DOCSLIB.ORG

{PDF} Christianity After Religion the End of Church and the Birth of a New Spiritual Awakening 1St Edition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
{PDF} Christianity After Religion the End of Church and the Birth of a New Spiritual Awakening 1St Edition CHRISTIANITY AFTER RELIGION THE END OF CHURCH AND THE BIRTH OF A NEW SPIRITUAL AWAKENING 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Diana Butler Bass | 9780062003744 | | | | | Christianity after Religion The End of Church and the Birth of a New Spiritual Awakening 1st edition PDF Book Part of a series on. In the late 4th century, Ulfilas , a Roman bishop and an Arian, was appointed as the first bishop to the Goths , the Germanic peoples in much of Europe at the borders of and within the Empire. Over the last century, moves have been made to reconcile the schism between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox churches. Feb 10, Teri Peterson rated it really liked it Shelves: church. In fact, after speaking with hundreds of SBNRs all across North America over a five-year period, I have found neither of these assumptions to be accurate or widely representative. Further, meaningful dialog seems to be impossible as the leaders' opinions are forcefully inserted in discussions in ways so as to squash other opinions from being expressed. We belong, then behave, and then believe. Main article: Photian schism. Not only will it spark lively conversations, but there's an even more important reason to work this book into your congregation's small-group schedule this year. What would you like to know about this product? Not so. When Christianity was legalized the Church took the same provinces for administration as the imperial government and called them dioceses. Although progress has been made, concerns over papal primacy and the independence of the smaller Orthodox churches has blocked a final resolution of the schism. Looking backward and lamenting the loss of traditional verities means only that, like Lot's wife, we'll become social pillars of sterile salt. Ulfilas spread Arian Christianity among the Goths, firmly establishing the faith among many of the Germanic tribes, thus helping to keep them culturally distinct. And many non-religious people assume that SBNRs are routinely hostile to religion and probably have been hurt by it. The Investiture Controversy , also known as the lay investiture controversy , was the most important conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. The only thing that you can really change us yourself. For the Nov 3 election: States are making it easier for citizens to vote absentee by mail this year due to the coronavirus. When I'm feeling less irrelevant, I'll try again. It was led in Massachusetts by Jonathan Edwards, an eloquent Yale graduate whose sermons dealt with faith, sin,…. While social scientists have been busy counting and categorizing them, the public has swung between derision and adulation. C Robertson, M. Sixteenth Century Journal X:1, Confucianism Taoism Shinto. The end of lay investiture threatened to undercut the power of the Empire and the ambitions of noblemen. External Websites. After the invasion of the Lombards , Rome had to take care of itself. See Article History. However, reconciliation was achieved between the West and what are now called the " Eastern Rite Catholic Churches ". The religious revival called the Great Awakening , which reached full force in the s, perhaps indicated that the older churches had failed to provide the emotional and intellectual nutriment the people needed. Thus it experienced the founding of new religious orders, such as the Jesuits , the establishment of seminaries for the proper training of priests, renewed worldwide missionary activity, and the development of new yet orthodox forms of spirituality, such as that of the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality. Email address. Indeed, without death, resurrection is impossible. Fundamentalist Christianity is a movement that arose mainly within British and American Protestantism in the late 19th century and early 20th century in reaction to modernism and certain liberal Protestant groups that denied doctrines considered fundamental to Christianity yet still called themselves "Christian. Again, for some of us this is a truism that hardly needs articulation and yet reading about her conversations with church leaders, I hear echoes of leaders and congregants I know—some have either yet to receive the memo or have radically understood it if they have. These authors are known as the Church Fathers , and study of them is called patristics. Britannica Quiz. Two basic problems were involved: the nature of the primacy of the bishop of Rome and the theological implications of adding a clause to the Nicene Creed, known as the filioque clause. Jul 09, Eric Ledermann rated it it was amazing. Without the consent of Boris I of Bulgaria , the papacy was unable to enforce any of its claims. In , Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire. Part of a series on. The Investiture Controversy , or Lay Investiture Controversy, was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. And, if that summary sounds like you, then you already can see why you should get a copy of this book and read it, then share it with friends in your congregation. A few crusades were waged within Christendom against groups that were considered heretical and schismatic. Christianity after Religion The End of Church and the Birth of a New Spiritual Awakening 1st edition Writer Your use of the site and services is subject to these policies and terms. The revival stimulated the growth of several educational institutions, including Princeton , Brown , and RutgersRutgers universities and Dartmouth College. In Catholic theology, one is made righteous by a progressive infusion of grace accepted through faith and cooperated with through good works. Christians were viewed as second-class citizens , and the legal protections they depended upon were subject to the whims of the sultan and the sublime porte. The two brothers spoke the local Slavonic vernacular and translated the Bible and many of the prayer books. Retrieved 21 July Anabaptist groups required evidence of faith, which sometimes meant public testimony of the conversion experience. University of Cambridge. Sources for the beliefs of the apostolic community include the Gospels and New Testament Epistles. Over the first century and a half of colonial life, the strong religious impulses present in the original…. Luther had a particular disdain for Aristotelian philosophy, and as he began developing his own theology, he increasingly came into conflict with other scholars. Christianity continued many Judaic practices: liturgical worship, including the use of incense , an altar , a set of scriptural readings adapted from synagogue practice, use of sacred music in hymns and prayer , and a religious calendar, as well as other typical features: an exclusively male priesthood , and ascetic practices fasting etc. Some contend that we're undergoing yet another evangelical revival; others suggest that Christian belief and practice is eroding entirely as traditional forms of faith are replaced by new ethical, and areligious, choices. These "nones" now outnumber even the largest Protestant denominations in America. The largely Christian Gallo-Roman inhabitants of Gaul modern France were overrun by the Franks in the early 5th century. Around the edges of organized religion, the exile Christians have heard the questions and are trying to reform, reimagine, and reformulate their churches and traditions. Cookies help us deliver our services. Please enter your name, your email and your question regarding the product in the fields below, and we'll answer you in the next hours. In the East, the Church maintained its structure and character and evolved more slowly. The two Councils of Niceaea , condemned Arianism and produced the Nicene Creed to define the faith. The Cluniac spirit was a revitalising influence on the Norman church, at its height from the second half of the 10th century through the early 12th century. Bible Sale of the Season. The Protestant position also included sola scriptura , sola fide , the priesthood of all believers , Law and Gospel , and the two kingdoms doctrine. Thereafter, Christians had generally been permitted to visit the sacred places in the Holy Land until , when the Seljuk Turks closed Christian pilgrimages and assailed the Byzantines, defeating them at the Battle of Manzikert. Another issue developed into a major irritant to Eastern Christendom , the gradual introduction into the Nicene Creed in the West of the Filioque clause — meaning "and the Son" — as in "the Holy Spirit Peterson, "Christianus" pp. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. This has left millions adrift, seeking answers to questions that religious institutions have largely failed to grasp. Often the division between magisterial and radical reformers was as or more violent than the general Catholic and Protestant hostilities. Cyril and Methodius". Historian Thomas F. The decision of St. These authors are known as the Church Fathers , and study of them is called patristics. Main article: Byzantine Iconoclasm. Get more information. Both groups are descended from the Early Church, both acknowledge the apostolic succession of each other's bishops, and the validity of each other's sacraments. Exact Phrase Keywords Last Name. In Belief without Borders , Linda Mercadante explores the beliefs of the religiously unaffiliated regarding God, sin, community, the afterlife, and ethics and finds people living 'between' the worlds of secularism and traditional faith. The closing and destruction of churches and monasteries, the sate atheism imposed on all aspects of life, the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Introduction, Phonological, Morphological, Syntactic to The
    AN INTRODUCTION, PHONOLOGICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL, SYNTACTIC, TO THE GOTHIC OF ULFILAS. BY T. LE MARCHANT DOUSE. LONDON: TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 1886, PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, BED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. PREFACE. THIS book was originally designed to accompany an edition of Ulfilas for which I was collecting materials some eight or nine years ago, but which various con- siderations led me to lay aside. As, however, it had long seemed to me equally strange and deplorable that not a single work adapted to aid a student in acquiring a knowledge of Gothic was to be found in the English book-market, I pro- ceeded to give most of the time at my disposal to the " building up of this Introduction," on a somewhat larger scale than was at first intended, in the hope of being able to promote the study of a dialect which, apart from its native force and beauty, has special claims on the attention of more than one important class of students. By the student of linguistic science, indeed, these claims are at once admitted ; for the Gothic is one of the pillars on which rests the comparative grammar of the older both Indo-European languages in general, and also, pre-eminently, of the Teutonic cluster of dialects in particular. a But good knowledge of Gothic is scarcely less valuable to the student of the English language, at rate, of the Ancient or any English Anglo-Saxon ; upon the phonology of which, and indeed the whole grammar, the Gothic sheds a flood of light that is not to be got from any other source.
    [Show full text]
  • Lesson 18 - the Situation in the West After the Fall of Rome
    Church History Lesson 18 - The Situation in the West After the Fall of Rome 1. Introduction - A Crumbling Empire 1.1. In the last session we looked at a number of Christological controversies which embroiled the church, and consequently the Empire, up until the council of Chalcedon in 451. 1.2. As we saw, these controversies involved both the East and the West, but there were of far greater concern in the East than in the West, and the majority of bishops attending the various councils were overwhelmingly from the East. 1.3. Although there were a number of reasons for this, one of the major reasons was the rapidly changing situation in the West. After Rome was sacked for the first time in 410 AD, it sent shockwaves through the whole empire, but especially in the West. Although the Eastern part of the Empire continued in one form or another for over 1,000 years more, the situation in the West was far different. 1.4. Today we will take a brief look at what happened in the West after the first sacking of Rome in 410, and see how this affected life and the church in the West for the next 300 years or so. 2. The Barbarian Invasions 2.1. The events that most affected life and the church in the West were a series of invasions by “barbarian” tribes. 2.2. Obviously the first major invasion was when Alaric and his band of Visigoths, who invaded Italy and sacked Rome in 410. It was the shockwaves from this event that caused Augustine to write his opus City of God.
    [Show full text]
  • Greek Texts and English Translations of the Bible: A
    GREEK TEXTS AND ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE: A COMPARISON AND CONTRAST OF THE TEXTUS RECEPTUS GREEK NEW TESTAMENT OF THE 16th CENTURY AND THE ALEXANDRIAN TEXT OF WESTCOTT AND HORT (19th CENTURY) AND ALAND AND METZGER (20th CENTURY) CONCERNING VARIANT TEXTS THAT PERTAIN TO THE ORTHODOX CHRISTOLOGY OF THE COUNCIL OF NICEA, A.D. 325 Gil L. Samples, B.A. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS December 2002 APPROVED: Laura I. Stern, Major Professor Harold Tanner, Chair of the Department of History Henry Eaton, Committee Member Adrian R. Lewis, Committee Member C. Neal Tate, Dean of the Robert B. Toulouse School of Graduate Studies Samples, Gil L. Greek texts and English translations of the Bible: a comparison and contrast of the Textus Receptus Greek New Testament of the 16th century and the Alexandrian text of Westcott and Hort (19th century) and Aland and Metzger (20th century) concerning variant texts that pertain to the orthodox Christology of the Council of Nicea, A.D. 325. Master of Arts (History), December 2002, 155 pp., 149 titles. The argument of this paper is that certain salient passages in the New Testament concerning Christology, as it was defined in the Nicene creed in A.D. 325, reflect such orthodoxy better in the Textus Receptus Greek texts and the English translations made from them than do the Alexandrian texts. Arian theology, which was condemned as heretical at Nicea, is examined. Patristic quotations, historical texts, and arguments of the scholars are cited and traced, along with a comparison of Christological verses.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Athanasius and the Views of His Character
    The Importance of Athanasius and the Views of His Character J. Steven Davis Submitted to Dr. Jerry Sutton School of Divinity Liberty University September 19, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I: Research Proposal Abstract .............................................................................................................................11 Background ......................................................................................................................11 Limitations ........................................................................................................................18 Method of Research .........................................................................................................19 Thesis Statement ..............................................................................................................21 Outline ...............................................................................................................................21 Bibliography .....................................................................................................................27 Chapter II: Background of Athanasius An Influential Figure .......................................................................................................33 Early Life ..........................................................................................................................33 Arian Conflict ...................................................................................................................36
    [Show full text]
  • The Conversion of the Goths and Franks
    The Conversion of the Goths and Franks Cosmic Conflict • Gen. 3:15–“And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed, it shall bruise thy head, and you shalt bruise his heel. Christian population of the Roman Empire when Constantine came to power: 5% - 12% The Goths and the Roman Empire Goths . Visigoths . Ostrogoths . Vandals Roman legionaries recruited from the Goths Some Roman Emperors of Gothic lineage Mongol Invasions (3rd and 5th centuries) . Led to migrations of the Huns and Goths . Incursions into the Empire Christian Missions to the Goths 1. Catholic (Nicene) . Through captives and refugees from persecution . John Chrysostom (400) 2. Audians . Named for Audius . Spread Christianity outside the empire . Active among the Scythians and Goths . Monasteries and bishops established . Nearly eradicated Christian Missions to the Goths 3. Arian – Most Goths were Arians – Arius • Heretical Bishop • Council of Nicea (325) Ulfilas (311-380) . Designed an alphabet to translate the Bible into Gothic . Some portions of that translation are preserved today Pre-Reformation Missions 500 B.C. 0 500 1000 A.D. 1500 Influence of Persian Empire (500 B.C. – A.D. 400) Grecian Influence (323 B.C. – A.D. 400) Mar Thoma Church (A.D. 50 – 1500) Coptic Church (A.D. 50-1500) Roman Republic Empire (27 B.C.–476 (500-27 B.C.) A.D.) Constantine (A.D. 306-337) A.D. 400, Augustine Bishop of Hippo Ulfilas – Missionary to the Goths (311-380) 400, Chrysostom sends missionaries to Goths 496, Clovis, King of the Franks, converts to Christianity Christianity’s Advance Rome sacked by Alaric and the Visigoths (410) Adopted substantial amount of Roman culture and religion Clovis and the Franks .
    [Show full text]
  • 4 from Where Did the Anabaptists Come
    4 From Where Did the Anabaptists come? They came from “no where.” Right out of the Dark Ages, out of incredibly corrupt state churches, the Anabaptists (Ludwig Keller and E. H. Broadbent notwithstanding) stepped as a totally new and different movement. Were they somehow connected to the first Christians? No, they were not. The early Christians were Jewish, Greek, or Latin people in flowing robes. The Anabaptists were north Europeans in black hats and broadfall trousers. The Anabaptists, although they respected the early Christians, made no attempt to “reproduce” them exactly. A thousand miles and a thousand years apart, they had little in common except the New Testament and the secret of the great strength . Once this became clear to me I started seeing things in history: Jewish Christians After Pentecost, Jews from Parthia, Media, Elam, Babylon, Cappadocia, and other places joined the Jews of Judaea who believed in Christ. Jewish Christians, all of whom could trace their ancestry back to Abraham, were circumcised and wore beards. They ate Kosher foods and kept the Sabbath holy. But 16 The Secret of the Strength . they followed Christ, and Christianity soon broke out of the bounds of Judaism. Greek Christians After Paul’s conversion and Peter’s visit to Cornelius, hundreds and eventually thousands of Greeks from all over Alexander’s former realm—Greek merchants and lawyers, Greek doctors, educated Greeks, Greeks given to profound thought, athletic Greeks, Greeks used to idolatry and total abandon to immorality, Greek masters and slaves—repented, believed, and got baptised. They followed Christ, and it wasn’t long until Christianity was predominantly Greek, centred in Hellenistic Syria, Egypt, and Asia Minor.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline 100 BC ‒ 44 Julius Caesar, Roman General and Writer BC 27 BC Death of Marcus T., Author on the Affairs of the Countryside 55-117 C.120 Tacitus (P
    Timeline 100 BC ‒ 44 Julius Caesar, Roman general and writer BC 27 BC Death of Marcus T., author On the Affairs of the Countryside 55-117 c.120 Tacitus (P. Cornelius Tacitus) 97/98 Publication of On Germany 70 Death of Lucius Junius Columella, author of On Agriculture c.100 Mithraism appears as a cult in the Roman Empire. c.155 Martyrdom of Polycarp of Smyrna c.232-c.303 Porphyry, Neoplatonic philosopher 235-84 The ‘third-century crisis’ of usurpations and revolts 284-305 Reign of Emperor Diocletian 286 Empire divided between two augusti: Diocletian in the East, and Maximian in the West 301 Edict of Prices, shortly after an edict on tax-reform c.311-83 Ulfilas, missionary to the Goths, translator of the Bible into Gothic 306-37 Reign of Emperor Constantine 306 306 Constantine elected emperor ('raised to the purple’) at York 312 Battle of Milvian Bridge; Conversion of Constantine to Christianity 313 Edict of Milan 314 Council of Arles on Donatism 324 Victory over the eastern emperor Licinius; founding of Constantinople 325 Council of Niceaea on Arianism Basilica Nova¸ Rome Church of Santa Constanza, Rome c.315/c.336- St Martin, bishop of Tours 397 c. 360 Monastery of Ligugé founded c.345-402 Symmachus, senatorial aristocrat in the West c. 330-79 St Basil ‘the Great’ 357-8 Visits monks in Egypt and the Holy Land 358-9 Rule of St Basil c. 339-97 St Ambrose, bishop of Milan c. 360-after 430 John Cassian, monk, author of the Institutes and the Conferences 353/5-431 Paulinus, founder of the monastery of Nola (southern Italy) 357 Battle of Strasbourg 360-3 Reign of the pagan Emperor Julian the Apostate 363 Julian killed in the course of a Persian campaign 364-78 Reign of Emperor Valens in the East 372 Monastery of Marmoûtiers founded 376 Visigoths cross the River Danube and settle in the Roman province of Thrace 378 Valens defeated and killed by the Goths at the Battle of Adrianople.
    [Show full text]
  • To the People of Antioch and the Bishops of Africa
    A SELECT LIBRARY OF THE NICENE AND POST-NICENE FATHERS OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. SECOND SERIES TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH WITH PROLEGOMENA AND EXPLANATORY NOTES. VOLUMES I–VII. UNDER THE EDITORIAL SUPERVISION OF PHILIP SCHAFF, D.D., LL.D., PROFESSOR OF CHURCH HISTORY IN THE UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, NEW YORK. AND HENRY WACE, D.D., PRINCIPAL OF KING’S COLLEGE, LONDON. VOLUME IV ATHANASIUS: TO THE PEOPLE OF ANTIOCH AND TO THE BISHOPS OF AFRICA T&T CLARK EDINBURGH __________________________________________________ WM. B. EERDMANS PUBLISHING COMPANY GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN 481 Introduction to Tomus Ad Antiochenos. ———————————— THE word ‘tome’ (τόμος) means either a section, or, in the case of such a document as that before us, a concise statement. It is commonly applied to synodical letters (cf. the ‘Tome’ of Leo, A.D. 450, to Flavian). Upon the accession of Julian (November, 361) the Homœan ascendancy which had marked the last six years of Constantius collapsed. A few weeks after his accession (Feb. 362) an edict recalled all the exiled Bishops. On Feb. 21 Athanasius re-appeared in Alexandria. He was joined there by Lucifer of Cagliari and Eusebius of Vercellæ, who were in exile in Upper Egypt. Once more free, he took up the work of peace which had busied him in the last years of his exile (see Prolegg. ch. ii. §9). With a heathen once more on the throne of the Cæsars, there was everything to sober Christian party spirit, and to promise success to the council which met under Athanasius during the ensuing summer. Among the twenty-one bishops who formed the assembly the most notable are Eusebius of Vercellæ, Asterius of Petra, and Dracontius of Lesser Hermopolis and Adelphius of Onuphis, the friends and correspondents of Athanasius.
    [Show full text]
  • The Greek Sources of the Gothic Bible Translation
    ISSN 2029-4050. VERTIMO STUDIJOS. 2009. 2 THE GREEK SOURCES OF THE GOTHIC BIBLE TRANSLATION Artūras Ratkus Trinity College University of Cambridge United Kingdom [email protected] Almost all of what we know about the structure and properties of Gothic comes from the Gothic translation of the New Testament from Greek. No analysis of Gothic syntax is therefore feasible without reference to the Greek original. This is problematic, however, as the autograph that was used in translating the Bible into Gothic does not exist, and the choice of the Greek edition of the New Testament for comparative study is a matter of debate. The article argues that, in spite of the general structural affinity of the Gothic text to the Greek, the numerous observed deviations from the Greek represent authentic properties of Gothic—it has been argued in the literature, based on such deviations, that Gothic is an SOV language. A comparison of the Gothic Bible and different versions of the Greek New Testa- ment gives a taxonomy of structural and linguistic differences. Based on this, I ar- gue that the correct version of the Greek Bible to use when analysing the structural properties of Gothic is the Byzantine text form, represented by the Majority Text of the New Testament. WULFILA: HISTORY AND CONTEXT Even though the source text(s) which served as the base for the translation of the Gothic Bible cannot be established with absolute certainty, one aspect of Gothic studies which makes it somewhat less controversial than Greek New Testament scholarship is the fact that the Gothic Bible is more than likely to be the work of one person, namely, bishop Wulfila of the Goths1, 2 (c.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Known the Word of God in Medieval Spain
    Making Known the Word of God in Medieval Spain “When I journey to Spain, I hope that I will see you and be accompanied partway there by you after I have first enjoyed your company for a time.”—Romans 15:24. HE apostle Paul wrote those words to his fel- the Vulgate gradually supplanted the Vetus La- T low Christians in Rome in about the year tina Hispana. Those Latin translations enabled 56 C.E. Whether Paul actually made the jour- the people of Spain to read the Bible and un- ney to Spain, the Bible does not say. In any case, derstand its message. But as the Roman Empire through the efforts of Paul or other Christian mis- came to an end, new linguistic needs arose. sionaries, the good news from God’s Word, the THE BIBLE ON SLATES Bible, did reach Spain by the second century C.E. In the fifth century, the Visigoths and other Soon, Christian communities began to devel- Germanic tribes invaded Spain, and a new lan- op and flourish in Spain. With that, there arose guage—Gothic—arrived on the peninsula. The in- the need for the people there to have the Bible vaders practiced a form of Christianity known translated into Latin. This was because by the as Arianism, which rejected the Trinity doctrine. second century, Spain had long been under Ro- They also brought with them their own transla- man rule and Latin had become the common lan- tion of the Scriptures—Ulfilas’ Gothic Bible. This guage throughout the vast Roman Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Arianism 1 Arianism
    Arianism 1 Arianism "Arian" redirects here. For other uses, see Arian (disambiguation). Not to be confused with "Aryanism", which is a racial theory. Part of a series of articles on Arianism History and theology • Arius • Acacians • Anomoeanism • Arian controversy • First Council of Nicaea • Lucian of Antioch • Gothic Christianity Arian leaders • Acacius of Caesarea • Aëtius • Demophilus of Constantinople • Eudoxius of Antioch • Eunomius of Cyzicus • Eusebius of Caesarea • Eusebius of Nicomedia • Eustathius of Sebaste • George of Laodicea • Ulfilas Other Arians • Asterius the Sophist • Auxentius of Milan • Auxentius of Durostorum • Constantius II • Wereka and Batwin • Fritigern • Alaric I • Artemius • Odoacer • Theodoric the Great Modern semi-Arians • Samuel Clarke • Isaac Newton • William Whiston Opponents • Peter of Alexandria • Achillas of Alexandria Arianism 2 • Alexander of Alexandria • Hosius of Cordoba • Athanasius of Alexandria • Paul I of Constantinople Christianity portal • v • t [1] • e Arianism is the theological teaching attributed to Arius (c. AD 250–336), a Christian presbyter in Alexandria, Egypt, concerning the relationship of God the Father to the Son of God, Jesus Christ. Arius asserted that the Son of God was a subordinate entity to God the Father. Deemed a heretic by the Ecumenical First Council of Nicaea of 325, Arius was later exonerated in 335 at the regional First Synod of Tyre,[2] and then, after his death, pronounced a heretic again at the Ecumenical First Council of Constantinople of 381. The Roman Emperors Constantius II (337–361) and Valens (364–378) were Arians or Semi-Arians. The Arian concept of Christ is that the Son of God did not always exist, but was created by—and is therefore distinct from—God the Father.
    [Show full text]
  • CENTURIES of CHRISTENDOM 500–1500 AD (Also Called Middle Ages) Centuries of Christendom
    CENTURIES OF CHRISTENDOM 500–1500 AD (also called Middle Ages) Centuries of Christendom These centuries are called The Centuries of Christendom because this was when Christianity spread throughout Europe and came into its full flowering. EARLY CENTURIES OF CHRISTENDOM (500-1000 AD) The Roman Empire collapsed due to invasions by Germanic tribal peoples. Some of these peoples were: Goths who invaded Italy, Visigoths who invaded Spain, Angles and Saxons who invaded England. Zones of Cultural Expansion, 500-1500 AD One of our Eras of World History is called Era of Zones of Cultural Expansion. In Europe we can see how the zones worked. Roman culture spread out to Europe. Byzantine culture spread out to Russia, and Islamic culture spread to Spain, Sicily and Italy and all through the Middle East between 500 and 1500 AD. The actual fall of Rome itself occurred in 476 AD when Odoacer, a Germanic/Gothic general, invaded and deposed the last official Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustus. So this means, at that time, Germanic/Goths took over and assumed rule of Italy. When Odoacer took command of Rome in A.D. 476, he removed the powerless emperor Romulus Augustus. The Western Roman Empire lay like a skeleton fallen in its own useless armor. To Romans, it seemed the end of the world. All around the empire, there was war. Orientus, a Roman poet in the 400s AD, wrote: “See how swiftly death comes upon the world, and how many people the violence of war has stricken. Some lay as food for dogs; others were killed by the flames that licked their homes.
    [Show full text]