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Pugwash NEWSLETTER Pugwash NEWSLETTER issued by the Council of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs Nobel Peace Prize 1995 The Nuclear Threat Volume 39 Ⅲ Number 2 Ⅲ December 2002 TABLE OF CONTENTS To the Pugwash Community . 1 Pugwash Meeting no. 275 – The 10th Quinquennial Conference 52nd Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs: Science↔Sustainability↔Security University of California, San Diego–La Jolla, California, 10–14 August 2002 Statement of the Pugwash Council . 4 Goals for the 10th Quinquennium, 2002-2007 . 5 Presidential Address – Sir Michael Atiyah . 8 Conference Schedule . 10 Report of the Secretary General – Prof. George Rathjens. 13 Remarks from the incoming President, M.S. Swaminathan. 19 52nd Pugwash Conference Working Groups. 20 Reports of the Conference Working Groups . 21 List of Participants . 42 REPORTS ON RECENT PUGWASH WORKSHOPS Pugwash Meeting no. 272. 49 8th Pugwash Workshop on The Middle East Alexandria, Egypt, 30 May – 2 June 2002 Pugwash Meeting no. 273. 52 17th Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on the Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions Oeestgeest, Netherlands, 14-15 June 2002 Pugwash Meeting no. 274. 64 Pugwash Workshop: Impending Challenges to Strategic Stability Moscow, Russia, 8-10 July 2002 Pugwash Meeting no. 276. 68 Pugwash Workshop: Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction Como, Italy, 27-29 September 2002 Pugwash Meeting no. 277. 73 Pugwash Workshop on South Asian Security Geneva, Switzerland, 1-3 November 2002 Pugwash Meeting no. 278. 80 18th Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on the Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions Geneva, Switzerland, 9-10 November 2002 Pugwash Pugwash Meeting no. 279. 95 Pugwash Workshop: No First Use of Nuclear Weapons Volume 39 Ⅲ Number 2 London, England, 15-17 November 2002 December 2002 OTHER PUGWASH NEWS Editor: Pugwash Netherlands. 101 Jeffrey Boutwell International Student/Young Pugwash . 102 Design and Layout: Report on Space Weapons Anne Read OBITUARIES: Tahseen Basheer, George Marx . 106 Cover photo: Members of the Pugwash Council . 107 1957 Nuclear Weapons Test US Department of Energy Calendar of Future Meetings . Inside back cover To the Pugwash Community Nuclear Weapons and Global Security The 52nd Pugwash Conference and the The opening days of 2003 witnessed a number of 10th Quinquennium critical challenges to international security in general Some 225 participants from 40 countries convened and the nuclear non-proliferation regime in in La Jolla, California this past August for the 52nd particular. War in the form of a US-led attack on Pugwash Conference, Science↔Sustainability↔ Iraq loomed in the Middle East as UN inspectors Security, that was held on the campus of the continued their search for weapons of mass University of California, San Diego. Blessed with destruction, while tensions rose on the Korean typically beautiful San Diego weather, the 10th peninsula and North Korea withdrew from the Quinquennium Conference agenda included a wide Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. variety of working group topics, plenary and panel As much as at any time in the recent past, and sessions, and special public events to discuss how certainly since the end of the Cold War, the world is new developments in science and technology can perched precariously on the knife edge of the nuclear address the challenges to global sustainability and dilemma. The world’s major nuclear weapons security facing the international community. power, the US, revises its nuclear doctrine to include Noteworthy as well in San Diego was the inaugu- the possibility of nuclear pre-emption, continues ration of new Pugwash officers, including M.S. efforts to develop and deploy a national missile Swaminathan as President, Paolo-Cotta Ramusino as defense, and hints at the possibility of a resumption Secretary General, Marie Muller as Chair of the of nuclear testing that would destroy the Pugwash Council, and Jeffrey Boutwell as Executive Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. In South Asia, India Director. New members of the Pugwash Council and Pakistan are engaged in a stand-off across their were also selected, and the roster of the Council for common border, with little resolution in sight of the 2002-2007 can be found on pp. 107–108 of this issues underlying their conflict. Israel continues to Newsletter. get a free ride as an undeclared nuclear-weapons Participants at the 10th Quinquennial Conference state, with little prospect of a settlement to the formally adopted new guidelines that will shape the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. And now, nuclear activities and governance of Pugwash for the period weapons play a major role in the crises involving the from 2002 to 2007, and these can be found on US, Iraq, North Korea and the international page 5. community. The success of the 52nd Pugwash Conference Ominously, the international community faces in would not have been possible without the sustained the coming months and years the very real danger and enthusiastic cooperation of the UC, San Diego that nuclear weapons might be used in conflict. community. Pugwash would like to thank the many Pugwash and the scientific community that gave people on the La Jolla campus, from the Chancellor’s birth to such weapons must do all in their power to office to various academic departments, IGCC, and mobilize global public opinion to prevent such a the School of International Relations/Pacific Studies, catastrophe and redouble efforts to eliminate nuclear to Conference Services and the Price Center, and oth- and other weapons of mass destruction. ers, who contributed to the conference both intellec- tually and organizationally. Pugwash would also Acknowledgments like to thank its funders and individual supporters, Pugwash would like to thank Götz Neuneck and his including: The San Diego Foundation, Ploughshares wife, Christa Ochs, and Andre Mechelynck for the Fund, Heinz Family Foundation, Cyrus Eaton many wonderful photos they contributed of the La Foundation, Toda Institute for Global Peace and Jolla Conference. Policy Research, Harle Montgomery, the office of Pugwash is grateful to the Italian National Chancellor Robert Dynes, and the William Y. Research Council, the German Research Society, the Turner Fund. Cyrus Eaton Foundation, and the John D. and Looking ahead, Pugwash greatly anticipates the Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for their convening of the 53rd Pugwash Conference, support of the Pugwash Newsletter, the Pugwash Advancing Human Security: The Role of Technology, website, and other Pugwash publications. Politics and Ethics, in Halifax, Nova Scotia from 16- 22 July 2003, with a special day trip on Sunday, July 20 to the birthplace of Pugwash, the Cyrus Eaton home at Thinker’s Lodge, Pugwash, Nova Scotia. The Editor Thinker’s Lodge, Pugwash, Nova Scotia 2 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2002 THE 10TH QUINQUENNIAL CONFERENCE 52nd Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs: Science↔Sustainability↔Security 10–14 August 2002 University of California, San Diego–La Jolla, California Pugwash Newsletter, December 2002 3 PUGWASH MEETING No. 275 THE 10TH QUINQUENNIAL CONFERENCE 52nd Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs: Science↔Sustainability↔Security 10–14 August 2002, University of California, San Diego–La Jolla, California Statement of the Pugwash Council grade uranium, which represents the greater danger regarding possible ter- 15 August 2002 rorist manufacture of a crude nuclear device. he Pugwash Council, meeting governments not to take military Moreover, US withdrawal from during the 52nd Pugwash action against Iraq without a UN the ABM Treaty has voided impor- TConference in La Jolla, mandate. tant restraints preventing the California, expresses its concern over More broadly, the shock to the weaponization of space, while the US accelerating threats to global sustain- international system caused by the Nuclear Posture Review (to the ability and security that will require events of September 11, 2001 still extent made public) signals alarming intensified multinational cooperation reverberates around the world. While new trends in terms of the threat to and the strengthening of much of the coordinated use nuclear weapons against non- international institutions to safeguard international action to combat orga- nuclear states and the prospect of human security. nized terrorist groups is both neces- developing new, more potentially The most immediate of these is sary and urgent, the Pugwash usable, small yield and fissionless- the prospect of military action Council deplores the fact that the fusion weapons. The Pugwash against Iraq, whether carried out uni- campaign against ‘terrorism’ has Council is especially concerned that laterally by the United States or in become an excuse for increased the latter could lead to a resumption coalition with other countries, with- defense budgets and military deploy- of nuclear testing that would totally out a UN mandate. A military con- ments, the curtailment of civil liber- unravel the Comprehensive Test Ban flict in Iraq would surely cause wide- ties, and support for authoritarian and the Non-Proliferation treaties. spread human suffering and could regimes on the part of some govern- Accordingly, the Pugwash Council lead to political destabilization across ments and organizations. calls on all the nuclear weapon states the entire region. The Pugwash In the nuclear field, woefully to recognize the illegality and Council calls on the United Nations inadequate is the recently concluded
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