoon 'kurcu:li, ce:, p˙hne: spinning guli guli, phir ka phir, phir sporadically chap 'chap da-nya spindle 'taku, rihp, -'kha:da~ sport 'khel spindly til˙≥gyas-nya spotted 'chop chobo, jahliso, jahlyaso, spine wa:hruhs~ patyaso spirit 'h~ï:s˙ 'purus, 'bayo 'zya:h, 'b˙r~a:, Spotted Forktail 'jahlya tis˙ra:~ 'd~o:hwa:, 'd~o:hwalya, 'goya gupi, 'lata Spotted Owlet kupa baza English Index 423 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ sprain buhrul-nya, subuhrul-nya staff 'jugi 'go:≥orya,~ 'kothya, jwi:h sprawling gad˙ryas ni guduris, l˙nd˙rke: staggering 'kehgete:'wo, kehg˙tyaso spread 'ph˙ili-nya, 'rami-nya, 'phîj˙i-nya,~ stairway 'gohptya, 'th˙pka 'ra:-nya, 's˙rali-nya stake 'kila, 'sura spread mat 't˙ra:-nya, 't˙î-nya~ stale 'basi, mos-nya spread news sortho:-nya, 'woi-woi stale, become khes-nya spread (of sore) 'kwa-nya stalking 'peme-peme spring u-'nîjar,~ rihmul stall ten'sî-nya\ spring (of trap) phis-nya stalling deh≥g˙i, 'ta:p˙i~ 'to:p˙i~ sprinkle 'ch˙mk˙i-nya, 'ch˙r˙i-nya, stamina 'tag˙t phurup-nya, t˙r˙i-nya stammer 'bakhas-nya, rohl's\î-nya, b˙hk sprinkle rain 'p˙r˙p-nya ('n˙m) b˙kya sprout cas, k˙rere:, 'p˙tki-nya, p˙ri:-nya stammerer 'bakha, serohl sprouted en masse 't˙m˙r˙m stamp 'chapi-nya spruce bu:h~ stampede 'thu:'s\î-nya, 't˙rsi-nya, 'syam- spry 'temo-temo syam spur on chicken’s leg 'ch˙ri stand 'bo:khar,~ cya:h's~ î-nya,\ s˙'cya:h-nya~ spurn bi:h-nya stand for election 'uthi-nya spurt wohs-nya, sowoih-nya star soro: sputter g˙hryas-nya star, morning 'sonpa sputum 'khaso staring 'zohr-zohr, 'zohrtotor, lo: lo:, lï:l~ ï:~ spy on 'saki 't˙r˙ 'j˙i'sî-nya,\ 'sa:-nya~ start lag˙i-nya squash 'k˙buli, k˙dem-nya, rum-nya start with fright j˙hs˙≥, khï:≥˙ri~ squeak k˙re:~ startle khï:≥˙ri~ squeek cya:cy~ a:~ cîc~ î~ startling 'tuhr squeeze 'p˙ci:-nya, cil-nya, cyar-nya, starve gyah-nya, tur-nya k˙rtyap-nya state ˙nc˙l squeezing pya:c˙rya~ pe:c˙re~ statement ro: squirm 'p˙r˙s statue '˙≥gya squirrel nyahn, yahp stay 'li-nya, 'r˙hi-nya squirt wohs-nya, sowoih-nya, kur-kur, steadfast dih-nya, 'thï:ri-nyaÉ pecyak steady breathing ≥war ka ≥war squirting cho:~ cho:~ steal 'ku-nya, ti:-nya stab 'p˙l-nya, khyo:-nya, col col steam 'p˙syo:,~ baph˙, 'baphi-nya, 'bophoi- stabbing pain sil-nya nya stable bï:~ steam food supum-nya stable animals bï:-nya~ steam (of cornmeal) pum-nya stack 'kh˙p˙l˙i-nya, d˙hm-nya steaming 'wa:-w~ a:~ stack in layers 'pa:ji-nya~ steel for striking fire 'th˙skya, 'uhluni 424 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ steelyard 'towla, 't˙raju stock of gun 'ku:da~ steep 'hihl 'hihlo stockpile 'mokor, -d˙hm steer d˙hlk˙i-nya, guhm˙i-nya, s˙b˙i-nya stocks 'h˙la stem o-'thana stocky 'ka:diu,~ p˙thanyaso, po:cyaso~ step aside 'b˙i'sî-nya\ stomach bu:hdi~ step on si:-nya stomp t˙-nya, phurtu phurtu step over gahp-nya stone 'juhr, 'lu:,~ 'p˙h˙r, je:h-nya, johm-nya, sterile plant 'kana, da:thya~ khorop-nya, kohcya:-nya stern o-rme:h stool 'cu:ki, cwî~ stick 'j~e:hja, 'khi:, 'p˙ih, '˙l˙≥ka, jwi:h, stoop gohm 'li-nya 'j˙m-nya, g˙i-nya, c˙-nya stooped 'go:htyaso~ stick game 'k˙rti stop 'th˙k˙ni-nya, '˙di-nya, th˙k˙n˙i-nya, stick (spooling) 'tosor ˙d˙i-nya sticky lesyaso, 'les 'les, d˙rap d˙rap, d˙rap- stop raining sem-nya ('n˙m) nya stopped dead th˙n th˙n stiff 'kogoroto:'wo, 'karga 'korgo, stopped up pï:~ 'khag˙ra: khÉïgÉïrÉï:, 'kya≥˙rya:-ke≥˙re:, store s˙yari-nya kak˙ra: kÉïk˙rÉï:, khya≥gy~a: 'khe≥g~e:, store in rafters kep-nya cï:-nya,~ kogoryas-nya storehouse 'godam stiff, be 'ga:-nya~ storm 'j˙hta stifling 'sup subo, sasap ni 'susup story 'sast˙r, g˙hrti still ch˙p˙k, th˙p˙k story (of a house) 'talya still (liquor) j˙l˙ stout 'd˙rbilo, dihb˙lkyaso sting c˙r˙:-nya, da:-nya straight 'sohjo, sidah, 'doih, phir phir, stinger o-'dahs phyo:~ byo:,~ da:-nya~ stinging 'c˙rki-nya straightaway khyo:to, suru suru stingy 'khara, kucuryas'o— strain (filter) 'yan-nya, cher˙i-nya stink '≥˙r-nya strain to hear sorkoi-nya stir 'm˙ci-nya, 'guri-nya, 'l˙sk˙i-nya, strain under load 'k˙si-nya mok˙le:-nya, wal-nya strainer 'chan, 'k˙pp˙r 'chan, 'z˙hr stir about 'c˙li-nya, 's˙ri-nya, can'sî-nya\ strangulation 'kik-kik stir meal 'ka:-nya~ strap 'k˙s˙ri, tha:'pa stir up 'h˙rl˙i-nya, 'ukhi da-nya, c˙l˙i- strategy 't˙h˙, buddi, thekan nya, g˙hnk˙i-nya straw 'chi:, gurra, lo:h, lohsya stirring mak˙lya mok˙le strawberry johmpa 's˙i stirring spoon dabi: stray 'ch~o:-nya, 'phati-nya, b˙kher-nya, stirring stick buhtunya chocho lala stitch 'korop-nya, 'mokot˙i-nya streaked 'zahr-zahr, z˙hra:~ z˙hra:~ stitched koropcyaso stream b˙ih, khola: English Index 425 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ stream bed b˙g˙r strung out 'ben 'ben, 're: 're: stream fish '˙s˙la '≥a:h stub toe 'p˙rd˙p-nya, tuhm-nya strength -r'sa stubborn u-'yu:~ gis'o, ch˙tkyaso, ek ch˙tk- strength (superior) lutu lutu yaso, u-'dyu:di stress s˙k˙s stubby thutyaso, thu:dyaso~ stretch tani'sî-nya,\ 't˙≥g˙i-nya, cî-nya~ stuck g˙r-nya stretch goat hair toro: study 'p˙hri-nya stretch out cocŸ oŸ lala, cosŸ stuff 'te:-nya, chwi:-nya stretched out 'l˙mp˙sar stuffed animal surba:~ stretched tightly r˙n r˙n stuffy 'sup subo, sasap ni 'susup stretcher 'jehlo≥ga stumble 'p˙rd˙p-nya, pa-nya, tuhm-nya, strewn about 'relo-relo, 'takarak tukuruk sutuhm-nya strict k˙rro stump 'mu:da,~ 'thu:da~ stride o-gahp, 'gahp 'gahp stumped thutyaso, th~u:dyaso, strident 'cirgalti: mundulyas-nya strike 'b˙jari's\î-nya, 'juhji-nya, nas-nya, stun s˙mï:h-nya~ 'cyap-nya, duhp-nya, duhs-nya, s˙nas- stupid 'pag˙l, mas˙bdalo, ˙d˙hm nya, 'kohto: stupor, in a lohloto:'wo strike out 'kiri-nya sturdy 'd˙rbilo, 'thirro, cî'w~ o— string 'ce:h,~ 'p˙tar stutter 'bakhas-nya, rohl's\î-nya, b˙hk string a bow 'thu:-nya b˙kya string beads sil-nya stye 'jo:,~ 'jo:-nya~ stringed instrument 'sar˙≥gi style 'dahca stringy d˙ren d˙ren suave 'r˙g˙-r˙g˙ strip 'pata, ko:-nya, kor-nya, pho:-nya, subdue d˙b˙i-nya syu:h-nya submerge 'g˙di-nya, g˙d˙i-nya strip bark 'kho:l˙i-nya submerged 'sam 'sum, zyugudum strip guts wal-nya submissive 'ug˙riu strip leaves chal-nya subside from swelling sop-nya stripping off lak˙tya lukuti, pya:h pi:h substitute o-loi stripe s˙r succeed pas strive for woi'sî-nya\ successful in hunting ra:h-nya stroke hulti hulti succession 'rol, 'katyam-k˙tim stroll 'duli-nya successive chyam-nya strong 'g˙rjiu, cala culu, 's˙p˙ris-nya, such nitao s˙p˙ri:-nya suck hyu:-nya, pi-nya strong man 'b˙ldya, 'j˙hrga sucking sound swak swak struggle for woi'sî-nya\ sudden collapse 'wohr struggling taka jika suddenly behar, um~ï:hzani, 'jahp-jup, 426 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ 'khuduru:, 'thar, cekop, jarak-juruk, swallow gal-nya, 'karla ni 'kurlu, kh˙l˙- j˙hp˙lyak, jyahp˙, khwas, khyo:to, th˙r, kh˙l˙, 'ke:~ t˙p˙lyak swamp sem suffer g˙ih-nya, 'buhgi-nya swamp grass 'mikorop suffice yo:-nya, th˙î-nya~ swampy d˙g˙ d˙g˙ suffocate 'suh-nya swarming 'dihmb˙, 'kh˙s-kh˙s, b˙g˙ b˙g˙ suffocation 'kik-kik swear in oath 'chu-nya sugar 'cini sweat 'gahm, 'p˙syo:,~ '˙sina 'p˙sina, p˙sina suit 's˙hi-nya, hil-nya sweating sota sota suitable o-'dans˙'kao,— zyas-nya sweep 'si:-nya sulk 'b˙rki-nya, b˙hlthyas-nya sweep away b˙g˙i-nya sulking 'b˙hle:te sweeping phya: phi: sulphur 'g˙nd˙k sweepings 'zihm si: summer 'uhbyali sweet ta:h-ta:h summer village 'sîla~ sweet and sour tahsur'Ÿ o,— ta:h-ta:h sur-Ÿ summon khul-nya, kih-nya sŸur summoning gesture 'laku 'laku swell 'go-nya, 'pa-nya summons myat swell, make sogoi-nya sun 'bel, 'gahm, 'nimi: swept away s˙l˙l˙ Sunbird rï:hci~ 'piciu Swift lam batih Sunday 'ait˙bar swift phir 'phir sunk in gihm-nya, 'dihm-dim swift motions s˙p˙k s˙p˙k sunny side pahar-ph˙t˙ swiftly 'sw~î-sw~î, 'sy~o:, ch˙n˙ ch˙n˙, sunrise 'p˙le:-nya sw~î, s˙n s˙n, s˙p ka s˙p supple 'lala lulu'wo, l˙d˙ b˙d˙ swim 'col-nyaŸ supplement bisa swinging 'h˙rlya~u 'h˙rlya~u, 'ph˙nd˙ support 'jor, 'duhri-nya, jor-nya 'ph˙nd˙, telo:~ support oneself ≥a'sî-nya\ swirl ph˙rle:-nya supporter 'duhrya swirling bur suppress d˙b˙i-nya swollen 'bohp-bop, 'bor-bor, 'sumla 'sum- supress j˙hm la, 's˙n˙ 'r˙n˙, ba: ba:, phapha phuphu sure p˙kka swoon 'murcha surprised '˙c˙mbi-nya, cya≥ ci≥ swoop gyu:h-nya~ surround 'gihri-nya sword 'buhjali, 't˙rwali survive 'ba:ci-nya,~ 'r˙hi-nya syphillis 'bihri≥gya suspend juhnd˙i-nya syringe 'p˙cika suspicion 's˙≥ka syrupy d˙ren d˙ren swaddling clothes dal systematically s˙p ka s˙p swagger 'm˙h˙ki-nya English Index 427 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ tasseled l˙tyaso T taste o-r≥˙m, 'dar-nya 'ph˙lya, 'p˙lyato tablet tasteless 'chem-nya, 'chem 'chem ga:da~ 'te: tadpole tasty '≥˙m-nya, 'sya: 'sya:, o-rsya: 'leo 'bï:,~ bas'ma Tahr tattered 'cherla-cherla, 'd˙hja 'd˙hja, cita tail o-r'bï:h,~ o-rme:h pata, l˙kh˙r l˙kh˙r le:dyaso~ tailless tattle p˙î-nya~ n˙î-nya,~ 'b˙i-nya, la:-nya~ take taut 're:h-r~ e:h,~ t˙n˙n˙ la:-nya~ take away tax 'b˙naolo, 'j˙gat, doro:, sirma 'sum-nya take in tax (weighing) 'ju:hki~ hap-nya take up space tea ca: 'baisya, 'chulya, 'paji, ph˙t˙ha talebearer tea shop b˙hti 'g˙h˙k, sip˙ talent teach syu:-nya, 'p˙i-nya, s˙t˙î-nya~ o-'t˙h˙ 'leo talented teacher 'gurba, mast˙r 'j˙nt˙r talisman tear cis-nya, ph˙l~a:-nya, poros-nya, talk pa:,~ pa:-nya~ 'ph˙r˙i-nya, ci:-nya, koi-nya, poro:-nya, talk back 'p˙rcya:-p˙rcy~ a:~ 'jihna 'jihna mï:'cya'ni~ talk in sleep tear down t˙ih-nya phir phir tall tear loose ph˙re:-nya~ 's˙l-s˙l tall and straight tears 'pihl s˙ka surli:'wo tall (of tree) teary eyed khese:~ khese:~ 'n˙≥˙ra talon tease 'b˙re:-nya 'ug˙ni-nya tame, become tell da-nya, h˙i da-nya kh˙rjï:-nya~ tamp temper 'do:hwalya~ 'r˙nd˙-b˙nd˙ tangle temperment 'do:hwalya~ 'cyaibwi:, 'g˙nth˙n 'm˙nth˙n, tangled temple 'm˙ndir 'r˙d˙-b˙d˙ temple (of the head) 'purpur˙ kot˙i-nya tap temple stick liza 't˙i-nya tap out nicks tempt '˙t˙k˙li-nya 'ca:pa~ kira tapeworm ten 'd˙s 'p˙tyap tapping sound tenaciously 't˙n-t˙n, tap t˙p ˙l˙k˙tar tar tender jyahs'o— b˙ht˙î~ Tarakot tender (sore) c˙p-nya 'khu: tare tenderize 'm˙:l˙i-nya, 'c˙m-c˙m 'tara target tendon 'd˙r 'n˙sa, 'dï:hsa,~ 'n˙sa t˙mbyanis-nya tarnish (copper) tension s˙k˙s sîwali-nya~ tarnish (silver) tent 'pal, pherwa yer'sî-nya\ tarry terminate 'khem-nya, 'tupi-nya, d~u:'s\î- tassel 'juhmka, o-r'bï:h,~ se:-nya nya 428 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ termite 'm˙hjîka~ thigh (under side) sya'phal terrace 'pata thigh (upper) 'rya:h terrace wall dihk˙, kand˙lah thin macao, khap 'khop, khyar khyar, test 'bicar, '˙t˙k˙l, ja:c,~ 'bicari-nya, 'ja:ci-~ 'b˙hra:-nya, 'phyap-nya, 'p˙le:-nya, nya, '˙t˙k˙li-nya khyar-nya, wa:-nya, syal-nya testicle zuhri: thin meshed 'tat˙ra:-nya testify 'gohai things 'ja:ya tether sur-nya think over 'khami-nya, 'yu:l˙~ 'khami-nya, tethering rope 'da:h,~ 'g˙re: guni-nya that 'ho:, no:| third daughter 'saîli,~ 'sa:jili~ that area ho'ya:l— ˙,\ n˙'ya:l— ˙\ third son 'saîla,~ 'sa:jila~ that distance na:hk˙— thirst rihcho, chos-nya that kind hono:h this ao| that large hahldyalu, nahldyalu, nahlyu this area a'jî:'d— a,\ a'jî:≥—— ˙\ that much ha:h, na:h this big ahldyu that one hohno: this direction ak˙'s˙i\ that place hohno:k˙— this far a:hk˙— that side n˙'nî— this kind itao that size hahlyalu, hahlyu, nahlyalu this much a:hz˙,— a:h that time ha:h≥˙— this side a'nî,— a'tï:'nÉ— î,\ aph˙t˙ that way ho'da,— n˙k˙'s˙i this size ahlyalu, ahlyu thatch 'pus˙i, b˙rjem this time ath˙ pala theirs (dual) 'nimi: this year aîhsi~ then 'ph˙ri, hu'kîn— thong n˙:~ there ho-, n˙-, hok˙, hol˙, hot˙, ho≥˙, thorn zu: n˙'d—a, n˙'j—î:'d\a, n˙'j—î:k\˙, n˙'j—î:l\˙, n˙'n—î, thorn bush 'dahs n˙'tîn,— n˙k˙, n˙l˙, n˙t˙, n˙≥˙ those (dual) no:'ni| therefore h˙i 'j˙id˙ those (plural) no:r˙| they ho:r˙ thoughtless o-rgya:ht˙~ they (dual) 'ho:ni, ni: thousand h˙jar they themselves ya: thrash 'b˙ht-b˙ht thick 'ci:'wo, 'dohdya, 'gohrlo 'gohrlo, thrashing about 'khoyam ka 'khoyam, 'khap khap, ru:h-nya~ 'ph˙rcya 'ph˙rcya thick (consistency) 'the:-nya thread dahga: thick meal 't˙n-nya thread needle cher˙i-nya, sil-nya thick meshed 'khip-khibo threadworm 'ca:pa~ kira, 'zyahl thick (of dough) 't˙n-t˙n threat 'jo:~ thick set dihb˙lkyaso, dihkulyaso threaten h˙pk˙i-nya, s˙che:-nya thief 'cor, 'c˙ndal, da:ka~ threateningly jahl-jahl English Index 429 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ three 'so:hb˙r~ e:,~ sohmlo, so:h-~ timber 'b˙hre:ma,~ 'b˙hre:,~ t˙m three days after tomorrow kolchya:~ time 'bela:, 's˙m˙i, pala, 'b˙ji-nya thresh poh-nya times 'dobor, -guna, -khep, -phe: threshing floor kh˙la: timid u-'yu:~ 'maleo, 'chepowa threshing mill 'dai timidity s˙rm˙ threshold 'pata 'sî~ tin can 'd˙ba throat 'bo:hkora,~ ga:hti~ tinder juhl˙ throbbing j˙n˙n˙ tingle 'b˙rï:-nya,É rih-nya throw 'l˙pd˙i-nya, 'milk˙i-nya, khya-nya, tingling 'kh˙r-kh˙r, 'r˙hm 'r˙hm, j˙n˙n˙ 'chetto, s˙kk˙ tinkling kharlya:~ kh˙rlî~ throw out 'p˙le:-nya tip u-tupa, kotholyah, d˙hlk˙i-nya throw stone johm-nya, khorop-nya, ko- tip of tree u-'phurka hcya:-nya, je:h-nya tiptoe cho:j˙i~ cho:j˙i~ thud dwah≥ tire 'pati-nya thudding wuhp ka wuhp tire out th˙l˙i-nya thumb g˙i'pa tired gis-nya, 'th˙li-nya, lukhuru lukhu- thunder 'g˙rji-nya ('n˙m), 'catya≥ ni 'c˙ti≥, ru 'dahda≥ ni 'duhdu≥, 'gahda≥ ni 'gohdo≥, Titmouse 'cicî~ kutya 'gahd˙ra≥ ni 'guhd˙ru≥, 'bahda≥ ni 'bo- toad 'p˙yu:, bokoroh hdo≥, dwah≥ toast s˙kh˙rï:-nya~ Thursday 'biph˙ibar toasted kh˙rï:-nya~ thus h˙i, ˙i toasty muhr-nya, muhr-muhr thwart wo~î-nya tobacco kh˙s˙'rya Tibet 'boht today achim| tick p˙r˙≥ kah toddle chumo chumo, ch˙m ch˙m, gahpya tickle 'k˙hle:-nya gupi tidy 'sya: si:, c˙k˙ c˙k˙ toe khï:s˙i~ tidy up 'syas-nya, sap together 'sip tie ki-nya, po:-nya toiling, heavy sota sota tie knot thum-nya token 'cina, 'yahka tie string 'tona tomato 'rambe:da~ tie turban po:'sî-nya\ tomcat 'dahdya tiger 's˙r 'la: tomorrow p˙hra:ti tight k˙s'o,— 'kata-k˙tï:,É c˙p˙k, 'cu:-nya tongs 'cimta, 's˙ndyaso, 'thondoro tight, become 'k˙ski-nya tongue se: tightness of weave o-rthes tongue hanging le: le: tilt gohm tool ja:r˙, 'ja:, sa:ca~ tilt head gyal tooter pe:p~ e:~ goga:~ tilted head '≥˙la: tooth 'ba:g˙l,~ 'ha: 430 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ tooth decay 'ha: pu: trained 'ug˙riu, dip-nya tooth protruding 'buchulya training 'talim, siklai toothless thotyaso trait o-ge: top rot˙ trample chil-nya, si:-nya topknot 'ceme:, cupi, l˙ta trampled 'rali-guli topple 'd˙hli-nya, 'gahda: 'guhdu:, 'gahram trance, enter satal˙ 'p˙si-nya, 'j˙hj˙lki-nya 'gohrom, 'guhdu:, gohjya: tranquillity hola:,~ 'ran 'chan topsoil g˙m'sya— trap 'ce:h,~ 'g˙hrwa, 'jihb˙la, 'k˙th˙i 'birala, torch 'ra:ka,~ b˙tti 'mala, 'p˙lyato, ba'ce:h,~ kuhm, ph˙li≥kah, torn cita cita, cita pata, d˙hra ph˙ra, tarya ph˙s˙≥g˙i-nya t˙re: trap, fish tuhm toss khorop-nya, 'chetto, h˙p˙s˙, s˙kk˙ travail in childbirth g˙hrli-nya toss about 'ph˙lî~ ph˙lî,~ buhrlum, phar- traveller dak˙rya lap phurlup, phulup tread mill 'dai toss aside bahp-nya tread on si:-nya toss into mouth khop-nya treasure g˙dant˙ tossing and turning 't˙ra:~ ni phulup treasury kos totally 'chelala:, 'syo:lo treat rope ri:h-nya totter 'd˙hlki-nya tree 'd˙hk˙ri:, 'ky~a:, 'syargwa, 'syu:, tottering d˙hl˙k d˙hl˙k b˙rich˙, jehr˙i, siza:, s˙ri:, sî~ touch 'chap-nya, 'chu-nya, cop-nya, 'chap- tree (great) 'ruhmbu rap, 'cop, choi, chwas, kh˙dep tree sap sî'~ cï:~ tough kha-nya, k˙t˙lï:~ m˙t˙lï:~ tremble 'gu:-nya, th˙no:-nya toward a'tï:'dÉ— a,\ -'tï:'daÉ trembling 'buhm 'buhm, 'k˙r~î-k˙r~î, towering 'n˙m swît˙~ 'bao 'th˙r-th˙r, zyo:~ zyo:~ town crier 'k˙twalya tremors mal˙≥, ma:th˙~ d˙l˙wa toy caca nana, z˙hre: trespass gahp-nya toy gun 'p˙th˙rkala trial ja:c~ track 'syul trial (hardship) 'g˙hc˙, 'h˙tya, dukh˙ trade 'bepar, toh-nya trick ch˙k˙i-nya, ch˙l˙i-nya, juhk˙i-nya trader 'bepari trickery 'ch˙l, 'jal tradition 'c˙l˙n, 'theti trickle turu: turu: trail 'yem trickling tiru tiru trail (broad) 's˙h˙r trigger 'lib˙ri: trail food 'ma:da~ b˙hres, 'pakho, dihku- trim 'lo:-nya, cahl-nya la, ka:tul~ trinkets caca nana trailing 're: 're: trip 'p˙rd˙p-nya, sutuhm-nya train 'b˙than, 'd˙i-nya tripod (cooking) juh≥gu train to be docile ugar˙i-nya trips -khep English Index 431 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ troop 'b˙kh˙r, 'b˙than, 'a:tha~ turn around ph˙rk˙i-nya troops phoji turn back s˙wol-nya trouble 'g˙hc˙, 'h˙tya, aph˙t, dukh˙, turn gray 'woi-nya g˙hc˙i-nya, pehr˙i-nya turn head to:~ troubled 'dukhi, kata m~a:hti ('y~u:), 'y~u: turn off course 't˙rki-nya kata ma:hti~ 'ta-nya, har 'mani-nya turn out (lip on jug) p˙ltyas-nya troubled with illness 'tenten ni 'jenjen turn over phulup-nya, phalya:~ ph˙lî~ troublesome cya: 'siu turn to something 'p˙lti-nya trough 'kul˙, do:htho~ turning phir trousers jï:gil~ turnip 'ganya 'yo:h, 'yo:h trout '˙s˙la '≥a:h tusk 'dahra trudge in snow gahrap ni gohrop tussling taka jika true saco, sakk˙ tweezers cyu:ta,~ kap'ci trumpet bo:hk˙r~ twenty khï:~ 'kwi:, bis trust 'hup-nya ('yu:),~ 'yu:~ 'hup-nya twigs 'je:hja~ try 'bicar, 'udim, 'bicari-nya, 'j~a:ci-nya, twilight 'rihm'da, 'rihmk˙ '˙t˙k˙li-nya twin 'jo≥olya tube doh≥ora, nali twinkling 'jihmik 'jihmik, dihp˙l~a: di- tuber 'je: hp˙la:,~ pilam tuck in 'sip-nya twist u-r'kil, 'p˙r˙s, 'kil-nya, 'p˙ih-nya, Tuesday m˙≥˙lbar ph˙rle:-nya, 'p˙r˙s tuft 'bohrla, 'ceme: twist a limb buhrul-nya tug 'sehl-nya, 't˙≥g˙i-nya, cî-nya~ twist thread w˙hn-nya tug at cita:-nya twisted ga≥˙lya gu≥˙li, ga:tya~ ni gu:ti,~ tugging taka jika karap-kurup, narya ni gorya tugging forcefully tya:~ te:~ twisting bur, phir tuition 'phis twitch porom-nya, cik˙lahm cik˙lahm tumble 'gol~o:-nya, 'p˙lti-nya, coih-nya, two nehblo, 'nehb˙re:,~ neh- 'bahrlap ni 'bohrlop two days after tomorrow tipchya:~ tumeric 'h˙lid˙ two gallons -simi tumor 'moiyo, ga:do~ two way 'ohor 'dohor tumpline 'n˙hm tying thongs (drum) 'tana turban wa:hpho,~ ≥˙ihpha type o-'b~a:ti'l—ao, 'jat, 'kisim, 'rol, wala, turbaned gurjyaso -tho turbid kuhl-kul'o, 'b˙hle 'b˙hle typhoon a:dih~ turbulent water 'mulka tyranny 'hai-hai turmeric h˙lid˙ turn 'kil-nya, d˙hlk˙i-nya, guhm˙i-nya, U ph˙rle:-nya ugly g˙hrrih'zyao— 432 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ulcer (skin) k˙nthab˙r˙n unfettered rahn'sî-nya\ umbilical cord (lose) tel-nya unfold 'kurup-nya, 'p˙la:-nya umbrella 'ch˙t˙r unfounded ma'thï:riuÉ unafraid 'lato, nimanyaso, kh˙b˙rdar, 'ya- unfrequented dab˙ryaso pi'sî-nya\ unhesitating 'yu:~ duhkk˙ 'j˙i-nya unanimous chum-nya, 'syo:lo unhindered 'khula unavailable syo:-nya uniform ch˙î~ j˙î~ unbind 'p˙la:-nya unimpressed ma≥˙m'sî-nya\ unbroken soil 'ra:ta~ uninhibited 'yu:~ duhkk˙ 'j˙i-nya unclaimed 'buhsi-nya unintelligent ˙d˙hm, 'tyatya 'titi uncle bage:h, bobo, kaka, mama, pahgo unintelligible chya≥˙la≥ ni cho≥olo≥Ÿ unclear zyahrlya zirli: united 'syo:lo uncombed 'zyat˙ta:, cyat˙rya cit˙ri unjust '˙d˙hrm˙, ˙s˙t˙ uncomely g˙hrrih'zyao— unkempt 'zyat˙ta: uncomfortable kus˙ jal˙'o— unmoving ch˙p˙k uncompromising ch˙tkyaso, ek ch˙tk- unnoticed ch˙p˙k, khosolyak yaso unoccupied 'khali, rito: unconcerned ma≥˙m'sî-nya\ unoffended 'yu:~ jam-nya uncongealed d˙g˙ d˙g˙ unplowed 'ra:ta~ uncooked kaco unprepared 'lala lulu uncountable ma'g˙niduhnya unprosperous pi:hti undecided u-'y~u: tubu 'po:k˙ 'maleo, unqualified 'maph˙reso, ˙g˙ti'lao— '˙nk˙ni-nya unreasonable u-'yu:~ 'khao undefiled 'cha:'wo,~ 'cokho, ch˙î-nya~ unreasoning o-gyan 'maleo undergrowth 'syaola unreliable 'b˙iman, ˙s˙t˙ understand 'buji-nya, ti:-nya unrestrained 'b˙chya, rwo≥ ki rwo≥, 'yu:~ understandable 'bujalo ma'n˙iduh-nya understanding 'gyan unripe 'balko, kaco, 'pï:-nyaÉ underworld 'tanji 'wanji, 't˙lna 'nam unroll p˙las-nya undesirable 'yu:~ majam'o, ma≥˙m'sîu\ unrolling p˙lala undetected khosolyak unsatiated boro:-nya undisciplined 'ra:ta~ unsatisfied u-'y~u: ma'byalo, u-'y~u: undone phyass˙ mawa:h'wo~ undone, come phis-nya unseen ch˙p˙k undress syuhs-nya, syu:h-nya unsettled ma'thï:riuÉ uneven 'kaltal 'k˙lt˙l, 'karga 'korgo unskilled 'maph˙reso, ˙g˙ti'lao— unexpectedly cekop, j˙hp˙lyak, jyahp˙, unstable u-'y~u: tubu 'po:k˙ 'maleo, khwas ma'thÉï:riu, 'gyal gil, 'h˙n˙-h˙n˙, d˙hl˙k unfaithful '˙d˙hrm˙, ˙s˙t˙ d˙hl˙k, h˙lï:É h˙lï:,É telap telap English Index 433 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ unstable, be 'h˙li-nya, 'j˙h˙ni-nya, h˙lkï:-nyaÉ V 'khali, 'uda≥gyaso, rito: unstring 'p˙la:-nya, phi:-nya vacant s˙~î sw~î, sy~a: sy~a: unswept 'd˙hl-d˙hl vacated 'khupi-nya untidy pul-nya vaccinate 'p˙re: untie 'p˙la:-nya vagina ˙hna:k˙l˙,— ≥asya thomsya until s˙m˙ vainly 'cahit, 'gun, 'kha:co~ untouchable '˙chutya value olop untrained 'ra:ta~ vanish 'koho, baph˙ untrigger s˙phis-nya vapor 'jat unused 'buhsi-nya variety 'bahji '≥˙îh,~ bamalu, khera:lu~ unusual ˙n˙waryaso, ˙n˙kh˙ vegetable 'jihtup unwary ≥˙t˙t˙m vein m˙km˙l up 'ya:-, ro- velvet 'bihri≥gya up to -'p˙i, s˙m˙ venereal disease khis up to here a:h'p˙i,\ ak˙'p˙i\ vengeance 'yu:~ s˙sim-nya upcountry 'ya:'da\ vengeance, take 'sonpa upgrade 't˙h˙l˙i-nya, s˙par˙i-nya Venus 'm˙ira uphill 'ukala, 'kï:-k~ ï:~ veranda lop lop upper roph˙t˙, ru'ni verdant 'thï:É upper world 'up˙lna 'nam vertically b˙n˙i, nikh˙l˙ini upright 'thï:,É thï:~ dï:~ very 'ja: upright, make s˙'cya:h-nya~ vessel 'golgada, 'kh˙k˙nd˙ uproar kh˙ila ni b˙ila vest 'kola-kola uproot bo:h-nya vexation 'y~u: kata m~a:hti 'ta-nya, 'y~u: kola uprooted, be bohs-nya vexed kola 'ta-nya upside down phalap phulup, uhup 'cip upward rok˙'s˙i viand 'h˙rli-nya, thurnu-nya, th˙no:-nya upwards 'ya:'da,\ ro'da— vibrate 'bani, 'kubani urgent 'jururi, kacabul vice s˙desya urinate ji:h'sî-nya,\ ji:h-nya vice head of village ward 'j˙hrga, 'je:hsya,~ 'm˙nd˙li urine 'jihs victor 'm˙nd˙l use 'cahit, 'kha:co,~ c˙l˙i-nya, kh˙rc˙i-nya victory koi'wo— used to 'yapi'sî-nya\ view point 'palya useless sitti'kao, ˙g˙ti'lao,— 'ba:katya,~ boh- vigil kota:, 'kyahnya ni 'chanya vigor jos 'cois˙ uvula jib˙h vigorously village 'k˙c˙ri, 'nam, na:khar village administrative entity p˙ncay˙t 434 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ village area nahm walk about a'da— ho'da,— 'duli-nya village council 'gat 'buhda, 'talukya walk with stick jwi:h'sî-nya\ village official up˙ p˙rdahn, ˙d˙kchya walking stick jwi:h village street doha wall 'a:tho,~ bahrna, bihtha village, summer 'sîla~ wall (planks) 'rahu village ward 'oda walloping 'wohm ka 'wohm village work force 'jahra walnut khas˙i villainous '˙rnya:,~ 'cacap ni 'cocop walnut cluster jo:thya~ vine 'da:~ ruhs, 'rinu, 'r˙hla walnut meat o-go: violent 'murkh˙, 'p˙t˙ 'murkh˙o walnut with two nuts 'hulkya violently 'j˙b˙r jyasti, h˙p wander 'barîh-nya,\ 'duli-nya violin 'sar˙≥gi want 'cahi-nya, cas da-nya, p˙î-nya~ virtue 'gun wanton 'b˙chya visible, be r˙îh-nya~ war 'l˙r˙î,~ juj˙, 'l˙ri-nya vision, have 'j˙hj˙lki-nya Warbler 'cherpatya voice 'sor, o-rga: warm hugup, 'mohp 'mohp, mw~î-nya, void 'uda≥gyaso, rito: sumw~î-nya volition huna'ni, o-maha:~ warm oneself mwîsi-nya~ voluntarily 'yu:~ sya:'ni warn si≥ar-nya, s˙che:-nya, ˙rth˙i-nya volunteer 'tha:'s~ î-nya\ warning 'cetaoni vomit woih, woih-nya warp 'giri-nya vomit, cause to 'yu:~ khyadya-nya warped ba≥gyas-nya vomiting wahk ni pyak warp beam tal 'sî~ voraciously b˙hs˙ b˙s˙ warp (of loom) o-'tana vow 'k˙s˙m, purkhi-nya warp threads o-sya: vulgar r˙ddi wart 'jo:j˙i~ vulnerable 'chyas-nya wash che'sî-nya,\ che-nya vulture ka≥gah 'mo:,~ gidd˙ wash hair za'sî-nya\ vulva 'ba:g˙l~ washed cap cap wasp 'gohs, 'murkim, 'm˙lma, buhrli, siza: W waste 'kher, u-'kï:,É 'odoi-nya wage jehla, t˙l˙p watch bahl'sî-nya,\ 'cyu:-nya, guh-nya Wagtail 'bahb˙n 'tikya watch dog guhkhi: wail l~ï:'s\î-nya, cirl˙ ni birl˙, kaw~a: ni watch (timepiece) 'g˙hri ziwa:,~ pa:~ ki pa:~ watchman 'cu:ki, 'palya waist 'wa:h~ watchtower khoporah wait kî-nya~ water rî:h| wake s˙~î's\î-nya water buffalo 'b˙îhsa~ walk 'ba-nya water buffalo calf 'pada, 'padi English Index 435 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ water buffalo (male) 'ra≥ga wedge 'k˙r kep, 'sura, o-r'pep, o-rkep water (cooking) 'ka:khoi,~ rihm˙i Wednesday 'bud˙bar water jar 'bohpka, gadu, gahg˙ri: weed ba:hdya,~ r˙hm, ryalna, 'khore:-nya, water outlet u-'nîjar~ r˙hm-nya, syal-nya water snake 'rihgul week 'sata water spout 'dahra weep g˙hr-nya waterfall 'ch˙rka, chara weevil 'guhn, m˙l˙: watery 'ciri-nya weevil infested m˙la:-nya wattles u-citu weigh 'pho:-nya wave 'ph˙nd˙i-nya weight 'chapya 'dahrni, 'dahrni, 'k˙t˙wa wave of water 'buhlka, 'ch˙lka 'dahrni, 'tohla, kach˙, man˙bah, -'dihm waver phulup weight (gold) 'masa wavering 'gyal gil weld 'r˙s˙i-nya way 'yem, upai welfare 'khor waylay wo~î's\î-nya well sohjo'kao,— 'kuwa, hala:~ holo:,~ 's˙p˙ris- we 'ge: nya, s˙p˙ri:-nya we two 'gin well done syabas weak 'phyap-nya, 't˙≥g˙ 't˙≥g˙, phyas phis well mannered subas 'leo weak from illness rohm-nya well-behaved 'g˙hnki-nya weaken gyah-nya, k˙ra:-nya,~ ruhm-nya welted cyacyal cicil wealth 'd˙hn, 's˙mp˙ti, logo l˙sk˙r welts 'rola 'rola, phep˙na phep˙na wealthy 'd˙hni west 'p˙chyu:~ weapon 'h˙tyar wet cyu:-nya, 'phete: 'phete:, 'tor-tor, l˙p˙ wear be:'sî-nya,\ sur-nya l˙p˙, pyaku pyaku wear clothing jasi-nya, kwaih'sî-nya\ wet (from sucking) 'sep 'sep wear down s˙cya:-nya wether 'jak˙nya wear out 'khyu:-nya whacking 'p˙ttyam, 'wohm ka 'wohm wear thin khyu:nyas-nya~ what kata, k˙i weariness dikk˙ what kind kitao weary 'pati-nya, 'thap˙rya thupuri, lukhuru whatever k˙i lukhuru wheat 'pima:, tam weasel nowla 'musa wheezing 'h˙sko weather 'n˙m when kh˙rk˙ weave rï:h-nyaÉ whenever jok˙ Weaver Bird dan c˙ri where 'kh˙i, kan-, kank—˙, ka≥≥˙, kana, weaver’s reed c˙k˙reh katak˙, katal˙, kata≥˙ weaving instruments rï:hjaÉ wherever jo'da,— jok˙ web 'jal whet hul-nya, hulti hulti wedding guest 'j˙nti whetstone hu'lu:~ 436 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ whey 'm˙hi whorl 'taku, rihp whichever 'jo: why karao, katae whine kw~î-nya wicked u-'y~u: 'bipya'da ta:'s\îu, 'papi, whining 'zehrn˙i ni 'g˙hrn˙i, cya~o ni '˙d˙hrmi, 'yu:'ni~ kubat˙î~ 'hu:-nya~ myao~ wickedness 'pap˙, kubat˙î~ whip 'korra, 'syakora, ri:h-nya wide 'la: 'la:'wo, woih'wo, 'gwal 'gwal, whirlpool 'mulka 'sya:-sya:, 'ra:-nya~ whirlwind 'lahpa widen s˙ra:-nya~ whiskers 'dahri, 'mï:h~ widow 'ra:di~ whisper 'khus-khus widower 'ra:da~ whistle sisilyat˙ ja:h-nya width o-ra:~ whistling 'wî-w~ î,~ se:kore~ se:kore~ wife 'jya: Whistling Thrush tis˙ra:~ wife (first) 'ris white palo, phorloso, 't˙k˙-t˙k˙ wife of father’s younger brother 'kan- white collared kh˙galyaso chi white earth s˙ra: wife’s elder brother 'jithu white ewe ha:siso~ wife’s elder brother’s daughter white footed d˙ohlyaso 'b˙hd˙i white headed phusuryaso wife’s mother mwîjyu~ white mark on forehead taryaso, tikar- wife’s sister’s husband sadu yaso wife’s younger brother 'sala white (of animal) setyaso wife’s younger sister 'sali white ram ha:syaso~ wiggle 'h˙li-nya, 'j˙h˙ni-nya, h˙lkï:-nya,É white tipped (tail) phurkyaso cara: c˙rï:É whitewash 'chapi-nya wild boar tusks 'g˙ldya 'dahra, 'g˙ldu White Capped River Chat 'thap˙lya 'dahra rihsiltîh— wild dog 'p˙hr White Collared Blackbird 'guhskira wildcat 'l˙kh˙rya 'la, ra:hkhya~ White Crested Laughing Thrush wilderness 'bicc˙, 'b˙n 'nac˙nya baza will huna'ni, 'khusi, 'yu:~ da-nya whiten soporo:-nya willfully ho:na'ni~ whittle tuh-nya willow b˙îs˙~ whittled l˙c˙ l˙c˙ wilt 'lisi-nya, thï:-nya~ who su: wily 'batho, 'c˙lak who knows? mas˙n˙ win 'je:h-nya,~ har˙i-nya whoever 'jo: wind b˙tas whole sohjo'kao,— b˙hri, j˙mma wind of string sarya whole, make sudum-nya wind pipe -r'mil wholly 'c˙b˙n˙i, opo:s˙z˙, paîh~ winded 'h˙sko English Index 437 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ winding 'guhmaro, ga:tya~ ni gu:ti,~ narya work communally yel'sî-nya\ ni gorya, ph˙r ph˙r work force 'jahra, beth˙, m˙n window 'b˙hj˙la, 'jyahl, bihrku:~ world 'manuwa, 'mulk˙, 'n˙r, 's˙nsar wine ja:d˙~ ma:d˙,~ m˙d˙ worm 'p˙rgil, phu:'lao— 'p˙rgil, ph˙t ph˙tya wine jug 'puch˙i 'p˙rgil wing 'k˙r worn kh˙le-kh˙le winner 'j˙hrga, 'je:hsya,~ 'm˙nd˙li worried, be 'yu:~ 'khotoro: 'ta-nya winnow 'mo-nya, cyap-nya worry sogo, 'thu: da-nya ('yu:)~ winnowing tray nah≥˙li worrying 'wi: ni 'phwi: winter 'u:hdyali,~ 'yu:hda~ worsen h˙iya 'g˙ti, khat wipe 'si:-nya worship 'dyahn wipe out sotoryan worth 'gun wire 'tar worthless bikam'lao,— ˙g˙ti'lao,— bohkota: wiry balya b˙le wound 'gaih, kh˙terah, 'dahri-nya wisdom buddi wounded 'g˙ihtya, ˙d˙hpil, ˙d˙hs˙r wisp of breath 'sï:zaÉ woven loosely z˙hra:-nya witch 'zya:h, gohna'me:,~ zyahname:~ wrap luhm, bihri's\î-nya, kwaih's\î-nya, with sohno: dal-nya, kwaih-nya wither 'lisi-nya, thï:-nya~ wrap arms around 'k˙r-nya, lap-nya, withhold gop˙i-nya z˙m-nya withhold food sutur-nya wrap out of way 'lum-nya without 'maleo, binu wrap up lumb˙i-nya witness 'gohai, 'saci, 'saki, s˙rj˙mi, 'b˙hki- wrapped sarlap surlup nya wrapping around mya:h me: wizard 'dahmi, 'j˙îsi~ Wren Babbler cerke:~ 'bahlya: woe hai hai, th˙ie ma:t˙~ k˙n˙, th˙i th˙i wrestle 'kh˙p'sî-nya,\ z˙m-nya wok 'k˙r˙i wring 'p˙ci:-nya, cyar-nya wolf 'p˙hr wringing pya:c˙rya~ pe:c˙re~ woman 'me:ma~ wrinkle 'korop-nya womb g˙rb˙, kokh˙, za'sîp\ wrinkle (skin) se:h-nya~ wood s~î wrinkled koropcyaso, 'cyak˙rap ciku- wood for handles mu:jyar~ rup, 'cyaorya cyuri, curup-curup wooden implements sî'ja~ wrist 'nari woodpecker kyar write 's˙hr-nya woof threads u-rï:h,É u-thul wool 's˙n Y wool rope 'k˙s˙ri, tha:'pa yak 'cu≥uri words pa:~ yak tail 'bompha, 'co:gor~ work 'yehn yank khulk˙i-nya 438 English Index ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ yawn hambol, ham you (dual) 'jin yawning woih'wo you (pl) 'je: year 'sal, b˙rs˙, -rim young 'balko, b˙hr'z\a'k\ao, 'bali, '˙hd˙ year after next nihmni b˙îsya~ yellow h˙lidyaso young man 'dahpa yes h˙iz˙, ï:É young woman 'dahme:,~ 'ma:~ yesterday ahjyo: younger du:h'd~ a'≥\ ao\ yeti 'sehd˙n yours 'n˙mi: yeti (small) zenza yours (dual) 'jinmi: yew 'mici yours (pl) 'jemi: yield khya'sînya\ yogurt 'd˙hi: Z yoke kum zeal jos yoke pins s˙ilo zigzag ga:tya~ ni gu:ti~ yolk bazuhri: zone ˙nc˙l you 'nï:~ References

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