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Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Filosofia, Letras E Ciências Humanas Departamento De História Programa De Pós-Gradua UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA ECONÔMICA LAURO FABIANO DE SOUZA CARVALHO REVOLUÇÃO TECNOLÓGICA E MERCADO DE TRABALHO: A REDEFINIÇÃO DA CATEGORIA PROFISSIONAL BANCÁRIA BRASILEIRA. (Versão corrigida.) São Paulo 2018 LAURO FABIANO DE SOUZA CARVALHO REVOLUÇÃO TECNOLÓGICA E MERCADO DE TRABALHO: A REDEFINIÇÃO DA CATEGORIA PROFISSIONAL BANCÁRIA BRASILEIRA. Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Econômica do Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, como requisito para a obten- ção do título de Mestre em História Econômica. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Francisco Assis de Queiroz (Versão corrigida.) São Paulo 2018 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Catalogação na Publicação Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo Carvalho, Lauro Fabiano de Souza C257r Revolução tecnológica e mercado de trabalho: a redefinição da categoria profissional bancária brasileira / Lauro Fabiano de Souza Carvalho ; orientador Francisco Assis de Queiroz. - São Paulo, 2018. 135 f. Dissertação (Mestrado)- Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de História. Área de concentração: História Econômica. 1. História econômica. 2. Revolução tecnológica. 3. Mercado de trabalho. 4. Categoria bancária. 5. Revolução digital. I. Queiroz, Francisco Assis de , orient. II. Título. LAURO FABIANO DE SOUZA CARVALHO REVOLUÇÃO TECNOLÓGICA E MERCADO DE TRABALHO: A REDEFINIÇÃO DA CATEGORIA PROFISSIONAL BANCÁRIA BRASILEIRA. Dissertação de Mestrado BANCA EXAMINADORA ________________________________________ Orientador: Prof. Dr. Francisco Assis de Queiroz FFLCH – USP ________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Marilda Nagamini ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Francisco Rômulo Monte Ferreira ________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Rita Cristina Carvalho de Medeiros Couto SOUZA CARVALHO, Lauro Fabiano. Revolução tecnológica e mercado de trabalho: a rede- finição da categoria profissional bancária brasileira. Dissertação (Mestrado em História Eco- nômica) – Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2018. RESUMO O objetivo desta dissertação de Mestrado é propor a análise do impacto das mudan- ças tecnológicas na relação entre o capital e o trabalho, especificamente na composi- ção orgânica de ambos, a partir da situação do trabalhador bancário – evidenciando a precarização de salários e consequente compressão psicossocial dos trabalhadores desta indústria de serviços, buscando um olhar desta História econômica contempo- rânea que enxergue as questões políticas e sociais do cotidiano no trabalho qualifi- cado na sociedade informatizada. Para esse intento, veremos a formação do sistema bancário brasileiro, acompanharemos a trajetória do maior banco público brasileiro, o Banco do Brasil, conceituaremos o trabalho imaterial problematizando a apropriação do conhecimento da categoria bancária pelos sistemas informáticos que atendem aos bancos. Palavras-chaves: categoria bancária, informatização, História Econômica, História da Ciência, revolução digital, trabalho. SOUZA CARVALHO, Lauro Fabiano. Technological revolution and the labor market: the re- definition of the Brazilian banking professional category. Dissertation (Master Degree in Eco- nomic History) – University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 2018. ABSTRACT The objective of this Master's thesis is to propose the analysis of the impact of techno- logical changes on the relation between capital and labor, specifically on the organic composition of both, based on the situation of the banking worker - evidencing the precariousness of wages and consequent psychosocial compression of the workers in this service industry, seeking a look at this contemporary economic history that sees the political and social issues of daily life in the skilled work in the computerized society. For this purpose, we will see the formation of the Brazilian banking system, we will follow the trajectory of the greater Brazilian public bank, Banco do Brasil, we will con- ceptualize immaterial work and will problematize the appropriation of knowledge of the banking category by the computer systems that serve the banks. Keywords: banking category, computerization, Economic History, History of Sci- ence, digital revolution, work. Aos bancários do mundo informático, cada vez mais expropriados e precarizados. AGRADECIMENTOS Aos colegas que desde o início da graduação em História fizeram parte da minha jornada de formação e enriqueceram cada etapa com amizade, orientações, estímulo e carinho. Em es- pecial Cassia Conti, Chady Hammoud, Fernanda Barbosa, Gabriel Meirelles, Giovanna Cola- cioppo, Ivi Becker, Louise Marinho, Márcia Fráguas, Matan Ankava, Natalia Pereira, Rodrigo Barbosa – vocês são inesquecíveis. O reconhecimento aos Professores e Professoras que com competência e espírito do- cente mostraram caminhos a seguir – ou a evitar – nesta jornada. Dentre este universo de co- nhecimento, impossível não destacar Maria Leda, Maurício Cardoso, Maurício Carvalho Ra- mos e Sara Albieri. Em grupos de estudos, na Revista Intelligere de História das Ideias da FFLCH-USP e no Centro Interunidades de História da Ciência pude contar também com a ami- zade generosa de pessoas especiais das quais destaco Adilson Francischini, Adriana Casagrande De Luca, Francine Igielski, Francisco Rômulo, Marilda Nagamini, Rita Cristina Carvalho de Medeiros Couto e Tiago de Almeida. Enquanto pesquisava e trabalhava, devo gratidão a Alexandre Teixeira, Bruna Palaria Riedel, Fabiano da Costa, Fransmar Barreira Costa Lima, Luciano Alves, Luiz Claudio Oliveira Sacramento, Mauro José Assalin e Waldir José Sampaio, que contornaram e supriram minhas ausências, sempre incentivando minha busca acadêmica. Professor Gildo Magalhães, intelectual stricto sensu que envolve alunos, orientandos, colegas e amigos em uma aura onde coexistem a rigidez acadêmica com a simpatia, o bom humor e a confiança. Tamara Prior, com a segurança e firmeza da excelente psicanalista que é, meu reconhe- cimento à competência na orientação desta difícil jornada de mergulhar em mim. Ao meu orientador, Professor Francisco Assis de Queiroz, respeito e admiração pela maneira como encarna a multidisciplinaridade necessária ao Ensino que se pretende “superior” e a liberdade concedida neste caminho. Minha mãe Mariinha, estrela de Iguaba Grande e desta constelação de afetos que é mi- nha existência, e meu irmão Luiz Fernando, homem de grandeza e beleza inenarráveis. Minha mulher Denise e ao meu filho Lúcio – sempre, tudo, com vocês em mim. É enorme minha gratidão a todas e a todos. “Onde fica o lado positivo?” (Erich Kästner) Sumário 1. Introdução ........................................................................................................................................ 1 2. O sistema bancário e o Brasil .................................................................................................. 10 3. O trabalho imaterial nos bancos .............................................................................................. 36 3.1. Conceitos e problematização ............................................................................................ 36 3.2. A carreira bancária e a tecnologia no Brasil ................................................................. 46 4. A “revolução” digital ................................................................................................................... 67 4.1. A transferência de conhecimento .................................................................................... 70 5. Conclusão (ou “marcações para o futuro”) ...................................................................... 77 6. Referências .................................................................................................................................... 84 ANEXO A – “The Triple Revolution” ........................................................................................... 90 ANEXO B – “The Triple Revolution” ......................................................................................... 110 1 1. Introdução O primeiro banco brasileiro foi fundado em 1808 com a criação do Banco do Brasil1. Mas só a partir da década de 1920 com o início do varejo bancário brasileiro que podemos afirmar ter iniciado a categoria profissional do “bancário” – o especiali- zado funcionário nas diversas operações que são encetadas no mercado financeiro. A importância do sistema bancário nacional está atrelada a diversas etapas econômi- cas do país como a atuação desenvolvimentista incipiente das décadas de 1930 e 40, o surto do crescimento econômico nas décadas de 50 e 60, a expansão do sistema financeiro habitacional e do mercado de capitais nas décadas de 70 e 80. Assim, a categoria profissional se solidificou com importante atuação no setor de serviços atra- vés do conhecimento dos processos financeiros e dos procedimentos administrativos, contábeis e operacionais que suportam a atividade. Mas se essa solidificação signifi- cou ascensão social e estabilidade profissional desde o início da categoria, com o recente advento da forte informatização dos processos se iniciou uma apropriação dos conhecimentos
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