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WISCONSIN MAGAZINE of HISTORY the State Historical Society of Wisconsin • Vol (ISSN 0043-6534) WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY The State Historical Society of Wisconsin • Vol. 65, No. 4 • Summer, 1982 mm- • €''•• He THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN RICHARD A. ERNEY, Director Officers JOHN C. GEILFUSS, President WILSON B. THIEDE, Treasurer MRS. R. L. HARTZELL, First Vice-President RICHARD A. ERNEY, Secretary ROBERT H. IRRMANN, Second Vice-President THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN is both a state agency and a private membership organization. Founded in 1846-two years before statehood-and chartered in 1853, it is the oldest American historical society to receive continuous public funding. By statute, it is charged with collecting, advancing, and disseminating knowledge of Wisconsin and of the trans-Mississippi West. The Society serves as the archive of the State of Wisconsin; it collects all manner of books, periodicals, maps, manuscripts, relics, newspapers, and aural and graphic materials as they relate to North America; it maintains a museum, library, and research facility in Madison as well as a statewide system of historic sites, school services, area research centers, and affiliated local societies; it administers a broad program of historic preservation; and publishes a wide variety of historical materials, both scholarly and popular. MEMBERSHIP in the Society is open to the public. Annual membership is $15, or $12.50 for persons over 65 or members of affiliated societies. Family membership is $20, or $15 for persons over 65 or members of affiliated societies. Contributing membership is $50; supporting, $100; sustaining, $200—500;patron, $500 or more. THE SOCIETY is governed by a Board of Curators which includes, ex officio, the Governor, the Secretary of State, the State Treasurer, the President of the University of Wisconsin, the President of the Society's Auxiliary, the President of the Wisconsin History Foundation, Inc., and the Chairman of the Administrative Committee of the Wisconsin Council for Local History. The other thirty-six members of the Board of Curators are elected by the membership. A complete listing of the Curators appears inside the back cover. The Society is headquartered at 816 State Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, at the juncture of State and Park streets on the University of Wisconsin campus. A partial listing of phone numbers (Area Code 608) follows; General Administration 262-3266 Library circuladon desk 262-3421 General information 262-3271 Maps 262-9558 Affiliated local societies 262-2316 Membership 262-9613 Archives reading room 262-3338 Microforms reading room 262-9621 Contribution of library materials and ardfacts 262-0629 Museum tours 262-9567 Editorial offices 262-9603 Newspapers reference 262-9584 Film collections 262-0585 Picture and sound collections 262-9581 Genealogical and general reference inquiries 262-9590 Public information office 262-9606 Government publications and reference 262-2781 Sales desk 262-3271 Historic preservadon 262-1339 School .services 262-9567 Historic sites 262-3271 Speakers bureau 262-2704 ON THE COVER: Oil portrait by an unknown artist of Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak, the Sauk leader known to history as Black Hawk (1767-1838). The painting is reproduced by permission ofthe owner, the Peabody Museum of East India Square, Salem, Massachusetts. Volume 65, Number 4 / Summer, 1982 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY (ISSN 0043-6534) Pubhshed quarterly by the State Historical Society of Wi.sconsin, 816 State Street, Madison, Wis­ consin 53706. Distributed to members as part of their dues. (Annual membership, $ 15, or The Black Hawk War in Retrospect 239 $12.50 for those over 65 or Roger L. Nichols members of affiliated societies; family membership, $20, or $15 for those over 65 or members of affiliated .societies; contributing, $50; supporting, $100; sustain­ Prelude to Disaster: ing, $200-500; patron, $500 or The Course of Indian-White Relations more.) Single numbers from Which Led to the Black Hawk War of 1832 247 Volume 57 forward are $2. Microhlmed copies available Anthony F. C. Wallace through University Microhlms, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106; reprints of Volumes 1 through 20 and Wisconsin at the most issues of Volumes 21 through 56 are available from Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904 289 Kraus Reprint Company, Route Marilyn Grant 100, Millwood, New York 10546. Communications should be addressed to the editor. The Society does not assume responsi­ bility for statements made by Reading America 298 contributors. Second-class post­ Mary Lou M. Schultz age paid at Madison, Wisconsin, and at addidonal mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Wisconsin Magazine of History, 816 State Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. Book Reviews 302 Copyright © 1982 by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Book Review Index 320 The Wisconsin Magazine of History Wisconsin History Checklist 321 is indexed annually by the edi­ tors; cumulative indexes are Contributors 324 assembled decennially. In addi­ tion, articles are abstracted and indexed in America: History and Life, Historical Abstracts, Index to Editor Literature on the American Indian, PAUL H. HASS and the Combined Retrospective Index to Journals in History, Associate Editors 1838-1974. WILLIAM C. MARTEN JOHN O. HOLZHUETER MARILYN GRANT M^'^.^^'^'X'^^^x*^', With its nose vandalized and the head of its totemic hawk missing, this figure of Black Hawk is somehow a fitting symbol for the 150th anniversary ofthe destruction ofthe "British Band" of Sauk and Fox Indians. The statue, designed by Harry Stinson and dedicated in 1934, stands in 238 Lake View (Sac County), Iowa. "General Atkinson's Victory Over Black Hawk," from a pictorial history of the United States published in 1845. <^":rf^g«fl!?2 The Black Hawk War in Retrospect By Roger L. Nichols TORIES of wars between invad­ consin experience fit into the broader national S ing white pioneers and Native story, whenever the tide of a growing and American people trying to defend their home­ greedy population flowed onto Indian-held lands dot the pages of nineteenth-century lands, there was sure to be trouble. The pat­ American history. In Wisconsin, however, this tern of land disputes was widespread and is was not the case, flere only the brief Black clear to modern readers. Realizing why such Hawk War in the summer of 1832 shattered incidents happened is a second justification the usually peaceful process of settlement. for recalling this war. It arose out of errors of Students of Illinois history have made much of judgment, incomplete information, and fear this conflict, but north of the state line it has rather than conscious, evil actions taken by ei­ been considered to be of little importance, ex­ ther Indians or whites. It shares these charac­ cept in a few communities where episodes of teristics with many contemporary issues. Most the war occurred. This is not surprising, be­ such disputes are complex, and this was no ex­ cause among early territorial and state leaders ception. Finally, we need reminding that the only Henry Dodge gained any fame in the Black Hawk War was not part of a gallant and campaign. Later national figures, among heroic frontier past. Most of the soldiers of them Abraham Lincoln, Jefiferson Davis, and 1832 ate bad food, marched and slept in mud Zachary Taylor, all served here; but none of and rain, and spent more of their time swat­ these men ever pointed with pride to his par­ ting mosquitoes than they did chasing In­ ticipation. Clearly the war created no state or dians. In fact, most never saw any hostile war­ national heroes, except perhaps for the van­ riors at all. Any effort to describe the conflict quished Black Hawk, and it failed even to pro­ in glowing terms would be as big a mistake as duce stirring tales of adventure or danger. the war itself. Rather it was a minor disturbance which As so ably noted in the essay by Anthony slowed the population movement into south­ F. C. Wallace which follows, the causes of this ern Wisconsin just briefly while national and war were broad, deep, and of long standing. regional authorities crushed the offending In­ While admitting that, it should be made clear dians. that the actual fighting in the summer of 1832 Having said aO this, the obvious question came as a surprise to Indians and pioneers becomes, why commemorate the Black Hawk alike. Neither group anticipated any major War at all? One answer might be that its causes, disruption of their lives that year, and neither conduct, and results proved more typical than was prepared for war. The pioneers and their unusual on the American frontier. Thus, by leaders in Wisconsin and Illinois, however, remembering the war, we can see how the Wis- quickly perceived opportunities for adven- Copyright © 1982 by The Stute Hislmkal Society ofWisccmsin 239 All rights of reproduction in any form reseroed WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SUMMER, 1982 ture, land, and cash bounty from the federal eral Atkinson moved his army regulars slowly government. When the campaigning ended, up the Rock River to join the militiamen. By they were not disappointed. The Sauk and this time Black Hawk and his associates had Fox, on the other hand, stumbled into the learned that the nearby Potawatomi and Win­ conflict by accident, sustained many casualties, nebago, whom they expected to welcome and and lost much of their land base. So, although help them, wanted little to do with the Sauk the actual fighting usually consisted of minor and Fox. Realizing that they had made a mis­ skirmishes, locally it was of major importance take, the disappointed "invaders" decided that to whites and Indians alike. they had no choice but to return to Iowa. They feared moving back down the Rock River, however, because ofthe militamen they would have to pass. VENTS leading to the war began While the Indians searched frantically for a E on April 5, 1832, when between way out of their dilemma, the Illinois militia one and two thousand Sauk and Fox Indians took actions which prevented any peaceable crossed the Mississippi River from Iowa into solution.
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