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Biochemical Effects of Centaurea Maculosa on Soil Nutrient Cycles and Plant Communities

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Biochemical Effects of Centaurea Maculosa on Soil Nutrient Cycles and Plant Communities University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2006 Biochemical effects of Centaurea maculosa on soil nutrient cycles and plant communities Andrea S. Thorpe The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Thorpe, Andrea S., "Biochemical effects of Centaurea maculosa on soil nutrient cycles and plant communities" (2006). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 9594. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/9594 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY The University of Montana Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. ♦♦Please check "Yes" or "No" and provide signature** Yes, I grant permission S No, I do not grant permission ____________ Author's Signature: a * >. _______________ Date: v U ________ Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's explicit consent. 8/98 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF CENTAUREA MACULOSA ON SOIL NUTRIENT CYCLES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES by Andrea S. Thorpe M.S. San Diego State University, 2001 B.S. Oregon State University, 1998 presented in partial fulfillment o f the requirements for the degree o f Doctor o f Philosophy The University of Montana May 2006 Approved b Dean, Graduate School Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3228607 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3228607 Copyright 2006 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Thorpe, Andrea S. Ph.D. May 2006 Organismal Biology and Ecology The Biochemical Effects of Centaurea maculosa on soil nutrient cycles and plant communities Chairperson: Ragan M. Callaway The success o f some invasive plants may be due to biochemcials that are novel to the invaded ecosystems. This is because plants, herbivores, and soil microbes native to invaded communities may lack a coevolutionary-based response to biochemical traits of the invader. In addition, these biochemicals may also alter abiotic components of soil nutrient cycles. I measured the effects of Centaurea maculosa and the root exudate, (±)-catechin, on the soil nitrogen and phosphorus cycles and plant communities. Most importantly, I also compared the strength of many of these effects in the invaded range to those in the native range. My research provides evidence that C.maculosa has strong, biochemical effects on soil nutrient cycling, at least partially due to exudation of the polyphenol, (±)-catechin. Nitrification in soils from part of the invaded range of C.maculosa (Montana) was strongly reduced by both C.maculosa and application o f (±)-catechin. In contrast, there were very weak effects on nitrification in soils from part of the native range of C. maculosa (Romania). A different study found that C. maculosa also has strong effects on the soil phosphorus cycle. In a greenhouse experiment and field study, I found that Centaurea maculosa was more phosphorus efficient than many native species, even when phosphorus was highly limiting. However, in the field study, soil phosphate was higher in areas dominated by C. maculosa than in areas where the invasive had been removed. I suggest that elevated soil phosphate and the resulting phosphorus-efficiency of C. maculosa are due to the exudation o f (±)-catechin, a strong chelator for the metals that bind phosphorus in many of the soils invaded by C. maculosa. Finally, in a series of studies repeated over two years, I found that when tested in situ, (±)-catechin had strong allelopathic effects on the growth of several plant species in Montana, but very weak effects on species in Romania. Thus, C. maculosa appears to alter not just the aboveground plant community, but also fundamental ecosystem properties. These effects may persist long after the removal of the invasive species. Furthermore, biogeographic comparisons suggest that coevolution plays an important role in both plant community interactions and plant-soil interactions. 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For most of my life, I knew that I wanted to by a biologist. As early as I can remember, I would watch Marty Stouffer’s Wild America and National Geographic specials, wanted to do ■ “that,” and from fairly early on, this dream included the graduate-school journey that is soon about to end. The achievement of this goal is due not only to my own hard-work, but the support and encouragement of so many people to whom I owe my gratitude. Before I go any further, I must thank my family, particularly my parents, MaryAlice and Royce Thorpe. Mom and Papa have never swayed in their love, encouragement, support, and interest in my endeavors. They also instilled in me a strong work ethic, sense of values, and stubbornness of character that I believe have contributed greatly to my success. My eduction prior to coming to the University of Montana was shaped by many individuals. I must thank the many teachers (including those who insisted that a women had no role in science!) and professors (particularly Dr. Mark Wilson, OSU, and Dr. S. Hurlburt, SDSU) who educated and challenged me. My interest in interactions between plants and the soil ecosystem and applied ecology was fostered by my experiences as a student trainee with the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (thank-you Ken and Patrick!) and during a summer research experience with Dr. J.B. Kauffman. I am also very grateful for my Masters advisor, Jay Diffendorfer. His first year as a professor at San Diego State University, he (a small mammal biologist) took a chance on someone who wanted to study plants, offered me guidance and advice when I needed it, and added to my confidence as a scientist simply by believing in me. I feel lucky that the last stop on this particular journey was at The University of Montana. My advisor, Ray Callaway believed in me and gave me freedom to explore my ideas; I am grateful for his support, generosity, and innovative thinking. I am also very iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. grateful for Tom DeLuca, who has practially been an unofficial co-advisor. I am very appreciative o f his advice, patience, and support. Anna Sala, John Maron, and Matthias Rillig provided many insightful comments and support throughout my Ph.D. The majority of the research in this dissertation would not have been possible without the generous help of Dr. Alecu Diaconu, with the Institute of Biological Research in Ia§i, Romania. Tomo Diaconu provided valuable assistance with field work in Romania and treated me as a member o f his extended family. I also owe a big “multume$c” to Marrius Grecu and Valentin Cosma not only the tireless translation and field assistance, but bringing a lot o f fun to my trips to Romania. Many, many thanks to the Callaway lab members and hangers-on. My first year at UM, Brad, Kurt, Beth, and October served as stand-in advisors while Ray was on sabbatical - 1 wouldn’t have gotten through that year without them. I count Giles, Courtney, Nick, Kendra, and Jose among my friends as well as co-workers, and they made the experience very enjoyable. I thank Caecelia and Tobey for their steadfast companionship these last several years. I am very grateful for my friends from Missoula, especially Clara, Randy, Anne, Kristina, Bruce, and Eric, for helping me maintain perspective, for the stress relief, for nights withSex and the City or Desperate Housewives', Kettlehouse, Old Post, and Iron Horse nights; excursions into the woods; and long rides on Montana’s back roads. Finally, I must thank Tom Kaye with the Institute for Applied Ecology for his support. It is fitting that I started the next chapter in my life as I was still finishing this one, particularly since it is so closely tied with my past. iv Reproduced with
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