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Hasad (Malicious Envy) logy Khan and Ghani, J Psychol Psychother 2018, 8:2 ho & P yc s s y P c h DOI: 10.4172/2161-0487.1000337 f o o l t h a e n r r a u p o y J Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy ISSN: 2161-0487 ReviewResearch Article Article OpenOpen Access Access Hasad (Malicious Envy) and Ghibtah (Descent Envy): History, Culture and Philosophy Iqbal Akhtar Khan1* and Umair Ghani2 1Independent Scholar, Lahore, Pakistan 2Department of English, Government College for Boys, Gulberg Lahore, Pakistan Abstract Hasad, an Arabic word, comes from ḥa-sa-da which is ‘to dislike that someone should possess a blessing and/or happiness and to want that blessing and/or happiness to be removed from that individual and/or be transferred from him to oneself’. Its widely accepted substitute, in English, is ‘Envy’. The origin of Hasad can arguably be traced to social comparison, usually of “Aristotle’s Potters against Potters” pattern. The classification into malicious envy and Ghibtah (descent envy) is based on the focus of the envier (Subject) on the ‘Rival’ or the ‘good’, respectively. The focus on the ‘Rival’ is the outcome of negative emotions which give rise to destructive energy, culminating in deleterious consequences for the ‘Subject’, ‘pulling him further down’. This morally reproachable approach is ‘Hasad’ (malicious envy). Conversely, the focus on ’good’ is the outcome of constructive emotions which produce pro-active energy making the ‘Subject’ feel motivated to ‘pulling himself up’, resulting in self-improvement. This morally laudable approach is Ghibtah (descent envy). Envy is simultaneously a fascinating and a dreadful emotion with positive and negative facets, depending upon the doctrine of Khair (good) and Sharr (evil). The identification of ‘Envy Spot on the Brain’ is a great scientific breakthrough. It is quite possible that the surgical procedure ‘Deep Brain Stimulation’, presently employed successfully to treat a variety of disabling neurological symptoms (mainly of Parkinson’s Disease), will be able to treat envy, and the dream of an ‘envy free set up’ be realized. Keywords: Envy; Benign envy; Malicious envy; Descent envy; Hasad; The word ‘envy’ has its origin from the Latin ‘invidere’ which means Ghibtah; Khair; Sharr; Divine refuge ‘to look at another with malice’. The extreme distress and mental anguish of the envier can only be relieved by taking the coveted item(s) from the Introduction envied person. The literal meaning of ‘envy’ in Greek is ‘to boil within’. The Greek word “epichairekakia” (taking pleasure in others’ misfortune) Envy is almost the only vice which is practicable at all times, and in and the German word “schadenfreude” (a feeling of joy that comes from every place; the only passion which can never lie quiet for want of irritation, seeing or hearing about another person’s troubles or failures) reflect the its effects therefore are everywhere discoverable and its attempts always be emotional and behavioral attributes of the envier. Whereas Aristotle dreaded (Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) - English Poet). (384 BC-322 BCE ), the Greek philosopher, sees ‘envy’ as pain at the Hasad, an Arabic word, comes from ḥa-sa-da which is ‘to dislike that good fortune of others, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804 CE), central figure someone should possess a blessing and/or happiness and to want that of modern philosophy, grades it as the nastier cousin of schadenfreude. blessing and/or happiness to be removed from that individual and/or be Literature Review transferred from him to oneself’. Three forms of this root appear 5 times in the Holy Quran, once as Hasad, once as Hasid 3 times as Hasada. It needs to be discussed under following sub-sections. Various lexicographers have translated it as “to peel off, to scrape off, Stakeholders in envy to envy, to grudge”. Its widely accepted substitute, in English, is ‘Envy’. Whereas the word Hasid means ‘the one who envies or the one who It has three parties [1,8]: harms with envy’, Mahsud is used for the one envied. 1. Envier: The person who envies someone (Subject). Envy is a complex and puzzling emotion [1], a vampire vice [2], 2. Envied: The targeted person/group of persons who is/are envied a stubborn weed of mind [3], a gnawing worm of the soul [4] and a (Rival). passion which views with malignant dislike the superiority of those who are really entitled to the superiority they possess [5]. Unfortunately, the perceived superiority of the envier, at times, results in extreme situations where he desires to destroy his superior. Parrott and Smith *Corresponding author: Iqbal Akhtar Khan, Independent Scholar, Lahore, Paki- [6] have defined it as “when a person lacks another’s superior quality, stan, Tel: +923002962426; E-mail: [email protected] achievement or possession; and either desire it or wish that the other Received January 29, 2018; Accepted March 19, 2018; Published March 27, 2018 lacked it”. Protasi [7], famous emotion anatomist, while summarizing Citation: Khan IA, Ghani U (2018) Hasad (Malicious Envy) and Ghibtah (Descent most authoritative psychological and philosophical accounts, concluded Envy): History, Culture and Philosophy. J Psychol Psychother 8: 337. doi: “Envy is an aversive reaction to a perceived inferiority to a similar other, 10.4172/2161-0487.1000337 with regard to a good that is relevant to the sense of identity of the Copyright: © 2018 Khan IA, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted envier”. Ayan Randi (1905-1982 CE), a Russian novelist, described this use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and passion as “hatred of the good for being good”. source are credited. J Psychol Psychother, an open access journal ISSN: 2161-0487 Volume 8 • Issue 2 • 1000337 Citation: Khan IA, Ghani U (2018) Hasad (Malicious Envy) and Ghibtah (Descent Envy): History, Culture and Philosophy. J Psychol Psychother 8: 337. doi: 10.4172/2161-0487.1000337 Page 2 of 7 3. Desired attribute (some possession), capacity or trait (personal owner. It has also been translated as beatitude (supreme blessedness) or physical) that the Subject supposes the Rival to have (good). which it actually is. Envy: A blessing or a curse? Difference between Ghibtah and malicious envy Envy is the tax which all distinction must pay (Ralph Waldo Envy is the art of counting the other fellow’s blessings instead of Emerson (1803-1882) - American Poet) your own (Harold Coffin (1926-2015), Famous for authoring “Coffin Needle”). Envy is simultaneously a fascinating and a dreadful emotion with positive and negative facets. On the positive side it may be taken as a Ghibtah is emulative in nature, as seen by Aristotle. The word motivational force which stimulates people to strive harder to achieve ‘Emulation’ means ‘effort or desire to equal or excel others, ambitiousness, more than they have at the present. It may a contributory factor causing aspiration, imitation’. Its Arabic equivalents are Munafsta and Muhakat the phenomenon of ‘keeping -up-with the Joneses ‘(the urge to have which again mean ‘competition’ and ‘imitation’ respectively. Aristotle what one’s peers have). On the negative side, it is a dominant cause of further distinguishes between Envy and Emulation as “Emulation makes unhappiness, undermining our morality to the extent of making our us take steps to secure the good things in question, envy makes us take social life miserable. Phenomenologically, it needs to be discussed as steps to stop our neighbor having them”. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679 two entities; for existence of which van de Ven et al. [9] found empirical CE), one of the founders of modern political philosophy, has compared evidence. the terminology as “emulation is a grief arising from seeing oneself 1. Benign (or Non-malicious, Emulative, Admiring, White). It is exceeded or excelled by his concurrent, together with hope to equal or a healthy approach which elicits productive and motivational exceed him in time to come, by his own ability” while (malicious) envy tendencies [1]. In Russia, it is called White Envy. is “the same grief joined with pleasure conceived in the imagination of some ill-fortune that may befall the envied one” [14]. Blagrave (1652- Some philosophers have coined the term ‘Descent Envier’ which 1698 CE) [15] has made a differentiation between “Wicked Envy” and means one who sincerely believes that he has no desire that the ‘Noble Emulation’ as “the former ought to be rooted out and the latter ‘Rival’ lose the ‘good’. Such an envier is free from malice [1], cherished and cultivated as much as is possible”. it is a healthy quality which influences attitudes in a positive way and carries with it the seeds of motivation to improve Dorothy Sayers (1893-1957 CE), renowned English poet and crime oneself [9]. The Arabic word “Ghibtah” , widely used in Arabic writer, has added a beautiful phrase in literature “Envy is the Great literature, appropriately conveys this meaning. Leveller: If it cannot level things Up it will level them Down” [16]. The 2. Malicious (or Invidious, Destructive, Black, Envy Proper). This pulling down motivation ends in Malicious Envy or Hasad whereas is a frustrating negative feeling which arises because someone the pulling up stimulus results in ‘Decent Envy or Ghibtah. Shaykh else is better off than you and you have the feeling that you want Mufi Shafi Usmani (1897-1976 CE), a South Asian Islamic Scholar, has what they have [10]. Its objective is to pull down the envied defined Ghibtah as “to desire for oneself the same blessing as the other person to one’s own level. Whereas it makes the envier feel the has, without any idea of the latter’s losing it.
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