Compressed Earth Blocks: Manual of Design and Construction
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COMPRESSED EARTH BLOCKS: MANUAL OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION by Hubert Guillaud, Thierry Joffroy, Pascal Odul, CRATerre- EAG Volume II. Manual of design and construction A Publication of the Deutsches Zentrum für Entwicklungstechnologien - GATE in: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH in coordination with BASIN - 1985 Scientific supervision: Patrice Doat, teaching architect; Hubert Guillaud, research engineer Authors: Hubert Guillaud, research architect; Pascal Odul, engineer architect; Thierry Joffroy, architect Illustrations: Oscar Salazar, architect; Patrick Idelman, draughtsman Documentation: Marie-France Ruault Format: Régine Rivière English Translation: Claire Norton Publishing coordination: Titane Galer © Photographs CRATerre-EAG: Dario Abgulo, Patrice Doat, Sébastien d’Ornano, Hubert Guillaud, Hugo Houben, Thierry Joffroy, Serge Maïni, Pascal Odul, Vincent Rigassi and additional assistance from: Sylvian Arnoux, Patrick Bolle, Anne-Sophie Clémençon, Christian Lignon, Christophe Magnée, Philippe Romagnolo, Olivier Scherrer © Drawings: CRATerre-EAG Cover photograph (Fig. 1): Rented house, Mayotte, Built by SIM. Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Compressed earth blocks: A publication of Deutsches Zentrum für Entwicklungstechnologien - GATE, a division of the Deutsche Gessellshaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH in coordination with the Building Advisory Service and Information Network - BASIN / (Engl. Transl.: Claire Norton). - Braunschweig: Vieweg. NE: Norton, Claire (Übers.); Deutsches Zentrum für Entwicklungstechnologien <Eschborn> Vol. 2. Manual of design and construction / Hubert Guillaud… (III.: Oscar Salazar; Patrick Idelman). - 1995 ISBN 3-528-02080-6 NE: Guillaud, Hubert With the help of Architectural Research staff of the Department of Architecture and Urbanism (Direction de l’Architecture et de l’Urbanisme - DAU) du Ministère de l’Equipment, du Logement et des Transports All rights reserved © Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn 1995 Published by Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellscahft mbH, Braunschweig Vieweg is a subsidiary company of the Bertelsmann Professional Information. Printed in Germany by Hoehl-Druck, Bad Hersfeld ISBN 3-528-02080-6 2 Content Acknowledgment................................................................................................... 5 Preface ................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 10 Historical background ................................................................................................... 10 Advantages of CEBS.................................................................................................... 11 Production .................................................................................................................... 12 The CEB as a building material .................................................................................... 14 Main characteristics...................................................................................................... 17 A building tradition........................................................................................................ 18 The exposed wall's harmonious appearance ................................................................ 19 Architecture for housing................................................................................................ 19 1.Masonry principles........................................................................................... 22 Mortar........................................................................................................................... 24 Bonding patterns .......................................................................................................... 27 Coursing....................................................................................................................... 36 2.The project's building dispositions ................................................................ 41 Types of wall ................................................................................................................ 42 Types of structure......................................................................................................... 44 Foundations and footings ............................................................................................. 46 Openings...................................................................................................................... 57 Reinforcement .............................................................................................................. 62 Floors: structures.......................................................................................................... 65 Jack arches and vaulting .............................................................................................. 67 Roof classification......................................................................................................... 67 Finishings ..................................................................................................................... 74 Installing technical systems .......................................................................................... 78 Characteristic strength of CEBS ................................................................................... 81 Permissible constraints................................................................................................. 85 Building economics....................................................................................................... 90 3.Architecture ...................................................................................................... 95 Architectural achievements or projects ......................................................................... 95 Architecture for housing................................................................................................ 95 Architecture for public buildings.................................................................................. 155 Bibliografy.......................................................................................................... 191 3 4 Acknowledgment GATE - stands for German Appropriate Technology Exchange. It is a division of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, an organization owned by the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany which commissions the GTZ to plan and implement Technical Cooperation activities with countries of the Third World. GATE was established in 1978 on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation (BMZ) - which is responsible for development cooperation with Third World countries - and in consultation with the German Federal Ministry for Research and Technology (BMFT). GATE currently works in the fields of dissemination of appropriate technologies, environmental protection and conservation of natural resources. Within the GTZ, GATE is responsible for these activities on a cross-sectoral basis. GATE, with the "Information Service on Appropriate Technology (ISAT)" works in the following areas: 1) Dissemination of appropriate technologies Dissemination and application of appropriate technologies, especially in connection with self-help activities - Cooperation with non-governmental appropriate technology groups: cooperation with NGO's in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America. - Information service: documentation (appropriate technologies), exchange of information, question and answer service, publication of technical brochures, articles and a technical journal. - Fund for small-scale appropriate technology projects. 2) Environmental protection and conservation of natural resources - Coordination of environmental protection activities at the GTZ. - Further development of methods and instruments for environmental impact assessment. - Technical backstopping and coordination of interdisciplinary and multisectoral projects in the fields of environmental protection and conservation of natural resources. - Cooperation with the relevant national and international organizations, associations and offices concerned with this sector. German Appropriate Technology Exchange - GATE in: Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH Posffach 5180 / D-65726 Eschborn / Germany / Phone: (06196) 79-0 / Telex: 407 501 0 gtz d / Fax (06196) 79 48 20 CRATerre-EAG - The International Centre for Earth Construction - School of Architecture of Grenoble. The members of CRATerreEAG are high-level professionals from various countries. Since 1973, CRATerre-EAG has been involved full time in all aspects of earthen architecture from the preservation of historic monuments to the setting up of modern production lines. CRATerre-EAG's five inter-related fields of activity are: 1) Research: as an officially recognized research team, CRATerre-EAG carries out several research programs at fundamental and practical levels in various fields such as ethnology, economy, mineralogy, soil mechanics, technology, etc. 2) Consultancy: CRATerre-EAG's missions in this field cover the project formulation, feasibility and 5 investment studies, setting up of programs, building design, raw material prospection, planning and evaluation. 3) Application: