The Theory Evidence Exists That Seems to Illustrate That a Relatively

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Theory Evidence Exists That Seems to Illustrate That a Relatively The Theory Evidence exists that seems to illustrate that a relatively advanced culture, capable of ocean navigation, who were artistically gifted, and were capable of constructing incredibly precise megalithic buildings coded with information about the cosmos once spanned the globe in ancient times. Over the next few episodes, I’ll guide you guys on a tour around the world as we visit places like Peru, Egypt, Japan, and as remote as Easter Island, to prove to you that this ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ civilization left its telltale signature at all of these locations. We will ask the question, was this one global civilization? Or is this the result of many ancient civilizations coming into contact with each other, and sharing their resources and knowledge, far further back in time than anyone in the mainstream is willing to allow? Origins I think the origin of this Conspiracy comes from the fact that all across the globe, Ancient Civilizations built similar Pyramids, all carefully aligned to celestial points. These same cultures mummified their dead, and built with remarkably similar techniques and peculiarities. Archaeologists and Anthropologists argue that this is all the result of these being the most obvious or simple forms of construction. While this may seem like a valid argument, as soon as you start looking at what they claim to be the “simplest” methods, it falls apart. Scientists are still to this day unable to explain many of the construction methods of ancient megalithic sites. (as we saw in our Pyramids episodes) We’ll look at more examples of this, such as the Megalithic Polygonal Architecture found all across the globe, ancient maps that depict the “new world” far further back into antiquity than is accepted, as well as evidence of Pre-Columbian contact with the Americas. We will see several out of place artifacts, and then we’ll round it out with an analysis of how plausible this would have been in ancient times. To prove my theory that ancient megalithic sites hold clues that an advanced ancient civilization may have either spanned the globe, or at the very least, trekked & traded across the oceans, we need to look at several examples and understand not just their construction I believe the scale, magnitude and precision of these megalithic sites remove any doubt that this civilization existed. In addition, there are countless pieces of supporting evidence. We will take some time and look at some of that supporting evidence later in this series. For now, I want us to focus on a very interested megalithic construction method that oddly seems to pop up all across the ancient globe. Polygonal Stone Walls - 1438-1471 CE (Possibly MUCH older) ​ Sacsayhuamán, Cusco, Perú By Diego Delso, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43175184 ​ Sacsayhuaman is a citadel on the northern outskirts of the city of Cusco, Peru, the historic capital ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ of the Inca Empire. The complex was expanded and added to by the Inca from the 13th century; ​ ​ ​ ​ (1438-1471 CE) they built dry stone walls constructed of huge stones. The workers carefully cut the ​ ​ ​ boulders to fit them together tightly without mortar. The site is at an altitude of 3,701 m (12,142 ft). ​ ​ I want to point out that just like in Egypt, the stone work gets shoddier as time progresses forward. The theory here is that the Inca, and all the other Civilizations that are credited with the construction of these monuments inherited them, at least in part, and expanded on them. The thing about the dating of these sites is that you can’t date the stone. So, it’s extremely tricky to say when exactly a megalith was constructed. Most of the dating comes from ancillary artifacts found around the sites. Sacsayhuaman continues to be studied by specialists. American researcher Derek Cunningham analyzed the design of the fortress and reached the following conclusions: ● The mysterious zigzag of the walls of Sacsayhuaman reveal an ancient knowledge of astronomical alignments of the moon, the sun and the planet. ● Dr. Cunningham proposes that this architecture system would be a type of writing more than 30 thousand years old. ● In an article published by the magazine ‘Popular Archeology’, the American doctor proposes that this type of writing also existed in other ancient cultures of the world. Vitrification (ie: stones that have been melted to a point where they form a glass or glaze.) ​ ​ appears on different kinds of stones and structures at the site. It is found on the perfectly fitted walls with irregular blocks. Additionally to all that, they had no suitable timber for moving/ maneuvering. The plentiful trees in the area now were only widespread after the 19th century. Egypt -- At least 2510 BC See below, the casing stones of Menkaure’s Pyramid in Giza. These are more trapezoidal that their cousins in Peru, but they do share a certain similarity. For reference, The Pyramid of Menkaure was allegedly constructed in 2510 BC. Polygonal construction in the Valley Temple in Egypt Polygonal construction of the “paving stones” near the Great Pyramid. Also, don’t forget the 3 dimensionally cut basalt slabs near this areas as well. More basalt slabs Italy - 900AD // Foundation - 500BC or older Walls of the Castle of Santa Severa. This castle is built on old ruins of an earlier civilization on Ancient Italians call Pyrgi. The Pyrgi Tablets were found in a 1964 excavation of a sanctuary of ancient Pyrgi.Three golden ​ ​ ​ ​ leaves that record a dedication made to the Phoenician goddess ʻAštart in 500 BC. ​ ​ ​ ​ Greece: From Wikipedia: Cyclopean Masonry (3200-1050 BC) ​ ​ “Cyclopean masonry is a type of stonework found in Mycenaean architecture, built with massive limestone boulders, roughly fitted together with minimal clearance between adjacent stones and no use of mortar. The boulders typically seem unworked, but some may have been worked roughly with a hammer and the gaps between boulders filled in with smaller chunks of limestone. The most famous examples of Cyclopean masonry are found in the walls of Mycenae and Tiryns.” It reached its height between 1400 and 1200 BC, when it was one of the most important centers of the Mycenaean world. [1] The masonry used to build the citadel wall surrounding Mycenae was of limestone. ​ Due to the ​ ​ ​ size and weight of these stones, too heavy to be lifted by an average human, later Greeks that discovered these fortifications believed them to be the work of the Cyclopes. Therefore, the ​ ​ stone walls' design was named "Cyclopean" masonry, due to the belief that these "giants" built [1] the walls. ​ c. 3200 BC – c. 1050 BC ​ ​ Necromanteion of Acheron - 800BC By Evilemperorzorg at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33181804 The Nekromanteion (Greek: Νεκρομαντεῖον) was an ancient Greek temple of necromancy devoted ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ to Hades and Persephone. It was first described by Homer in the 8th Century BC. ​ ​ ​ ​ We can see similar polygonal construction. Norba - (1000BC) "The ancient town of Norba features massive and quite picturesque 'cyclopean' polygonal masonry walls, probably dating from the first millennium BC. Megalithic wall, Norba, Italy. Photo by author / researcher Richard Cassaro. Turkey - 5000 BC Alaca Höyük is the site of a Neolithic and Hittite settlement and is an important archaeological site. It is situated in Alaca, Çorum Province, Turkey, northeast of Boğazkale, where the ancient capital city Hattusa of the Hittite Empire was situated. The mound was a scene of settlement in a continuous sequence of development from at least the Chalcolithic Age, when earliest copper tools appeared alongside the use of stone tools. ​ SIDE NOTE: Gobekli Tepe -- 10,000 BC ​ Just wanted to jump in and talk a little bit about Gobekli Tepe, the oldest known megalithic site in the world, is also located in Turkey. Not much is known about the people who populated this area, and the site is still being excavated. But what we do know, is that it completely rewrote the timeline of antiquity. The site was in use for at least 2000 years, when it was purposefully buried, and abandoned around 8000BC. Prior to the discovery of Gobekli Tepe, scientists had dismissed the idea of a civilization prior to 3300BC. They still don’t accept Gobekli Tepe as evidence of a civilization. Crediting it to hunter gatherers. Interesting, considering less than 5% of the site has been uncovered. From Wiki “It is one of several sites in the vicinity of Karaca Dağ, an area that geneticists suspect ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ may have been the original source of at least some of our cultivated grains. Recent DNA analysis of modern domesticated wheat compared with wild wheat has shown that its DNA is closest in sequence to wild wheat found on Karaca Dağ 30 km (20 mi) away from the site, suggesting that this ​ ​ is where modern wheat was first domesticated.” Japan - 794 AD - Possibly Earlier. Many of the imperial castles in Japan also show the Polygonal Construction method. The Palace is said to sit on a much older Megalithic site. It was built on top of what was called the Edo castle. The warrior Edo Shigetsugu built his residence here around the end of the Heian period. Approximately around the year 794. Brien Forester, author of “A Brief History Of The Incas” suggests that the polygonal stone ​ ​ architecture of the current castle is part of an older megalithic structure that the newer castle was built upon. Malta -- (3600-2500 BC) Ġgantija ("Giantess") is a megalithic temple complex from the Neolithic on the Mediterranean island ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ of Gozo. The Ġgantija temples are the earliest of the Megalithic Temples of Malta and are older than ​ ​ ​ ​ the pyramids of Egypt.
Recommended publications
  • Section 044200 - Exterior Stone Cladding
    METRO MASONRY ANNUAL CONTRACT 2018- 2023 SECTION 044200 - EXTERIOR STONE CLADDING PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 RELATED DOCUMENTS A. Drawings and general provisions of the Contract, including General and Supplementary Conditions and Division 01 Specification Sections, apply to this Section. 1.2 SUMMARY A. Section includes all possible situations that may be encountered at Metro Properties and the several solutions for maintenance of stone masonry restoration and cleaning. The Metro Project Coordinator will direct the Contractor as to portions of the specification for each project. The Project may require the following: 1. Dimension stone panels set with individual anchors. 2. Dimension stone panels mechanically anchored on steel trusses. 3. Dimension stone panels mechanically anchored on steel strongback frames. 4. Dimension stone panels mechanically anchored on steel stud frames. 5. Dimension stone panels mechanically anchored (field installed) on a metal-grid system. 6. Dimension stone panels set in architectural precast concrete. 7. Dimension stone trim units, including bands; copings; sills; jambs; and soffits. 8. Dimension stone with carving or inscriptions. B. Related Requirements: 1. Division 03 Section "Precast Architectural Concrete" for setting dimension stone panels in architectural precast concrete units. 2. Division 04 Section "Unit Masonry" for installing inserts in unit masonry for anchoring dimension stone cladding and for stone trim in unit masonry walls. 3. Division 05 Section "Cold-Formed Metal Framing" for steel stud frames supporting dimension stone cladding. 4. Division 07 Section "Joint Sealants" for sealing joints in dimension stone cladding system with elastomeric sealants. 1.3 DEFINITIONS A. Definitions contained in ASTM C 119 apply to this Section.
    [Show full text]
  • Walls and Foundations of Historic Buildings
    District of Columbia Historic Preservation Guidelines WALLS AND FOUNDATIONS OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS Government of the District of Columbia Office of Planning Historic Preservation Office 1100 4th Street, SW Suite 650 Washington, DC 20024 202-442-8800 Designs of Walls and Foundations Walls and above ground foundations are among the most important character-defining elements of historic buildings. The design of walls and foundations is influenced by the types of materials used, the location, proportions and scale of openings for doors and windows, massing and rhythm of features such as bays and porches, and details and ornamentation. The exterior walls of most free-standing buildings are also structural, that is they carry the weight of the floors and roof to the foundation. Conversely, the front and rear walls of rowhouses and other party-wall buildings are usually not load bearing; rather the side walls carry the weight of floors and roofs to foundations. Altering, repairing or replacing primary character-defining walls and foundations -those facing major public streets or sidewalks- must be carefully considered so as not to detract from a building's character. Changes to secondary non-character-defining walls and foundations (typically on the sides and rear of buildings) should also be carefully considered. Greater flexibility in selecting methods of construction and materials is possible for changes to non-character-defining than for character-defining walls and foundations. Above ground foundation walls are often visually distinguished from the main wall by a change of plane. For example, brick and stone foundation walls are often visually separated from the wall above by a belt course of molded brick or shaped stone.
    [Show full text]
  • Stone Source Glossary of Terms.Indd
    GLOSSARY OF TERMS This glossary provides you with commonly used terms for each of our material UPDATED ON: 9.13.2012 categories. The guide is divided into 5 sections: • Natural Stone • Porcelain tile + Ceramic tile • Glass Tile • Engineered Stone • Wood New York Boston Chicago Los Angeles New Jersey Washington DC Natural Stone Porcelain Tile Glass Tile Engineered Stone Reclaimed Wood 1 of 21 - stone source Glossary of terms GLOSSARY OF TERMS: Natural stone These are the terms most commonly used in relation to Natural Stone: Bleed Staining caused by corrosive metals, oil-based putties, mastics, caulking, or Abrasion resistance sealing compounds. The ability of a material to resist surface wear. Book Matched Absorption Layout wherein slabs are cut to create a mirror image of each other. The relative porosity of the material. Materials with low absorption will be less prone to staining. Materials with high-absorption may not be suitable for all applications, specifically kitchen countertops that come into regular contact with oils or pigmented acidic liquids such as wine or balsamic vinegar. Acid etching Materials that contain calcium or magnesium carbonate (marble, travertine, limestone and onyx) will react to acidic foods such as lemons or tomatoes. This reaction will result in a change in surface sheen, otherwise referred to as “acid etching”. Lighter stones and honed surfaces will typically diminish the appearance of acid etching. Antiqued finish Brushed finish A finish with a worn aged appearance, achieved by mechanically rubber- A smooth finish achieved by brushing a stone with a coarse rotary-type wire brushing the tile. brush. Buttering / Back buttering bullnose edge The process of slathering the back of a stone tile with thinset material to ensure (see edge profiles on page 8) proper mortar coverage.
    [Show full text]
  • Installation Details for Kerb & Edgings
    INSTALLATION DETAILS FOR KERB & EDGINGS Health and Safety Information Safe working practices should be employed at all times during the construction process and all necessary Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should be worn. Drainage All paved surfaces require drainage. Where kerbs or edging are laid, this will restrict natural water flow off the paved area, so provision needs to be made to dispose of this water. This can be in the form of using cross fall and longitudinal fall to run water into areas of soft landscaping (i.e. a flowerbed or grassed area). However, where this is not possible, some form of drainage channel will need to be utilised. If laying kerbs or edgings next to a building, then care should be taken that the laid products are at least 150mm below the damp proof course level. Excavation To allow new kerb or edging to be installed correctly a certain amount of excavation will normally be required. The depth of this excavation will depend on several factors; the height of the kerb or edging selected, which way up it will be laid, and what upstand is intended. (i.e. the difference in height between the top of the kerb or edging and the paved surface in front of it). All organic materials such as grass should be removed from the excavation as this will rot and could cause possible settlement of the kerbs or edging and paving at a later stage. When the desired level has been reached the bottom of the excavation should be compacted to give an even surface.
    [Show full text]
  • 614.252.0955 Or 800.845.7644 Visit Our Website at Oberfields.Com PAVER S • R E TAINING WALLS • PATIO STONES • ACCESSORIES
    614.252.0955 or 800.845.7644 Visit our website at oberfields.com PAVER S • R E TAINING WALLS • PATIO STONES • ACCESSORIES CORPORATE OFFICE Oberfield’s is Ohio’s premier manufacturer and marketer SALES 528 London Road P.O. Box 362 of high-quality concrete masonry, landscape, sitescape and Delaware, OH 43015 614.252.0955 740.369.7644 building material products. We invite you to visit one of our 800.845.7644 Fax 740.363.7644 five showrooms or many distributors throughout the region. SALES & MANUFACTURING 1165 Alum Creek Drive Columbus, OH 43209 614.252.0955 Simply call us for a convenient location near you. Fax 614.252.5858 SALES 450 W. Fair Avenue Lancaster, OH 43130 740.653.3074 Fax 740.653.7285 SALES 1190 S. Prospect Street Marion, OH 43302 740.382.8888 Fax 740.382.3110 SALES & MANUFACTURING 980 Shawnee Road Lima, OH 45805 419.225.6761 Fax 419.225.6121 O©2009 bOberfield’s,er Inc. field’s RESIDENTIAL Walkways/Patios................................................ 2 Driveways ........................................................ 3 Steps & Stairways ............................................ 4 Fire Pits & Grills .............................................. 5 Water Features ................................................. 6 Columns & Borders ......................................... 7 Monroe Pavers ................................................. 8-9 Washington Pavers ........................................... 10-11 Washington Circle Pavers ................................. 12-13 Lincoln Pavers .................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Concrete Repair Mortars Pocket Guide © 2020 the Euclid 4 Hour 3,000 (21) 2,000 (14) Chemical Company
    The Euclid Chemical Company The Euclid Chemical Company VERTICAL & OVERHEAD VERTICAL & OVERHEAD SURFACES For more than a century, The Euclid SURFACES Chemical Company has served as a TROWELABLE & leading supplier to the concrete and PLACEMENT CATEGORY FORM AND POUR/PUMP CEMENTITIOUS TROWELABLE SPRAYABLE UNDERWATER FORM AND POUR/PUMP Verticoat Supreme SPRAYABLE masonry industry offering a full line EucoRepair SCC Microsilica and latex modified, non-sag of engineered concrete admixture Self-consolidating structural repair mortar repair mortar for trowel applied vertical and construction products marketed CONCRETE EucoRepair SCC Tamms Verticoat Speed Crete Tamms Speed Crete and overhead repairs requiring high Eucocrete EucoRepair V100 Eucopatch Tammscrete Verticoat Speed Crete PM Eucoshot under the EUCO brand name. These that is shrinkage compensated and PRODUCT NAME EucoRepair SCC Fast Form and Pour Supreme Red Line Structural Mortar Blue Line REPAIR contains polymer, microfiber, and corrosion performance. products include concrete admixtures, block and masonry additives, curing inhibitor. Can be placed from 1 inch (25 Verticoat and sealing compounds, epoxy MORTARS mm) to full depth without aggregate Two part latex modified mortar that sets Self-Consolidating, Fiber adhesives, floor and wall coatings, extension. Also available in a faster setting rapidly for quick and easy repair of vertical High Strength, Smaller Aggregate, Low Shrinkage, Versatile, Color Polymer Modified, Corrosion Inhibitor, Fast Setting, Can be Underwater PRODUCT Fiber Reinforced, Low Two Part, Polymer Reinforced, structural grouts for columns, version, EucoRepair SCC Fast. Full Depth Repairs Enhanced Fiber Reinforced, Similar to Plain Smooth Consistency Polymer and Shaved to Desired Polymer Modified Silica Fume Modified Patching Material, or overhead concrete surfaces.
    [Show full text]
  • A2 – Dressed Quarry Stone Wall
    Building techniques : A2 – Dressed Quarry Stone Wall Coutry: Lebanon PRÉSENTATION Geographical Influence Definition Dressed quarry stone wall - traditional masonry tools: chisel, picks and hammers. - 4, 5, 6 faces-sometimes 2 faces - naturally squared. - stone laying with or without wedging. - stones are laid straight, same size or not. - mortar laying Environment In the MEDA area, we find dressed quarry stone in all environments: urban, rural, in mountain, plain and sea side. Its presence is generally common. In Lebanon, dressed quarry stone (Moqassab) is often used everywhere: rural environment, urban, plain, mountain and sea side. Illustrations General view: Details close-up: This project is financed by the MEDA programme of the European Union. The opinions expressed in the present document do not necessarily reflect the position of the European Union or of its member States. 1/8 A2 Lebanon – Dressed quarry stone wall CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLE Foundations Illustrations Finding a "firm base" or “good ground” is a preliminary for the builder. If rock shows on the surface, the wall is built directly above. If not, all countries dig a small trench (~ 50 cm deep), practically never deeper than 1m. the width can be equal to the thickness of the wall above-ground, but it can also be up to twice this thickness. Combination of 2 factors : width of the trench and type of filling materials: adjustments and adaptation to each spot and ground. The materials are always stony: the trench is filled with stones, generally linked with mortar. If the module is small, the trench is broader. Several countries reported construction over ruins used as foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Monumental Architecture of Iklaina
    The Monumental Architecture of Iklaina Michael B. Cosmopoulos1 Abstract: The excavations of the Athens Archaeological Society at Iklaina have brought to light a major LH settle- ment that is identified with *a-pu2, one of the district capitals of the Mycenaean state of Pylos. One of the most striking features of the site is its monumental architecture, which includes at least two large buildings, two paved roads, a paved piazza, and massive built stone drains. The presence of this kind of monumentality outside the traditionally defined ‘palaces’, combined with other markers of advanced socio-political complexity, opens up a number of questions regard- ing the processes of the unification of the Mycenaean state of Pylos. In the present paper I review the relevant archi- tectural and stratigraphic evidence and assess its possible implications for this issue. It is concluded that the emergence of monumental architecture at Iklaina could have been initiated either by the Palace of Nestor following a peaceful annexation of Iklaina in the early Mycenaean period, or by the local Iklaina rulers following a period of continuous growth before a forced annexation in LH IIIB. Keywords: Monumentality, state formation, Mycenaean, Pylos, Iklaina Introduction The excavations at Iklaina are conducted under the auspices of the Archaeological Society at Athens.2 Over the course of nine field seasons we have unearthed a significant part of a LH settle- ment, which can be identified with *a-pu2, one of the district capitals of the Mycenaean state of Pylos.3 The site includes three general areas: residential, industrial, and administrative (marked as R, I, and A in Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Mortar Mix No
    Mortar Mix No. 1102 PRODUCT DESCRIPTION when they become "thumb print" hard. This will make the mortar joint water-tight and provide a Basic use: QUIKRETE® Mortar Mix (#1102) is neat appearance. a type N masonry mortar for use in laying brick, Coverage: Refer to table 1 for approximate block or stone; and repairing of masonry walls. coverage for each bag size. Use for brick or stone fireplaces, brick walls, block walls, parge coats, tuck pointing, stucco Table 1: Mortar Mix Usage Chart and plaster. Bag Size Standard Block Standard ® 8" X 8" X 16" Brick Composition and materials: QUIKRETE (200 mm X 200 mm X 8" X 2" X 4" Mortar (Masonry) Mix consists of a uniformly 410 mm) (200 mm X 50 blended mixture of fine sand, and type N mm X 100 mm) masonry cement. 80-lb. 12 37 Packaging: Available in three sizes: 80 lbs. (36.3 kg) (36.3 kg), 60 lbs. (27.2 kg), and 40 lbs. (18.1 28 kg). 60 lbs. 9 (27.2 kg) Technical Data QUIKRETE® Mortar Mix meets and exceeds the 40 lbs. 6 19 physical property requirements of ASTM (18.1 kg) designation 387 (Standard Specifications for Packaged, Dry, Combined Materials for Mortar Tuck Pointing or Repointing and Concrete) and ASTM C 270 for Type N Mortar. Product achieves a compressive Mixing: Mix QUIKRETE Mortar Mix with just strength in excess of 750 psi (5.17 MPa) in 28 enough water to form a damp unworkable mix day. that retains its form when pressed into a ball in the hand.
    [Show full text]
  • The Art of Stone Masonry in the Rockbridge County Area (1700 to Present)
    The Art of Stone Masonry In the Rockbridge County Area (1700 to present) Steven Connett Archaeology 377 5/25/83 Dr. McDaniel The art of stone masonry in the Shenandoah valley seems to be somewhat of a mystery prior to the nineteenth century. However, as some of us have learned from the anthropology 101 course: The absence of artifacts (documents in this case) is just as important as the presence of artifacts. In order to make sure that the lack of information was not due to my possible incompetence in research, I spoke with a current day stone masoner named Alvis Reynolds. Mr. Reynolds relayed t o me that when he was trying to learn the skills of stone masonry he, too, had great difficulty in obtaining information and thus decided to teach himself this art through the process of trial and error. Although this information did not directly aid me in my research, Mr. Reynolds did provide me with a bit of information that allowed me to derive a hypothesis on why there is this unusual lack of information in this line of study. I will state my hypothesis in this paper, however, I will not be able to prove it or disprove it due to the deficiency in available information. Mr. Reynolds explained to me that in the eighteenth century there were nomadic stone masoners. These nomadic workers went from valley to valley in search of people who needed help with building their houses. Since these people did not know how to cut stone themselves (after all, stone cutting is not the type of thing that is innate to most people) they had no choice but to p~y these men for their services or go unsheltered.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Build a Dry Stone Wall an Instructional Guide for Beginners
    Do- It-Yourself: How to Build a Dry Stone Wall An instructional guide for beginners © Copyright Stephen Burton and licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons License. By: Stephen T. Kane Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION………………………………………………….3 TOOLS, EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES………………………4 GROUNDWORK…………….…………………………………….7 FOUNDATION…………………………………………………….8 COURSING.…………………………………………………………9 COPING.……………………………………………………………10 GLOSSARY………………………………………………………..11 Introduction: Whether for pure aesthetics or practical functionality, dry stone walls employ the craft of carefully stacking and interlocking stones without the use of mortar to form earthen boundaries, residential foundations, agricultural terraces, and rudimentary fences. If properly constructed, these creations will stand unabated for countless years, requiring only minimal maintenance and repairs. The ability to harness the land and shape it in a way that meets one’s needs through stone walling allows endless possibility and enjoyment after fundamental steps and basic techniques are learned. How to Build a Dry Stone Wall provides a comprehensive reference for beginners looking to start and finish a wall project the correct way. A list of essential resources and tools, a step-by-step guide, and illustrations depicting proper construction will allow readers to approach projects with a confidence and a precision that facilitates the creation of beautiful stonework. If any terminology poses an issue, simply reference the glossary provided in the back of the booklet. NOTE: Depending on property laws and building codes, many areas do not permit stone walls. Check with respective sources to determine if all residential rules and regulations will abide stonework. Also, before building anything on a property line, always consult your neighbor(s) and get their written consent.
    [Show full text]
  • Masonry Constructions As Built Archives: an Innovative Analytical Approach to Reconstructing the Evolution of Imperial Opus Testaceum Brickwork in Rome
    Masonry Constructions as Built Archives: An Innovative Analytical Approach to Reconstructing the Evolution of Imperial Opus Testaceum Brickwork in Rome Gerold Eßer Vienna University of Technology, Austria The Colosseum, Trajan’s Market, the Baths of buil dings are to be regarded as the outcome of Caracalla and the Basilica of Maxentius: the monu- rational decisions made on the basis of economy, mental ruins of the imperial representational build- durability and functionality. Particularly in the ings mark the crystallisation points in a profound, area of important imperial public buildings, where centuries- long recasting of the appearance of the the pressure to be successful was exceptionally city of Rome (Fig. 1). The cores consist of practi- high, the conditions imposed by the market were cally indestructible opus caementitium, faced with certainly strictly observed. Large imperial buil- hard, quasi- industrially produced fired bricks. This ding projects in which often many thousands of construction method, later called opus testaceum, workers had to be organised and directed required was uniquely suited to surviving the passage of the definition and implementation of standards time. For us today, this means that we have at our applicable right across the site. To ensure the suc- disposal an extraordinary wealth of evidence for the cess of a major project these standards had to be building construction methods used in those times. laid down in series of technical regulations. The Given that even the building sites of classi- doctoral thesis on which the present paper is based cal antiquity were subject to market forces, the examined the extent to which the organisation of large building sites influenced masonry construc- tions and whether, using the characteristics of the masonry that will be defined below, this influence can be read as a regulative on the erection of the structures.
    [Show full text]