DOCSLIB.ORG

Sustainability of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System for Over 2000 Years–A Numerical Investigation of the Water and Sediment Dynamic Diversions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sustainability of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System for Over 2000 Years–A Numerical Investigation of the Water and Sediment Dynamic Diversions sustainability Article Sustainability of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System for over 2000 Years–A Numerical Investigation of the Water and Sediment Dynamic Diversions Xiaogang Zheng 1,2 , Ehsan Kazemi 2 , Eslam Gabreil 3, Xingnian Liu 1 and Ridong Chen 1,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (X.L.) 2 Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; e.kazemi@sheffield.ac.uk 3 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Gharyan, Gharyan 52GG + FM, Libya; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 January 2020; Accepted: 10 March 2020; Published: 20 March 2020 Abstract: The Dujiangyan Irrigation System (DIS), located in the western portion of the Chengdu Plain at the transitional junction between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Sichuan Basin, has been in operation for about 2300 years. The system automatically uses natural topographical and hydrological features and provides automatic water diversion, sediment drainage and intake flow discharge control, thus preventing disastrous events in the region in a ‘natural’ way. Using a numerical modeling approach, this study aims to investigate the reasons behind this natural behavior of the system and provide a better understanding of the complex mechanisms which have caused the sustainability of the DIS for over two millennia. For this purpose, a two-phase flow model based on the Shallow Water Equations (SWEs) is developed to simulate the fluid and sediment motions in the DIS. A coupled explicit-implicit technique based on the Finite Element Method is applied for the fluid flow and a Sediment Mass (SM) model in the framework of the Lagrangian particle method is proposed to simulate the sediment motion under different flow discharge conditions. The results show how different components of the DIS make full use of the hydrodynamic and topographical characteristics of the river to effectively discharge sediment and excess flood to the downstream and create an environmentally sustainable irrigation system. Keywords: Dujiangyan; sediment mass model; hydraulic properties; sediment diversion; sustainable development 1. Introduction The ancient water conservancy projects, such as the control project of Nel-Hammurabi on the Euphrates River built by the Babylon Kingdom, the manmade canals constructed by the ancient Roman Empire [1], and the agricultural irrigation systems dating back to the 1st-6th centuries in Israel [2] have long fallen into disuse. However, there are some old irrigation structures that are still in operation, such as the irrigation in sediment-laden rivers developed in ancient Peru [3]. Moreover, the qanat system, a subterranean aqueduct used to convey water for irrigation and domestic consumption, originated in Iran as early as the 7th century BCE [4], was brought to Spain in the 8th century, and then to the New World in the 16th century [5,6]. This system still irrigates farmlands in Iran at the present day. The Dujiangyan Irrigation System (DIS) is one of the ancient irrigation systems which are still in operation. This system began in the 3rd century BCE, is characterized by the non-dam intake project Sustainability 2020, 12, 2431; doi:10.3390/su12062431 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 15 43 The Dujiangyan Irrigation System (DIS) is one of the ancient irrigation systems which are still in 44 operation. This system began in the 3rd century BCE, is characterized by the non-dam intake project 45 and is still discharging its functions perfectly [1]. It was listed as a World Cultural Heritage Site in 46 2000 and a World Heritage Irrigation Structure in 2018. The main headworks of the DIS are located 47 in the transitional region, where the river flows from a gorge to an alluvial plain. The location has a 48 50 km distance and 273 m elevation difference from Chengdu City, China (Figure 1). This is on the Sustainability 2020, 12, 2431 2 of 15 49 commanding point of the alluvial plain so as to prevent floodwater flowing directly to the Chengdu 50 Plain [7]. Natural topographical and hydrological features are used to exclude sediment and divert 51 andwater is still for dischargingirrigation without its functions the use of perfectly dams. The [1]. sy Itstem was has listed produced as a World benefits Cultural in flood Heritage prevention, Site in 52 2000agricultural and a World irrigation, Heritage and Irrigationwater consumption Structure for in many 2018. years The main [8]. headworks of the DIS are located 53 in the transitionalRecently, a dam region, was where constructed the river upstream flows fromof the a DIS gorge (about to an 4 alluvialkm from plain. the Fish The Mouth). location The has a 54 50reservoir km distance of the and dam 273 can m be elevation seen in Figure difference 1. The from dam Chengduconstruction City, was China completed (Figure in 12006,). This and is since on the 55 then, it has provided a more stable water supply to the Dujiangyan areas during the dry season, and commanding point of the alluvial plain so as to prevent floodwater flowing directly to the Chengdu 56 also reduced the peak flow discharge of the river during the flood season. Since this dam is a Plain [7]. Natural topographical and hydrological features are used to exclude sediment and divert 57 relatively new structure and the focus of the present study is on the historical performance of the DIS water for irrigation without the use of dams. The system has produced benefits in flood prevention, 58 based on its natural and topographical characteristics during the past 2000 years, the effect of the dam agricultural irrigation, and water consumption for many years [8]. 59 is not taken into consideration in this study. 60 61 FigureFigure 1. 1.Sketch Sketch map map ofof thethe study area. The The inset inset map map (top (top right) right) shows shows the the location location of the of the Dujiangyan Dujiangyan 62 IrrigationIrrigation System System (DIS) (DIS)in in China.China. The Puyang, Baitia Baitiao,o, Zouma, Zouma, and and Jiang’an Jiang’an Ri Riversvers all allflow flow from from the the 63 BaopingkouBaopingkou (the (the bottle-neck bottle-neck channelchannel of the DIS). 64 Recently,The headworks a dam wasof the constructed DIS are composed upstream of thre of thee primary DIS (about components: 4 km from (1) The the Fish Fish Mouth Mouth). (the The 65 reservoirfront end of looks the dam like a can fish be mouth), seen in a Figurediversion1. The emba damnkment construction dividing the was Minjiang completed River in into 2006, the and Inner since 66 then,River, it hasprimarily provided for airrigation, more stable and water the Outer supply River, to the mainly Dujiangyan for flood areas and during sediment the discharge; dry season, (2) and 67 alsoFeishayan, reduced a the low peak spillway flow dischargedam removing of the sediment river during and the excess flood water season. from Since the Inner this dam River is ainto relatively the 68 newOuter structure River; andand the(3) focusBaopingkou of the present(bottle-neck study channel), is on the a historical water intake performance automatically of the controlling DIS based on 69 itsintake natural discharge and topographical from the Inner characteristics River (Figure during2). the past 2000 years, the effect of the dam is not taken into consideration in this study. The headworks of the DIS are composed of three primary components: (1) The Fish Mouth (the front end looks like a fish mouth), a diversion embankment dividing the Minjiang River into the Inner River, primarily for irrigation, and the Outer River, mainly for flood and sediment discharge; (2) Feishayan, a low spillway dam removing sediment and excess water from the Inner River into the Outer River; and (3) Baopingkou (bottle-neck channel), a water intake automatically controlling intake discharge from the Inner River (Figure2). The need to understand how the DIS has preserved its functionality for more than 2000 years and the need for protecting it have urged researchers and engineers to investigate the hydrodynamics of the system, such as flow motion, sediment transport, and riverbed evolution. They have been conducting research in the last few decades on the mechanisms of water and sediment diversion under different discharge conditions in order to improve the methods of protecting the system. Since the first physical model experiment of the DIS conducted in 1941 [9], scholars have studied the characteristics of the water and sediment transport by using the prototype survey [10,11], physical hydraulics model [12], and numerical model [13–15]. As for the dynamic water diversion process, based on the ancients’ experience, more than 60% of the Minjiang River typically goes into the Inner River for the use of the Chengdu Plain during the low discharge period, while in the flood period, this ratio can reduce to less than 40% [16]. The analysis of the prototype data carried out by Sun et al. suggested that after the construction of the check gate across the Outer River in 1974, the water distribution into the Inner Sustainability 2020, 12, 2431 3 of 15 River was close to 75% in spring time and only 37.5% in the flood season [10]. Later, as a complement to the laboratory experiments conducted in Sichuan University [12], a two-dimensional (2D) numerical model has been used to study the performance of the system under different inflow conditions [13]. Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 15 70 71 FigureFigure 2. 2.General General layout layout of of the the DIS. DIS. 72 ManyThe need irrigation to understand projects in historyhow the were DIS abandoned has preserved due toits sedimentation.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Symbol of Global Protec- 7 1 5 4 5 10 10 17 5 4 8 4 7 1 1213 6 JAPAN 3 14 1 6 16 CHINA 33 2 6 18 AF Tion for the Heritage of All Humankind
    4 T rom the vast plains of the Serengeti to historic cities such T 7 ICELAND as Vienna, Lima and Kyoto; from the prehistoric rock art 1 5 on the Iberian Peninsula to the Statue of Liberty; from the 2 8 Kasbah of Algiers to the Imperial Palace in Beijing — all 5 2 of these places, as varied as they are, have one thing in common. FINLAND O 3 All are World Heritage sites of outstanding cultural or natural 3 T 15 6 SWEDEN 13 4 value to humanity and are worthy of protection for future 1 5 1 1 14 T 24 NORWAY 11 2 20 generations to know and enjoy. 2 RUSSIAN 23 NIO M O UN IM D 1 R I 3 4 T A FEDERATION A L T • P 7 • W L 1 O 17 A 2 I 5 ESTONIA 6 R D L D N 7 O 7 H E M R 4 I E 3 T IN AG O 18 E • IM 8 PATR Key LATVIA 6 United Nations World 1 Cultural property The designations employed and the presentation 1 T Educational, Scientific and Heritage of material on this map do not imply the expres- 12 Cultural Organization Convention 1 Natural property 28 T sion of any opinion whatsoever on the part of 14 10 1 1 22 DENMARK 9 LITHUANIA Mixed property (cultural and natural) 7 3 N UNESCO and National Geographic Society con- G 1 A UNITED 2 2 Transnational property cerning the legal status of any country, territory, 2 6 5 1 30 X BELARUS 1 city or area or of its authorities, or concerning 1 Property currently inscribed on the KINGDOM 4 1 the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation in China Issue, Spring 2016
    SPRING 2016 CONSERVATION IN CHINA A Note from the Director For over twenty-five years, it has been the Getty Conservation Institute’s great privilege to work with colleagues in China engaged in the conservation of cultural heritage. During this quarter century and more of professional engagement, China has undergone tremendous changes in its social, economic, and cultural life—changes that have included significant advance- ments in the conservation field. In this period of transformation, many Chinese cultural heritage institutions and organizations have striven to establish clear priorities and to engage in significant projects designed to further conservation and management of their nation’s extraordinary cultural resources. We at the GCI have admiration and respect for both the progress and the vision represented in these efforts and are grateful for the opportunity to contribute to the preservation of cultural heritage in China. The contents of this edition of Conservation Perspectives are a reflection of our activities in China and of the evolution of policies and methods in the work of Chinese conservation professionals and organizations. The feature article offers Photo: Anna Flavin, GCI a concise view of GCI involvement in several long-term conservation projects in China. Authored by Neville Agnew, Martha Demas, and Lorinda Wong— members of the Institute’s China team—the article describes Institute work at sites across the country, including the Imperial Mountain Resort at Chengde, the Yungang Grottoes, and, most extensively, the Mogao Grottoes. Integrated with much of this work has been our participation in the development of the China Principles, a set of national guide- lines for cultural heritage conservation and management that respect and reflect Chinese traditions and approaches to conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • 9 Days World Heritages Sichuan Tour
    [email protected] +86-28-85593923 9 days World heritages Sichuan tour https://windhorsetour.com/sichuan-highlights-tour/chengdu-emei-jiuzhaigou-tour Chengdu Dujiangyan Mount Emei Leshan Jiuzhaigou Huanglong Chengdu This tour takes you explore the top fantastic natural sceneries and precious cultural heritage in Sichuan. Enjoy the happy time with the adorable pandas in Chengdu, unspoiled natural world at Jiuzhaigou and more. Type Private Duration 9 days Theme Culture and Heritage, Natural scenery, Panda Trip code WS-201 From £ 1,197 per person £ 1,088 you save £ 109 (10%) Itinerary The Chinese often refer to Sichuan as the Heavenly Kingdom (Tian Fu Zhi Guo), a reference to the province's abundance in natural resources and cultural heritage. Sichuan boasts a lot of mountains, rivers and historic relics. UNESCO inscribed Jiuzhaigou, Hulong scenic area, Mount Emei with the Leshan Giant Buddha, and Mount Qingcheng-Dujiangyan Irrigation Project on the World Heritage List in 1992, 1996 and 2000 respectively. Day 01 : Chengdu airport pick up Chengdu airport pick up and transfer to your hotel. Have a good rest at the first day. Overnight at Chengdu. B=breakfast Day 02 : Chengdu city one day sightseeing (B) Morning around 07:30 - 08:00 to be met in your hotel lobby and head over to Chengdu Panda Breeding and Research Center, about half an hour drive. You will catch pandas' feeding time, breakfast they most active time of a day. Enjoy both adult and baby pandas as the gobble up fresh bamboo. Later then watch the film at Panda Story Cinema to learn about a pandas daily life, baby's birth, dating, mating and more.
    [Show full text]
  • JIUZHAIGOU Huanglong Leshan Mt Emei 九寨沟黄龙乐山峨眉
    8D 天 7N 晚 JIUZHAIGOU Huanglong Leshan Mt Emei 九寨沟黄龙乐山峨眉 THE ATTRACTIONS 精华景点 Jiuzhai Valley National Park | Huanglong | Jinding | Dujiangyan 九寨沟风景区 | 黄龙风景区 | 峨眉山金顶 | 都江堰风景区 PREMIUM HOTELS 优质酒店 UPGRADE 1N International 5⭐ Hotel 提升 1 晚国际五⭐酒店 | 提升 4 晚当地五⭐店 | UPGRADE 4N Local 5⭐ Hotel LOCAL SPECIALTIES 特色美食 Leshan Tofu Feast | Panda Stall Snacks | Three Kingdom 樂山豆腐宴 | 熊貓掌櫃小吃 | 三國烤肉自助餐 Barbecue | Chonghwa Ancient Chen Mapo Sichuan Restaurant 中華老字號陳麻婆川菜館 HOTELS & MEALS 酒店住宿 & 美食 DAY Breakfast Lunch Dinner City 天数 早餐 午餐 晚餐 城市 4★ Hotel or Similar （7 Breakfast 早 | 7 Lunch 午 | 7 Dinner 晚） 4★酒店或同级 1 - - ✈ Chengdu 4★ Holiday Inn Hotel 成都 4★智选假日假日酒店 2 Hotel Hurricane Feast Wild Mushroom Feast Jiuzhaigou UPGRADE 5★ 酒店 羌风宴 野菌风味宴 九寨沟 New Jiuzhai Hotel 3 Hotel Norirang Restaurant Tibetan Cuisine 提升 5★新九寨宾馆 酒店 诺日朗餐厅 藏式风味 4 Hotel ✔ Ancient Cuisine Dujiangyan 4★ Holiday Inn Hotel 酒店 古城风味 都江堰 4★智选假日假日酒店 5 Hotel Leshan Tofu Feast Mt Email Cuisine Mt Emei UPGARDE 5★Hengmai Hotel 酒店 乐山豆腐宴 峨眉风味 峨眉 提升 5★恒迈酒店 6 Hotel Mt Emei Vegetarian Sichuan Specialties 酒店 峨眉素宴 川菜特色餐 7 Hotel ✔ Duo Hot Pot Chengdu UPGRADE International 5★ Crown Plaza Hotel 酒店 鸳鸯火锅 成都 提升 国际 5★保利皇冠假日酒店 8 Hotel Chonghwa Ancient Chen Mapo Three Kingdoms Barbecue - - 酒店 Sichuan Restaurant 三國烤肉自助餐 中華老字號陳麻婆川菜館 DAY 1 | KUALA LUMPUR CHENGDU Take a flight to Chengdu，the provincial capital of Sichuan Province in southwest China. DAY 2 | CHENGDU（7HOUR OF ROAD JOURNEY）JIUZHAIGOU 【512 Earthquake Ruins】The ruins of the Xuankou Middle School in Yingxiu Town saw the shock of the heart, the tears flowing down, and the destructive power of nature was endless.（Out View） 【Diexi Lake】The mainstream section of the Lancang River is the dammed lake formed by the earthquake.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case in Mt Qingcheng -Dujiangyan Scenic Area
    2020 International Conference on Social and Human Sciences (ICSHS2020) The Study on Constructing the Sense of Place &the Impact to Tourists Shopping Behavior in Tourism District----A Case in Mt Qingcheng -Dujiangyan Scenic Area JunYi Wei and Yan Liu * School of tourism management Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan, China Corresponding author: Yan Liu, Email: [email protected] *corresponding author Keywords: Place attachment; shopping experience; purchase intention Abstract: This paper selected Mt.Qingcheng-Dujiangyan scenic area as study site, applied the Sense of place theory to develop five dimensionality including tourists’ purchase intention, shopping experience, place identity, place attachment as well as place dependence based on 20 indicators. The data was analyzed with SPSS19.0 and Amos21.0. The study have shown that: (1) There is a obvious positive correlation between shopping and 3 dimensions of tourists’ sense of place including place identity, place attachment and place dependence. (2) There is a distinguished positive correction between shopping experience and purchase intention. (3) The purchase intention is a key dimensionality on regulating tourists’ sense of place and shopping experience. Some recommendations have been offered accordingly. 1. Introduction Tourism is a comprehensive industry that composed by food, shelter, transportation, travel, shopping and entertainment. As one of the six elements of tourism activities, shopping has become the important force to promote the development of tourism, and its proportion in the total tourism revenue has become a sign to measure the maturity of tourism development(An, 2014). Compared with other tourism activities elements, shopping is tourists’ elastic demand, and the satisfaction of tourists' shopping experience is an important factor affecting their overall satisfaction(Chen, Xu, & Guo, 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Knowing the Paths of Pilgrimage the Network of Pilgrimage Routes in Nineteenth-Century China
    review of Religion and chinese society 3 (2016) 189-222 Knowing the Paths of Pilgrimage The Network of Pilgrimage Routes in Nineteenth-Century China Marcus Bingenheimer Temple University [email protected] Abstract In the early nineteenth century the monk Ruhai Xiancheng 如海顯承 traveled through China and wrote a route book recording China’s most famous pilgrimage routes. Knowing the Paths of Pilgrimage (Canxue zhijin 參學知津) describes, station by station, fifty-six pilgrimage routes, many converging on famous mountains and urban centers. It is the only known route book that was authored by a monk and, besides the descriptions of the routes themselves, Knowing the Paths contains information about why and how Buddhists went on pilgrimage in late imperial China. Knowing the Paths was published without maps, but by geo-referencing the main stations for each route we are now able to map an extensive network of monastic pilgrimage routes in the nineteenth century. Though most of the places mentioned are Buddhist sites, Knowing the Paths also guides travelers to the five marchmounts, popular Daoist sites such as Mount Wudang, Confucian places of worship such as Qufu, and other famous places. The routes in Knowing the Paths traverse not only the whole of the country’s geogra- phy, but also the whole spectrum of sacred places in China. Keywords Knowing the Paths of Pilgrimage – pilgrimage route book – Qing Buddhism – Ruhai Xiancheng – “Ten Essentials of Pilgrimage” 初探«參學知津»的19世紀行腳僧人路線網絡 摘要 十九世紀早期，如海顯承和尚在遊歷中國後寫了一本關於中國一些最著名 的朝聖之路的路線紀錄。這本「參學知津」（朝聖之路指引）一站一站地
    [Show full text]
  • China Natural Wonders
    Day 07: Kunming (B.L.D) Today you travel to the incredible Stone Natural Wonders Forest, 89 km from Kunming, known as China The No. 1 Wonder under Heaven. In the afternoon enjoy a sightseeing tour to & Minorities 13 days – fully inclusive Western Hill with a Dragon Gate carved into the sheer cliff, and spectacular views over Kunming and Dianchi Lake. Day 08: Kunming / Dali (B.L.D) In the morning fly to Dali where you are met and transferred to the four-star Hotel (Local Best). The afternoon tour brings you to the Three Towering Pagodas of Chongshen Monastery; Bai Minority People tie dying cloth with wax, Bai Minority Fishing Village with its traditional style courtyards at Xizhou Town and cruise on the beautiful Erhai Lake in a small fishing boat that lets you enjoy the overwhelming sceneries. Enjoy this once-in-a-lifetime experience Day 09: Dali / Lijiang (B.L.D) on this magical train journy to the ‘roof of the world’. Today you travel by road to Lijiang and pass through many enchanting minority villages on the way. Upon your arrival, you Day 01: Australia / Day 02: Chengdu / Day 03: Chengdu / are met and transferred to the four-star Guangzhou / Chengdu Dujiangyan / Chengdu (B.L.D) (B.L.D) Jiuzhai Valley Hotel. Depart for China by your international You will have one-day excursion to This morning, you will fly to Jiuzhai Valley carrier and start your adventure. Arrive Dujiangyan, where you can see the massive Scenic Zone. The essence of Jiuzhaigou, Day 10: Lijiang (B.L.D) in Guangzhou in the afternoon.
    [Show full text]
  • 8 Days in Chengdu and Around
    8 days in Chengdu and around Contact us | turipo.com | [email protected] 8 days in Chengdu and around 3 days in Chengdu and around: Leshan, Eemeishan, Qingcheng Mountain and Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve. Contact us | turipo.com | [email protected] Day 1 - Changdu Contact us | turipo.com | [email protected] Day 1 - Changdu WIKIPEDIA 1. Chengdu Panda Breeding Research Center People's Park may refer to: Chengdu Panda Breeding Research Center, Chengdu, China Rating: 4.7 4. Jinli Road This place is awesome. lots off to people working there who keep this park so well maintained and friendly for the Jin Li Lu, Wuhou Qu, Chengdu Shi, Sichuan Sheng, China animals there as well as for the visitors. They are doing a great job in conservaon of these cuddly cute bears. Very Jinli Ancient Street is “The First Street of Shu Kingdom”, beautiful. A must visit place. and it’s a famous snack street in Chengdu. The ambiance was like stepping back into the past, well presented and historically brilliant. Evening stroll is extreme beauful, and 2. Luodai Ancient Town picturesque with the lanterns lit up and the street performances are also wonderful. China, Sichuan Sheng, Chengdu Shi, Longquanyi Qu, Bajiaojing St, 东郊龙泉驿区 Telephone: +86 28 8489 3693 Rating: 4.2 This is a nice ancient town with local snacks and shopping. It's very convenient to get here from Chengdu and a nice half day trip. 3. People's Park People's Park, Chengdu, Sichuan, China This place is very good naonal park for walking and breath some air with a tea house and great environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Research on Dujiangyan Global Tourism Public Service Based on Tourist Satisfaction Pei Wang1
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 568 Proceedings of the 2021 2nd International Conference on Modern Education Management, Innovation and Entrepreneurship and Social Science (MEMIESS 2021) Research on Dujiangyan Global Tourism Public Service Based on Tourist Satisfaction Pei Wang1 1 School of Public Administration, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This research aims to do the research on Dujiangyan's global tourism public service for the first time, and designs a brand-new service evaluation index system, including travel convenience and benefit services, tourist rights protection services, tourism public safety services, tourism public convenient transportation services, and tourism public information services. And from the perspective of satisfaction, through questionnaires, interviews and other methods to understand tourists’ view on the five aspects of services above, it is concluded that tourists’ overall evaluation of Dujiangyan’s global tourism public services is between general and satisfaction. Tourism public information services earns the most score while tourism public security services scores least. This article also explores the relationship between the overall evaluation of its tourism public service and the evaluation of each subsystem by using multiple linear regression. Finally, in response to the problems reflected in the evaluation results, this article proposes to take some measures, such as increasing the development of scenic spots, building smart tourism, improving public transportation services, improving the public safety service system, and strengthening the protection of tourists’ rights and interests, so as to improve the quality of service and improve tourist satisfaction. Keywords: Global tourism, Tourism public service, Global tourism public service evaluation index system, Multiple linear regression, Countermeasures and suggestions.
    [Show full text]
  • RHF Newsletter 阮仪三城市遗产基金会通讯
    （（（SSShhhaaannnggghhhaaaiii） ）） WWWHHHIIITTTRRR---AAAPPP NNNeeewwwsssllleeetttttteeerrr 亚太地区世界遗产培训与研究中心（上海）简讯 ——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————World Heritage Institute of Training and Research - Asia and Pacific, Shanghai 特别报道：“亚太地区世界遗产培训与研究中心机制与运作”国际研讨会 Special Coverage: International Symposium on the Organization and Operation of WHITR-AP 中心动态：苏州工作会议 Dynamics: Suzhou Workshop 保护案例：文远楼历史保护及生态节能更新 Case Study: Sustainable Restoration of Wenyuan Building 遗产知识：世界遗产分类评定标准 Knowledge of World Heritage: The Criteria for World Heritage Selection 世界遗产在中国：九寨沟 NNoo.. No.2 Jiuzhaigou Valley 2 World Heritage in China: May. 20072 〖2007 年 5 月 第二期〗 主办：中国联合国教科文组织全国委员会 Chinese National Commission for UNESCO 亚太地区世界遗产培训与研究中心(上海)World Heritage Institute of Training and Research-Asia and Pacific, Shanghai 特别报道 SSSpppeeeccciiiaaall l CCCooovvveeerrraaagggeee 中心动态 DDDyyynnnaaammmiiicccsss ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————-———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————-———- “亚太地区世界遗产培训与研究中心机制与运作”国际研讨会 苏州工作会议 在 2007 年 5 月 21 日至 22 日举办的“亚太地区世界遗产培训与研究中心机制与运作”研讨会上，与会各方除讨论 2007 年 5 月 1 日，联合国教科文组织执行局主席、中国教育部副部长、中国联合国教科文 85 有关世界遗产保护的一些普遍原理，如世界遗产公约在世界上的地位、世界遗产保护原理外，还将重点讨论亚太地区世 组织全委会主任章新胜，苏州市副市长朱建胜，苏州市园林和绿化管理局局长衣学领，同济大学 界遗产培训与研究中心成立后的相关运作及培训议题，并对此进行充分的交流。 建筑与城规学院副院长周俭，北京大学校长助理李岩松等各方代表出席了在苏州博物馆召开的 第一部分：有关亚太地区世界遗产培训与研究中心运作的研讨 “关于亚太地区世界遗产培训与研究中心筹建情况”工作会议。在会议上，代表们先后听取了苏 会议邀请了 UNESCO 世界遗产中心、ICCROM、ICOMOS 等国际遗产保护组织与机构的专家进行主题发言，主要包括①国 州市园林和绿化管理局、同济大学建筑与城规学院以及北京大学关于中心筹建的最新进展，并参 际组织文化遗产保护培训的经验；②遗产保护培训的趋势与需求；③有计划的培训课程中的关键因素；④世界遗产的全
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Five Guangxi, Guangdong, Hong Kong
    Chapter Five Guangxi, Guangdong, Hong Kong and Sichuan (1928-1935): the landscape of art As early as the fifth century, Xie He (謝 赫, active ca. 500) outlined what he called the Six Principles of Painting (liu fa 六 法). “Spirit resonance and life movement” (qiyun shengdong 氣 韻 生 動), the first principle, is what defines Chinese painting and is the most significant and elusive.1 Since the Song dynasty, the observation of natural phenomena has been an important aspect of artistic creation in China. Artists sketched from nature in order to understand the principles of the life force or qi which animated the natural world. In doing so, they were following the first of Xie He’s Six Principles. The great Yuan dynasty landscape painter Huang Gongwang (黃 公 望, 1269-1354), inspired by the Five Dynasties and Northern Song artists Li Cheng (李 成, 919-967) and Guo Xi (郭 熙, ca. 1001-1090), exhorted his students to: Carry around a sketching brush in a leather bag. Then, when you see in some scenic place a tree that is strange and unique, you can copy its appearance then and there as a record. It will have an extraordinary sense of growing life. Climb a tall building and gaze at the “spirit resonance” [qiyun] of the vast firmament. Look at the clouds－they have the appearance of mountaintops! Li Ch’eng and Kuo Hsi both practiced this method; Kuo Hsi painted “rocks like clouds”. When the ancients speak of “Heaven opening forth pictures”, this is what they mean.2 In his “Conversation on art” (Hua tan 畫 談), written in 1940, Huang Binhong referred to this passage and synthesised the writings of a number of earlier artists whose art was also 1 Osvald Sirén, The Chinese on the Art of Painting, Translations and Comments, pp.18-22.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Art and Heritage Law Series China
    GLOBAL ART AND HERITAGE LAW SERIES | CHINA REPORT GLOBAL ART AND HERITAGE LAW SERIES CHINA Prepared for Prepared by In Collaboration with COMMITTEE FOR A VOLUNTEER LAW FIRM CULTURAL POLICY FOR TRUSTLAW 2 GLOBAL ART AND HERITAGE LAW SERIES | CHINA REPORT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report has been prepared in collaboration with TrustLaw, the Thomson Reuters Foundation’s global, legal pro bono service that connects law firms and legal teams to non-governmental organisations and social enterprises that are working to create social and environmental change. The Thomson Reuters Foundation acts to promote socio-economic progress and the rule of law worldwide. The Foundation offers services that inform, connect and ultimately empower people around the world: access to free legal assistance, media development and training, editorial coverage of the world’s under-reported stories and the Trust Conference. TrustLaw is the Thomson Reuters Foundation’s global pro bono legal service, connecting the best law firms and corporate legal teams around the world with high-impact NGOs and social enterprises working to create social and environmental change. We produce groundbreaking legal research and offer innovative training courses worldwide. Through TrustLaw, over 120,000 lawyers offer their time and knowledge to help organisations achieve their social mission for free. This means NGOs and social enterprises can focus on their impact instead of spending vital resources on legal support. TrustLaw’s success is built on the generosity and commitment of the legal teams who volunteer their skills to support the NGOs and social enterprises at the frontlines of social change. By facilitating free legal assistance and fostering connections between the legal and development communities we have made a huge impact globally.
    [Show full text]