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Abiotic Conditions, Algal Biomass & Fish Growth Rates Affect Fish Mercury

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Abiotic Conditions, Algal Biomass & Fish Growth Rates Affect Fish Mercury Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 2020 ABIOTIC CONDITIONS, ALGAL BIOMASS & FISH GROWTH RATES AFFECT FISH MERCURY CONCENTRATIONS IN TWO SUBARCTIC LAKES Ari Yamaguchi [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the Integrative Biology Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Yamaguchi, Ari, "ABIOTIC CONDITIONS, ALGAL BIOMASS & FISH GROWTH RATES AFFECT FISH MERCURY CONCENTRATIONS IN TWO SUBARCTIC LAKES" (2020). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 2256. https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/2256 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABIOTIC CONDITIONS, ALGAL BIOMASS & FISH GROWTH RATES AFFECT FISH MERCURY CONCENTRATIONS IN TWO SUBARCTIC LAKES by Ari Yamaguchi BS, Environmental Science, Drexel University, 2017 THESIS Submitted to the Department of Biology Faculty of Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science in Integrative Biology Wilfrid Laurier University 2020 Yamaguchi, 2020©️ i Yamaguchi, Hg in subarctic fisheries ABSTRACT Kakisa Lake and Tathlina Lake, located in the Dehcho Region of the Northwest Territories, support important fisheries for the local Ka’a’gee Tu First Nation (KTFN). Recently, Walleye (Sander vitreus) of typical catch size in Tathlina Lake were found to have mercury concentrations above Health Canada’s commercial sale guideline of 0.5 ppm. Wild foods with elevated mercury concentrations can pose health risks to the humans who consume them, depending on consumption amounts and vulnerability factors such as age and pregnancy. Because wild fish can accumulate relatively high mercury levels and subsistence fishing contributes greatly to food security in northern regions, mercury-related health risks to people are greater in the north than in the south, where wild fish are not as frequently consumed. Here, I examine and compare known drivers of fish mercury concentrations in two aquatic food webs to investigate causes of between-lake variation in mercury concentrations in food fishes. I relate analyses of food web structure, fish growth, and lake physicochemistry to mercury concentrations, and attempt to determine why fish mercury concentrations differ between Kakisa Lake and Tathlina Lake. Sediment and water methylmercury availability and primary producer abundance appear to be major factors influencing bioaccumulation of mercury in the food webs of each lake. Concentrations of methylmercury in sediment and water were higher in Tathlina Lake than in Kakisa Lake, and % methylmercury (of total mercury) in these ecosystem components indicate that the net mercury methylation rate is higher in Tathlina Lake than in Kakisa Lake. Kakisa Lake also had higher concentrations of chlorophyll a, indicating relatively higher rates of primary production and possible bloom dilution of mercury, which was further confirmed by trophic biomagnification modeling; these factors appear to have bottom-up impacts on the food webs of both lakes, including other food fishes. Walleye mercury concentrations also ii Yamaguchi, Hg in subarctic fisheries appeared to be affected by growth rates and perhaps growth efficiency, as suggested by evaluations of growth rates. This research is part of a larger project that seeks to assess the risks and benefits of fish consumption in the Northwest Territories, especially by Indigenous communities, who rely on natural fisheries for subsistence and for whom wild foods hold significant cultural and spiritual value. iii Yamaguchi, Hg in subarctic fisheries ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I extend my heartfelt thanks to the following people: Dr. Heidi Swanson, whose coaching and teaching has supported me in achieving more than I ever expected I could. My experience here surely would not have been the same without you. Dr. Deb MacLatchy for granting me this opportunity; for always providing support to further my capabilities and knowledge. Your patient guidance has certainly made me a more thorough scientist. My committee members Dr. Derek Gray and Dr. Jonathan Wilson, whose feedback has been invaluable in completing this work. The agencies whose funding made this work possible: Canada First Excellence Research Fund (Northern Water Futures project, PI: Dr. Jennifer Baltzer), the Cumulative Impacts Monitoring Program, and the Northern Contaminants Program. My lab mates in the Swanson Lab for their consistent support, both moral and statistical. My thanks also to previous Swanson Lab and MacLatchy Lab members, George Low, Shelley Lundval, and many members of the Ka’a’gee Tu First Nation, upon whose efforts this project was built. Dr. Andrea Lister for logistical help, field work, and keeping me diligent. Thank you also to Amy Nguyen for project support. I am grateful for the support of friends and family, especially my grandparents Marie and Joseph Carley, without whom I surely would not have had the same opportunities in life. Their impacts continue to be immeasurable. Finally, I must thank the influential teachers and mentors that I have had over the course of my education: Scott Timm, Susan Rhodewalt, Jay Farrow, Tim Loose, and Dr. Daniel Duran, to name a small few. These educators fueled my personal and intellectual development and sparked my passion for ecology and science. iv Yamaguchi, Hg in subarctic fisheries TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 1.1 Study Area ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Food, Human Health, and Mercury in Northern Regions ..................................................... 4 1.3 Mercury Cycling & Contamination ...................................................................................... 6 1.3.1 Atmospheric mercury: sources and deposition............................................................................................ 6 1.3.2 Novel loading pathways .............................................................................................................................. 8 1.3.3 Mercury in biota .......................................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Factors Affecting Biomagnification and Accumulation of Hg ........................................... 10 1.4.1 Bloom dilution .......................................................................................................................................... 10 1.4.2 Growth dilution ......................................................................................................................................... 12 1.5 Stable Isotope Analysis & Food Web Construction ........................................................... 12 1.6 Objectives & Hypotheses .................................................................................................... 16 1.6.1 Abiotic environment.................................................................................................................................. 16 1.6.2 Biotic variables affecting [Hg] .................................................................................................................. 16 1.7 Species of Focus ................................................................................................................. 18 CHAPTER 2: Abiotic conditions, algal biomass & fish growth rates affect fish mercury concentrations in two subarctic lakes ........................................................................................... 20 2.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 20 2.2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 21 2.3 Materials & Methods .......................................................................................................... 23 2.3.1 Study area .................................................................................................................................................. 23 2.3.2 Field sampling ........................................................................................................................................... 25 2.3.3 Laboratory processing ..............................................................................................................................
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