Inspection of Concrete and Masonry Dams (FEMA Guidelines)
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Inspection of Concrete and Masonry Dams (FEMA Guidelines) Course No: G06-005 Credit: 6 PDH Allen Hughes, P.E. Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 9 Greyridge Farm Court Stony Point, NY 10980 P: (877) 322-5800 F: (877) 322-4774 [email protected] ~~---------~~ Training Aids for Dam Safety "'~~~~--~ MODULE: INSPECTION OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY DAMS "'~--------~--~--------~ Subject-MaHer-Expert Panel Ralph O. Atkinson Bureau of Reclamation, Chairman Jem ,. Chastain Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Samuel M. Huston Tennessee Valley Authority Edward Lonon Corps of Engineers ~------~ PREFACE There are presently more than 80,000 dams in use across the United States. Like any engineering works, these dams require continual care and maintenance, first to ensure that they remain operational and capable of performing all intended purposes, and then to preclude endangering people and property downstream. The safety of all dams in the United States is of considerable national, state, and local concern. Given that, the principal purpose of the TADS (Training Aids for Dam Safety) program is to enhance dam safety on a national scale. Federal agencies have responsibility for the safe operation, maintenance, and regUlation of dams under their ownership or jurisdiction. The states, other public jurisdictions, and private owners have responsibility for the safety of non-Federal dams. The safety and proper custodial care of dams can be achieved only through an awareness and acceptance of owner and operator responsibility, and through the availability of competent, well-trained engineers, geologists, technicians, and operators. Such awareness and expertise are best attained and maintained through effective training in dam safety teChnology. Accordingly, an ad hoc Interagency Steering Committee was established to address ways to overcome the paucity of good dam safety training materials. The committee proposed a program of self-instructional study embodying video and printed materials and having the advantages of wide availability/marketability, low per-student cost, limited or no professional trainer involvement, and a common approach to dam safety practices. The 14 Federal agencies represented on the National Interagency Committee on Dam Safety fully endorsed the proposed TADS program and have underwritten the cost of development. They have also made available technical specialists in a variety of disciplines to help in preparing the instructional materials. The states, through the Association of State Dam Safety Officials, also resolved to support TADS development by providing technical expertise. The darn safety instruction provided by T ADS is applicable to dams of all sizes and types, and is useful to all agencies and dam owners. The guidance in dam safety practice provided by T ADS is generally applicable to all situations. However, it is recognized that the degree to which the methods and principles are adopted will rest with the individual agency, dam owner, or user. The sponsoring agencies of T ADS assume no responsibility for the manner in which these instructional materials are used or interpreted, or the results derived therefrom. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TAOS STEERING COMMITTEE James R. Graham, Bureau of Reclamation, Chairman Arthur H. Walz, Corps of Engineers William S. Bivins, Federal Emergency Management Agency Donald L. Basinger, Soil Conservation Service Joseph J. Ellam, Association of State Dam Safety Officials (Commonwealth of Pennsylvania) Marshall L. Silver, U.S. Committee on Large Dams TAOS PROJECT MANAGER Chris J. Veesaert, Bureau of Reclamation TAOS TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE Robert L. James, Corps of Engineers, Chairman Norman Miller, Soil Conservation Service, Vice Chairman Chris J. Veesaert, Bureau of Reclamation Harold C. Buttrey, Tennessee Valley Authority Constantine G. Tjoumas, Federal Energy RegUlatory Commission Alan E. Pearson, Association of State Dam Safety Officials (State of Colorado) TAOS SPONSORS (Representing the Interagency Committee on Dam Safety) Bureau of Reclamation Corps of Engineers Federal Emergency Management Agency Soil Conservation Service Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Tennessee Valley Authority Forest Service Bureau of Land Management National Park Service Bureau of Indian Affairs Fish and Wildlife Service Department of Energy Nuclear Regulatory Commission International Boundary and Water Commission TAOS SUPPORTING ORGANIZATIONS Association of State Dam Safety Officials U.S. Committee on Large Dams INSPECTION OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY DAMS T ABLE OF CONTENTS MODULE INTRODUCTION • • . i UNIT I. INSPECTING THE DAM OVERVIEW. • • • • 1-1 Introduction • 1-1 Unit Objectives 1-1 CONCRETE AND MASONRY DAM FUNDAMENTALS 1-2 Introduction • • • • • •• •••••••• • 1-2 Concrete Dam Characteristics • • • • • • • • • 1-2 Types Of Concrete Dams • • • • • • • • • • • 1-2 Gravity Dams • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • 1-3 Buttress Dams • • • • • • • • • 1-4 /\rch Dams. • • • • • • • • • • • • 1-5 Composite Dams • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1-6 Masonry Dams • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1-7 Concrete And Masonry Construction • • •• ••• • • • • 1-7 Mass Concrete Construction • • • • • • • • • • • • 1-7 Roller-Compacted Concrete Construction • • • • • • • • • 1-7 Masonry Construction •••••••••••••• 1-8 A Note On Terminology: Masonry Vs. Concrete • • • • • • • 1-8 CONCRETE DAM FEATURES 1-9 Introduction 1-9 Principal Features • • • • 1-9 Reservoir ••• 1-9 Crest . .. ..... 1-9 Faces . 1-10 Heel And Toe. • • • • • 1-10 Abutments 1-10 Joints . 1-10 Contraction Joints 1-10 Expansion Joints 1-11 Construction Joints 1-11 Interior Features 1-11 Gallery Syste~ : : : : : . • : : : 1-11 Drainage System • • 1-12 Water Conveyance Structures 1-15 Spillways • • • • • • • • • 1-15 Outlet Works 1-16 Penstocks 1-16 Other Structures And Me~ha~i~al Eq~ip';ne·nt· : : : : • • 1-16 Reference Conventions 1-16 Continued ••• INSPECTION OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY DAMS T ABLE OF CONTENTS CONCRETE DAM INSPECTION TECHNIQUES • • • • • • • • • • • • 1-17 In troduction. • • • • . • • 1-17 Preparing For Inspection • . • • 1-17 Reviewing Data • •• •••• 1-17 Talking With Personnel • • • 1-17 Tools And Equipment • • • • • • 1-18 General Guidelines • • • • . • • • • • • • 1-19 Documenting And Reporting • •• • • • • 1-20 Inspecting The Crest ••••••• •• • • • • 1-20 Sighting Techniques For Straight Dams •••• • • • 1-20 Sighting Techniques For Arch Dams • • • • • • • • • • 1-22 Inspecting The Upstream Face • • • •• • • • • • • • • • 1-22 Underwa ter Inspections •••••• •• • • • • 1-22 Inspecting The Downstream Face • • • • • • • • • 1-22 Inspecting Areas Downstream And Upstream Of The Dam • • . • 1-23 Inspecting The Dam Interior • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1-24 UNIT EXERCISE 1-25 SUMMARY • . • 1-33 UNIT II. INSPECTING FOR DEFICIENCIES OVERVIEW 11-1 Introduction 11-1 Unit Objectives 11-1 CRACKING . 11-2 What Is Cracking? ••• 11-2 Characteristics Of Cracks 11-2 Length 11-2 Width II-2 Direction •..••• 11-3 Depth • • • • • . II-4 Trend 11-4 Location 11-5 Types Of Crack; : . • • • • 11-5 Structural Cracks 11-5 Cracks Along Joints 11-6 Shrinkage Cracks 11-7 Thermal Cracking 11-7 Pattern Cracking • 11-7 D-Cracking. • • . • • 11-8 Other Shallow Cracking . • • • 11-9 Continued ••• INSPECTION OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY DAMS T ABLE OF CONTENTS CRACKING (Continued) Crack Surveys . 11-9 Cracking: Inspection Actions II-9 CONCRETE DETERIORATION .... 11-11 What Is Concrete Deterioration? 11-11 Types Of Deterioration . 11-11 Disintegration. II-II Spalling . 11-11 Efflorescence. 11-11 Drummy Concrete 11-12 Popouts . 11-13 Pitting. 11-13 Scaling. ... 11-14 Causes Of Concrete Deterioration 11-14 Faulty Concrete Mixes. 11-14 Chemical Attack 11-15 Metal Corrosion 11-16 Erosion. 11-17 Cav itation . 11-17 Surface Mapping . 11-17 Concrete Deterioration: Inspection Actions 11-19 MASONRY DETERIORATION. 11-20 Types Of Deterioration . 11-20 Masonry Deterioration: Inspection Actions 11-20 SURFACE DEFECTS 11-21 What Are Surface Defects? 11-21 Types Of Surface Defects 11-21 Honeycomb 11-21 Stra tifica tion II-22 F onn Slippage 11-22 Stains . 11-22 Impact Damage. • . II-23 Surface Defects: Inspection Actions 11-23 DISPLACEMENT ... .. .. U-24 What Is Displacement? . II-24 Misalignment. 11-24 Differential Movement II-24 Detecting Displacement . 11-25 Displacement: Inspection Actions 11-26 Continued ••• INSPECTION OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY DAMS T ABLE OF CONTENTS LEAKAGE AND SEEPAGE. II-27 What Are Leakage And Seepage? • 11-27 Characteristics Of Leakage . 11-27 Characteristics Of Seepage • . 11-27 Moni toring Leakage And Seepage 11-28 Turbidity . II-28 Taking Measurements . II-28 Blocked Drains . 11-29 Leakage And Seepage: Inspection Actions. 11-29 MAINTENANCE CONCERNS. 11-30 What Are Maintenance Concerns? 11-30 Faulty Drainage. 11-30 Faulty Drainage:' Inspection Actions II-30 Undesirable Vegetation. 11-31 Undesirable Vegetation: Inspection Actions II-31 Debris . 11-31 Debris: Inspection Actions ...• 11-31 Joint Condition . • . 11-31 Joint Condition: Inspection Actions. 11-31 Previous Repairs ..... • 11-32 Previous Repairs: Inspection Actions 11-32 Environmental Conditions . 11-32 Environmental Conditions: Inspection Actions 11-33 UNIT EXERCISE . 11-34 SUMMARY 11-44 Deficiencies To Look For . 11-44 When To Get Further Assistance 11-46 Remember To "SMPL" 11-46 Video Presentation 11-47 FINAL REVIEW EXERCISE I APPENDIXES Appendix A: Glossary . A-I Appendix B: References B-1 INSPECTION OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY DAMS LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES FIGURE' TITLE 1-1 Sectional View Of A Gravity Dam.