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(Abstracts from the Edition of the John S. Latsis Public Benefit Foundation:ALCESTIS PAPADIMITRIOU, MYCENAE. 2015) Tran

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(Abstracts from the Edition of the John S. Latsis Public Benefit Foundation:ALCESTIS PAPADIMITRIOU, MYCENAE. 2015) Tran MYCENAE (Abstracts from the edition of the John S. Latsis Public Benefit Foundation:ALCESTIS PAPADIMITRIOU, MYCENAE. 2015) Translation: Deborah Kazazis) THE LANDSCAPE More than any other factor, location must have determined the fortunes of Mycenae: located at the northeastern termination of the ever-fertile plain of Argos, it abutted the sea on the south, was protected by the mountain ranges of Arachnaion on the east and Artemision on the west, and lay atop a low elevation which the opening of the mountains to its north. Homer (Od. 3.263) placed the kingdom of Agamemnon “in the heart of Argos” (“µυχῷ Ἄργεος ἱπποβότοιο”), and it was as if he saw it in the shadow of the steep hills of Prophetes Elias and Zara, which like horns of consecration protected it to north and south, while the two deep ravines of Kokoretsa and Havos made it impregnable. Before the Cyclopes crowned it with its emblematic walls, this isolated piece of land, which rose 278 meters above sea level and was accessible only from the west, would have been almost invisible, appearing only to those passersby who approached it. From the summit of the acropolis, there was an unobstructed view only in the direction of Argos and the southwestern part of the plain. However, if one climbed up to the natural observatory on Prophetes Elias, they had a clear view in every direction and could mark out their kingdom at sight. Man’s choice of this location was not only dictated by its location near the main land passage from Korinthia to the Argolic plain and sea. Another decisive role must have been played by the fact that there, where mountain and plain met, one could cultivate the fertile land and graze herds in the mountain region. A natural source of water only 360 meters to the east on the slopes of the hill of Prophetes Elias ensured the most valuable resource for the population’s viability. Similar locations—rocky extrusions in the western foothills of Arachnaion towards the sea (Heraion, Midea, and finally, Tiryns) were used, and naturally not by chance, for important human settlements during prehistoric and historical times. A JOURNEY THROUGH TIME Men first settled this highly-strategic corner of the Argolic plain controlling passage to and from Korinthia and the rest of the mainland, and which overlooked the entire living space of the region stretching from the mountains down to the sea in the Neolithic Age (7th – 4th millennium BC). From this early activity and from the ensuing age, the Early Helladic (3rd millennium BC), a few meager finds, chiefly pottery, have survived atop the hill and its western slope. These finds do not allow us to detect the size and type of settlement or determine continuity or discontinuity in habitation. However, the poverty of finds must be due to the fact that there was no settlement or installations at Mycenae comparable to the large early urban centers in the Argolid such as Lerna and Tiryns. This picture would change in the late 3rd millennium BC during the final phase of the Early Bronze Age, Early Helladic III (2200-1900 BC). From this moment until the construction of the royal grave circles (B, A) (1650-1600 BC), it appears that habitation at Mycenae gradually acquired both extent and organization overlooking the extensive cemetery on the western slope. The so-called Prehistoric cemetery occupied the entire hillside and was used throughout the Middle Helladic period (1900-1600 BC) exclusively for burials, leaving over 100 graves of simple construction (pit or built cist graves) intended to serve for single burials as indisputable testimony to the gradual increase in population and creation of a hegemonic power which in the late 17th century BC would assume rule and control over the entire region, leaving Argos—the Middle Helladic’s most important center in the Argolid—by the wayside. The economic and social supremacy of these rulers would be deliberately displayed with the construction of the two royal grave circles B and A at the edge of the Prehistoric cemetery. These would signal the beginning of a new age conventionally called the “age of the Shaft Graves” (17th-16th c. BC). But who were these intrepid rulers and above all, how did they acquire the surplus wealth which allowed them to withdraw it from circulation and take it with them on their journey to the other world, including among other priceless objects more than 14 kilograms of gold in the form of superb works of art, many of them probably made by Minoan craftsmen in accordance with royal commissions to express the ideology of the emerging new class? Their profile emerges clearly from the archaeological finds as having primarily martial traits, as attested by the splendid armor found in their graves. However, we also know that they were daring travelers who went in search of noble and precious metals in central and northern Europe, promoting their rich agricultural and animal husbandry products such as wine, oil, and possibly woven textiles and becoming closely connected with the Minoans. Again, they were very familiar with the sea routes to Egypt, and it is possible they led them to the flourishing Middle Kingdom. It may have been there that the early Mycenaeans grew wealthy, placing their martial virtues at the disposal of the foreign dynasty in Egypt the Hyksos, who seized power in the mid-17th century BC. And since nothing in human history happens suddenly or by chance, we must accept that over the course of three centuries in the Middle Bronze Age, the Mycenaeans slowly but surely built the power reflected by the funerary gifts in the royal grave circles and ensured their clans a leading position not only in the Argolid but in the entire Peloponnese, giving their name to the whole of the great civilization of the Late Bronze Age. During the following century (15th c. BC), the Mycenaeans scaled the display of their hegemonic status, constructing six (6) monumental tholos tombs for the members of their royal clans, having probably adopted a form of display which the rulers of Messenia had been the first to establish. At the same time, they chose another type of tomb for other members of the ruling class: chamber tombs, which have been found at 27 locations around the hill of Mycenae’s acropolis. The large number, extent, and dispersion of both chamber tombs as well as groups of tholos tombs is indicative of the prosperity of the ruling class, which in establishing the cemetery for its clan, enshrined and demarcated its land ownership. This age was also characterized as the Early Palatial Period, since we conclude from the meager building remains preserved buried beneath later building complexs and interventions belonging to the Palatial Period that a central building was constructed at the summit of the acropolis. Oriented N-S, it was decorated with frescoes, served for official gatherings, and may lay claim to having occupied the role of the ruler’s seat. It was these early kings who expanded their trading activities eastward and westward, carrying their own products and the precious metals they had acquired either directly or through third parties and exchanging them for the exotic materials required to construct the prestige items demanded by their high social position. Identifying trading stations extending from the shores of south Italy to the Halkidike and Hellespont, and arriving at Egypt, Cyprus and the Syro-Palestinian coast via the Cyclades and Crete, they laid the foundations for the trading network of the ensuing Palatial Period. Particularly valuing the importance of Crete in this network of wide-ranging commercial exchange, they were not intimidated by the good relations they had developed with the Minoans. They exploited the recession following upon the devastation to the island after the volcanic explosion on Thera and established a Mycenaean dynasty at Knossos in the mid-15th century BC, essentially controlling the entire island. Having solidified their position in mainland Greece and with enormous influence abroad, the Mycenaeans reached their apogee, which is recorded in the impressive reconfiguration of the entire acropolis and its greater environs. During the so-called Palatial Period (14th-13th c. BC), the “Cyclopaean walls” were built with the assistance of the knowledge of royal partners from the Hittite empire, the magnificent palace with all its annexes involving the control of secular and religious power (palace workshops and storerooms, religious center) was built, and all those functions which could not be accommodated within the fortification walls were installed outside and surrounding the acropolis in building complexes clearly dependent upon the palace. The ruling class continued to be buried with rich grave goods in chamber tombs or impressive monumental tholos tombs, which reached a total of nine by the end of this period. Mycenaean merchants inundated Mediterranean markets with their goods, while the rulers continued to practice ostententious display through objects now of a purely Mycenaean style made of precious or exotic materials which the specialist craftsmen in the palace workshops made prominent. Lavish production was subject to centralized management control which was mastered with the recording of accounting data on clay tablets written in the early Greek Linear B script. The high point of these two centuries, omnipotence and the preeminent place held by the rulers of Mycenae throughout the Mycenaean world, was personified in historical memory with the commander of the Greeks in the Trojan War, the mythical king Agamemnon. Myth—which always conceals within it historical truth—would select this fearless wanax as leader, while it would record Nestor, king of Pylos as the wise councilor to the expedition, reflecting the importance of the region in the first stages of the creation of Mycenaean civilization under the influence of Minoan Crete.
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